@article{richardson_roe_apperson_ponnusamy_2023, title={<i>Rickettsia amblyommatis</i> in Ticks: A Review of Distribution, Pathogenicity, and Diversity}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/2/493}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms11020493}, abstractNote={Rickettsia amblyommatis is a potentially pathogenic species of Rickettsia within the spotted fever group vectored by ticks. While many studies have been published on this species, there is debate over its pathogenicity and the inhibitory role it plays in diagnosing illnesses caused by other spotted fever group Rickettsia species. Many publications have recorded the high infection prevalence of R. amblyommatis in tick populations at a global scale. While this species is rather ubiquitous, questions remain over the epidemiological importance of this possible human pathogen. With tick-borne diseases on the rise, understanding the exact role that R. amblyommatis plays as a pathogen and inhibitor of infection relative to other tick-borne pathogens will help public health efforts. The goal of this review was to compile the known literature on R. amblyommatis, review what we know about its geographic distribution, tick vectors, and pathogenicity, assess relatedness between various international strains from ticks by phylogenetic analysis and draw conclusions regarding future research needed.}, journal={Microorganisms}, author={Richardson, Elise and Roe, Richard and Apperson, Charles S. and Ponnusamy, Loganathan}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{cave_richardson_chen_watson_roe_2023, title={Acaricidal Biominerals and Mode-of-Action Studies against Adult Blacklegged Ticks, Ixodes scapularis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/8/1906}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms11081906}, abstractNote={Ticks in the USA are the most important arthropod vector of microbes that cause human and animal disease. The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the focus of this study, is able to transmit the bacteria that causes Lyme disease in humans in the USA. The main approach to tick control is the use of chemical acaricides and repellents, but known and potential tick resistance to these chemicals requires the discovery of new methods of control. Volcanic glass, Imergard, was recently developed to mimic the insecticide mode of action of the minerals from diatoms (diatomaceous earth, DE) for the control of malaria mosquitoes in Africa. However, studies on the use of these minerals for tick control are minimal. In a dipping assay, which was put into DE (Celite), the times of 50 and 90% death of adult female I. scapularis were 7.3 and 10.5 h, respectively. Our mimic of DE, Imergard, killed ticks in 6.7 and 11.2 h, respectively. In a choice-mortality assay, ticks moved onto a treated surface of Imergard and died at 11.2 and 15.8 h, respectively. Ticks had greater locomotor activity before death when treated by dipping for both Imergard and Celite versus the no-mineral control. The ticks after making contact with Imergard had the mineral covering most of their body surface shown by scanning electron microscopy with evidence of Imergard inside their respiratory system. Although the assumed mode of action of Imergard and Celite is dehydration, the minerals are not hygroscopic, there was no evidence of cuticle damage, and death occurred in as little as 2 h, suggesting minimal abrasive action of the cuticle. Semi-field and field studies are needed in the future to examine the practical use of Imergard and Celite for tick control, and studies need to examine their effect on tick breathing and respiratory retention of water.}, number={8}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Cave, Grayson L. and Richardson, Elise A. and Chen, Kaiying and Watson, David W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{chen_deguenon_lawrie_roe_2023, title={Biomolecular Minerals and Volcanic Glass Bio-Mimics to Control Adult Sand Flies, the Vector of Human Leishmania Protozoan Parasites}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2218-273X"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/8/1235}, DOI={10.3390/biom13081235}, abstractNote={Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) serve as vectors for transmitting protozoan parasites, Leishmania spp., that cause the disease called leishmaniasis. The main approach to controlling sand flies is the use of chemical insecticides. The discovery of alternative methods for their control is needed because of potential health risks of chemical insecticides and development of sand fly resistance to these pesticides. The biomineral produced by diatoms (diatomaceous earth, DE; Celite) and a volcanic glass bio-mimic (Imergard) have been shown by our group to be efficacious against mosquitoes, filth flies, and ticks but never studied for the control of sand flies. In a modified World Health Organization cone test, 50% of adult Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies at 29 ± 1 °C, 55 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 LD, when exposed to Imergard and Celite, were dead in 13.08 and 7.57 h, respectively. Proof of concept was established for the use of these biominerals for sand fly and leishmaniasis disease control. Using a light source as an attractant to the minerals had no significant effect on the LT50, the time to 50% mortality. The LT50 at a higher relative humidity of 70 ± 5% increased to 20.91 and 20.56 h for Imergard and Celite, respectively, suggesting their mode of action was dehydration. Scanning electron microscopy of dead sand flies showed high coating levels of Celite only on the sides of the thorax and on the tarsi, suggesting an alternative mode of action for mechanical insecticides.}, number={8}, journal={BIOMOLECULES}, author={Chen, Kaiying and Deguenon, Jean Marcel and Lawrie, Roger D. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{chen_travanty_garshong_crossley_wasserberg_apperson_roe_ponnusamy_2023, title={Detection of Orientia spp. Bacteria in Field-Collected Free-Living Eutrombicula Chigger Mites, United States}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1080-6059"]}, DOI={10.3201/eid2908.230528}, abstractNote={Scrub typhus, a rickettsial disease caused by Orientia spp., is transmitted by infected larval trombiculid mites (chiggers). We report the molecular detection of Orientia species in free-living Eutrombicula chiggers collected in an area in North Carolina, USA, to which spotted fever group rickettsiae infections are endemic.}, number={8}, journal={EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Chen, Kaiying and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Garshong, Reuben and Crossley, Dac and Wasserberg, Gideon and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, R. Michael and Ponnusamy, Loganathan}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={1676–1679} }
 @article{luan_mccord_west_cave_travanty_apperson_roe_2023, title={Mosquito Blood Feeding Prevention Using an Extra-Low DC Voltage Charged Cloth}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/5/405}, DOI={10.3390/insects14050405}, abstractNote={Mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue pose a major threat to human health. Personal protection from mosquito blood feeding is mostly by treating clothing with insecticides and the use of repellents on clothing and skin. Here, we developed a low-voltage, mosquito-resistant cloth (MRC) that blocked all blood feeding across the textile and was flexible and breathable. The design was based on mosquito head and proboscis morphometrics, the development of a novel 3-D textile with the outer conductive layers insulated from each other with an inner, non-conductive woven mesh, and the use of a DC (direct current; extra-low-voltage) resistor-capacitor. Blockage of blood feeding was measured using host-seeking Aedes aegypti adult female mosquitoes and whether they could blood feed across the MRC and an artificial membrane. Mosquito blood feeding decreased as voltage increased from 0 to 15 volts. Blood feeding inhibition was 97.8% at 10 volts and 100% inhibition at 15 volts, demonstrating proof of concept. Current flow is minimal since conductance only occurs when the mosquito proboscis simultaneously touches the outside layers of the MRC and is then quickly repelled. Our results demonstrated for the first time the use of a biomimetic, mosquito-repelling technology to prevent blood feeding using extra-low energy consumption.}, number={5}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Luan, Kun and McCord, Marian G. and West, Andre J. and Cave, Grayson and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{chen_roe_ponnusamy_2022, title={Biology, Systematics, Microbiome, Pathogen Transmission and Control of Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae, Leeuwenhoekiidae) with Emphasis on the United States}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1660-4601"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/22/15147}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph192215147}, abstractNote={Chiggers are the larval stage of Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae mites of medical and veterinary importance. Some species in the genus Leptotrombidium and Herpetacarus vector Orientia species, the bacteria that causes scrub typhus disease in humans. Scrub typhus is a life-threatening, febrile disease. Chigger bites can also cause dermatitis. There were 248 chigger species reported from the US from almost every state. However, there are large gaps in our knowledge of the life history of other stages of development. North American wide morphological keys are needed for better species identification, and molecular sequence data for identification are minimal and not clearly matched with morphological data. The role of chiggers in disease transmission in the US is especially understudied, and the role of endosymbionts in Orientia infection are suggested in the scientific literature but not confirmed. The most common chiggers in the eastern United States were identified as Eutrombicula alfreddugesi but were likely misidentified and should be replaced with Eutrombicula cinnabaris. Scrub typhus was originally believed to be limited to the Tsutsugamushi Triangle and the chigger genus, Leptotrombidium, but there is increasing evidence this is not the case. The potential of Orientia species establishing in the US is high. In addition, several other recognized pathogens to infect humans, namely Hantavirus, Bartonella, Borrelia, and Rickettsia, were also detected in chiggers. The role that chiggers play in these disease transmissions in the US needs further investigation. It is possible some of the tick-borne diseases and red meat allergies are caused by chiggers.}, number={22}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Chen, Kaiying and Roe, R. Michael and Ponnusamy, Loganathan}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{lawrie_mitchell_deguenon_ponnusamy_reisig_pozo-valdivia_kurtz_roe_2022, title={Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, and Their Possible Role in Cry1Ac-Resistance}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/1/12}, DOI={10.3390/insects13010012}, abstractNote={Multiple insect pest species have developed field resistance to Bt-transgenic crops. There has been a significant amount of research on protein-coding genes that contribute to resistance, such as the up-regulation of protease activity or altered receptors. However, our understanding of the role of non-protein-coding mechanisms in Bt-resistance is minimal, as is also the case for resistance to chemical pesticides. To address this problem relative to Bt, RNA-seq was used to examine statistically significant, differential gene expression between a Cry1Ac-resistant (~100-fold resistant) and Cry1Ac-susceptible strain of Helicoverpa zea, a prevalent caterpillar pest in the USA. Significant differential expression of putative long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was found in the Cry1Ac-resistant strain (58 up- and 24 down-regulated gene transcripts with an additional 10 found only in resistant and four only in susceptible caterpillars). These lncRNAs were examined as potential pseudogenes and for their genomic proximity to coding genes, both of which can be indicative of regulatory relationships between a lncRNA and coding gene expression. A possible pseudogenic lncRNA was found with similarities to a cadherin. In addition, putative lncRNAs were found significantly proximal to a serine protease, ABC transporter, and CYP coding genes, potentially involved in the mechanism of Bt and/or chemical insecticide resistance. Characterization of non-coding genetic mechanisms in Helicoverpa zea will improve the understanding of the genomic evolution of insect resistance, improve the identification of specific regulators of coding genes in general (some of which could be important in resistance), and is the first step for potentially targeting these regulators for pest control and resistance management (using molecular approaches, such as RNAi and others).}, number={1}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Lawrie, Roger D. and Mitchell, Robert D. and Deguenon, Jean Marcel and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Reisig, Dominic and Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro Del and Kurtz, Ryan W. and Roe, Richard Michael}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{dhammi_krestchmar_zhu_ponnusamy_gould_reisig_kurtz_roe_2022, title={Impact of Caterpillar Increased Feeding Rates on Reduction of Bt Susceptibility}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1422-0067"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/23/14856}, DOI={10.3390/ijms232314856}, abstractNote={The use of insect-resistant transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis protein Cry toxins (Bt) to control caterpillars is wide-spread. Development of a mechanism to prevent Bt from reaching its target site in the digestive system could result in Bt resistance and resistance to other insecticides active per os. Increased feeding rates by increasing temperature in tobacco budworms, Chloridea virescens, and bollworms, Helicoverpa zea, decreased Bt Cry1Ac susceptibility and mortality. The same was found in C. virescens for Bollgard II plant extract containing Bt Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 toxins. Furthermore, H. zea from the same inbred laboratory colony that fed faster independent of temperature manipulation were less susceptible to Bt intoxication. A laboratory derived C. virescens Bt resistant strain demonstrated a higher feeding rate on non-Bt artificial diet than the parental, Bt susceptible strain. A laboratory-reared Bt resistant fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, strain also fed faster on non-Bt diet compared to Bt susceptible caterpillars of the same species, both originally collected from corn. The studies in toto and the literature reviewed support the hypothesis that increased feeding rate is a behavioral mechanism for reducing caterpillar susceptibility to Bt. Its possible role in resistance needs further study.