@article{ripplinger_crespo_pullin_carnaccini_nelson_trindade_reichelt_pairis-garcia_2024, title={Efficacy of a novel cervical dislocation tool for humane euthanasia of broilers and broiler breeders}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103449}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2024.103449}, abstractNote={Euthanasia is an essential task performed daily on commercial poultry farms around the world to safeguard animal welfare. Manual cervical dislocation (MCD) is the most common euthanasia method but can be challenging to perform given the physical strength required to implement this technique. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a Novel Cervical Dislocation Tool (NCDT) compared to MCD. A total of 60 Ross 308 chickens (6-weeks old) and 60 Ross 706 parent stock breeders (21-weeks old) were enrolled in the study. Birds were sexed, blocked by body weight, and allocated to one of two treatments: 1) MCD and 2) NCDT. Immediately following euthanasia application, insensibility and death was monitored. Once death was confirmed, gross evaluation, radiograph and macroscopic/microscopic scoring was performed. Both euthanasia methods were 100% effective in achieving insensibility followed by cardiac and respiratory arrest in both age groups. In six-week-old broilers, there were no differences in insensibility measures or location and severity of the dislocation site by treatment. The NCDT treatment group showed an increased frequency of fractures located at the tooth-like process that projects from the cranial aspect of the centrum of the axis (dens) but had no impact on bird insensibility. For parent stock, differences in Nictitating Membrane Reflex (NMR) and laceration scores for birds euthanized with NCDT were found and likely associated with additional force exerted with the tool. The NCDT is a promising replacement for manual cervical dislocation (MCD) and future work should address the development of free and accessible training materials for on-farm use.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ripplinger, Eliza N. and Crespo, Rocio and Pullin, Allison N. and Carnaccini, Silvia and Nelson, Nathan C. and Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves and Reichelt, Sara and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{rhea_camacho_amoriello_correa_lewbart_cruz_velez_castillo_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/686}, DOI={10.3390/ani13040686}, abstractNote={Globally to date, established international standards for animal welfare, a priority of sustainable agriculture, have primarily focused on large-scale producers. However, across Latin America, including in Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands, smallholder farms play a critical role in food safety and security. We assessed five basic animal welfare measures (feed and water access, shelter availability and housing systems, animal health management, animal behavior, and timely euthanasia) for poultry, pigs, and cattle on Floreana Island, Galápagos. Utilizing assessment standards from multiple US sources and international standards, we developed a questionnaire and used it to conduct in-depth interviews during 4–5 July 2022 with eight participating producers, representing 75% of animal agriculture on Floreana. While we identified opportunities to enhance competencies in animal health management and timely euthanasia, farms performed well in the other assessed measures. Future work should promote knowledge transfer and in-country capacity building in farm biosecurity, access to veterinary care, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and euthanasia methods. Efforts to positively impact smallholder farm livelihoods in Galápagos—one of the most biodiverse and protected ecosystems on the planet—will sustainably support human health through the interconnected realms of animal health and welfare, wildlife and environmental health, and food safety and security.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Rhea, Sarah and Camacho, Blanca E. and Amoriello, Carrisa W. and Correa, Maria and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Cruz, Marilyn and Velez, Alberto and Castillo, Paulina and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{pearce_neill_royal_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Can dogs help chickens? Pet owners' willingness to pay for animal welfare-friendly pet food in the United States}, volume={32}, ISSN={["2054-1538"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2022.3}, DOI={10.1017/awf.2022.3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ANIMAL WELFARE}, author={Pearce, Hillary and Neill, Clinton L. and Royal, Kenneth and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{merenda_oliveira_lopez-soriano_arruda_robbins_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Dairy workers' attitudes toward dairy cattle euthanasia}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2023-23223}, abstractNote={Implementing timely and humane euthanasia in dairy farms remains a critical concern. One of the possible barriers for the implementation of timely euthanasia on-farm is dairy workers' attitudes toward the act. The objectives of this study were to investigate dairy workers' attitudes toward dairy cattle euthanasia and their association to individuals' demographic characteristics. A total of 81 workers from 30 dairy farms (ranging in size from less than 500 to more than 3,000 cows) participated in the survey and most participants were caretakers (n = 45; 55.6%) or farm managers (n = 16; 19.8%), with an average work experience of 14.8 years. Dairy workers' attitudes toward dairy cattle (empathy affect, empathy attribution, and negative attitudes about cattle), working environment (relying on others, perceived time constraints) and euthanasia decision-making (feeling comfortable with euthanasia, feeling confident, seeking knowledge, using different sources to obtain advice, having negative attitudes about euthanasia, having insufficient knowledge, having trouble deciding when to euthanize and avoiding if possible) were identified and used for cluster analyses. Cluster analyses identified 3 distinct clusters: (1) confident but uncomfortable with euthanasia (n = 40); (2) confident and comfortable with euthanasia (n = 32); and (3) unconfident, lacking knowledge and detached from cattle (n = 9). Dairy workers' demographic characteristics (age, sex, race and ethnicity, dairy experience, role on farm, farm size, and previous euthanasia experience) were used as predictors for the risk factor analyses. The risk analysis demonstrated that there were no predictors for cluster one, but white workers (P = 0.04) and caretakers that had previous euthanasia experience tended to be more likely to be members of cluster 2 (P = 0.07) while respondents that worked in farms with 501-1,000 cows were more likely to be grouped in cluster 3. This study provides vital information about variability in dairy workers' attitudes toward dairy euthanasia as well as its association with race and ethnicity, farm size, and previous euthanasia experience. This information can be used to implement appropriate training and euthanasia protocols to increase both human and dairy cattle welfare on farm.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Merenda, Victoria R. and Oliveira, Eduardo B. and Lopez-Soriano, Magdiel and Arruda, Andreia G. and Robbins, Ashley and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={7076–7088} }
 @article{esteves trindade_lopez-soriano_merenda_tomacheuski_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Effects of assessment method (real-time versus video-recorded) on a validated pain-altered behavior scale used in castrated piglets}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-45869-8}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Esteves Trindade, Pedro Henrique and Lopez-Soriano, Magdiel and Merenda, Victoria Rocha and Tomacheuski, Rubia Mitalli and Pairis-Garcia, Monique Danielle}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{lopez-soriano_merenda_anderson_trindade_leidig_messenger_ferreira_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine and intranasal flunixin meglumine on mitigating physiological and behavioral responses to pain in castrated piglets}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-561X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpain.2023.1156873}, abstractNote={Managing castration pain on US sow farms is hindered by the lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products for mitigating pain. Previous work assessing flunixin meglumine (FM) efficacy in mitigating castration pain has shown the drug to be effective in pigs, meanwhile, results from previous work evaluating lidocaine efficacy are contradictory. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine (BL) and FM in mitigating castration pain in piglets. This study was divided into Part I (physiological response) and Part II (behavioral response). For part I piglets were randomly assigned to the following treatments: T1: (C) Castration plus physiological saline; T2: (S) Sham plus physiological saline; T3: (CL) Castration plus BL; T4: (SL) Sham plus BL; T5: (CF) Castration plus FM; T6: (SF) Sham plus FM; T7: (CLF) Castration plus BL and FM; T8: (SLF) Sham plus BL and FM. Blood was collected 24 h prior to castration, 1 h, and 24 h post castration for cortisol quantification. For Part II another cohort of piglets was enrolled and randomly assign to the following treatments: T1: (C) Castration plus physiological saline and T7: (CLF) Castration plus BL and FM. Behavior scoring was obtained in real-time by observing each piglet for 4-min continuously using Unesp-Botucatu pig acute pain scale (UPAPS) at the following timepoints: 1 h before castration (−1 h), immediately post-castration (0 h), and 3 h post-castration (+3 h). Average cortisol concentrations did not differ at −24 h (P > 0.05) or at 24 h post-castration (P > 0.05) between treatments. At 1 h post-castration, castrated piglets (C and CL) demonstrated greater cortisol concentrations (P < 0.05). Castrated piglets in the CF and CLF group had lower cortisol concentrations compared to C and CL-treated pigs (P < 0.05). For behavioral response, there were no differences between treatments on total UPAPS scores (C and CLF, P > 0.05). Intranasal FM was able to effectively reduce the physiological piglet's response immediately post-castration. Inguinal buffered lidocaine had no effect on the either physiological or behavioral response to pain. Long-term research should focus on refining injection techniques for inguinal BL and consider administration frequency and dosing of intranasal FM to control pain for a longer period post-castration.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH}, author={Lopez-Soriano, Magdiel and Merenda, Victoria Rocha and Anderson, Stephanie and Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves and Leidig, Martin S. and Messenger, Kristen and Ferreira, Juliana Bonin and Pairis-Garcia, Monique Danielle}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{merenda_oliveira_lopez-soriano_arruda_robbins_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Interactive euthanasia training program for the dairy industry: Implementation and perceived respondent knowledge change}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2022-22928}, abstractNote={This study described the development of an interactive euthanasia training program and its potential to improve dairy workers' perceived euthanasia decision-making skills and awareness of timely euthanasia by using a survey instrument before and after the program. Training material encompassed euthanasia information over 2 production stages (calves and cows or heifers) and material was delivered on-farm in a case-scenario format (14 cases). During a 3-mo period, 30 different dairy farms were visited and 81 participants were enrolled in this study. Each participant was required to complete a survey pretraining, to complete the case studies from the production stage in which their job responsibility was more closely aligned with (estimated completion time of 1 h), and to complete a survey post-training. Surveys contained 8 statements regarding participants' perceived knowledge of euthanasia practices. The questions were answered on a 5-point scale: (1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) neither agree nor disagree, (4) agree, or (5) strongly agree. