@article{xia_craig_wallen_stoddard_mandrup-poulsen_peng_schaeffer_liu_2011, title={Numerical simulation of salinity and dissolved oxygen at perdido bay and adjacent coastal ocean}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Coastal Research}, author={Xia, M. and Craig, P. M. and Wallen, C. M. and Stoddard, A. and Mandrup-Poulsen, J. and Peng, M. C. and Schaeffer, B. and Liu, Z. J.}, year={2011}, pages={73–86} }
 @article{xia_craig_schaeffer_stoddard_liu_peng_zhang_wallen_bailey_mandrup-poulsenl_2010, title={Influence of physical forcing on bottom-water dissolved oxygen within Caloosahatchee River Estuary, Florida}, volume={136}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Environmental Engineering (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Xia, M. and Craig, P. M. and Schaeffer, B. and Stoddard, A. and Liu, Z. J. and Peng, M. C. and Zhang, H. Y. and Wallen, C. M. and Bailey, N. and Mandrup-Poulsenl, J.}, year={2010}, pages={1032–1044} }
 @article{wright_walsh_krabill_shaffer_baig_peng_pietrafesa_garcia_marks_black_et al._2009, title={Measuring Storm Surge with an Airborne Wide-Swath Radar Altimeter}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1520-0426"]}, DOI={10.1175/2009JTECHO627.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wright, C. W. and Walsh, E. J. and Krabill, W. B. and Shaffer, W. A. and Baig, S. R. and Peng, M. and Pietrafesa, L. J. and Garcia, A. W. and Marks, F. D., Jr. and Black, P. G. and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={2200–2215} }
 @article{xia_xie_pietrafesa_peng_2008, title={A numerical study of storm surge in the Cape Fear River Estuary and adjacent coast}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1551-5036"]}, DOI={10.2112/06-0795.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The Cape Fear River Estuary (CFRE) region is a coastal domain that has experienced considerable threats and impacts from tropical cyclones. It is also an important nursery for juvenile fish, crabs, shrimp, and other biological species. Thus, predictions about the physical responses of the CFRE system to extreme weather events are important to the protection of life and property and to the economical well-being of local residents. In this study, the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is used to simulate tropical cyclone storm–induced surge, inundation, and coastal circulation in the CFRE and the adjacent Long Bay using a three-level nesting approach. Hindcasts of the hydrodynamic responses of the CFRE system to historic events were performed for Hurricanes Fran, Floyd, Bertha, and Charley. Comparisons were also made for the modeling results and the observations.}, number={4C}, journal={JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH}, author={Xia, Meng and Xie, Lian and Pietrafesa, Leonard J. and Peng, Machuan}, year={2008}, pages={159–167} }
 @article{xie_liu_peng_2008, title={The effect of wave-current interactions on the storm surge and inundation in Charleston Harbor during Hurricane Hugo 1989}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1463-5011"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.001}, abstractNote={The effects of wave–current interactions on the storm surge and inundation induced by Hurricane Hugo in and around the Charleston Harbor and its adjacent coastal regions are examined by using a three-dimensional (3-D) wave–current coupled modeling system. The 3-D storm surge and inundation modeling component of the coupled system is based on the Princeton ocean model (POM), whereas the wave modeling component is based on the third-generation wave model, simulating waves nearshore (SWAN). The results indicate that the effects of wave-induced surface, bottom, and radiation stresses can separately or in combination produce significant changes in storm surge and inundation. The effects of waves vary spatially. In some areas, the contribution of waves to peak storm surge during Hurricane Hugo reached as high as 0.76 m which led to substantial changes in the inundation and drying areas simulated by the storm surge model.}, number={3}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, author={Xie, Lian and Liu, Huiqing and Peng, Machuan}, year={2008}, pages={252–269} }
 @article{pietrafesa_buckley_peng_bao_liu_peng_xie_dickey_2007, title={On coastal ocean systems, coupled model architectures, products and services: Morphing from observations to operations and applications}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1948-1209"]}, DOI={10.4031/002533207787442268}, abstractNote={The national build-up of “coastal ocean observing systems” (COOSs) to establish the coastal observing component of the national component of the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) network must be well organized and must acknowledge, understand and address the needs
 of the principal clients, the federal, and in some cases state as well, agencies that provide financial support if it is to have substantive value. The funds being spent in support of COOS should be invested in pursuit of the establishment of the National Backbone (NB) that is needed: to greatly
 improve atmospheric, oceanic and coastal “weather” forecasting, broadly defined; for ecosystem management; and to document climate variability and change in coastal zones. However, this process has not occurred in a well conceived, orderly, well integrated manner due to historical
 and cultural bases and because of local priorities. A sub-regional effort that is designed to meet federal agency needs and mission responsibilities with an emphasis on meeting societal needs is presented by way of example to show that university and industry partners with federal agencies