}, number={23}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES}, author={Dhammi, Anirudh and Krestchmar, Jaap B. and Zhu, Jiwei and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Gould, Fred and Reisig, Dominic and Kurtz, Ryan W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{richardson_ponnusamy_roe_2022, title={Mechanical Acaricides Active against the Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/8/672}, DOI={10.3390/insects13080672}, abstractNote={Cases of Lyme disease in humans are on the rise in the United States and Canada. The vector of the bacteria that causes this disease is the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Current control methods for I. scapularis mainly involve chemical acaricides. Unfortunately, ticks are developing resistance to these chemicals, and more and more, the public prefers non-toxic alternatives to chemical pesticides. We discovered that volcanic glass, ImergardTM WP, and other industrial minerals such as Celite 610 were efficacious mechanical insecticides against mosquitoes, filth flies, and agricultural pests. In this report, when 6–10- and 50–70-day old unfed I. scapularis nymphs were dipped for 1–2 s into Celite, the time to 50% mortality (LT50) was 66.8 and 81.7 min, respectively, at 30 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH). The LT50 was actually shorter at a higher 70% RH, 43.8 min. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ticks were coated over most of their body surface, including partial to almost total coverage of the opening to their respiratory system. The other mechanical insecticide, Imergard, had similar efficacy against blacklegged unfed nymphs with an LT50 at 30 °C and 50% RH of 70.4 min. Although more research is needed, this study suggests that industrial minerals could be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides to control ticks and Lyme disease.}, number={8}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Richardson, Elise A. and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{cave_west_mccord_koene_beck_deguenon_luan_roe_2022, title={Novel 3-D Spacer Textiles to Protect Crops from Insect Infestation and That Enhance Plant Growth}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040498}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture12040498}, abstractNote={Pesticide-free, 3-D, spacer fabrics (Plant Armor Generation (PA Gen) 1 and 2) were investigated for proof-of-concept as an insect barrier to protect plants and improve plant agronomics for organic farming. The time to 50% penetration (TP50) for tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) adults in laboratory Petri dish bioassays was 30 and 175 min for PA Gen 1 and 2, respectively, and 12 min for the control (a commercially available, single layer-crop cover, Proteknet). PA Gen 2 was ≥90% resistant to penetration of unfed caterpillar neonates, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), while the TP50‘s for Gen 1 and Proteknet were 3.1 and 2.35 h, respectively. In small cage studies, PA Gen 2 covered potted cabbage plants were 100% resistant to penetration by these insects through 10 d after which the study was ended. In small field plot studies for 3 summer months, cabbage plants grew approximately twice as fast when covered versus not covered with Gen 1 and Gen 2 without the need for insecticides or herbicides. This was not observed for the control crop cover. Martindale abrasion tests demonstrated Gen 1 and 2 were at least 6- and 1.8-fold more durable than the control crop cover used. Data are also presented on percentage light, water, air, and water vapor penetration across each textile and operational temperatures and humidity for cabbage plants covered and uncovered in small field plots.}, number={4}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Cave, Grayson L. and West, Andre J. and McCord, Marian G. and Koene, Bryan and Beck, J. Benjamin and Deguenon, Jean M. and Luan, Kun and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{ponnusamy_garshong_mclean_wasserberg_durden_crossley_apperson_roe_2022, title={Rickettsia felis and Other Rickettsia Species in Chigger Mites Collected from Wild Rodents in North Carolina, USA}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/7/1342}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms10071342}, abstractNote={Chiggers are vectors of rickettsial pathogenic bacteria, Orientia spp., that cause the human disease, scrub typhus, in the Asian–Pacific area and northern Australia (known as the Tsutsugamushi Triangle). More recently, reports of scrub typhus in Africa, southern Chile, and the Middle East have reshaped our understanding of the epidemiology of this disease, indicating it has a broad geographical distribution. Despite the growing number of studies and discoveries of chigger-borne human disease outside of the Tsutsugamushi Triangle, rickettsial pathogens in chigger mites in the US are still undetermined. The aim of our study was to investigate possible Rickettsia DNA in chiggers collected from rodents in North Carolina, USA. Of 46 chiggers tested, 47.8% tested positive for amplicons of the 23S-5S gene, 36.9% tested positive for 17 kDa, and 15.2% tested positive for gltA. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the Rickettsia-specific 23S-5S intergenic spacer (IGS), 17 kDa, and gltA gene fragments indicated that the amplicons from these chiggers were closely related to those in R. felis, R. conorii, R. typhi, and unidentified Rickettsia species. In this study, we provide the first evidence of Rickettsia infection in chiggers collected from rodents within the continental USA. In North Carolina, a US state with the highest annual cases of spotted fever rickettsioses, these results suggest chigger bites could pose a risk to public health, warranting further study.}, number={7}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Garshong, Reuben and McLean, Bryan S. and Wasserberg, Gideon and Durden, Lance A. and Crossley, Dac and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{efromson_lawrie_doman_bertone_begue_harfouche_reisig_roe_2022, title={Species Identification of Caterpillar Eggs by Machine Learning Using a Convolutional Neural Network and Massively Parallelized Microscope}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/9/1440}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture12091440}, abstractNote={Rapid, accurate insect identification is the first and most critical step of pest management and vital to agriculture for determining optimal management strategies. In many instances, classification is necessary within a short developmental window. Two examples, the tobacco budworm, Chloridea virescens, and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, both have <5 days from oviposition until hatching. H. zea has evolved resistance to Bt-transgenic crops and requires farmers to decide about insecticide application during the ovipositional window. The eggs of these species are small, approximately 0.5 mm in diameter, and often require a trained biologist and microscope to resolve morphological differences between species. In this work, we designed, built, and validated a machine learning approach to insect egg identification with >99% accuracy using a convolutional neural architecture to classify the two species of caterpillars. A gigapixel scale parallelized microscope, referred to as the Multi-Camera Array Microscope (MCAM™), and automated image-processing pipeline allowed us to rapidly build a dataset of ~5500 images for training and testing the network. In the future, applications could be developed enabling farmers to photograph eggs on a leaf and receive an immediate species identification before the eggs hatch.}, number={9}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, author={Efromson, John and Lawrie, Roger and Doman, Thomas Jedidiah Jenks and Bertone, Matthew and Begue, Aurelien and Harfouche, Mark and Reisig, Dominic and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{deguenon_dhammi_ponnusamy_travanty_cave_lawrie_mott_reisig_kurtz_roe_2021, title={Bacterial Microbiota of Field-Collected Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Transgenic Bt and Non-Bt Cotton}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/4/878}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms9040878}, abstractNote={The bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important agricultural pest in U.S. cotton and is managed using transgenic hybrids that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The reduced efficacy against H. zea caterpillars of Bt plants expressing Cry toxins is increasing in the field. In a first step towards understanding Bt cotton–bollworm–microbiota interactions, we investigated the internal bacterial microbiota of second–third stadium H. zea collected in the field from non-Bt versus Bt (WideStrike) cotton in close proximity (in North Carolina, USA). The bacterial populations were analyzed using culture-dependent and -independent molecular approaches. We found that WideStrike samples had a higher bacterial density and diversity per larva than insects collected from non-Bt cotton over two field seasons: 8.42 ± 0.23 and 5.36 ± 0.75 (log10 colony forming units per insect) for WideStrike compared to 6.82 ± 0.20 and 4.30 ± 0.56 for non-Bt cotton for seasons 1 and 2, respectively. Fifteen phyla, 103 families, and 229 genera were identified after performing Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA. At the family level, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most abundant taxa. The Enterococcaceae family was comprised mostly of Enterococcus species (E. casseliflavus and another Enterococcus sp.). Members of the Enterococcus genus can acidify their environment and can potentially reduce the alkaline activation of some Bt toxins. These findings argue for more research to better understand the role of cotton–bollworm–bacteria interactions and the impact on Bt toxin caterpillar susceptibility.}, number={4}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Deguenon, Jean M. and Dhammi, Anirudh and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Travanty, Nicholas V and Cave, Grayson and Lawrie, Roger and Mott, Dan and Reisig, Dominic and Kurtz, Ryan and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{luan_west_mccord_denhartog_shi_bettermann_li_travanty_mitchell_cave_et al._2021, title={Mosquito-Textile Physics: A Mathematical Roadmap to Insecticide-Free, Bite-Proof Clothing for Everyday Life}, volume={12}, ISSN={2075-4450}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070636}, DOI={10.3390/insects12070636}, abstractNote={Garments treated with chemical insecticides are commonly used to prevent mosquito bites. Resistance to insecticides, however, is threatening the efficacy of this technology, and people are increasingly concerned about the potential health impacts of wearing insecticide-treated clothing. Here, we report a mathematical model for fabric barriers that resist bites from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes based on textile physical structure and no insecticides. The model was derived from mosquito morphometrics and analysis of mosquito biting behavior. Woven filter fabrics, precision polypropylene plates, and knitted fabrics were used for model validation. Then, based on the model predictions, prototype knitted textiles and garments were developed that prevented mosquito biting, and comfort testing showed the garments to possess superior thermophysiological properties. Our fabrics provided a three-times greater bite resistance than the insecticide-treated cloth. Our predictive model can be used to develop additional textiles in the future for garments that are highly bite resistant to mosquitoes.}, number={7}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Luan, Kun and West, Andre J. and McCord, Marian G. and DenHartog, Emiel A. and Shi, Quan and Bettermann, Isa and Li, Jiayin and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Mitchell, Robert D., III and Cave, Grayson L. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={636} }
 @article{deguenon_riegel_cloherty-duvernay_chen_stewart_wang_gittins_tihomirov_apperson_mccord_et al._2021, title={New Mosquitocide Derived From Volcanic Rock}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjaa141}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Deguenon, Jean M. and Riegel, Claudia and Cloherty-Duvernay, Erin R. and Chen, Kaiying and Stewart, David A. and Wang, Bo and Gittins, David and Tihomirov, Larissa and Apperson, Charles S. and McCord, Marian G. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={458–464} }
 @article{ponnusamy_sutton_mitchell_sonenshine_apperson_roe_2021, title={Tick Ecdysteroid Hormone, Global Microbiota/Rickettsia Signaling in the Ovary versus Carcass during Vitellogenesis in Part-Fed (Virgin) American Dog Ticks, Dermacentor variabilis}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/6/1242}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms9061242}, abstractNote={The transovarial transmission of tick-borne bacterial pathogens is an important mechanism for their maintenance in natural populations and transmission, causing disease in humans and animals. The mechanism for this transmission and the possible role of tick hormones facilitating this process have never been studied. Injections of physiological levels of the tick hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), into part-fed (virgin) adult females of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, attached to the host caused a reduction in density of Rickettsia montanensis in the carcass and an increase in the ovaries compared to buffer-injected controls. This injection initiates yolk protein synthesis and uptake by the eggs but has no effect on blood feeding. Francisella sp. and R. montanensis were the predominant bacteria based on the proportionality in the carcass and ovary. The total bacteria load increased in the carcass and ovaries, and bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas increased in the carcass after the 20E injection. The mechanism of how the Rickettsia species respond to changes in tick hormonal regulation needs further investigation. Multiple possible mechanisms for the proliferation of R. montanensis in the ovaries are proposed.}, number={6}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Sutton, Haley and Mitchell, Robert D. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, Richard Michael}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{deguenon_azondekon_agossa_padonou_anagonou_ahoga_boris_akinro_stewart_wang_et al._2020, title={Imergard<sup>TM</sup>WP: A Non-Chemical Alternative for an Indoor Residual Spray, Effective against Pyrethroid-Resistant <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> (s.l.) in Africa}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/5/322}, DOI={10.3390/insects11050322}, abstractNote={Malaria is the deadliest mosquito-borne disease and kills predominantly people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The now widespread mosquito resistance to pyrethroids, with rapidly growing resistance to other insecticide classes recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), may overturn the successes gained in mosquito control in recent years. It is of utmost importance to search for new, inexpensive, and safe alternatives, with new modes of action, that might improve the efficacy of current insecticides. The efficacy of a novel mechanical insecticidal mineral derived from volcanic rock, ImergardTMWP, was investigated to determine its efficacy as a stand-alone residual wall spray and as a mixture with deltamethrin (K-Othrine® Polyzone) in experimental huts in Cove, Benin. The evaluation was conducted with susceptible (Kisumu) and wild-type Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Deltamethrin applied alone demonstrated 40–45% mortality (at 72 h post-exposure) during the first four months, which declined to 25% at six months for wild An. gambiae from Cove. ImergardTMWP alone and mixed with deltamethrin, under the same assay conditions, produced 79–82% and 73–81% mortality, respectively, during the same six-month period. ImergardTMWP met the 80% WHO bio-efficacy threshold for residual activity for the first five months with 78% residual activity at six months. ImergardTMWP can be used as a mixture with chemical insecticides or as a stand-alone pesticide for mosquito control in Africa.