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models were created for each question to investigate the effect of age, sex, dairy experience, farm size, role at the farm, race, previous experience with euthanasia, veterinarian degree, and production stage in the score change, defined by the presence or absence of an increase in the 5-point scale score. Upon completion of the training, respondents were more confident in identifying compromised animals (score change = 0.35), determining when an animal should be euthanized (score change = 0.64), and understanding the importance of timely euthanasia (score change = 0.26). Age and euthanasia experience were significantly associated with the respondents' perceived knowledge; suggesting that younger, less-experienced caretakers on-farm should be prioritized to receive training. The proposed interactive case-based euthanasia training program has proven to be valuable to dairy participants and veterinarians as it provides a means to improve dairy welfare.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Merenda, Victoria R. and Oliveira, Eduardo B. and Lopez-Soriano, Magdiel and Arruda, Andreia G. and Robbins, Ashley and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={5659–5671} }
 @article{akinyemi_vigors_turner_akaichi_benjamin_johnson_pairis-garcia_rozeboom_steibel_thompson_et al._2023, title={Precision livestock farming: a qualitative exploration of swine industry stakeholders}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-6225"]}, DOI={10.3389/fanim.2023.1150528}, abstractNote={IntroductionPrecision livestock farming (PLF) technology development has proliferated recently, but on-farm adoption has lagged. Understanding PLF stakeholders’ views, practical applications, limitations, and concerns are necessary to understand the factors influencing the adoption of PLF technology.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Akinyemi, Babatope E. and Vigors, Belinda and Turner, Simon P. and Akaichi, Faical and Benjamin, Madonna and Johnson, Anna K. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D. and Rozeboom, Dale W. and Steibel, Juan P. and Thompson, David P. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{rhea_gensler_atlaw_pairis-garcia_lewbart_valentine_cruz_castillo_velez_trueba_et al._2023, title={Presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Food-Producing and Companion Animals and Wildlife on Small-Holder Farms of Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1557-7759"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2023.0044}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2023.0044}, abstractNote={Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AR) has led to increasing human and animal morbidity and mortality and negative consequences for the environment. AR among Escherichia coli (EC) is on the rise, with serious concerns about extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC). In the Galápagos Islands, where antimicrobials are available without a prescription, growing demands for food production can drive antimicrobial use. Food producing animals are at the interface of wildlife and environmental health on the smallest human-inhabited Galápagos Island, Floreana. We sought to determine if ESBL-EC were present in Floreana Island farm animal species and nearby wildlife and the relatedness of ESBL-EC isolates identified. Materials and Methods: During July 4-5, 2022, we visited 8 multispecies farms, representing 75% of food-producing animal production on Floreana, and collected 227 fecal samples from farm animals and wildlife. Each sample was plated on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (4 μg/mL). Results: ESBL-EC was isolated from 20 (9%) fecal samples collected from pigs (N = 10), chickens (N = 6), wildlife (N = 3), and dog (N = 1). All ESBL-EC isolates were from samples taken at three (38%) of the eight farms. Fifteen (75%) of the ESBL-EC isolates were from a single farm. All ESBL-EC isolates were multidrug resistant. The most prevalent ESBL genes belonged to the blaCTX-M group. Among the typeable isolates from the farm with the largest proportion of ESBL-EC isolates (N = 14), we observed nine unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, with identical patterns present across pig and chicken isolates. PFGE patterns in the three farms with ESBL-EC isolates were different. Conclusions: These results lend support for future routine AR monitoring activities at the livestock-wildlife interface in Galápagos to characterize potential interspecies transmission of AR bacteria and AR genes in this unique protected ecosystem, and the related human, animal, and environmental health impacts, and to formulate interventions to reduce AR spread in this setting.}, journal={VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES}, author={Rhea, Sarah and Gensler, Catherine and Atlaw, Nigatu and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Valentine, Alyssa and Cruz, Marilyn and Castillo, Paulina and Velez, Alberto and Trueba, Gabriel and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{silva_pivato_peres_luna_pairis-garcia_trindade_2023, title={Simplified assessment of castration-induced pain in pigs using lower complexity algorithms}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-48551-1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Silva, Gustavo Venancio and Pivato, Giovana Mancilla and Peres, Beatriz Granetti and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro and Pairis-Garcia, Monique Danielle and Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{robles_luna_trindade_lopez-soriano_merenda_viscardi_tamminga_lou_pairis- garcia_2023, title={Validation of the Unesp-Botucatu pig composite acute pain scale (UPAPS) in piglets undergoing castration}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0284218}, abstractNote={To accurately assess pain and support broadly-based analgesic protocols to mitigate swine pain, it is imperative to develop and validate a species-specific pain scale. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical validity and reliability of an acute pain scale (UPAPS) adapted for newborn piglets undergoing castration. Thirty-nine male piglets (five days of age, 1.62 ± 0.23 kg BW) served as their own control, were enrolled in the study and underwent castration in conjunction with an injectable analgesic administered one-hour post-castration (flunixin meglumine 2.2 mg/kg IM). An additional 10, non-painful female piglets were included to account for the effect of natural behavioral variation by day on pain scale results. Behavior of each piglet was video recorded continuously at four recording periods (24 h pre-castration, 15 min post-castration, 3 and 24 h post-castration). Pre- and post-operative pain was assessed by using a 4-point scale (score 0–3) including the following six behavioral items: posture, interaction and interest in surroundings, activity, attention to the affected area, nursing, and miscellaneous behavior. Behavior was assessed by two trained blinded observers and statistical analysis was performed using R software. Inter-observer agreement was very good (ICC = 0.81). The scale was unidimensional based on the principal component analysis, all items except for nursing were representative (rs ≥ 0.74) and had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.85). The sum of scores were higher in castrated piglets post-procedure compared to pre-procedure, and higher than in non-painful female piglets confirming responsiveness and construct validity, respectively. Scale sensitivity was good when piglets were awake (92.9%) and specificity was moderate (78.6%). The scale had excellent discriminatory ability (area under the curve > 0.92) and the optimal cut-off sum for analgesia was 4 out of 15. The UPAPS scale is a valid and reliable clinical tool to assess acute pain in castrated pre-weaned piglets.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Robles, I and Luna, S. P. L. and Trindade, P. H. E. and Lopez-Soriano, M. and Merenda, V. R. and Viscardi, A. V. and Tamminga, E. and Lou, M. E. and Pairis- Garcia, M. D.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{merenda_oliveira_fowler_pairis-garcia_2022, title={Dairy Cattle Euthanasia-Focus Groups Exploring the Perspectives of Brazilians Working in the Dairy Cattle Industry}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/4/409}, DOI={10.3390/ani12040409}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to explore perspectives and attitudes about euthanasia specific to the Brazilian dairy cattle industry. Twenty-five Brazilian citizens (13 veterinarians, 4 animal scientists, 3 professors, 3 researchers, 1 dairy owner, and 1 caretaker) participated in one of three focus groups conducted and recorded online (10, 8, and 7 participants per group). Questions regarding euthanasia were posed by a moderator, and the focus group discussions were then transcribed verbatim for analysis. After the initial data analysis, themes were evaluated and collapsed into three major categories: Euthanasia Training and Farm and Human Components. A complex interconnection between the three main themes and multiple subthemes specific to dairy cattle euthanasia was also revealed. The lack of nationally recognized euthanasia guidelines for dairy cattle paired with ineffective and inaccessible euthanasia tools makes it difficult for dairy veterinarians to implement humane protocols for on-farm euthanasia. In addition, logistical factors, particularly, the financial cost of euthanasia and the human–animal bond, play a role in the failure to perform euthanasia when warranted. Future studies should focus on the development of science-based standards and producer training to improve the consistency of on-farm euthanasia in Brazilian dairy operations.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Merenda, Victoria R. and Oliveira, Eduardo B. and Fowler, Heather N. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{lopez-soriano_merenda_trindade_luna_pairis-garcia_2022, title={Efficacy of transdermal flunixin in mitigating castration pain in piglets}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2673-561X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpain.2022.1056492}, abstractNote={Castration is a painful procedure performed in swine and to date, there are no approved products available in the US to alleviate this pain. Previous work evaluating the efficacy of flunixin meglumine has shown promise in mitigating pain in swine, but no work to date has evaluated transdermal flunixin efficacy in mitigating castration pain in piglets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transdermal flunixin (TDF) in mitigating castration pain utilizing a previously validated behavioral pain scale. A total of 98 Large White x Duroc cross male piglets from 98 litters were enrolled in this study. Piglets were randomly assigned to the following treatments: (1) TDF plus castration (3.33 mg/kg; CF;n = 24), (2) TDF plus sham castration (3.33 mg/kg; SF;n = 26), (3) topical physiological saline plus sham castration (S;n = 24), or (4) topical physiological saline plus castration (C;n = 24). All treatments were administered 24 h prior to castration. Four-min continuous videos clips were collected 24 h before castration (−24 h), immediately post-castration (0 h), and 24 h post-castration (+24 h). Video clips were then observed and scored by one trained observer using a 4-point pain scale (score 0–3) encompassing the five behavioral domains of the pig acute pain scale (UPAPS). Total pain score averages were analyzed as repeated measures by analysis of variance applying a multilevel model. The UPAPS effectively distinguished varying levels of painful and non-painful states in castrated piglets as observedviadeviations in total pain scores across timepoints (P < 0.0001), treatment (P < 0.001) and treatment*timepoint (P < 0.0001). Immediately post-castration (0 h), piglets in the C and CF group demonstrated greater total average pain scores than piglets in the S (P < 0.03) and SF (P < 0.01) groups and castrated piglets treated with TDF demonstrated lower total pain scores (P < 0.05) and required less analgesic intervention immediately post-castration compared to castrated piglets receiving no treatment (P < 0.0001). For C group 54% required rescue analgesia compared to 29%, 8% and 0% for CF, SF and S piglets respectively. Future work should evaluate implementation of this pain management protocol on a wide scale commercial farm setting.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH}, author={Lopez-Soriano, Magdiel and Merenda, Victoria Rocha and Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves and Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro and Pairis-Garcia, Monique Danielle}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{merenda_wagner_arruda_soriano_montgomery_coetzee_pairis-garcia_2022, title={Impact of transdermal flunixin administration on serum prostaglandin E-2 and cortisol concentrations in piglets following castration}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0201}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Merenda, Victoria R. and Wagner, Brooklyn K. and Arruda, Andreia G. and Soriano, Magdiel Lopez and Montgomery, Shawnee and Coetzee, Johann F. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kramer_wagner_moeller_bowman_kieffer_arruda_cressman_pairis-garcia_2022, title={Technical Note: Validation of the effectiveness of electric stunning for euthanasia of mature swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac072}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kramer, Scott A. and Wagner, Brooklyn K. and Moeller, Steve J. and Bowman, Andrew S. and Kieffer, Justin D. and Arruda, Andreia Goncalves and Cressman, Michael D. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{arruda_deblais_hale_madden_pairis-garcia_srivastava_kathayat_kumar_rajashekara_2021, title={A cross-sectional study of the nasal and fecal microbiota of sows from different health status within six commercial swine farms}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.12120}, abstractNote={
               Background
               Cull sows are a unique population on swine farms, often representing poor producing or compromised animals, and even though recent studies have reported that the microbiome is associated with susceptibility to diseases, the microbiome of the cull sow population has not been explored. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether there were differences in fecal and upper respiratory tract microbiota composition for groups of sows of different health status (healthy, cull, and compromised/ clinical sows) and from different farms (1 to 6).
            }, journal={PEERJ}, author={Arruda, Andreia G. and Deblais, Loic and Hale, Vanessa L. and Madden, Christopher and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Srivastava, Vishal and Kathayat, Dipak and Kumar, Anand and Rajashekara, Gireesh}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{wagner_nixon_robles_baynes_coetzee_pairis-garcia_2021, title={Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Pharmacokinetics and Mitigation of Procedural-Pain in Cattle}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/282}, DOI={10.3390/ani11020282}, abstractNote={Common routine management practices in cattle, such as castration and disbudding, are recognized as being painful. In the United States (U.S.), these procedures are frequently performed without pain mitigation and there are currently no drugs federally approved for such use. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as meloxicam, flunixin meglumine and aspirin, are the most commonly used analgesics in U.S. food-animal production systems. However, the body of research investigating the effectiveness of these pharmaceuticals to control pain in cattle at castration and disbudding has not been comprehensively evaluated. Therefore, this review examined existing literature to summarize meloxicam, flunixin and aspirin (1) pharmacokinetics (PK) and (2) administration outcome in regard to pain control during castration and disbudding procedures, in cattle. Following systematic searches and screening, 47 PK and 44 publications were extracted for data and are presented. The sample size contained notable variability and a general deficiency of validated and replicated methodologies for assessing pain in cattle remain substantial challenges within this research area. Future research should prioritize replication of pain assessment methodologies across different experimental conditions to close knowledge gaps identified by the present study and facilitate examination of analgesic efficacy.}, number={2}, journal={ANIMALS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Wagner, Brooklyn K. and Nixon, Emma and Robles, Ivelisse and Baynes, Ronald E. and Coetzee, Johann F. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{robles_arruda_nixon_johnstone_wagner_edwards-callaway_baynes_coetzee_pairis-garcia_2021, title={Producer and Veterinarian Perspectives towards Pain Management Practices in the US Cattle Industry}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/1/209}, DOI={10.3390/ani11010209}, abstractNote={Producers and veterinarians are considered responsible for improving animal welfare, as they are responsible for implementing practices that directly impact the animal’s well-being. Most husbandry procedures performed in cattle do not include pain mitigation, and understanding challenges faced by these stakeholders to use analgesics is key in improving on-farm pain management strategies. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to explore producer and veterinarian perspectives on pain management practices by (1) exploring inquires received by Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) regarding analgesic use in cattle and (2) using a survey instrument to identify factors that impact pain management implementation in the US cattle industry. Albeit analgesia use increased in the past ten years for some producers and the majority of veterinarians, administering analgesics for pain management on US cattle farms remains a challenge. From a producer perspective, drug cost, availability and logistics for administration. From a veterinarian perspective, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products hinders the support of on-farm protocols requiring extra-label drug use. Future steps to improve analgesic use on-farm include identifying and approving drugs that demonstrate efficacy for managing pain in cattle and disseminating educational resources to support stakeholders in both the implementation and drug withdrawal process.}, number={1}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Robles, Ivelisse and Arruda, Andreia G. and Nixon, Emma and Johnstone, Elizabeth and Wagner, Brooklyn and Edwards-Callaway, Lily and Baynes, Ronald and Coetzee, Johann and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{baysinger_webb_brown_coetzee_crawford_dedecker_karriker_pairis-garcia_sutherland_viscardi_2021, title={Proposed multidimensional pain outcome methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy and facilitate future drug approval for piglet castration}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1475-2654"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1466252321000141}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH REVIEWS}, author={Baysinger, Angela and Webb, Sherrie R. and Brown, Jennifer and Coetzee, Johann F. and Crawford, Sara and DeDecker, Ashley and Karriker, Locke A. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Sutherland, Mhairi A. and Viscardi, Abbie V.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{robles_park_cramer_wagner_moraes_viscardi_coetzee_pairis-garcia_2021, title={Technical contribution: use of continuous recording video monitoring of maintenance and pain behaviors in piglets after surgical castration to validate six continuous time sampling periods for behavior scoring}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab310}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Robles, Ivelisse and Park, Rachel M. and Cramer, Catie M. and Wagner, Brooklyn K. and Moraes, Luis E. and Viscardi, Abbie V. and Coetzee, Johann F. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{creutzinger_dann_krawczel_moraes_pairis-garcia_proudfoot_2021, title={The effect of stocking density and a blind on the behavior of Holstein dairy cows in group maternity pens. Part II: Labor length, lying behavior, and social behavior}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2020-19745}, abstractNote={In natural settings, dairy cows separate from the herd to give birth. When kept indoors, seeking isolation before calving may be restricted and may depend on space and resources provided in maternity housing. The effect of group maternity pens on behavior around calving and labor progress is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of stocking density and provision of a blind in group bedded pack maternity pens on lying and social behavior as well as length of labor of preparturient dairy animals. The study was conducted as a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including stocking density and presence or absence of a blind, resulting in a total of 4 treatments: (1) high stocking density (7.7-12.9 m2 lying space/cow) with a blind, (2) low stocking density (15.4-25.8 m2) with a blind, (3) high stocking density without a blind, and (4) low stocking density without a blind. A total of 127 primiparous heifers and 247 multiparous cows were housed in mixed-parity groups from approximately 3 wk before and immediately after calving. During the 4 h before calving, lying behavior (lying time and bouts) was collected automatically using accelerometers, and social behavior (agonistic interactions, allogrooming, and attention from other cows), stage II labor duration, and frequency of position change during stage II labor were collected using video. Lying behavior was collected with accelerometers. Regardless of treatment, lying time and bouts increased as calving approached. Cows and heifers performed more lying bouts in low stocking density pens compared with high stocking density pens. Agonistic interactions and allogrooming were not different between treatments. Other cows spent more time paying attention to focal animals regardless of stocking density as calving approached, but time spent paying attention was reduced by the presence of a blind during h -2 before calving. The hazard of calving unassisted was greater for cows and heifers in low stocking density pens with a blind compared with all other treatments. Further, animals in pens with a blind tended to change positions fewer times during stage II labor. These results suggest that providing a blind in group maternity pens may improve the calving environment for cows and heifers and, in combination with low stocking density, may reduce the amount of time spent in labor.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Creutzinger, K. C. and Dann, H. M. and Krawczel, P. D. and Moraes, L. E. and Pairis-Garcia, M. D. and Proudfoot, K. L.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={7122–7134} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_robles_2021, title={Timely Euthanasia on Farm; Dairy Cattle and Swine}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab054.016}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Robles, Ivelisse}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={10–10} }