 have an important role to play in the future of building out ocean and coastal observing and prediction systems and networks.}, number={1}, journal={MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL}, author={Pietrafesa, L. J. and Buckley, E. B. and Peng, M. and Bao, S. and Liu, H. and Peng, S. and Xie, L. and Dickey, D. A.}, year={2007}, pages={44–52} }
 @article{pietrafesa_kelleher_karl_davidson_peng_bao_dickey_xie_liu_xia_2006, title={A new architecture for coastal inundation and flood warning prediction}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0025-3324"]}, DOI={10.4031/002533206787353205}, abstractNote={The marine atmosphere, coastal ocean, estuary, harbor and river water systems constitute a physically coupled system. While these systems have always been heavily impacted by coastal storms, increases in population density, infrastructure, and personal and business merchandise have
 exacerbated the economic and personal impacts of these events over the past half century. As such there has been increased focus on the need for more timely and accurate forecasts of impending events. Traditionally model forecast architectures for coastal storm surge, flooding and inundation
 of coastal and inland areas have taken the approach of dealing with each system separately: rivers, estuaries, harbors and offshore facing areas. However, given advances in coupled modeling and the availability of real-time data, the ability to accurately predict and project coastal, estuary
 and inland flooding related to the passage of high energy and wet atmospheric events is rapidly emerging and requires a new paradigm in system architecture. No longer do monthly averaged winds or river discharge or water levels have to be invoked in developing hindcasts for planning purposes
 or for real-time forecasts. In 1999 a hurricane associated flood on the North Carolina coast took 56 lives and caused more than $6 billion in economic impacts. None of the models existing at that time were able to properly forecast the massive flooding and clearly called for a new model
 paradigm. Here we propose a model system that couples atmospheric information to fully three dimensional, non-linear time dependent ocean basin, coastal and estuary hydrodynamic models coupled to interactive river models with input of real or modeled winds, observed or modeled precipitation,
 measured and modeled water levels, and streamflow. The river and estuarine components must both be capable of going into modes of storage or accelerated discharge. Spatial scales must downscale in the horizontal from thousands to tens meters and in the vertical from hundreds to several centimeters.
 Topography and elevation data should be of the highest resolution available, necessary for highly accurate predictions of the timing and location of the inundation and retreat of flood waters. Precipitation information must be derived from the optimal mix of direct radar, satellite and ground-based
 observations. Creating the capability described above will advance the modernization of hydrologic services provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration and provide more accurate and timely forecasts and climatologies of coastal and estuary flooding. The goal of these
 climatologies and improved forecasts is to provide better information to local and regional planners, emergency managers, highway patrols and to improve the capacity of coastal communities to mitigate against the impacts of coastal flooding.}, number={4}, journal={MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL}, author={Pietrafesa, L. J. and Kelleher, K. and Karl, T. and Davidson, M. and Peng, M. and Bao, S. and Dickey, D. and Xie, L. and Liu, H. and Xia, M.}, year={2006}, pages={71–77} }
 @article{peng_xie_pietrafesa_2006, title={A numerical study on hurricane-induced storm surge and inundation in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina}, volume={111}, ISSN={["2169-9291"]}, DOI={10.1029/2004jc002755}, abstractNote={A storm surge and inundation model is configured in Charleston Harbor and its adjacent coastal region to study the harbor's response to hurricanes. The hydrodynamic component of the modeling system is based on the Princeton Ocean Model, and a scheme with multiple inundation speed options is imbedded in the model for the inundation calculation. Historic observations (Hurricane Hugo and its related storm surge and inundation) in the Charleston Harbor region indicate that among three possible inundation speeds in the model, taking Ct (gd)1/2 (Ct is a terrain‐related parameter) as the inundation speed is the best choice. Choosing a different inundation speed in the model has effects not only on inundation area but also on storm surge height. A nesting technique is necessary for the model system to capture the mesoscale feature of a hurricane and meanwhile to maintain a higher horizontal resolution in the harbor region, where details of the storm surge and inundation are required. Hurricane‐induced storm surge and inundation are very sensitive to storm tracks. Twelve hurricanes with different tracks are simulated to investigate how Charleston Harbor might respond to tracks that are parallel or perpendicular to the coastline or landfall at Charleston at different angles. Experiments show that large differences of storm surge and inundation may have occurred if Hurricane Hugo had approached Charleston Harbor with a slightly different angle. A hurricane's central pressure, radius of maximum wind, and translation speed have their own complicated effects on surge and inundation when the hurricane approaches the coast on different tracks. Systematic experiments are performed in order to illustrate how each of such factors, or a combination of them, may affect the storm surge height and inundation area in the Charleston Harbor region. Finally, suggestions are given on how this numerical model system may be used for hurricane‐induced storm surge and inundation forecasting.}, number={C8}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS}, author={Peng, Machuan and Xie, Lian and Pietrafesa, Leonard J.}, year={2006}, month={Aug} }