}, journal={Insects}, author={Deguenon, Jean M. and Azondekon, Roseric and Agossa, Fiacre A.R. and Padonou, Gil G. and Anagonou, Rodrigue and Ahoga, Juniace and Boris, N’dombidje and Akinro, Bruno and Stewart, David A. and Wang, Bo and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{lawrie_mitchell iii_deguenon_ponnusamy_reisig_pozo-valdivia_kurtz_roe_2020, title={Multiple Known Mechanisms and a Possible Role of an Enhanced Immune System in Bt-Resistance in a Field Population of the Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea: Differences in Gene Expression with RNAseq}, volume={21}, ISSN={1422-0067}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186528}, DOI={10.3390/ijms21186528}, abstractNote={Several different agricultural insect pests have developed field resistance to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) proteins (ex. Cry1Ac, Cry1F, etc.) expressed in crops, including corn and cotton. In the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, resistance levels are increasing; recent reports in 2019 show up to 1000-fold levels of resistance to Cry1Ac, a major insecticidal protein in Bt-crops. A common method to analyze global differences in gene expression is RNA-seq. This technique was used to measure differences in global gene expression between a Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strain of the bollworm, where the differences in susceptibility to Cry1Ac insecticidal proteins were 100-fold. We found expected gene expression differences based on our current understanding of the Bt mode of action, including increased expression of proteases (trypsins and serine proteases) and reduced expression of Bt-interacting receptors (aminopeptidases and cadherins) in resistant bollworms. We also found additional expression differences for transcripts that were not previously investigated, i.e., transcripts from three immune pathways-Jak/STAT, Toll, and IMD. Immune pathway receptors (ex. PGRPs) and the IMD pathway demonstrated the highest differences in expression. Our analysis suggested that multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of Bt-resistance, including potentially unrecognized pathways.}, number={18}, journal={International Journal of Molecular Sciences}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lawrie, Roger D. and Mitchell III, Robert D. and Deguenon, Jean Marcel and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Reisig, Dominic and Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro Del and Kurtz, Ryan W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={6528} }
 @article{lawrie_mitchell_dhammi_wallace_hodgson_roe_2020, title={Role of long non-coding RNA in DEET- and fipronil-mediated alteration of transcripts associated with Phase I and Phase II xenobiotic metabolism in human primary hepatocytes}, volume={167}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104607}, abstractNote={Human exposure to environmental chemicals both individually and in combination occurs frequently world-wide most often with unknown consequences. Use of molecular approaches to aide in the assessment of risk involved in chemical exposure is a growing field in toxicology. In this study, we examined the impact of two environmental chemicals used in and around homes, the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil (fluocyanobenpyrazole) on transcript levels of enzymes potentially involved in xenobiotic metabolism and on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Primary human hepatocytes were treated with these two chemicals both individually and in combination. Using RNA-Seq, we found that 10 major enzyme categories involved in phase 1 and phase 2 xenobiotic metabolism were significantly (α = 0.05) up- and down-regulated (i.e., 100 μM DEET–19 transcripts, 89% up and 11% down; 10 μM fipronil–52 transcripts, 53% up and 47% down; and 100 μM DEET +10 μM fipronil–69 transcripts, 43% up and 57% down). The altered genes were then mapped to the human genome and their proximity (within 1,000,000 bp) to lncRNAs examined. Unique proximities were discovered between altered lncRNA and altered P450s (CYP) and other enzymes (DEET, 2 CYP; Fipronil, 6 CYP and 15 other; and DEET + fipronil, 7 CYP and 21 other). Many of the altered P450 transcripts were in multiple clusters in the genome with proximal altered lncRNAs, suggesting a regulator function for the lncRNA. At the gene level there was high percent identity for lncRNAs near P450 clusters, but this relationship was not found at the transcript level. The role of these altered lncRNAs associated with xenobiotic induction, human diseases and chemical mixtures is discussed.}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Lawrie, Roger D. and Mitchell, Robert D., III and Dhammi, Anirudh and Wallace, Andrew and Hodgson, Ernest and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{ponnusamy_willcox_roe_davidson_linsuwanon_schuster_richards_meshnick_apperson_2018, title={Bacterial microbiome of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum varies by life stage and infection with the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208327}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0208327}, abstractNote={Scrub typhus is a mites-borne rickettsiosis caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. The disease is potentially life threatening and is prevalent in tropical Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean and northern Australia where an estimated one million cases occur annually. Orientia tsutsugamushi is transmitted by the bite of larval mites in the genus Leptotrombidium. In the present study, the composition of the microbiome in larvae, deutonymphs and adult males and females from laboratory colonies of L. imphalum that were infected as well as uninfected with O. tsutsugamushi were investigated by high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Notably, the bacterial microbiomes of infected adult females were dominated by sequences of O. tsutsugamushi and an unidentified species of Amoebophilaceae, which together comprised 98.2% of bacterial sequences. To improve the taxonomic resolution of the Amoebophilaceae OTU a nearly full length sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, cloned, and Sanger sequenced. Infected female mites had 89 to 92% nucleotide identity with the Amoebophilaceae family, indicating that the bacterium was likely to be a species of a novel genus. The species composition of bacterial communities varied between mite life stages regardless of their infection status. Uninfected adults exhibited greater species diversity than adults infected with O. tsutsugamushi. In the infected colony, the rate of filial infection with Orientia was less than 100%. Larval and male mites that were PCR-negative for Orientia contained low numbers of sequences of Amoebophilaceae (0.01 and 0.06%, respectively) in their taxonomic profiles, suggesting that a mutualistic relationship exists between the novel species of Amoebophilaceae and O. tsutsugamushi. Our study findings provide the basis for further research to determine the influence of the novel Amoebophilaceae species on the bacterial microbiome and on vector susceptibility to and transovarial transmission of O. tsutsugamushi.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Willcox, Alexandra C. and Roe, R. Michael and Davidson, Silas A. and Linsuwanon, Piyada and Schuster, Anthony L. and Richards, Allen L. and Meshnick, Steven R. and Apperson, Charles S.}, editor={Perotti, M. AlejandraEditor}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{zhu_dhammi_kretschmar_vargo_apperson_roe_2018, title={Novel use of aliphatic n-methyl ketones as a fumigant and alternative to methyl bromide for insect control}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4749}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Zhu, Jiwei and Dhammi, Anirudh and Kretschmar, Jaap B. and Vargo, Edward L. and Apperson, Charles S. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={648–657} }
 @article{mitchell_wallace_hodgson_roe_2017, title={Differential Expression Profile of lncRNAs from Primary Human Hepatocytes Following DEET and Fipronil Exposure}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1422-0067"]}, DOI={10.3390/ijms18102104}, abstractNote={While the synthesis and use of new chemical compounds is at an all-time high, the study of their potential impact on human health is quickly falling behind, and new methods are needed to assess their impact. We chose to examine the effects of two common environmental chemicals, the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and the insecticide fluocyanobenpyrazole (fipronil), on transcript levels of long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in primary human hepatocytes using a global RNA-Seq approach. While lncRNAs are believed to play a critical role in numerous important biological processes, many still remain uncharacterized, and their functions and modes of action remain largely unclear, especially in relation to environmental chemicals. RNA-Seq showed that 100 µM DEET significantly increased transcript levels for 2 lncRNAs and lowered transcript levels for 18 lncRNAs, while fipronil at 10 µM increased transcript levels for 76 lncRNAs and decreased levels for 193 lncRNAs. A mixture of 100 µM DEET and 10 µM fipronil increased transcript levels for 75 lncRNAs and lowered transcript levels for 258 lncRNAs. This indicates a more-than-additive effect on lncRNA transcript expression when the two chemicals were presented in combination versus each chemical alone. Differentially expressed lncRNA genes were mapped to chromosomes, analyzed by proximity to neighboring protein-coding genes, and functionally characterized via gene ontology and molecular mapping algorithms. While further testing is required to assess the organismal impact of changes in transcript levels, this initial analysis links several of the dysregulated lncRNAs to processes and pathways critical to proper cellular function, such as the innate and adaptive immune response and the p53 signaling pathway.}, number={10}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES}, author={Mitchell, Robert D., III and Wallace, Andrew D. and Hodgson, Ernest and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mitchell_zhu_carr_dhammi_cave_sonenshine_roe_2017, title={Infrared light detection by the hailer's organ of adult american dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Ixodida: Ixodidae)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1877-9603"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.06.001}, abstractNote={The Haller's organ (HO), unique to ticks and mites, is found only on the first tarsus of the front pair of legs. The organ has an unusual morphology consisting of an anterior pit (AP) with protruding sensilla and a posterior capsule (Cp). The current thinking is that the HO's main function is chemosensation analogous to the insect antennae, but the functionality of its atypical structure (exclusive to the Acari) is unexplained. We provide the first evidence that the HO allows the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, to respond to infrared (IR) light. Unfed D. variabilis adults with their HOs present were positively phototactic to IR. However, when the HOs were removed, no IR response was detected. Ticks in these experiments were also attracted to white light with and without the HOs, but were only positively phototactic to white light when the ocelli (primitive eyes) were unobstructed. Covering the eyes did not prevent IR attraction. A putative TRPA1 receptor was characterized from a D. variabilis-specific HO transcriptome we constructed. This receptor was homologous to transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) from the pit organ of the pit viper, python, and boa families of snakes, the only receptor identified so far for IR detection. HO scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies in the American dog tick showed the AP and Cp but also novel structures not previously described; the potential role of these structures in IR detection is discussed. The ability of ticks to use IR for host finding is consistent with their obligatory hematophagy and has practical applications in tick trapping and the development of new repellents.}, number={5}, journal={TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES}, author={Mitchell, Robert D., III and Zhu, Jiwei and Carr, Ann L. and Dhammi, Anirudh and Cave, Grayson and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2017}, pages={764–771} }
 @article{carr_mitchell_dhammi_bissinger_sonenshine_roe_2017, title={Tick Haller's Organ, a New Paradigm for Arthropod Olfaction: How Ticks Differ from Insects}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1422-0067"]}, DOI={10.3390/ijms18071563}, abstractNote={Ticks are the vector of many human and animal diseases; and host detection is critical to this process. Ticks have a unique sensory structure located exclusively on the 1st pairs of legs; the fore-tarsal Haller’s organ, not found in any other animals, presumed to function like the insect antennae in chemosensation but morphologically very different. The mechanism of tick chemoreception is unknown. Utilizing next-generation sequencing and comparative transcriptomics between the 1st and 4th legs (the latter without the Haller’s organ), we characterized 1st leg specific and putative Haller’s organ specific transcripts from adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis. The analysis suggested that the Haller’s organ is involved in olfaction, not gustation. No known odorant binding proteins like those found in insects, chemosensory lipocalins or typical insect olfactory mechanisms were identified; with the transcriptomic data only supporting a possible olfactory G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signal cascade unique to the Haller’s organ. Each component of the olfactory GPCR signal cascade was identified and characterized. The expression of GPCR, Gαo and β-arrestin transcripts identified exclusively in the 1st leg transcriptome, and putatively Haller’s organ specific, were examined in unfed and blood-fed adult female and male D. variabilis. Blood feeding to repletion in adult females down-regulated the expression of all three chemosensory transcripts in females but not in males; consistent with differences in post-feeding tick behavior between sexes and an expected reduced chemosensory function in females as they leave the host. Data are presented for the first time of the potential hormonal regulation of tick chemosensation; behavioral assays confirmed the role of the Haller’s organ in N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) repellency but showed no role for the Haller’s organ in host attachment. Further research is needed to understand the potential role of the GPCR cascade in olfaction.}, number={7}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES}, author={Carr, Ann L. and Mitchell, Robert D., III and Dhammi, Anirudh and Bissinger, Brooke W. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2017}, month={Jul} }