 @article{kramer_wagner_robles_moeller_bowman_kieffer_arruda_cressman_pairis-garcia_2021, title={Validating the effectiveness of alternative euthanasia techniques using penetrating captive bolt guns in mature swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab052}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kramer, Scott A. and Wagner, Brooklyn K. and Robles, Ivelisse and Moeller, Steve J. and Bowman, Andrew S. and Kieffer, Justin D. and Arruda, Andreia Goncalves and Cressman, Michael D. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{park_cramer_wagner_turner_moraes_viscardi_coetzee_pairis-garcia_2020, title={A comparison of behavioural methodologies utilised to quantify deviations in piglet behaviour associated with castration}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0962-7286"]}, DOI={10.7120/09627286.29.3.285}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL WELFARE}, author={Park, R. M. and Cramer, M. C. and Wagner, B. K. and Turner, P. and Moraes, L. E. and Viscardi, A. V. and Coetzee, J. F. and Pairis-Garcia, M. D.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={285–292} }
 @article{wagner_cramer_fowler_varnell_dietsch_proudfoot_shearer_correa_pairis-garcia_2020, title={Determination of Dairy Cattle Euthanasia Criteria and Analysis of Barriers to Humane Euthanasia in the United States: Dairy Producer Surveys and Focus Groups}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/5/770}, DOI={10.3390/ani10050770}, abstractNote={There are currently no clear guidelines in the US and some other countries regarding euthanasia decision making timelines for dairy cattle that become injured or ill to the extent that recovery is unlikely or impossible. Our study aimed to identify decision making criteria and the most common factors considered when making and carrying out euthanasia decisions. Dairy producers were recruited to participate in a mailed survey (Part I, 307 completed surveys were returned) or in one of three focus groups (Part II, 8–10 producers/group, n = 24). Part I (survey): Farm owners were most commonly responsible for on-farm euthanasia and most respondents would treat and monitor compromised cattle for a majority of 15 health conditions. Responses were highly variable; for example, 6.3% and 11.7% of respondents would never euthanize a non-ambulatory cow or calf, respectively. Part II (focus groups): Three main themes (animal, human, and farm operation) were identified from discussion which focused primarily on animal welfare (16% of the discussion) and human psychology (16%). Participants expressed a desire to eliminate animal suffering by euthanizing, alongside a wide range of emotional states. Development of specific standards for euthanasia is a critical next step and more research is needed to understand the human emotions surrounding euthanasia decision making.}, journal={Animals}, author={Wagner, Brooklyn and Cramer, M. Caitlin and Fowler, Heather N. and Varnell, Hannah L. and Dietsch, Alia M. and Proudfoot, Katy and Shearer, Jan and Correa, Maria and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{wagner_cramer_fowler_varnell_dietsch_proudfoot_shearer_correa_pairis-garcia_2020, title={Determination of Dairy Cattle Euthanasia Criteria and Analysis of Barriers to Humane Euthanasia in the United States: The Veterinarian Perspective}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/6/1051}, DOI={10.3390/ani10061051}, abstractNote={When dairy cattle become ill or injured to the extent that recovery is unlikely or impossible, on-farm euthanasia should be used as a tool to eliminate pain and suffering. Our study aimed to identify decision-making criteria and the most common factors considered by veterinarians when making and carrying out euthanasia decisions. Dairy cattle veterinarians were recruited to participate in an online survey (Part I, 61 surveys collected) or in one of three focus groups (Part II, 4–10 veterinarians/group, n = 22). Part I (survey): Surveyed veterinarians varied regarding health condition management and demonstrated a strong proclivity to treat compromised cattle, mirroring trends amongst dairy producers identified in previous research. Sixty percent of respondents indicated that most facilities for which they serve as the primary veterinarian have a written euthanasia protocol in place. Part II (focus groups): Three main themes about euthanasia decision-making (logistical, animal, and human) were identified from focus group discussions. Discussions focused primarily on logistical factors such as financial considerations and client/public perceptions. Development of specific standards for euthanasia, alongside interactive training programs for dairy veterinarians and producers are vital next steps to improving cattle welfare and consistency in euthanasia decision-making across the United States dairy industry.}, journal={Animals}, author={Wagner, Brooklyn and Cramer, M. Caitlin and Fowler, Heather N. and Varnell, Hannah L. and Dietsch, Alia M. and Proudfoot, Katy and Shearer, Jan and Correa, Maria and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{wagner_royal_caddiell_pairis-garcia_2020, title={Identifying Barriers to Implementing Pain Management for Piglet Castration: A Focus Group of Swine Veterinarians}, volume={10}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/7/1202}, DOI={10.3390/ani10071202}, abstractNote={Surgical castration is a painful husbandry procedure performed on piglets in the United States (US) to improve meat quality. Veterinarians play a crucial role in developing pain management protocols. However, providing pain management for castration is not common practice in US swine production systems. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to identify factors influencing swine veterinarian decision-making in regard to pain management protocols for piglet castration using focus group methodologies. Swine veterinarians (n = 21) were recruited to participate in one of three focus groups. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by two independent coders who identified three areas of focus, including (1) the lack of approved products validated for efficacy, (2) economic limitations and challenges, and (3) deficient guidelines and training for veterinarians to develop protocols. Although participating veterinarians acknowledged the importance of pain management from an animal welfare standpoint, these barriers must be addressed to ensure that castration pain can be successfully mitigated on-farm.}, number={7}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Wagner, Brooklyn and Royal, Kenneth and Caddiell, Rachel M.P. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={1202} }
 @article{edwards-callaway_cramer_roman-muniz_stallones_thompson_ennis_marsh_simpson_kim_calaba_et al._2020, title={Preliminary Exploration of Swine Veterinarian Perspectives of On-Farm Euthanasia}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/10/1919}, DOI={10.3390/ani10101919}, abstractNote={Euthanasia is a critical component in swine production and veterinarians play an important role in euthanasia protocol development and training. This study aimed to understand veterinarian involvement in and perspectives on euthanasia on pig farms. An online survey was disseminated both at a pig welfare conference and online via a veterinarian e-newsletter. Twenty-five veterinarians participated in the survey. The majority of respondents indicated that caretakers are the individuals making euthanasia decisions and performing the task (n = 17, 68% and 22, 88%, respectively). The majority (22, 88%) of respondents indicated that most of the facilities with which they work have a written euthanasia protocol, and 72% (18) indicated that they assisted in protocol development. Only half of respondents (13, 52%) agreed that “all employees performing euthanasia have been trained adequately”, and 80% (20) identified an interest in delivering more training. Less than half the respondents indicated that strategies for coping with “personal stress” and “emotional wellness” (12, 48%) were included in euthanasia training. While the moral stress of performing euthanasia is recognized, there is opportunity for addressing mental well-being in euthanasia resources. Although preliminary, this study supports the need for further euthanasia training on-farm, involving veterinarians in the process.}, journal={Animals}, author={Edwards-Callaway, Lily N. and Cramer, M. Caitlin and Roman-Muniz, I. Noa and Stallones, Lorann and Thompson, Sofia and Ennis, Sari and Marsh, Jordan and Simpson, Hailey and Kim, Elizabeth and Calaba, Elaine and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{simpson_edwards-callaway_cramer_roman-muniz_stallones_thompson_ennis_kim_pairis-garcia_2020, title={Preliminary Study Exploring Caretaker Perspectives of Euthanasia on Swine Operations}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/12/2296}, DOI={10.3390/ani10122296}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of euthanasia training, caretaker perceptions of euthanasia, and available resources for individuals who perform euthanasia as part of their job on swine operations in the United States. An online survey was distributed via an e-newsletter and in-person recruitment at swine industry events. Survey questions were related to training, attitudes towards performing euthanasia, work environment, and communication. Forty-five responses (17 workers, 21 managers, 7 owners) were recorded and summarized. The majority of workers (n = 14, 82%) agreed that they had “received enough training to euthanize pigs correctly” and that training had made them “confident about performing euthanasia”, yet 35% (6) also indicated they would like more euthanasia training. Less than one-third of workers indicated that strategies for dealing with “personal stress” (4, 24%) and “emotional wellness” 29% (5) were included in training programs but the majority (14, 82%) agreed that “trainings included human safety while performing euthanasia”. Most caretakers (37, 82%) agreed that they felt they could “communicate with my supervisors” if they felt uncomfortable performing euthanasia. Opportunities for the future include enhancing euthanasia training opportunities and content to include more awareness of strategies to deal with stress related to euthanasia.}, journal={Animals}, author={Simpson, Hailey and Edwards-Callaway, Lily and Cramer, M. Caitlin and Roman-Muniz, Ivette Noa and Stallones, Lorann and Thompson, Sofia and Ennis, Sari and Kim, Elizabeth and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{simpson_edwards-callaway_cramer_roman-muniz_calaba_stallones_thompson_ennis_kim_pairis-garcia_2020, title={Preliminary exploration of caretaker and manager perspectives of on-farm euthanasia on swine operations}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa278.414}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Simpson, Hailey M. and Edwards-Callaway, Lily and Cramer, Catie and Roman-Muniz, I. Noa and Calaba, Elaine N. and Stallones, Lorann and Thompson, Sofia and Ennis, Sari and Kim, Elizabeth and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={225–225} }