 @article{peng_xie_pietrafesa_2006, title={Tropical cyclone induced asymmetry of sea level surge and fall and its presentation in a storm surge model with parametric wind fields}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1463-5011"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.03.004}, abstractNote={The asymmetry of tropical cyclone induced maximum coastal sea level rise (positive surge) and fall (negative surge) is studied using a three-dimensional storm surge model. It is found that the negative surge induced by offshore winds is more sensitive to wind speed and direction changes than the positive surge by onshore winds. As a result, negative surge is inherently more difficult to forecast than positive surge since there is uncertainty in tropical storm wind forecasts. The asymmetry of negative and positive surge under parametric wind forcing is more apparent in shallow water regions. For tropical cyclones with fixed central pressure, the surge asymmetry increases with decreasing storm translation speed. For those with the same translation speed, a weaker tropical cyclone is expected to gain a higher AI (asymmetry index) value though its induced maximum surge and fall are smaller. With fixed RMW (radius of maximum wind), the relationship between central pressure and AI is heterogeneous and depends on the value of RMW. Tropical cyclone’s wind inflow angle can also affect surge asymmetry. A set of idealized cases as well as two historic tropical cyclones are used to illustrate the surge asymmetry.}, number={1-2}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, author={Peng, Machuan and Xie, Lian and Pietrafesa, Leonard J.}, year={2006}, pages={81–101} }
 @article{peng_xie_pietrafesa_2004, title={A numerical study of storm surge and inundation in the Croatan-Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1096-0015"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2003.07.010}, abstractNote={An integrated storm surge and inundation modeling system is used to simulate the storm surge and inundation in the Croatan–Albemarle–Pamlico Estuary System in eastern North Carolina under the influence of 10 hypothetical Category 2 and 3 hurricanes representing typical historical hurricane scenarios in the study region. The integrated storm surge and inundation modeling system is numerically stable in the complex and shallow CAPES environment under hurricane forcing conditions. For an assumed northward or northeastward moving Category 3 hurricane with a translation speed of 25 km/h, the peak storm surge occurs along the western Pamlico Sound and western Albemarle Sound. The most severe flooding as measured by inundation area is in the Pamlico River mouth region where the flooding area reached 500 km2. In general, a more intense or larger hurricane (lower minimum central pressure, MCP or larger radius of maximum wind, RMW) produces higher storm surge and a larger inundation area in the entire region. For the cases considered in this study, the storm surge height and inundation area are more sensitive to MCP than to RMW. Slower translation speed produces higher storm surge, and thus larger inundation area, but the sensitivity of storm surge to storm translation speed can be vastly different for different storms.}, number={1}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Peng, MC and Xie, L and Pietrafesa, LJ}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={121–137} }
 @article{xie_pietrafesa_peng_2004, title={Incorporation of a mass-conserving inundation scheme into a three dimensional storm surge model}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-0208"]}, DOI={10.2112/03-0084r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The rapid rise and fall of coastal sea level due to tides and storm surge complicates the application of hydrodynamic models that use constant lateral boundaries in the region where sea level change falls within the tidal range or between the negative and positive surge extremes. In order to enable a hydrodynamic model for use in tidal or surge zones, an inundation and drying scheme must be incorporated into the hydrodynamic model. In this study, a mass-conserving inundation (wetting) and draining (drying) scheme is incorporated into a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (the Princeton Ocean Model, often referred to as POM) for coastal ocean and estuarine systems. This coupled hydrodynamic and inundation modeling system is tested in an idealized lake/estuarine setting. The results show that: 1) incorporation of the inundation/drying scheme into the POM enabled its application in shallow water systems with time-dependent coastal boundaries; 2) the mass conservation constraint used in the inundation and drying scheme eliminates the problem of artificial flooding associated with the imbalance of water mass that is typical of a non-mass-conserving schemes; 3) using vertically-averaged flow as flooding velocity resulted in a reduced flooding area as compared to the cases that use the surface flow as the flooding velocity. This is partly due to the fact that vertically-averaged flow tends to be weaker and directed more parallel to the coastline than the surface flow.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH}, author={Xie, L and Pietrafesa, LJ and Peng, MC}, year={2004}, pages={1209–1223} }
 @inbook{pietrafesa_xie_dickey_peng_yan_2003, title={North Carolina State University coastal and estuary storm surge and flood prediction system}, ISBN={1853128341}, booktitle={Ecosystems and Sustainable Development IV}, publisher={Southampton; Boston: WIT Press}, author={Pietrafesa, L. J. and Xie, L. and Dickey, D. A. and Peng, M. and Yan, S.}, editor={E. Tiezzi, C. A. Brebbia and Uso, J. L.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={101–110} }