 @article{carr_roe_2016, title={Acarine attractants: Chemoreception, bioassay, chemistry and control}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.12.009}, abstractNote={The Acari are of significant economic importance in crop production and human and animal health. Acaricides are essential for the control of these pests, but at the same time, the number of available pesticides is limited, especially for applications in animal production. The Acari consist of two major groups, the mites that demonstrate a wide variety of life strategies, i.e., herbivory, predation and ectoparasitism, and ticks which have evolved obligatory hematophagy. The major sites of chemoreception in the acarines are the chelicerae, palps and tarsi on the forelegs. A unifying name, the “foretarsal sensory organ” (FSO), is proposed for the first time in this review for the sensory site on the forelegs of all acarines. The FSO has multiple sensory functions including olfaction, gustation, and heat detection. Preliminary transcriptomic data in ticks suggest that chemoreception in the FSO is achieved by a different mechanism from insects. There are a variety of laboratory and field bioassay methods that have been developed for the identification and characterization of attractants but minimal techniques for electrophysiology studies. Over the past three to four decades, significant progress has been made in the chemistry and analysis of function for acarine attractants in mites and ticks. In mites, attractants include aggregation, immature female, female sex and alarm pheromones; in ticks, the attraction–aggregation–attachment, assembly and sex pheromones; in mites and ticks host kairomones and plant allomones; and in mites, fungal allomones. There are still large gaps in our knowledge of chemical communication in the acarines compared to insects, especially relative to acarine pheromones, and more so for mites than ticks. However, the use of lure-and-kill and lure-enhanced biocontrol strategies has been investigated for tick and mite control, respectively, with significant environmental advantages which warrant further study.}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Carr, Ann L. and Roe, Michael}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={60–79} }
 @article{egekwu_sonenshine_garman_barshis_cox_bissinger_zhu_roe_2016, title={Comparison of synganglion neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors and neurotransmitter receptors and their gene expression in response to feeding in Ixodes scapularis (Ixodidae) vs. Ornithodoros turicata (Argasidae)}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1365-2583"]}, DOI={10.1111/imb.12202}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Egekwu, N. and Sonenshine, D. E. and Garman, H. and Barshis, D. J. and Cox, N. and Bissinger, B. W. and Zhu, J. and Roe, R. M.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={72–92} }
 @article{cammack_cohen_kreitlow_roe_watson_2016, title={Decomposition of Concealed and Exposed Porcine Remains in the North Carolina Piedmont}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjv183}, abstractNote={Abstract We examined the decomposition and subsequent insect colonization of small pig carrion (Sus scrofa (L.)) placed in concealed and open environments during spring, summer, and fall in Raleigh, North Carolina, as a model for juvenile human remains. Remains were concealed in simulated attics in three manners, ranging from minimal to well-concealed. Concealment had a significant effect on the insect community colonizing the remains across all three seasons; the beetles Necrobia rufipes (DeGeer) (Cleridae) and Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) were the only species indicative of remains located indoors, whereas numerous fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sepsidae, and Piophilidae) and beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae, Staphylinidae, and Histeridae) species and an ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Prenolepis sp.) were indicative of remains located outdoors. Season also significantly affected the insect species, particularly the blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) colonizing remains: Lucilia illustris (Meigen) was indicative of the spring, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) and Chrysomya megacephala (F.) were indicative of the summer, and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) were indicative of the fall. In addition, across all seasons, colonization was delayed by 35–768 h, depending on the degree of concealment. These differences among the insect communities across seasons and concealment treatments, and the effects of concealment on colonization indicate that such information is important and should to be considered when analyzing entomological evidence for criminal investigations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cammack, J. A. and Cohen, A. C. and Kreitlow, K. L. and Roe, R. M. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={67–75} }
 @article{carr_sonenshine_strider_roe_2016, title={Evidence of female sex pheromones and characterization of the cuticular lipids of unfed, adult male versus female blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1572-9702"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10493-015-0009-y}, abstractNote={Copulation in Ixodes scapularis involves physical contact between the male and female (on or off the host), male mounting of the female, insertion/maintenance of the male chelicerae in the female genital pore (initiates spermatophore production), and the transfer of the spermatophore by the male into the female genital pore. Bioassays determined that male mounting behavior/chelicerae insertion required direct contact with the female likely requiring non-volatile chemical cues with no evidence of a female volatile sex pheromone to attract males. Unfed virgin adult females and replete mated adult females elicited the highest rates of male chelicerae insertion with part fed virgin adult females exhibiting a much lower response. Whole body surface hexane extracts of unfed virgin adult females and males, separately analyzed by GC–MS, identified a number of novel tick surface associated compounds: fatty alcohols (1-hexadecanol and 1-heptanol), a fatty amide (erucylamid), aromatic hydrocarbons, a short chain alkene (1-heptene), and a carboxylic acid ester (5β-androstane). These compounds are discussed in terms of their potential role in female–male communication. The two most abundant fatty acid esters found were butyl palmitate and butyl stearate present in ratios that were sex specific. Only 6 n-saturated hydrocarbons were identified in I. scapularis ranging from 10 to 18 carbons.}, number={4}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY}, author={Carr, Ann L. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Strider, John B., Jr. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={519–538} }
 @article{gulia-nuss_nuss_meyer_sonenshine_roe_waterhouse_sattelle_de la fuente_ribeiro_megy_et al._2016, title={Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease}, volume={7}, ISSN={2041-1723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCOMMS10507}, DOI={10.1038/NCOMMS10507}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Gulia-Nuss, Monika and Nuss, Andrew B. and Meyer, Jason M. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael and Waterhouse, Robert M. and Sattelle, David B. and de la Fuente, José and Ribeiro, Jose M. and Megy, Karine and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gulia-nuss_nuss_meyer_sonenshine_roe_waterhouse_sattelle_fuente_ribeiro_megy_et al._2016, title={Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease}, volume={7}, journal={Nature Communications}, author={Gulia-Nuss, M. and Nuss, A. B. and Meyer, J. M. and Sonenshine, D. E. and Roe, R. M. and Waterhouse, R. M. and Sattelle, D. B. and Fuente, J. and Ribeiro, J. M. and Megy, K. and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{mitchell_dhammi_wallace_hodgson_roe_2016, title={Impact of Environmental Chemicals on the Transcriptome of Primary Human Hepatocytes: Potential for Health Effects}, volume={30}, ISSN={1095-6670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JBT.21801}, DOI={10.1002/JBT.21801}, abstractNote={New paradigms for human health risk assessment of environmental chemicals emphasize the use of molecular methods and human‐derived cell lines. In this study, we examined the effects of the insect repellent DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil (fluocyanobenpyrazole) on transcript levels in primary human hepatocytes. These chemicals were tested individually and as a mixture. RNA‐Seq showed that 100 μM DEET significantly increased transcript levels (α = 0.05) for 108 genes and lowered transcript levels for 64 genes and fipronil at 10 μM increased the levels of 2246 transcripts and decreased the levels for 1428 transcripts. Fipronil was 21‐times more effective than DEET in eliciting changes, even though the treatment concentration was 10‐fold lower for fipronil versus DEET. The mixture of DEET and fipronil produced a more than additive effect (levels increased for 3017 transcripts and decreased for 2087 transcripts). The transcripts affected for all chemical treatments were classified by GO analysis and mapped to chromosomes. The overall treatment responses, specific pathways, and individual transcripts affected were discussed at different levels of fold‐change. Changes found in transcript levels in response to treatments will require further research to understand their importance in overall cellular, organ, and organismic function.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mitchell, Robert D., III and Dhammi, Anirudh and Wallace, Andrew and Hodgson, Ernest and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={375–395} }
 @article{zhu_khalil_mitchell_bissinger_egekwu_sonenshine_roe_2016, title={Mevalonate-Farnesal Biosynthesis in Ticks: Comparative Synganglion Transcriptomics and a New Perspective}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0141084}, abstractNote={Juvenile hormone (JH) controls the growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of insects. For many years, the general assumption has been that JH regulates tick and other acarine development and reproduction the same as in insects. Although researchers have not been able to find the common insect JHs in hard and soft tick species and JH applications appear to have no effect on tick development, it is difficult to prove the negative or to determine whether precursors to JH are made in ticks. The tick synganglion contains regions which are homologous to the corpora allata, the biosynthetic source for JH in insects. Next-gen sequencing of the tick synganglion transcriptome was conducted separately in adults of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, the deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, and the relapsing fever tick, Ornithodoros turicata as a new approach to determine whether ticks can make JH or a JH precursor. All of the enzymes that make up the mevalonate pathway from acetyl-CoA to farnesyl diphosphate (acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-S, HMG-R, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, and farnesyl diphosphate synthase) were found in at least one of the ticks studied but most were found in all three species. Sequence analysis of the last enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, demonstrated conservation of the seven prenyltransferase regions and the aspartate rich motifs within those regions typical of this enzyme. In the JH branch from farnesyl diphosphate to JH III, we found a putative farnesol oxidase used for the conversion of farnesol to farnesal in the synganglion transcriptome of I. scapularis and D. variabilis. Methyltransferases (MTs) that add a methyl group to farnesoic acid to make methyl farnesoate were present in all of the ticks studied with similarities as high as 36% at the amino acid level to insect JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT). However, when the tick MTs were compared to the known insect JHAMTs from several insect species at the amino acid level, the former lacked the farnesoic acid binding motif typical in insects. The P450s shown in insects to add the C10,11 epoxide to methyl farnesoate, are in the CYP15 family; this family was absent in our tick transcriptomes and in the I. scapularis genome, the only tick genome available. These data suggest that ticks do not synthesize JH III but have the mevalonate pathway and may produce a JH III precursor.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Zhu, Jiwei and Khalil, Sayed M. and Mitchell, Robert D. and Bissinger, Brooke W. and Egekwu, Noble and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2016}, month={Mar} }
 @article{taylor_burrack_roe_bacheler_sorenson_2015, title={Systemic Imidacloprid Affects Intraguild Parasitoids Differently}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0144598}, abstractNote={Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) are solitary endoparasitoids of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). They provide biological control of H. virescens populations in Southeastern US agricultural production systems. Field and greenhouse experiments conducted from 2011–2014 compared parasitism rates of parasitoids that developed inside H. virescens larvae fed on tobacco plants treated with and without imidacloprid. The parasitoids in our study did not have a similar response. Toxoneuron nigriceps had reduced parasitism rates, but parasitism rates of C. sonorensis were unaffected. Preliminary data indicate that adult female lifespans of T. nigriceps are also reduced. ELISA was used to measure concentrations of neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in H. virescens larvae that fed on imidacloprid-treated plants and in the parasitoids that fed on these larvae. Concentrations were detectable in the whole bodies of parasitized H. virescens larvae, T. nigriceps larvae and T. nigriceps adults, but not in C. sonorensis larvae and adults. These findings suggest that there are effects of imidacloprid on multiple trophic levels, and that insecticide use may differentially affect natural enemies with similar feeding niches.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Taylor, Sally V. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Roe, R. Michael and Bacheler, Jack S. and Sorenson, Clyde E.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{van treuren_ponnusamy_brinkerhoff_gonzalez_parobek_juliano_andreadis_falco_ziegler_hathaway_et al._2015, title={Variation in the Microbiota of Ixodes Ticks with Regard to Geography, Species, and Sex}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01562-15}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01562-15}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={18}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Van Treuren, Will and Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Brinkerhoff, R. Jory and Gonzalez, Antonio and Parobek, Christian M. and Juliano, Jonathan J. and Andreadis, Theodore G. and Falco, Richard C. and Ziegler, Lorenza Beati and Hathaway, Nicholas and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={6200–6209} }