 @article{calaba_edwards-callaway_cramer_roman-muniz_stallones_ennis_kim_simpson_pairis-garcia_thompson_2020, title={Preliminary exploration of swine veterinarian perspectives on euthanasia on-farm}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa278.399}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Calaba, Elaine N. and Edwards-Callaway, Lily and Cramer, Catie and Roman-Muniz, I. Noa and Stallones, Lorann and Ennis, Sari and Kim, Elaine and Simpson, Hailey M. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Thompson, Sofia}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={216–216} }
 @article{ross_wagner_cressman_cramer_pairis-garcia_2020, title={SHORT COMMUNICATION: Investigating woody breast disease and broiler chicken activity using an automated tracking software program}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2590-2865"]}, DOI={10.15232/aas.2019-01953}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Objective This research quantified the effect of woody breast disease (WBD) presence and severity on activity in broilers. Materials and Methods Broiler cockerel chicks (n = 27) were enrolled over 2 periods and individually housed. Video data were collected continuously from 21 to 55 d of age. Behavior was analyzed over a 4-h interval using EthoVision XT automated tracking software to quantify total activity. Birds were slaughtered at 55 d of age and assigned a woody breast severity score (0–2) based on manual palpation and visual observation. Results and Discussion Of the 25 birds that survived for the duration of the study, 6 birds were assigned a severity score of 0 (no evidence of WBD), 14 a severity score of 1 (firm focal lesions), and 5 a severity score of 2 (diffuse firmness of the entire pectoralis major muscle). Neither WBD presence nor severity had an effect on total activity (P > 0.05). In the present study, no effect of WBD on activity was detected using an automated tracking software program for behavior quantification. However, limitations of the software and the potential presence of microscopic lesions in birds with a severity score of 0 may be contributing to this outcome. Implications and Applications Although WBD has significant financial implications for the poultry industry, limited research has evaluated the effect of WBD on bird welfare and behavior. Future studies should measure a more diverse set of behaviors while also analyzing muscle histology to better elucidate any associations between WBD and behavior.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Ross, L. and Wagner, B. K. and Cressman, M. D. and Cramer, M. C. and Pairis-Garcia, M. D.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={447–453} }
 @article{kim_lee_pechtl_hettick_campler_pairis-garcia_beauchemin_celi_duval_2019, title={Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on enteric methane production, rumen fermentation, and feeding behavior in beef cattle fed a high-forage or high-grain diet}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz140}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz140}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kim, Seon-Ho and Lee, Chanhee and Pechtl, Heather A and Hettick, Jade M and Campler, Magnus R and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D and Beauchemin, Karen A and Celi, Pietro and Duval, Stephane M}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={2687–2699} }
 @article{burkemper_pairis-garcia_moraes_park_moeller_2019, title={Effects of Oral Meloxicam and Topical Lidocaine on Pain associated Behaviors of Piglets Undergoing Surgical Castration}, volume={3}, ISSN={1088-8705 1532-7604}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2019.1590717}, DOI={10.1080/10888705.2019.1590717}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to find a practical means of reducing pain associated with surgical castration by evaluating the effects of oral meloxicam and topical lidocaine, separately and in combination, on behavioral indicators of pain in piglets. Two hundred thirty-five piglets were surgically castrated between three and seven days of age. Immediately following castration, piglets received one of four treatments: (1) No pain mitigation (C; control; n = 58); (2) NSAID only (M; meloxicam; n = 59); (3) Topical anesthetic (L; lidocaine spray; n = 60); or (4) NSAID and topical anesthetic (X; meloxicam and lidocaine spray; n = 59). Behaviors were recorded by direct observation of individual piglets using five-minute scan samples over a five-hour period, for three days post-castration. Results of the experiment demonstrate the administration of oral meloxicam and topical lidocaine spray at the time of castration under the current methods did not mitigate pain associated with the procedure (P = 0.09; C: 2.1 ± 0.1, L: 2.4 ± 0.1, M: 2.1 ± 0.1 and X: 2.1 ± 0.1).}, journal={Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Burkemper, M.C. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Moraes, L. E. and Park, R. M. and Moeller, S. J.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={1–10} }
 @misc{arruda_deblais_hale_pairis-garcia_srivastava_kathayat_kumar_rajashekara_2019, title={Nasal and gut microbiota for sows of different health status within six commercial swine farms from one swine production system}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/596130}, DOI={10.1101/596130}, abstractNote={Abstract}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Arruda, Andréia Gonçalves and Deblais, Loic and Hale, Vanessa and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Srivastava, Vishal and Kathayat, Dipak and Kumar, Anand and Rajashekara, Gireesh}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{cramer_pairis‐garcia_bowman_moeller_zhang_sidhu_magnin_coetzee_2019, title={Pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in sows}, volume={42}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12772}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12772}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cramer, Mary C. and Pairis‐Garcia, Monique D. and Bowman, Andrew S. and Moeller, Steven J. and Zhang, Yuntao and Sidhu, Pritam K. and Magnin, Geraldine and Coetzee, Johann F.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={492–495} }
 @article{campler_pairis-garcia_kieffer_moeller_2019, title={Sow behavior and productivity in a small stable group-housing system}, volume={27}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Campler, M.R. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Kieffer, J. and Moeller, S.}, year={2019}, pages={76–86} }
 @article{burkemper_cramer_moeller_pairis-garcia_2019, title={The effects of oral meloxicam on piglet performance in the pre-weaning period}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Burkemper, M.C. and Cramer, M.C. and Moeller, S.J. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D.}, year={2019} }
 @article{ross_cressman_cramer_pairis-garcia_2019, title={Validation of alternative behavioral observation methods in young broiler chickens}, volume={8}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez475}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez475}, abstractNote={Continuous sampling provides the most complete data set for behavioral research; however, it often requires a prohibitive investment of time and labor. The objectives of this study were to validate behavioral observation methods of young broiler chickens using 1) 7 scan sampling intervals (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min) and 2) an automated tracking software program (EthoVision XT 14) compared to continuous behavioral observation, considered the gold standard for behavior observation. Ten 19-day-old Ross 708 broiler cockerels were included in this study. All behavior was video recorded over an 8-h period, and data were collected using a continuous sampling methodology. The same video files were utilized for analysis for scan sampling and automated tracking software analysis. For both analyses, the following criteria were used to identify which method accurately reflected the true duration and frequency for each behavior, as determined by continuous observation: R2 ≥ 0.9, slope was not different from 1 (P > 0.05), and intercept was not different from 0 (P > 0.05). Active, eating, drinking, and maintenance behaviors were accurately estimated with 0.5-min scan sample intervals. Active, inactive, eating, and maintenance behaviors were accurately estimated with 1-min scan sample intervals. Inactive behavior was accurately estimated with 5-min scan sample intervals. The remainder of sampling intervals examined did not provide accurate estimates, and no scan sampling interval accurately estimated the number of behavior bouts. The automated tracking software was able to accurately detect true duration of inactive behavior but was unable to accurately detect activity. The results of this study suggest that high-frequency behaviors can be accurately observed with instantaneous scan sampling up to 1-min intervals. Automated tracking software can accurately identify inactivity in young broiler chickens, but further behavior identification will require refinement.}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ross, L and Cressman, M D and Cramer, M C and Pairis-Garcia, M D}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{campler_pairis-garcia_rault_coleman_arruda_2018, title={Caretaker attitudes towards swine euthanasia}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={Translational Animal Science}, author={Campler, M.R. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Rault, JL and Coleman, G. and Arruda, AG}, year={2018}, pages={254–262} }
 @article{mullins_pairis-garcia_campler_anthony_johnson_coleman_rault_2018, title={Teaching Tip: The Development of an Interactive Computer-Based Training Program for Timely and Humane On-Farm Pig Euthanasia}, volume={45}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.1216-191r}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.1216-191r}, abstractNote={ With extensive knowledge and training in the prevention, management, and treatment of disease conditions in animals, veterinarians play a critical role in ensuring good welfare on swine farms by training caretakers on the importance of timely euthanasia. To assist veterinarians and other industry professionals in training new and seasoned caretakers, an interactive computer-based training program was created. It consists of three modules, each containing five case studies, which cover three distinct production stages (breeding stock, piglets, and wean to grower-finisher pigs). Case study development was derived from five specific euthanasia criteria defined in the 2015 Common Swine Industry Audit, a nationally recognized auditing program used in the US. Case studies provide information regarding treatment history, clinical signs, and condition severity of the pig and prompt learners to make management decisions regarding pig treatment and care. Once a decision is made, feedback is provided so learners understand the appropriateness of their decision compared to current industry guidelines. In addition to training farm personnel, this program may also be a valuable resource if incorporated into veterinary, graduate, and continuing education curricula. This innovative tool represents the first interactive euthanasia-specific training program in the US swine industry and offers the potential to improve timely and humane on-farm pig euthanasia. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Mullins, Caitlyn R. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D. and Campler, Magnus R. and Anthony, Raymond and Johnson, Anna K. and Coleman, Grahame J. and Rault, Jean-Loup}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={405–412} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_moeller_2017, title={ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND WELL-BEING SYMPOSIUM: The Common Swine Industry Audit: Future steps to assure positive on-farm animal welfare utilizing validated, repeatable and feasible animal-based measures}, volume={95}, ISSN={1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.0960}, DOI={10.2527/jas2016.0960}, abstractNote={The Common Swine Industry Audit (CSIA) was developed and scientifically evaluated through the combined efforts of a task force consisting of university scientists, veterinarians, pork producers, packers, processers, and retail and food service personnel to provide stakeholders throughout the pork chain with a consistent, reliable, and verifiable system to ensure on-farm swine welfare and food safety. The CSIA tool was built from the framework of the Pork Quality Assurance Plus (PQA Plus) site assessment program with the purpose of developing a single, common audit platform for the U.S. swine industry. Twenty-seven key aspects of swine care are captured and evaluated in CSIA and cover the specific focal areas of animal records, animal observations, facilities, and caretakers. Animal-based measures represent approximately 50% of CSIA evaluation criteria and encompass critical failure criteria, including observation of willful acts of abuse and determination of timely euthanasia. Objective, science-based measures of animal well-being parameters (e.g., BCS, lameness, lesions, hernias) are assessed within CSIA using statistically validated sample sizes providing a detection ability of 1% with 95% confidence. The common CSIA platform is used to identify care issues and facilitate continuous improvement in animal care through a validated, repeatable, and feasible animal-based audit process. Task force members provide continual updates to the CSIA tool with a specific focus toward 1) identification and interpretation of appropriate animal-based measures that provide inherent value to pig welfare, 2) establishment of acceptability thresholds for animal-based measures, and 3) interpretation of CSIA data for use and improvement of welfare within the U.S. swine industry.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Pairis-Garcia, M. and Moeller, S. J.}, year={2017}, pages={1372} }
 @article{campbell_pairis-garcia_campler_moraes_mccutcheon_fluharty_2017, title={An investigation of oral moxidectin carryover to nursing lambs via milk}, volume={154}, ISSN={0921-4488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.001}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentrations of moxidectin in the plasma and milk of lactating ewes and in the plasma of their nursing lamb. Four, single lamb bearing Border Leister x Dorset ewes were administered a single oral dose of moxidectin (0.2 mg/kg). Plasma and milk samples were collected nine times within the first 72 h and at 30 and 60 d post anthelmintic administration. Samples were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. A pharmacokinetic analysis of moxidectin was conducted on ewe plasma and resulted in a CMAX of 13.1 ng/mL at 8.2 h (TMAX). Ewe milk and lamb plasma samples were reported descriptively. Three of the four ewes on trial demonstrated quantifiable levels of moxidectin in milk at baseline sampling. Ewe milk samples reached an average peak concentration of 151.1 ng/mL 12 h post administration. Moxidectin levels were detected up to 60 d in all milk samples. Lamb plasma samples reached an average peak concentration of 2.8 ng/mL 24 h post administration to the ewe. Results from the current study demonstrate that orally administrated moxidectin is carried over into the milk and evident in the plasma of nursing lambs. Further research is needed in order to understand how moxidectin concentrations and exposure time influences the fetus and nursing lamb in regards to the development of anthelmintic resistance.}, journal={Small Ruminant Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Campbell, B.J. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Campler, M.R. and Moraes, L.E. and McCutcheon, J.S. and Fluharty, F.L.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={9–12} }
 @article{mullins_pairis-garcia_george_anthony_johnson_coleman_rault_millman_2017, title={Determination of swine euthanasia criteria and analysis of barriers to euthanasia in the United States using expert opinion}, volume={26}, ISSN={0962-7286}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.4.449}, DOI={10.7120/09627286.26.4.449}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Animal Welfare}, publisher={Universities Federation for Animal Welfare}, author={Mullins, CR and Pairis-Garcia, MD and George, KA and Anthony, R and Johnson, AK and Coleman, GJ and Rault, J-L and Millman, ST}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={449–459} }
 @article{ruff_pairis-garcia_campler_moeller_johnson_2017, title={Effect of rubber mats on sow behavior and litter performance during lactation}, volume={204}, ISSN={1871-1413}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.08.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2017.08.010}, abstractNote={The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of rubber lying mats on sow behavior, production and litter performance throughout lactation. In total, 213 multiparous, late gestation, group housed sows were enrolled in the study after being blocked by parity and classified as lame or non-lame. Sows were randomly allocated to treatments; a farrowing crate with a perforated rubber lying mat (R), or a farrowing crate with standard metal slatted flooring (C). Sow behavior, lesion scores, sow weight, and body condition measurements were obtained once weekly over the course of 4 weeks around the farrowing event (1 week prior until 3 weeks post farrowing day). Piglet weights were recorded during the weeks of farrowing and weaning. Wean to estrus intervals and piglet mortality data were obtained post-hoc via records from the farm's computer database PigKnows®. Sows housed on the R treatment spent an increased proportion of time spent standing (P = 0.02) and tended to spend a lower proportion of their time spent lying (P = 0.07). Sows that were housed on R treatment weaned piglets with lower body weights when compared sows housed on C treatment (P < 0.05). Sows on the R treatment had a higher number of crushed piglets when compared to C treatment sows (P < 0.05). Rubber mats did not affect the total number of body lesions, body condition scores, or body weights of the sows (P > 0.05). In conclusion, rubber mats did not affect behavior of lame or non-lame sows during lactation but impacted weaning weights and total piglet mortality due to crushing. Further research evaluating alternative flooring during the farrowing and lactation period is needed in order to improve sow comfort and longevity while protecting piglet health and viability.}, journal={Livestock Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ruff, Garth R. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D. and Campler, Magnus R. and Moeller, Steven J. and Johnson, Anna K.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={65–70} }
 @article{pullin_pairis-garcia_campbell_campler_proudfoot_2017, title={Technical note: Instantaneous sampling intervals validated from continuous video observation for behavioral recording of feedlot lambs}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2017.1835}, DOI={10.2527/jas2017.1835}, abstractNote={When considering methodologies for collecting behavioral data, continuous sampling provides the most complete and accurate data set whereas instantaneous sampling can provide similar results and also increase the efficiency of data collection. However, instantaneous time intervals require validation to ensure accurate estimation of the data. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate scan sampling intervals for lambs housed in a feedlot environment. Feeding, lying, standing, drinking, locomotion, and oral manipulation were measured on 18 crossbred lambs housed in an indoor feedlot facility for 14 h (0600-2000 h). Data from continuous sampling were compared with data from instantaneous scan sampling intervals of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min using a linear regression analysis. Three criteria determined if a time interval accurately estimated behaviors: 1) ≥ 0.90, 2) slope not statistically different from 1 ( > 0.05), and 3) intercept not statistically different from 0 ( > 0.05). Estimations for lying behavior were accurate up to 20-min intervals, whereas feeding and standing behaviors were accurate only at 5-min intervals (i.e., met all 3 regression criteria). Drinking, locomotion, and oral manipulation demonstrated poor associations () for all tested intervals. The results from this study suggest that a 5-min instantaneous sampling interval will accurately estimate lying, feeding, and standing behaviors for lambs housed in a feedlot, whereas continuous sampling is recommended for the remaining behaviors. This methodology will contribute toward the efficiency, accuracy, and transparency of future behavioral data collection in lamb behavior research.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Pullin, A. N. and Pairis-Garcia, M. D. and Campbell, B. J. and Campler, M. R. and Proudfoot, K. L.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={4703–4707} }
 @article{pullin_pairis-garcia_campbell_campler_proudfoot_fluharty_2017, title={The effect of social dynamics and environment at time of early weaning on short- and long-term lamb behavior in a pasture and feedlot setting}, volume={197}, ISSN={0168-1591}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.09.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.applanim.2017.09.003}, abstractNote={Lambs are commonly weaned around 60 d of age in the Eastern United States, but this age is also a time for lambs to apply long-term feeding strategies learned from adult animals. There is minimal evidence on how weaning strategies may affect long-term adaptation of feeding behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of social and environmental factors at weaning on short- (3 d post-weaning) and long-term (8 wk post-weaning) feeding, lying, and standing idle behavior of lambs on pasture or in a feedlot. Two experiments tested this objective: Experiment 1 investigated social dynamics at time of weaning for lambs housed on pasture, and Experiment 2 investigated the effect of weaning into a feedlot compared to a pasture environment. At 60 d of age, 72 crossbred twin lambs were assigned to one of four treatments: lambs weaned and placed with similar-aged lambs onto pasture (W); lambs weaned and placed with similar-aged lambs and non-related adult ewes onto pasture (SF); lambs that remained with their dam on pasture (E); and lambs weaned and placed with similar-aged lambs into a feedlot (FL). Each treatment had three replicates with six lambs/replicate. Behavioral data were collected with instantaneous scan sampling for 15 h/d for 55 d. During the first 3 d after weaning in Experiment 1, W lambs spent more time standing than SF lambs (P = 0.03), and all lambs decreased standing idle time over the 3 d (P < 0.0001). During the 8 wks after weaning, W and SF lambs spent more time grazing (P = 0.03) and less time lying (P = 0.02) compared to E lambs. In Experiment 2, feeding time of FL lambs increased on d 3 compared to d 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). However, there was no effect of week on feeding, lying, or standing time over the long-term period (P > 0.05). When the time-budgets of lambs from both experiments were compared, W lambs spent 39.2% more time grazing compared to the amount of time that FL lambs spent feeding. Results suggest that keeping non-related adult ewes (SF) with weaned lambs did not influence the grazing and lying behavior of lambs on pasture. Lambs that stayed with their dams and were weaned later (E) had the lowest grazing time, likely because they are still receiving milk. Lambs in the feedlot environment increased their time spent feeding in the first few days, suggesting an initial adaptation to stress after weaning.