 @book{sonenshine_roe_2014, title={Biology of ticks}, publisher={New York: Oxford University Press}, year={2014} }
 @article{ponnusamy_gonzalez_van treuren_weiss_parobek_juliano_knight_roe_apperson_meshnickh_2014, title={Diversity of Rickettsiales in the Microbiome of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02987-13}, DOI={10.1128/aem.02987-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Gonzalez, Antonio and Van Treuren, Will and Weiss, Sophie and Parobek, Christian M. and Juliano, Jonathan J. and Knight, Rob and Roe, R. Michael and Apperson, Charles S. and Meshnickh, Steven R.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={354–359} }
 @article{terrapon_li_robertson_ji_meng_booth_chen_childers_glastad_gokhale_et al._2014, title={Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome}, volume={5}, ISSN={2041-1723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCOMMS4636}, DOI={10.1038/NCOMMS4636}, abstractNote={Although eusociality evolved independently within several orders of insects, research into the molecular underpinnings of the transition towards social complexity has been confined primarily to Hymenoptera (for example, ants and bees). Here we sequence the genome and stage-specific transcriptomes of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis (Blattodea) and compare them with similar data for eusocial Hymenoptera, to better identify commonalities and differences in achieving this significant transition. We show an expansion of genes related to male fertility, with upregulated gene expression in male reproductive individuals reflecting the profound differences in mating biology relative to the Hymenoptera. For several chemoreceptor families, we show divergent numbers of genes, which may correspond to the more claustral lifestyle of these termites. We also show similarities in the number and expression of genes related to caste determination mechanisms. Finally, patterns of DNA methylation and alternative splicing support a hypothesized epigenetic regulation of caste differentiation. Although termites are major human pests, they have an important role in maintaining ecosystem function and biodiversity. Here, the authors sequence the genome and transcriptomes of a dampwood termite and highlight genes that may be involved in the mechanisms underlying insect social behaviour.}, number={1}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Terrapon, Nicolas and Li, Cai and Robertson, Hugh M. and Ji, Lu and Meng, Xuehong and Booth, Warren and Chen, Zhensheng and Childers, Christopher P. and Glastad, Karl M. and Gokhale, Kaustubh and et al.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{terrapon_li_robertson_ji_meng_booth_chen_childers_glastad_gokhale_et al._2014, title={Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome}, volume={5}, journal={Nature Communications}, author={Terrapon, N. and Li, C. and Robertson, H. M. and Ji, L. and Meng, X. H. and Booth, W. and Chen, Z. S. and Childers, C. P. and Glastad, K. M. and Gokhale, K. and et al.}, year={2014} }
 @article{jeffers_shen_bissinger_khalil_gunnoe_roe_2014, title={Polymers for the stabilization and delivery of proteins topically and per os to the insect hemocoel through conjugation with aliphatic polyethylene glycol}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.08.006}, abstractNote={Co-feeding of aliphatic polyethylene glycol (PEG), phospholipase A2, anionic and ionic detergents, and amphipathic glycoside with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein to fourth stadium tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens, did not affect the levels of BSA in the hemolymph. Covalent conjugation of small proteins like the decapeptide trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) to polyethylene glycol was previously shown to protect the peptide from protease attack and enhance its accumulation in the insect hemocoel. Whether this polymer chemistry could do the same for larger proteins was examined. The chemistry for the synthesis of polydispersed aliphatic PEG350-insulin and monodispersed aliphatic PEG333-insulin are described herein. Insulin was used for this synthesis and not BSA to better control conjugation among the available free amine groups. When PEGylated insulin or free insulin were fed in artificial diet to fifth stadium budworms, greater concentrations of insulin using the PEGylated variants were found in the hemolymph than when free insulin was used (a 6.7 and 7.3-fold increase for the PEG350 and PEG333 conjugates, respectively). When insulin is topically applied to the dorsum of H. virescens, no insulin is found in the hemolymph. However, after topical application of the PEGylated insulins, PEG350-insulin and PEG333-insulin were detected in the hemolymph. After injections of insulin into the hemocoel of fourth stadium H. virescens, insulin is completely cleared from the hemolymph in 120 min. In comparison, PEG350-insulin and PEG333-insulin were present in the hemolymph for 300 and 240 min after injection, respectively, translating to a 3.3 and 2.7-fold increase in the length of time insulin remains in the hemolymph after injection.}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Jeffers, Laura A. and Shen, Hongyan and Bissinger, Brooke W. and Khalil, Sayed and Gunnoe, T. Brent and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={58–66} }
 @article{egekwu_sonenshine_bissinger_roe_2014, title={Transcriptome of the Female Synganglion of the Black-Legged Tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with Comparison between Illumina and 454 Systems}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0102667}, abstractNote={Illumina and 454 pyrosequencing were used to characterize genes from the synganglion of female Ixodes scapularis. GO term searching success for biological processes was similar for samples sequenced by both methods. However, for molecular processes, it was more successful for the Illumina samples than for 454 samples. Functional assignments of transcripts predicting neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors, neurotransmitter receptors and other genes of interest was done, supported by strong e-values (<−6), and high consensus sequence alignments. Transcripts predicting 15 putative neuropeptide prepropeptides ((allatostatin, allatotropin, bursicon α, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), CRF-binding protein, eclosion hormone, FMRFamide, glycoprotein A, insulin-like peptide, ion transport peptide, myoinhibitory peptide, inotocin ( =  neurophysin-oxytocin), Neuropeptide F, sulfakinin and SIFamide)) and transcripts predicting receptors for 14 neuropeptides (allatostatin, calcitonin, cardioacceleratory peptide, corazonin, CRF, eclosion hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone/AKH-like, insulin-like peptide, neuropeptide F, proctolin, pyrokinin, SIFamide, sulfakinin and tachykinin) are reported. Similar to Dermacentor variabilis, we found transcripts matching pro-protein convertase, essential for converting neuropeptide hormones to their mature form. Additionally, transcripts predicting 6 neurotransmitter/neuromodulator receptors (acetylcholine, GABA, dopamine, glutamate, octopamine and serotonin) and 3 neurotransmitter transporters (GABA transporter, noradrenalin-norepinephrine transporter and Na+-neurotransmitter/symporter) are described. Further, we found transcripts predicting genes for pheromone odorant receptor, gustatory receptor, novel GPCR messages, ecdysone nuclear receptor, JH esterase binding protein, steroidogenic activating protein, chitin synthase, chitinase, and other genes of interest. Also found were transcripts predicting genes for spermatogenesis-associated protein, major sperm protein, spermidine oxidase and spermidine synthase, genes not normally expressed in the female CNS of other invertebrates. The diversity of messages predicting important genes identified in this study offers a valuable resource useful for understanding how the tick synganglion regulates important physiological functions.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Egekwu, Noble and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Bissinger, Brooke W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @article{stell_roe_arellano_apperson_2013, title={Innovative Sugar-Insecticide Feeding Bioassay for Adult Female Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1603/me12213}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 The primary malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae), is an anthropophagic and endophilic mosquito targeted for control with insecticides applied to interior resting surfaces and impregnated onto bed net materials. Effective malaria vector management involves monitoring the insecticide susceptibility of mosquito populations. Contemporary bioassays are based on mosquito contact with insecticide residues. We developed an innovative insecticide bioassay system that involves mosquito ingestion of a sugar-insecticide solution. The sucrose—permethrin solution in our bioassay system contained Trypan blue dye, creating a visual marker of insecticide ingestion in the mosquito's abdomen. Blue fecal spots deposited in the bioassay container provided further evidence of mosquito feeding. We used our bioassay to characterize the permethrin susceptibility of adult females of two strains of A. gambiae, one of which was susceptible and the other exhibited reduced susceptibility to permethrin. We compared the dose-response of both strains to permethrin in a forced-contact filter paper bioassay. Both assay approaches produced similar dose-dependent mortality, indicating that the feeding bioassay had appropriately characterized permethrin susceptibility for both mosquito strains.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Stell, F. M. and Roe, R. M. and Arellano, C. and Apperson, C. S.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={804–815} }
 @article{kretschmar_cabrera_bradley_roe_2013, title={Novel adult feeding disruption test (FDT) to detect insecticide resistance of lepidopteran pests in cotton}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.3420}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Kretschmar, B. and Cabrera, Ana R. and Bradley, Julius R. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={652–660} }
 @article{stell_roe_arellano_kennedy_thornton_saavedra-rodriguez_wesson_black_apperson_2013, title={Proof of concept for a novel insecticide bioassay based on sugar feeding by adult Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01048.x}, abstractNote={Aedes aegypti L. (Stegomyia aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the principal vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Disease management is largely based on mosquito control achieved by insecticides applied to interior resting surfaces and through space sprays. Population monitoring to detect insecticide resistance is a significant component of integrated disease management programmes. We developed a bioassay method for assessing insecticide susceptibility based on the feeding activity of mosquitoes on plant sugars. Our prototype sugar‐insecticide feeding bioassay system was composed of inexpensive, disposable components, contained minimal volumes of insecticide, and was compact and highly transportable. Individual mosquitoes were assayed in a plastic cup that contained a sucrose‐permethrin solution. Trypan blue dye was added to create a visual marker in the mosquito's abdomen for ingested sucrose‐permethrin solution. Blue faecal spots provided further evidence of solution ingestion. With the sugar‐insecticide feeding bioassay, the permethrin susceptibility of Ae. aegypti females from two field‐collected strains was characterized by probit analysis of dosage‐response data. The field strains were also tested by forced contact of females with permethrin residues on filter paper. Dosage‐response patterns were similar, indicating that the sugar‐insecticide feeding bioassay had appropriately characterized the permethrin susceptibility of the two strains.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Stell, F. M. and Roe, R. M. and Arellano, C. and Kennedy, L. and Thornton, H. and Saavedra-Rodriguez, K. and Wesson, D. M. and Black, W. C. and Apperson, C. S.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={284–297} }
 @article{magalhaes_kretschmar_donohue_roe_2013, title={Pyrosequencing of the adult tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, and characterization of messages important in metabolism and development}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12035}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Magalhaes, Leonardo C. and Kretschmar, Jaap B. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={364–378} }
 @article{carr_roe_arellano_sonenshine_schal_apperson_2013, title={Responses of Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilisto odorants that attract haematophagous insects}, volume={27}, ISSN={0269-283X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01024.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01024.x}, abstractNote={Carbon dioxide (CO2), 1‐octen‐3‐ol, acetone, ammonium hydroxide, L‐lactic‐acid, dimethyl trisulphide and isobutyric acid were tested as attractants for two tick species, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae), in dose–response bioassays using Y‐tube olfactometers. Only CO2, acetone, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and ammonium hydroxide elicited significant preferences from adult A. americanum, and only CO2 was attractive to adult D. variabilis. Acetone, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and ammonium hydroxide were separately evaluated at three doses against CO2 (from dry ice) at a field site supporting a natural population of A. americanum nymphs and adults. Carbon dioxide consistently attracted the highest number of host‐seeking ticks. However, for the first time, acetone, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and ammonium hydroxide were shown to attract high numbers of A. americanum. Further research is needed to determine the utility of these semiochemicals as attractants in tick surveillance and area‐wide management programmes.}, number={1}, journal={Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carr, A. L. and Roe, R. M. and Arellano, C. and Sonenshine, D. E. and Schal, C. and Apperson, C. S.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={86–95} }
 @article{magalhaes_van kretschmar_barlow_roe_walgenbach_2012, title={Development of a rapid resistance monitoring bioassay for codling moth larvae}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.3246}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Magalhaes, Leonardo C. and Van Kretschmar, Jaap B. and Barlow, Vonny M. and Roe, R. Michael and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={883–888} }
 @article{jeffers_shen_khalil_bissinger_brandt_gunnoe_roe_2012, title={Enhanced activity of an insecticidal protein, trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), through conjugation with aliphatic polyethylene glycol}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1526-498X"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.2219}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Jeffers, Laura A. and Shen, Hongyan and Khalil, Sayed and Bissinger, Brooke W. and Brandt, Alan and Gunnoe, T. Brent and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{kretschmar_bailey_arellano_thompson_sutula_roe_2011, title={Feeding disruption tests for monitoring the frequency of larval lepidopteran resistance to Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry1Ab}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2011.03.017}, abstractNote={An alternative to traditional larval lepidopteran resistance-monitoring bioassays was developed. Feeding disruption tests were developed for detecting insects resistant to three Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins: Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry1Ab. The assays rely on a diagnostic dose of Bt toxin in 100-μl hydratable meal pads of artificial diet containing blue indicator dye. The assay was formatted as a portable (palm-sized) plastic plate containing an array of 16 test wells, each containing a single hydratable meal pad with one insect added per well. The diagnostic dose was the concentration of Bt in meal pad rehydration solution that reduced 24 h dyed fecal production of Bt-susceptible neonates to ≤2 fecal pellets per larva. Bt-resistant neonates were able to consume the diagnostic dose of the insecticidal protein and produce >2 blue fecal pellets. The feces were distinctly visible on the white background of the feeding disruption test plate. Diagnostic doses were determined with lab-strain Bt-susceptible Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. For H. virescens, the diagnostic doses were 10, 20 and 15 μg/ml for Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry1Ab, respectively. For H. zea, the diagnostic doses were 40, 200 and 500 μg/ml, respectively. The assays were validated against a lab-strain of Bt-resistant H. virescens and with susceptible larval H. virescens collected as eggs from field-grown tobacco in North Carolina.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Kretschmar, J. B. and Bailey, W. D. and Arellano, C. and Thompson, G. D. and Sutula, C. L. and Roe, R. M.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={863–870} }
 @article{sonenshine_bissinger_egekwu_donohue_khalil_roe_2011, title={First Transcriptome of the Testis-Vas Deferens-Male Accessory Gland and Proteome of the Spermatophore from Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0024711}, abstractNote={Ticks are important vectors of numerous human diseases and animal diseases. Feeding stimulates spermatogenesis, mating and insemination of male factors that trigger female reproduction. The physiology of male reproduction and its regulation of female development are essentially a black box. Several transcriptomes have catalogued expression of tick genes in the salivary glands, synganglion and midgut but no comprehensive investigation has addressed male reproduction and mating. Consequently, a new global approach using transcriptomics, proteomics, and quantitative gene expression is needed to understand male reproduction and stimulation of female reproduction. This first transcriptome to the reproductive biology of fed male ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, was obtained by 454 pyrosequencing (563,093 reads, 12,804 contigs). Gene Ontology (Biological Processes level III) recognized 3,866 transcripts in 73 different categories; spermiogenesis; spermatogenesis; peptidases, lipases and hydrolases; oxidative and environmental stress; immune defense; and protein binding. Reproduction-associated genes included serine/threonine kinase, metalloendoproteinases, ferritins, serine proteases, trypsin, cysteine proteases, serpins, a cystatin, GPCR and others. qRT-PCR showed significant upregulation from unfed versus fed adult male reproductive organs of zinc metalloprotease, astacin metalloprotease and serine protease, enzymes important in spermiogenesis and mating activity in insects, as well as a GPCR with the greatest similarity to a SIFamide receptor known to be important in regulating courtship behavior in Drosophila. Proteomics on these organs and the spermatophore by tryptic digestion/Liquid chromatography/Mass spectrometry/Mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) demonstrated expression of many of the same messages found by 454 sequencing, supporting their identification, and revealed differences in protein distribution in the reproductive system versus the spermatophore. We found Efα but no EF β in the transcriptome and neither of these proteins in the spermatophore. Thus, the previously described model for male regulation of female reproduction may not apply to other ticks. A new paradigm is needed to explain male stimulation of female tick reproduction.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Bissinger, Brooke W. and Egekwu, Noble and Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2011}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kimps_bissinger_apperson_sonenshine_roe_2011, title={First report of the repellency of 2-tridecanone against ticks}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00918.x}, abstractNote={2‐Tridecanone and 2‐undecanone are both found naturally in the trichomes of wild tomato plants and are important in plant resistance to herbivory. 2‐Undecanone is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)‐registered active ingredient in the commercially available arthropod repellent, BioUD®. The goal of this study was to examine the tick repellency of 2‐tridecanone. Two‐choice bioassays were conducted using 8% 2‐tridecanone vs. the repellent carrier (absolute ethanol) and compared with two‐choice studies using 8% 2‐undecanone vs. absolute ethanol. Unfed, host‐seeking adult (mixed sex) Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) were used to evaluate repellency and time to repellent failure at room temperature. The present study shows in filter paper assays (0.63 mg test compound/cm2) that 2‐tridecanone was 87% repellent to A. americanum at 12 h after application, but had no statistically significant repellency at 15 h and 24 h, and was 72% repellent to D. variabilis at 15 h, but had no statistically significant repellency at 24 h. By contrast, 2‐undecanone was 74% and 75% repellent to A. americanum and D. variabilis, respectively, at 2 h after application, but no statistically significant repellency was noted at 2.5 h and 3 h. In two‐choice assays on cheesecloth, 2‐tridecanone at 0.25 mg/cm2 was 85% repellent to A. americanum 6 h after application, demonstrating its potential use as an arthropod repellent that can be used on clothing without the need for formulation. No statistically significant repellency was found at 9 h or 12 h. The potential use of 2‐tridecanone as a tick repellent is discussed.}, number={2}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Kimps, N. W. and Bissinger, B. W. and Apperson, C. S. and Sonenshine, D. E. and Roe, R. M.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={202–208} }
 @article{khalil_donohue_thompson_jeffers_ananthapadmanaban_sonenshine_mitchell_roe_2011, title={Full-length sequence, regulation and developmental studies of a second vitellogenin gene from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.12.008}, abstractNote={Vitellogenin (Vg) is the precursor of vitellin (Vn) which is the major yolk protein in eggs. In a previous report, we isolated and characterized the first Vg message from the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis. In the current study, we describe a second Vg gene from the same tick. The Vg2 cDNA is 5956 nucleotides with a 5775 nt open reading frame coding for 1925 amino acids. The conceptual amino acid translation contains a 16-residues putative signal peptide, N-terminal lipid binding domain and C-terminal von Willebrand factor type D domain present in all known Vgs. Moreover, the amino acid sequence shows a typical GLCG domain and several RXXR cleavage sites present in most isolated Vgs. Tryptic digest-mass fingerprinting of Vg and Vn recognized 11 fragments that exist in the amino acid translation of DvVg2 cDNA. Injection of virgin females with 20 hydroxyecdysone induced DvVg2 expression, vitellogenesis and oviposition. Using RT-PCR, DvVg2 expression was detected only in tick females after mating and feeding to repletion. Northern blot analysis showed that DvVg2 is expressed in fat body and gut cells of vitellogenic females but not in the ovary. DvVg2 expression was not detected in adult fed or unfed males. The characteristics that distinguish Vg from other similar tick storage proteins like the carrier protein, CP (another hemelipoglycoprotein) are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Thompson, Deborah M. and Jeffers, Laura A. and Ananthapadmanaban, Usha and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Mitchell, Robert D. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={400–408} }
 @article{cabrera_donohue_khalil_scholl_opperman_sonenshine_roe_2011, title={New approach for the study of mite reproduction: The first transcriptome analysis of a mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)}, volume={57}, ISSN={0022-1910}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.09.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.09.006}, abstractNote={Many species of mites and ticks are of agricultural and medical importance. Much can be learned from the study of transcriptomes of acarines which can generate DNA-sequence information of potential target genes for the control of acarine pests. High throughput transcriptome sequencing can also yield sequences of genes critical during physiological processes poorly understood in acarines, i.e., the regulation of female reproduction in mites. The predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, was selected to conduct a transcriptome analysis using 454 pyrosequencing. The objective of this project was to obtain DNA-sequence information of expressed genes from P. persimilis with special interest in sequences corresponding to vitellogenin (Vg) and the vitellogenin receptor (VgR). These genes are critical to the understanding of vitellogenesis, and they will facilitate the study of the regulation of mite female reproduction. A total of 12,556 contiguous sequences (contigs) were assembled with an average size of 935bp. From these sequences, the putative translated peptides of 11 contigs were similar in amino acid sequences to other arthropod Vgs, while 6 were similar to VgRs. We selected some of these sequences to conduct stage-specific expression studies to further determine their function.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Insect Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cabrera, Ana R. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M.S. and Scholl, Elizabeth and Opperman, Charles and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={52–61} }
 @article{cabrera_van kretschmar_bacheler_burrack_sorenson_roe_2011, title={Resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens to pyramided cotton varieties with a hydrateable, artificial cotton leaf bioassay}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2011.05.005}, abstractNote={Proof of concept was demonstrated for a practical, off-the-shelf bioassay to monitor for tobacco budworm resistance to pyramided Bt cotton using plant filtrates. The bioassay was based on a previously described feeding disruption test using hydrateable artificial diet containing a blue indicator dye, a diagnostic dose of insecticide and novel assay architecture. Using neonate larvae from a Bt-susceptible, laboratory reared tobacco budworm strain, a diagnostic dose for Bollgard II and WideStrike cotton was obtained that limited neonate blue fecal production to 0–2 pellets in 24 h (Bt-resistant larvae produced >2 fecal pellets). The bioassay was tested with three different field populations of tobacco budworm collected from tobacco in central North Carolina (USA) and shown to accurately diagnose susceptibility to Bt. The diagnostic doses were also successfully evaluated with two Bt-resistant, laboratory reared tobacco budworm strains. Shelf life studies showed the assay could be stored for at least 6 months at room temperature (longer storage times were not studied). The application of the bioassay as an easy to use monitoring tool is discussed.}, number={9}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Cabrera, Ana R. and Van Kretschmar, Jaap and Bacheler, Jack S. and Burrack, Hannah and Sorenson, Clyde E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={1196–1201} }
 @article{roe_young_iwasa_wyss_stumpf_sparks_watson_sheets_thompson_2010, title={Mechanism of resistance to spinosyn in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens}, volume={96}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.08.009}, abstractNote={Topical laboratory selection of tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens, with technical spinosad for multiple generations resulted in larvae 1068-fold resistant to topical applications of the insecticide and 316.6-fold resistant to insecticide treated diet as compared to the parental strain. The penetration of 2′-O-methyl[14C]spinosyn A across the cuticle of the susceptible (parental) and selected (resistant) tobacco budworms increased with time 3–12 h after application. A trend of reduced penetration in the resistant strain was found but the differences were not statistically significant. 2′-O-methyl[14C]spinosyn A when injected into the hemocoel was not metabolized 96 h after treatment in both the susceptible and resistant strain, suggesting that a change in metabolism was not the mechanism of resistance. Electrophysiological studies indicated that dose-dependent spinosyn A-induced currents occurred in neurons from spinosyn resistant and susceptible (adult) tobacco budworms. At both 10 and 100 nM spinosyn A, however, the amplitude of these currents in the resistant insects was significantly smaller than the amplitude of currents observed from neurons from susceptible tobacco budworm adults. This suggests that neurons from resistant insects have decreased sensitivity to spinosyn A. However, the reduced inward currents in the resistant strain may or may not be related to the mode of action of the spinosyns. No statistically significant cross-resistance was noted for the spinosad resistant tobacco budworms for topical applications of permethrin (Pounce®), profenofos (Curacron®), emamectin benzoate (Denim®), or indoxacarb (Steward®). A statistically significant reduction in susceptibility to acetamiprid (Mospilan®) in artificial diet as determined from a resistance ratio of 0.482 was found.}, number={1}, journal={Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology}, author={Roe, Richard and Young, H. P. and Iwasa, T. and Wyss, C. F. and Stumpf, C. F. and Sparks, T. C. and Watson, G. B. and Sheets, J. J. and Thompson, G. D.}, year={2010}, pages={8–13} }