}, journal={Applied Animal Behaviour Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pullin, Allison N. and Pairis-Garcia, Monique D. and Campbell, Braden J. and Campler, Magnus R. and Proudfoot, Kathryn L. and Fluharty, Francis L.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{campbell_pullin_pairis-garcia_mccutcheon_lowe_campler_fluharty_2017, title={The effects of alternative weaning strategies on lamb health and performance}, volume={156}, ISSN={0921-4488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.09.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.09.006}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of weaning age on lamb growth and the severity of parasitic infection in grazing lambs. All lambs were fed in a feedlot until they reached a set marketable weight after their allocated grazing period. In experiment 1, 48 Hampshire × Dorset and Suffolk × Dorset crossbred lambs and 24 Dorset × Suffolk and Dorset × Hampshire crossbred ewes were placed into one of two weaning treatments for 63 days: Pasture control (PC): lambs weaned early at 60 days of age and placed on pasture and Ewe (E): Lambs placed on pasture at 60 days of age with ewe and weaned at approximately 123 days of age. The E lambs had a greater average final body weight, total ADG, and PCV value on day 63 compared to PC lambs during the grazing period (P < 0.05). In the feedlot, E lambs spent fewer days in the feedlot to reach market weight and had a greater overall ADG with PC lambs demonstrating a greater G:F and total DMI (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, a total of 72 crossbred lambs and 27 crossbred ewes were placed into one of four weaning treatments for 56 days: Pasture control (PC). Ewe (E): lambs weaned at approximately 116 days of age. Social facilitator (SF): lambs weaned at 60 days of age and placed on pasture with non-lactating, non-related ewes. Feedlot control (FC): lambs weaned at 60 days of age and placed in a research feedlot facility. Feedlot control lambs were not re-exposed to parasites after the initiation of the experiment and therefore included as an industry standard control. The E lambs demonstrated greater BW from day 42 to the end of the grazing period and FC lambs had the lowest BW from day 7 to day 28 and a greater ADG on day 56 of the grazing period (P < 0.05). The E and FC lambs also demonstrated a smaller difference in change in PCV values from day 28 to the end of the grazing period (P < 0.05). In the feedlot, E lambs required less total weight gain and had lower DMI compared to all other treatments to reach market weight (P < 0.05). The FC lambs had a greater total weight gain, DMI, and G:F compared to all other treatments (P < 0.05). The results from these two experiments demonstrate that extending the weaning age of lambs beyond 60 days of age in pasture-based systems can be beneficial from an animal health standpoint and requires less harvested grain in the feedlot to reach a market appropriate endpoint.}, journal={Small Ruminant Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Campbell, B.J. and Pullin, A.N. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and McCutcheon, J.S. and Lowe, G.D. and Campler, M.R. and Fluharty, F.L.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={57–65} }
 @article{pullin_pairis-garcia_campler_proudfoot_2017, title={Validation of scan sampling techniques for behavioural observations of pastured lambs}, volume={26}, ISSN={0962-7286}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.2.185}, DOI={10.7120/09627286.26.2.185}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Animal Welfare}, publisher={Universities Federation for Animal Welfare}, author={Pullin, AN and Pairis-Garcia, MD and Campler, MR and Proudfoot, KL}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={185–190} }
 @article{parsons_johnson_coetzee_karriker_pairis-garcia_stalder_millman_2016, title={Flooring preference and behavior in sound and lame sows}, volume={66}, ISSN={0906-4702 1651-1972}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2016.1256421}, DOI={10.1080/09064702.2016.1256421}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to assess sow flooring preference and behavior during sound, induced lame and lameness recovery states. Thirty-four multiparous, non-pregnant sows were compared prior to and following lameness induction (day 0). Behavior was recorded on six days (days −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 and +10). Three flooring locations (Alley, Concrete and Mat) and four behaviors (lying lateral, lying sternal, sitting and standing) were recorded. Sows increased Mat frequency and decreased Alley frequency on day +1 (most lame) relative to day −1. Lying lateral frequency increased, whereas lying sternal and standing frequencies decreased between day −1 and day +1. Sows appear to prefer the Mat within 24 h following lameness induction. Lying lateral is likely a more comfortable position than standing or lying sternal in these lame sows. In conclusion, these behaviors may be reliable indicators to further ascertain if a sow is lame.}, number={2}, journal={Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Parsons, R. L. and Johnson, A. K. and Coetzee, J. F. and Karriker, L. A. and Pairis-Garcia, M. D. and Stalder, K. J. and Millman, S. T.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={115–118} }
 @article{campler_pairis-garcia_stalder_johnson_2016, title={Rubber mat placement in a farrowing and lactation facility: Tips and techniques}, volume={24}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Campler, M. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Stalder, K.J. and Johnson, A.K.}, year={2016}, pages={142–146} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_2016, title={The U.S. swine industry: historical milestones and the future of on-farm swine welfare assessments.}, volume={11}, ISSN={1749-8848}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr201611025}, DOI={10.1079/pavsnnr201611025}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={025}, journal={CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Pairis-Garcia, M}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @article{whalin_pairis-garcia_proudfoot_stalder_johnson_2016, title={Validating behavioral sampling techniques for lame sows administered flunixin meglumine and meloxicam}, volume={191}, ISSN={1871-1413}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.07.017}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2016.07.017}, abstractNote={Lameness poses a welfare challenge for pigs as it is associated with pain. Monitoring changes in behavior is a useful tool for recognizing illnesses in animals, including lameness. Lame sows spend more time lying down compared to non-lame animals, but there is currently no practical way of recording these changes in behavior. The objectives of this study were to determine if scan sampling could detect behavioral changes in sows induced lame, and detect changes in behavior associated with pain mitigation in sows induced lame. Lameness was induced in 12 multiparous, crossbred sows using a chemical synovitis model. Standing, sitting and lying behaviors were evaluated using continuous sampling, as well as 5, 10 and 15 min scans (‘scan sampling’) for 12 h/d (0600-1800) over a 5-day period. Three pain control treatments were evaluated: flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, and sterile saline administered approximately 28 and 52 h after lameness induction. No differences were found in lying and standing behavior in saline treated sows for all sampling methods (P =0.99). Regardless of sampling method, standing time decreased in the days following lameness induction compared to the day before induction (P <0.01). After treatment with flunixin meglumine, sows increased their standing behavior, but this change was only detected using the continuous sampling method (P <0.04). All sampling methods were able to detect standing behavior changes among sows treated with meloxicam (P <0.01). Results suggest that scan samples of 15 min or less are effective in detecting most behavioral deviations in sows treated with meloxicam or not treated at all.}, journal={Livestock Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Whalin, Laura and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Proudfoot, Kathryn and Stalder, Kenneth and Johnson, Anna}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={103–107} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_stalder_abell_karriker_coetzee_millman_2015, title={Behavioural evaluation of analgesic efficacy for pain mitigation in lame sows}, volume={24}, ISSN={0962-7286}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.1.093}, DOI={10.7120/09627286.24.1.093}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Animal Welfare}, publisher={Universities Federation for Animal Welfare}, author={Pairis-Garcia, MD and Johnson, AK and Stalder, KJ and Abell, CA and Karriker, LA and Coetzee, JF and Millman, ST}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={93–99} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_abell_coetzee_karriker_millman_stalder_2015, title={Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using a GAITFour pressure mat and an embedded microcomputer-based force plate system}, volume={93}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8796}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-8796}, abstractNote={Pain associated with lameness on farm is a negative affective state and has a detrimental impact on individual farm animal welfare. Animal pain can be managed utilizing husbandry tools and through pharmacological approaches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including meloxicam and flunixin meglumine are compounds used in many species for pain management because they are easy to administer, long lasting, and cost-effective. Assessing an animal's biomechanical parameters using such tools as the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system provides an objective, sensitive, and precise means to detect animals in lame states. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine for pain mitigation in lame sows using the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Lameness was induced in 24 mature mixed-parity sows using a chemical synovitis model and compared 3 treatments: meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg per os), flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg intramuscular) and sterile saline (intramuscular). Weight distribution (kg) for each foot was collected twice per second for a total of 5 min for each time point using the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system. Stride time, stride length, maximum pressure, activated sensors, and stance time were collected using 3 quality walks (readings) for each time point using the GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Sows administered flunixin meglumine or meloxicam tolerated more weight on their lame leg compared with saline sows (P < 0.005). Sows administered flunixin meglumine or meloxicam had smaller differences in stance time, maximum pressure, and activated sensors between the sound and lame legs compared with saline-treated sows between 37 and 60 h after lameness induction (P < 0.03). In conclusion, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam administration mitigated pain sensitivity in sows after lameness induction when pain sensitivity was evaluated with the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Analgesic drugs may be a key tool to manage negative pain affective states associated with lameness.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Pairis-Garcia, M. D. and Johnson, A. K. and Abell, C. A. and Coetzee, J. F. and Karriker, L. A. and Millman, S. T. and Stalder, K. J.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={2100–2110} }