 @article{donohue_khalil_ross_grozinger_sonenshine_roe_2010, title={Neuropeptide signaling sequences identified by pyrosequencing of the American dog tick synganglion transcriptome during blood feeding and reproduction}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1879-0240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.12.014}, abstractNote={Ticks are important vectors of numerous pathogens that impact human and animal health. The tick central nervous system represents an understudied area in tick biology and no tick synganglion-specific transcriptome has been described to date. Here we characterize whole or partial cDNA sequences of fourteen putative neuropeptides (allatostatin, insulin-like peptide, ion-transport peptide, sulfakinin, bursicon alpha/beta, eclosion hormone, glycoprotein hormone alpha/beta, corazonin, four orcokinins) and five neuropeptide receptors (gonadotropin receptor, leucokinin-like receptor, sulfakinin receptor, calcitonin receptor, pyrokinin receptor) translated from cDNA synthesized from the synganglion of unfed, partially fed and replete female American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis. Their homology to the same neuropeptides in other taxa is discussed. Many of these neuropeptides such as an allatostatin, insulin-like peptide, eclosion hormone, bursicon alpha and beta and glycoprotein hormone alpha and beta have not been previously described in the Chelicerata. An insulin-receptor substrate protein was also found indicating that an insulin signaling network is present in ticks. A putative type-2 proprotein processing convertase was also sequenced that may be involved in cleavage at monobasic and dibasic endoproteolytic cleavage sites in prohormones. The possible physiological role of the proteins discovered in adult tick blood feeding and reproduction will be discussed.}, number={1}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Ross, E. and Grozinger, Christina M. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={79–90} }
 @misc{bissinger_roe_2010, title={Tick repellents: Past, present, and future}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.09.010}, abstractNote={Ticks are important vectors of human and animal diseases. One important protective measure against ticks is the use of personal arthropod repellents. Deet and the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin currently serve as the primary personal protective measures against ticks. Concern over the safety of deet and its low repellency against some tick species has led to a search for new user-approved, efficacious tick repellents. In this article, we review the history and efficacy of tick repellents, discovery of new repellents, and areas in need of attention such as assay methodology, repellent formulation, and the lack of information about the physiology of repellency.}, number={2}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Bissinger, Brooke W. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={63–79} }
 @article{cabrera_donohue_khalil_sonenshine_roe_2009, title={Characterization of vitellin protein in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.006}, abstractNote={In mites, vitellogenin synthesis, regulation and uptake by the oocytes as vitellin remain practically unknown. Although a partial sequence of the gene is now available, no previous studies have been conducted that describe the native vitellin protein in mites. The objective of this study was to characterize vitellin in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The native twospotted spider mite vitellin migrated as a single major band with a molecular weight of 476 ± 14.5 kDa as compared to 590 ± 25.5 kDa for vitellin from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. However, isoelectric focusing analysis of native spider mite vitellin showed five bands with pI values slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.8, 6.2, 6.7, 7.0 and 7.2), as is the case for insect and tick vitellins. Reducing conditions (SDS-PAGE) also revealed multiple subunits ranging from 290.9 to 3.6 kDa and was similar to that found in D. variabilis. Spider mite vitellin weakly bound lipids and carbohydrates compared to the tick. Unlike D. variabilis, the spider mite egg yolk protein does not bind heme. The significance of non-heme binding in mites is discussed.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Cabrera, Ana R. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={655–661} }
 @article{bissinger_zhu_apperson_sonenshine_watson_roe_2009, title={Comparative Efficacy of BioUD to Other Commercially Available Arthropod Repellents against the Ticks Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis on Cotton Cloth}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1476-1645"]}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0114}, abstractNote={BioUD is an arthropod repellent that contains the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants. Repellency of BioUD was compared with five commercially available arthropod repellents against the ticks Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Dermacentor variabilis Say in two-choice bioassays on treated versus untreated cotton cheesecloth. Overall mean percentage repellency against both species was greatest for and did not differ significantly between BioUD (7.75% 2-undecanone) and products containing 98.1% DEET, 19.6% IR3535, and 30% oil of lemon eucalyptus. Products containing 5% and 15% Picaridin and 0.5% permethrin were also repellent compared with untreated controls but to a lesser degree than BioUD. The four most active repellents at the same concentrations used before were directly compared in head-to-head bioassays on cotton cheesecloth. BioUD provided significantly greater overall mean percentage repellency than IR3535 for A. americanum and D. variabilis. BioUD was significantly more repellent than oil of lemon eucalyptus for A. americanum but did not differ significantly in repellency against D. variabilis. No statistically significant difference in overall mean percentage repellency was found between BioUD and DEET for A. americanum or D. variabilis. In a 7-week time course bioassay, BioUD applied to cotton cheesecloth and held at room temperature provided 5 weeks of > 90% repellency against A. americanum.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE}, author={Bissinger, Brooke W. and Zhu, Jiwei and Apperson, Charles S. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Watson, D. Wesley and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={685–690} }
 @article{bissinger_apperson_sonenshine_watson_roe_2009, title={Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD(A (R)) against three species of ixodid ticks}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1572-9702"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10493-008-9235-x}, abstractNote={BioUD ® with the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants is a new repellent recently registered by the US EPA. Repellent efficacy of BioUD ® (7.75% 2-undecanone) and DEET (98.11%) was examined in the laboratory using a choice test between repellent-treated and control filter paper surfaces for Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. BioUD ® provided greater repellency against A. americanum and I. scapularis than DEET. No difference was found between BioUD ® and DEET against D. variabilis. In head-to-head assays between BioUD ® and DEET, undiluted and 50% dilutions of BioUD® were more repellent than undiluted DEET against all three species tested. Similarly, a 25% dilution of BioUD® was more repellent than DEET against A. americanum while no difference in mean percentage repellency was found between a 25% dilution of BioUD® and DEET against I. scapularis. Based on regression analysis, the concentration of BioUD® required for equivalent repellency to 98.11% DEET was 39.5% for D. variabilis and 29.7% for I. scapularis. A log-probit model could not be constructed for A. americanum from the dosages tested. Based on filter paper head-to-head assays, BioUD® is at least 2–4 times more active as a repellent than DEET against three species of ixodid ticks under the conditions of our laboratory bioassays.}, number={3}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY}, author={Bissinger, B. W. and Apperson, C. S. and Sonenshine, D. E. and Watson, D. W. and Roe, R. M.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={239–250} }
 @misc{donohue_khalil_sonenshine_roe_2009, title={Heme-binding storage proteins in the Chelicerata}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.01.002}, abstractNote={Lipoglycoproteins in the Chelicerata that bind and store heme appear to represent a unique evolutionary strategy to both mitigate the toxicity of heme and utilize the molecule as a prosthetic group. Knowledge of heme-binding storage proteins in these organisms is in its infancy and much of what is known is from studies with vitellogenins (Vg) and more recently the main hemolymph storage protein in ixodid ticks characterized as a hemelipoglyco-carrier protein (CP). Data have also been reported from another arachnid, the black widow spider, Latrodectus mirabilis, and seem to suggest that the heme-binding capability of these large multimeric proteins is not a phenomenon found only in the Acari. CP appears to be most closely related to Vg in ticks in terms of primary structure but post-translational processing is different. Tick CP and L. mirabilis high-density lipoprotein 1 (HDL1) are similar in that they consist of two subunits of approximate molecular masses of 90 and 100 kDa, are found in the hemolymph as the dominant protein, and bind lipids, carbohydrates and cholesterol. CP binds heme which may also be the case for HDL1 since the protein was found to contain a brown pigment when analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Vgs in ticks are composed of multiple subunits and are the precursor of the yolk protein, vitellin. The phylogeny of these proteins, regulation of gene expression and putative functions of binding and storing heme throughout reproduction, blood-feeding and development are discussed. Comparisons with non-chelicerate arthropods are made in order to highlight the mechanisms and putative functions of heme-binding storage proteins and their possible critical function in the evolution of hematophagy.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={287–296} }
 @article{donohue_khalil_ross_mitchell_roe_sonenshine_2009, title={Male engorgement factor: Role in stimulating engorgement to repletion in the ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.05.019}, abstractNote={Mating in ticks results in profound physiological changes that eventually results in egg production. In the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, mating causes partially blood-fed female ticks to commence rapid engorgement to repletion and eventual detachment from the host and egg laying. The peptidic male pheromone (engorgement factor alpha/beta) transferred to the female during mating is known only from a single tick species, Amblyomma hebraeum, and was shown to consist of two peptides produced in the testis/vas deferens (TVD) and not in the male accessory gland (MAG). In the current study, we obtained 2704bp of sequence data for efalpha from D. variabilis, of 7kb as determined by Northern blot, and show that it is also present in the Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus and the deer tick, Ixodes scapularis. Analysis of the male gonad transcriptome by pyrosequencing produced 563,093 reads of which 636 matched with efalpha; none matched with efbeta. No evidence of efbeta orthologs could be found in any publicly available database including the I. scapularis genome. Silencing efalpha in male ticks failed to significantly reduce the engorgement weight of females compared to controls. Injection of sephadex beads, replete female synganglia, fed male MAG, fed male TVD, or replete female vagina/seminal receptacle (VA/SR), separately, failed to initiate feeding to repletion like that found in normally mated females. However, a small percentage of females injected with VA/SR that fed beyond the arbitrary weight for repletion of 300mg, produced brown eggs (an indication of vitellogenin uptake by the oocytes). The greatest effect was observed in female ticks injected with a suspension of MAG and TVD combined; 50% fed to repletion and all of these dropped off from the host and laid brown eggs. The effect was abolished if the aqueous fraction of the MAG/TVD homogenate only was injected suggesting that EF in ticks is a non-secreted membrane-bound or intracellular protein. Overall, these data suggest that EFalpha in D. variabilis is not an engorgement factor.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Ross, Elizabeth and Mitchell, Robert D. and Roe, R. Michael and Sonenshine, Daniel E.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={909–918} }
 @article{shen_brandt_witting-bissinger_gunnoe_roe_2009, title={Novel insecticide polymer chemistry to reduce the enzymatic digestion of a protein pesticide, trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF)}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.02.004}, abstractNote={A limiting factor in the use of proteins as insecticides, especially when the site of action is in the insect hemocoel, is protease degradation in the digestive system and hemolymph and movement across the midgut ventriculus. Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) is a per os mosquito peptidic larvacide which moves across the digestive system and binds to receptors on the hemolymph side of the gut where the hormone inhibits protease synthesis and food utilization ultimately causing death. In the current study, the in vitro degradation of TMOF by the digestive enzyme, leucine aminopeptidase, was inhibited by conjugation of TMOF-K with aliphatic polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. Structure activity studies demonstrated a correlation between the molecular weight of the PEG polymer and resistance to digestion and show proof of concept that aliphatic-PEG protein polymerization can be used to prevent protease degradation of a protein insecticide.}, number={3}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Shen, Hongyan and Brandt, Alan and Witting-Bissinger, Brooke E. and Gunnoe, T. Brent and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={144–152} }
 @misc{cabrera_donohue_roe_2009, title={Regulation of female reproduction in mites: A unifying model for the Acari}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.08.007}, abstractNote={It is well established in the literature that circulating high levels of juvenile hormone (JH) are responsible for the initiation of vitellogenesis and female reproduction in most insects studied so far. Exceptions include some Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. The current view is that JH also regulates yolk protein (vitellogenin, Vg) synthesis and female reproduction in mites. However, there is no published evidence that mites have the common insect JHs at any stage of their development. Also, research on the effects of exogenous applications of JH and JH analogs on the reproduction of mites is contradictory. Significant information is available on the life history of mite reproduction, and new information has become available on mite storage proteins including Vg. Although initial studies suggested that ticks may respond to exogenously applied juvenile hormone or anti-JHs, current research shows that ticks cannot synthesize the common insect JHs and have no detectable levels of these hormones in their hemolymph during female reproduction. In ticks, it appears that ecdysteroids, and not JH, regulate expression of the Vg gene and the synthesis and release of Vg protein into the hemolymph. In fact within the Arthropoda, JH has been found only in insects. Methyl farnesoate and not JH regulates Vg synthesis in the Crustacea, the sister group to the insects. Based on this evidence, a new working hypothesis is proposed, i.e., that ecdysteroids and not the JHs regulate vitellogenesis in the Acari including both ticks and mites. To the present, the role of neuropeptides in the regulation of female reproduction in mites is not known.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Cabrera, Ana R. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={1079–1090} }