 @article{parsons_millman_coetzee_karriker_mohling_pairis-garcia_stalder_johnson_2015, title={Sow behavioral responses to transient, chemically induced synovitis lameness}, volume={65}, ISSN={0906-4702 1651-1972}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2015.1110617}, DOI={10.1080/09064702.2015.1110617}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective was to determine behavioral changes when sows were induced lame using this chemical synovitis model. Twenty-three multiparous, non-pregnant sows were compared during lame and non-lame states. Behavior was recorded over three days. Seven behaviors (foraging, drinking, standing, sitting, sternal and lateral lying) and three locations (drinker, home pen and feed bunk) were recorded. Observations of sows drinking, standing, lying sternal and being in the drinker location decreased after induction. Lying lateral frequency, regardless of side, increased after sows were induced lame. Frequency in the home pen location increased, but no differences were observed for feed bunk location after sows were induced lame. The induced lame foot had no observed effect on lying side preference. By the end of the round, all behavioral and location frequencies returned to baseline levels. Standing, lying and drinking frequencies seem to be promising sow behavioral tools when transitioning from sound to lame states.}, number={2}, journal={Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Parsons, R.L. and Millman, S.T. and Coetzee, J.F. and Karriker, L.A. and Mohling, C.M. and Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Stalder, K.J. and Johnson, A.K.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={122–125} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_millman_2014, title={Case study: Treatment of oral and locomotory stereotypic behaviors in a mature sow}, volume={9}, ISSN={1558-7878}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.004}, abstractNote={A 32-month-old female 225-kg nonpregnant cross-bred Newsham sow presented a 6-week history of stereotypic behaviors when housed in a laboratory research facility. A behavioral examination over 12 daylight hours revealed 3 main stereotypic motor patterns, namely (1) oral-nasal gate manipulation defined as placement of the snout between the bars of the pen gate with repetitive, forceful up and down movement; (2) head weaving defined as repetitive lateral head and snout movement toward the pen gates while rocking back and forth on her forequarters with hooves remaining on ground at all times; and (3) body weaving defined as repetitive shifting of body weight from one side to the other with front hooves lifting alternately off the ground. The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 4.0%, 12.4%, and 6.8% of her total baseline time budget, respectively. The presumptive diagnosis was oral-nasal and locomotory stereotypies. Three treatments were used to mitigate the duration and frequency of these stereotypic behaviors. Treatment 1—Social treatment (change social stimuli by providing visual and nose-to-nose contact with different neighboring sows); Treatment 2—Forage treatment (change foraging substrates by providing peat moss as a rooting substrate); and Treatment 3—Space treatment (change pen configuration by increasing space). The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0%, 0.4%, and 0.1% of her total time budget, respectively; social treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.9%, 15.3%, and 11.3% of her total time budget, respectively; and forage treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.5%, 28.0%, and 15.5% of her total time budget, respectively. This study is one of the first reports to evaluate the treatment of established stereotypies in a mature sow. Results suggest the promise of environmental enrichment as an effective treatment strategy. Further research is needed to evaluate the persistence of these behavioral changes and relative importance of different environmental manipulations provided.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pairis-Garcia, Monique D. and Johnson, Anna K. and Millman, Suzanne T.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={269–273} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_millman_stalder_karriker_2014, title={Effects of yohimbine, an alpha 2-antagonistic reversal agent, on physiological recovery parameters of anesthetized sows}, volume={22}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Pairis-Garcia, M.D. and Johnson, A.K. and Millman, S.T. and Stalder, K.J. and Karriker, L.A.}, year={2014}, pages={16–23} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_stalder_karriker_coetzee_millman_2014, title={Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using nociceptive threshold tests}, volume={23}, ISSN={0962-7286}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.23.2.219}, DOI={10.7120/09627286.23.2.219}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Animal Welfare}, publisher={Universities Federation for Animal Welfare}, author={Pairis-Garcia, MD and Johnson, AK and Stalder, KJ and Karriker, LA and Coetzee, JF and Millman, ST}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={219–229} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_kukanich_wulf_millman_stalder_karriker_coetzee_2014, title={Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in mature swine after intravenous and oral administration}, volume={38}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12170}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12170}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in mature swine after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration. Six mature sows (mean bodyweight ± standard deviation = 217.3 ± 65.68 kg) were administered an i.v. or p.o. dose of meloxicam at a target dose of 0.5 mg/kg in a cross‐over design. Plasma samples collected up to 48 h postadministration were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS) followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Mean peak plasma concentration (CMAX) after p.o. administration was 1070 ng/mL (645–1749 ng/mL). TMAX was recorded at 2.40 h (0.50–12.00 h) after p.o. administration. Half‐life (T½ λz) for i.v. and p.o. administration was 6.15 h (4.39–7.79 h) and 6.83 h (5.18–9.63 h), respectively. The bioavailability (F) for p.o. administration was 87% (39–351%). The results of this study suggest that meloxicam is well absorbed after oral administration.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pairis-Garcia, M. D. and Johnson, A. K. and KuKanich, B. and Wulf, L. and Millman, S. T. and Stalder, K. J. and Karriker, L. A. and Coetzee, J. F.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={265–270} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_johnson_bates_stock_barth_brommel_stalder_karriker_2013, title={Development and refinement of a technique for short-term intravascular auricular vein catheter placement in mature sows}, volume={48}, ISSN={0023-6772 1758-1117}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677213514044}, DOI={10.1177/0023677213514044}, abstractNote={ Intravenous drug administration in adult swine is difficult to perform due to inaccessible superficial veins and thick subcutaneous fat layers. However, successful intravenous drug administration is critical for many biomedical applications including pharmacokinetic studies as extravascular drug administration can influence the drug’s absorption and elimination rate. The purpose of this study was to develop and refine an effective technique for indwelling auricular vein catheter placement in the conscious mature sow. We developed a protocol using a topical anesthetic cream and minimal physical restraint to place indwelling catheters in the auricular vein of six multiparous sows. This method was quick (3 min 20 s ± 8 s [mean ± SE per catheter]), effective (11/12 catheters successfully placed) and reliable, allowing a large drug volume (20–22 mL) to be administrated successfully during the trial without relying on prolonged restraint or general anesthesia of the sow. }, number={1}, journal={Laboratory Animals}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Pairis-Garcia, MD and Johnson, AK and Bates, JL and Stock, ML and Barth, LA and Brommel, AS and Stalder, KJ and Karriker, LA}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={78–81} }
 @article{pairis-garcia_karriker_johnson_kukanich_wulf_sander_millman_stalder_coetzee_2013, title={Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration}, volume={9}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-165}, DOI={10.1186/1746-6148-9-165}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Pairis-Garcia, Monique D and Karriker, Locke A and Johnson, Anna K and Kukanich, Butch and Wulf, Larry and Sander, Suzanne and Millman, Suzanne T and Stalder, Kenneth J and Coetzee, Johann F}, year={2013}, pages={165} }
 @article{karriker_abell_pairis-garcia_holt_sun_coetzee_johnson_hoff_stalder_2013, title={Validation of a lameness model in sows using physiological and mechanical measurements}, volume={91}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4994}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2011-4994}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to develop a validated, transient, chemically induced lameness model in sows using subjective and objective lameness detection tools. Experiment 1 determined an effective joint injection technique based on volume and placement of dye using feet collected from 9 finisher pigs and 10 multiparity cull sow carcasses. Experiment 2 confirmed the injection technique in live animals and produced a transient clinical lameness in 4 anesthetized sows injected with amphotericin B (15 mg/mL) in the distal interphalangeal joints of the claw. Clinical lameness was assessed by a categorical lameness scoring system, and a postmortem visual confirmation of joint injection technique was obtained. In Exp. 3, 6 sows were injected with 0, 10, or 15 mg/mL amphotericin B in either the left or right hind foot and were monitored until clinical resolution. Treated sows demonstrated elevated clinical lameness scores. These changes resolved by 7 d after lameness induction. Control sows injected with sterile saline developed a clinical lameness score of 0.5, which resolved 72 h post injection. In Exp. 4, 36 sows were injected with 10 mg/mL amphotericin B in 1 of 4 injection sites (left front claws, right front claws, left rear claws, and right rear claws). All injected sows exhibited a decrease in maximum pressure, stance time, and number of sensors activated on the GaitFour (P < 0.05) sensor system. A static force plate also demonstrated a decrease in weight (kg) being placed on the injected foot when all feet were injected (P ≤ 0.05). Injection of amphotericin B induced a predictable acute lameness that resolved spontaneously and is an effective method to model lameness in sows.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Karriker, L. A. and Abell, C. E. and Pairis-Garcia, M. D. and Holt, W. A. and Sun, G. and Coetzee, J. F. and Johnson, A. K. and Hoff, S. J. and Stalder, K. J.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={130–136} }