 @article{donohue_bures_bourham_roe_2008, title={Effects of temperature and molecular oxygen on the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as a novel method for insect control}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[302:EOTAMO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Helium atmospheric pressure plasma discharge (APPD) was previously shown to have insecticidal activity with a possible site of action on the insect nervous, neuromuscular system, or both. In the current study, methods to increase the insecticidal activity of plasma by using increased APPD temperature and the introduction of molecular oxygen were investigated for the first time. An increase in the helium plasma temperature from 37 to 50°C increased the insecticidal activity of plasma for the control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.); western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); and citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso). This increase in activity could not be explained by the increase in air temperature alone, and it suggests that the enhanced insecticidal activity resulted from increased ionization of the APPD and ion bombardment of the insect. Emission spectroscopy showed that the introduction of 0.5% oxygen into helium plasma produced ionic molecular oxygen at 559.7 and 597.3 nm. The introduction of oxygen to the APPD greatly increased the insecticidal activity of plasma for the citrus mealybug but not the German cockroach or western flower thrips. For the mealybug as an example, the mortality of a 60-s exposure of 37°C helium plasma was 0% at 1 h after exposure and 100% under the same conditions after the introduction of oxygen. It seems that increases in temperature and the introduction of oxygen even at low levels can increase the insecticidal activity of plasma to varying degrees depending on the insect species. The symptomology of cockroach death for both hot plasma and plasma containing trace amounts of molecular oxygen continued to suggest that the site of action of APPD is the insect nervous system, neuromuscular system, or both.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Donohue, Kevin V. and Bures, Brian L. and Bourham, Mohamed A. and Roe, Michael}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={302–308} }
 @misc{roe_donohue_khalil_sonenshine_2008, title={Hormonal regulation of metamorphosis and reproduction in ticks}, volume={13}, journal={Frontiers in Bioscience}, author={Roe, R. M. and Donohue, K. V. and Khalil, S. M. S. and Sonenshine, D. E.}, year={2008}, pages={7250–7268} }
 @article{donohue_khalil_mitchell_sonenshine_roe_2008, title={Molecular characterization of the major hemelipoglycoprotein in ixodid ticks}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1365-2583"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00794.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Donohue, K. V. and Khalil, S. M. S. and Mitchell, R. D. and Sonenshine, D. E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={197–208} }
 @article{witting-bissinger_stumpf_donohue_apperson_roe_2008, title={Novel arthropod repellent, BioUD, is an efficacious alternative to deet}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[891:NARBIA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract For >50 yr, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) has been the standard for arthropod repellents and has been an important tool to protect people from disease agents carried by ticks, mosquitoes, and other arthropods. However, some people avoid using deet because of concerns about adverse health effects. In 2007, a new repellent, BioUD, with the active ingredient 7.75% 2-undecanone, originally derived from wild tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal f. glabratum C. H. Müll) plants, was registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the current study, repellent efficacy of BioUD was compared using arm-in-cage studies with 7 and 15% deet against the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse. No differences were found in mean repellency over 6 h after application between BioUD versus 7 and 15% deet for Ae albopictus. For Ae. aegypti, no differences were found over the same time period for 7% deet. Compared with 15% deet, BioUD mean repellency was lower over the 6-h test period. Human subject field trials were conducted in North Carolina, United States, and Ontario, Canada, comparing the repellency of BioUD to products containing 25 and 30% deet. BioUD provided the same repellency or was more efficacious than 25 and 30% deet, respectively, in these studies. Laboratory trials were conducted to determine the repellent activity of BioUD against the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), on human skin and cloth. BioUD repelled ticks at least 2.5 h after application to human skin. On cloth, no differences in mean repellency were found through 8 d after application between BioUD and 7% deet. In a two-choice test for BioUD versus 15% deet on filter paper, ticks spent significantly more time on the deet-treated surface than the BioUD-treated surface. Based on these studies in toto, BioUD is an efficacious alternative to deet in its repellent activity.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Witting-Bissinger, B. E. and Stumpf, C. F. and Donohue, K. V. and Apperson, C. S. and Roe, R. M.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={891–898} }
 @misc{jeffers_roe_2008, title={The movement of proteins across the insect and tick digestive system}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.10.009}, abstractNote={The movement of intact proteins across the digestive system was shown in a number of different blood-feeding and non-blood-feeding insects in the orders Blattaria, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera and Siphonaptera, as well as in two tick families Ixodidae and Argasidae. Protein movement was observed for both normal dietary and xenobiotic proteins, which suggest that the mechanism for transfer is not substrate specific. The number of studies on the mechanism of movement is limited. The research so far suggests that movement can occur by either a transcellular or an intercellular pathway in the ventriculus with most of the research describing the former. Transfer is by continuous diffusion with no evidence of pinocytosis or vesicular transport common in mammalian systems. Proteins can move across the digestive system without modification of their primary or multimeric structure and with retention of their functional characteristics. Accumulation in the hemolymph is the result of the protein degradation rate in the gut and hemolymph and transfer rate across the digestive system and can be highly variable depending on species. Research on the development of delivery systems to enhance protein movement across the insect digestive system is in its infancy. The approaches so far considered with some success include the use of lipophilic-polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers, the development of fusion proteins with lectins, reduced gut protease activity and the development of amphiphilic peptidic analogs. Additional research on understanding the basic mechanisms of protein delivery across the insect digestive system, the importance of structure activity in this transfer and the development of technology to improve movement across the gut could be highly significant to the future of protein and nucleic acid-based insecticide development as well as traditional chemical insecticidal technologies.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Jeffers, Laura A. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={319–332} }
 @article{wafa_breidt_gawish_matthews_donohue_roe_bourham_2007, title={Atmospheric plasma-aided biocidal finishes for nonwoven polypropylene fabrics. II. Functionality of synthesized fabrics}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.24042}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Wafa, D. M. and Breidt, F. and Gawish, S. M. and Matthews, S. R. and Donohue, K. V. and Roe, R. M. and Bourham, M. A.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={1911–1917} }
 @misc{henkens_o'daly_wojciechowski_zhang_r._n._r._t._d._r._et al._2007, title={Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences}, volume={7,169,358}, number={2007 Jan. 30}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Henkens, R. and O'Daly, J. and Wojciechowski, M. and Zhang, H. and R., Naser and N., Roe and R., Stewart and T., Thompson and D., Sundseth and R. and et al.}, year={2007} }
 @article{stumpf_comins_sparks_donohue_roe_2007, title={Insecticidal activity and mode of action of novel nicotinoids synthesized by new acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.07.012}, abstractNote={Novel acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation methodology was developed to add for the first time substitutions directly to the phenylpyridine heterocyclic ring of nicotine. A variety of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-4-(alkyl, aromatic, heterocyclic and silanyl) and -N-alkyl pyridines were synthesized (compounds 1–9). In vial tests with the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, compounds 1–4 were 1.1, 1.8, 2.3 and 1.9×, respectively, more active than nicotine and 64, 40, 31 and 38×, respectively, less active than acetamiprid. Against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, 1–4 were 1.4, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6×, respectively, more active than nicotine and 9, 6, 6 and 8×, respectively, less active than acetamiprid. For the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, the activity of 1–9 was similar to nicotine. Compounds 7 and 9 when incorporated into artificial diet produced low mortality for larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, but were not active against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. When 1–4 and 6–9 were injected into larvae of the beet armyworm, a variety of symptoms similar to acetamiprid were observed which included tremors, uncoordinated movement, diuresis, paralysis and death. In addition, imidacloprid-binding to membranes from the house fly head, Musca domestica, was inhibited by compounds 1–9, when using a concentration range of 1–100 μM. These studies demonstrate that our new chemistry enhances the insecticidal activity of nicotine with an apparent mode of action as an acetylcholine agonist.}, number={3}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Stumpf, Christof F. and Comins, Daniel L. and Sparks, Thomas C. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={211–219} }
 @misc{roe_2007, title={Method of repelling insects}, volume={7,288,573}, number={2007 Oct. 30}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M.}, year={2007} }
 @article{mitchell_ross_osgood_sonenshine_donohue_khalil_thompson_roe_2007, title={Molecular characterization, tissue-specific expression and RNAi knockdown of the first vitellogenin receptor from a tick}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1879-0240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.01.005}, abstractNote={This is the first full-length message for a vitellogenin receptor (VgR) sequenced from ticks. VgRs, members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) superfamily, mediate the uptake of the yolk protein, vitellogenin (Vg), from the hemolymph. The VgR message from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (GenBank accession No. DQ103506.4) comprised 5673 bp which coded for a 1798 aa deduced protein with a predicted 196.6 kDa molecular mass. After removing the 20 aa signal peptide, the 1778 aa deduced mature protein had a predicted 196.6 kDa molecular mass. BLAST comparisons showed the highest similarity to the VgR of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. VgR message was expressed in mated female ovary but absent in female midgut and salivary glands or whole body mRNA from blood fed males, indicating that it is both sex and tissue specific. VgR transcript was absent in virgin (previtellogenic) females but present in ovaries of mated females following drop off. RNAi showed that unfed adult ticks injected with a VgR-dsRNA probe failed to lay eggs, develop brown eggs or fully express VgR transcript (Northern blots). In contrast, controls oviposited numerous normal brown eggs and showed strong expression of VgR transcripts. These results show that the expression of the VgR message is essential for Vg uptake and egg development in the American dog tick.}, number={4}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Mitchell, Robert D., III and Ross, Elizabeth and Osgood, Christopher and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Donohue, Kevin V. and Khalil, Sayed M. and Thompson, Deborah M. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={375–388} }
 @article{deborah_khalil_jeffers_sonenshine_mitchell_osgood_roe_2007, title={Sequence and the developmental and tissue-specific regulation of the first complete vitellogenin messenger RNA from ticks responsible for heme sequestration}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0965-1748"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.01.004}, abstractNote={The first full-length mRNA for vitellogenin (Vg) from ticks was sequenced. This also represents the first complete sequence of Vg from the Chelicerata and of a heme binding Vg. The Vg cDNA from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis was 5744nt in length (GenBank Accession number AY885250), which coded for a protein of 1843 aa with a calculated molecular weight of 208 kD. This protein had an 18 aa signal sequence, a single RXXR cleavage signal that would generate two subunits (49.5 and 157K in molecular weight) and lipoprotein N-terminal and carboxy von Willebrand factor type D domains. Tryptic digest MS analysis of vitellin protein confirmed the function of the cDNA as the tick yolk protein. Apparently, vitellin in D. variabilis is oligomeric (possibly dimeric) and is comprised of a mixture of the uncleaved monomer and subunits that were predicted from the single RXXR cleavage signal. The highly conserved GL/ICG motif close to the C-terminus in insect Vg genes was different in the tick Vg message, i.e., GLCS. This variant was also present in a partial sequence of Vg from Boophilus microplus. Phylogenic analysis showed that the full length Vg cDNA from D. variabilis and the partial cDNA from B. microplus were distinct from insects and Crustacea. The Vg message was not found in whole body RNA from unfed or fed males or in unfed and partially fed (virgin) females as determined by Northern blotting. The message was found in replete (mated) pre-ovipositional females, increased to higher levels in ovipositing females and was absent after egg laying was complete. The endocrine regulation of the Vg mRNA is discussed. The tissue sources of the Vg message are both the gut and fat body. Tryptic digest MS fingerprinting suggests that a second Vg mRNA might be present in the American dog tick, which needs further study.}, number={4}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Deborah, M. Thompson and Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Jeffers, Laura A. and Sonenshine, Daniel E. and Mitchell, Robert D. and Osgood, Christopher J. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={363–374} }
 @article{donohue_bures_bourham_roe_2006, title={Mode of action of a novel nonchemical method of insect control: Atmospheric pressure plasma discharge}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2006)099[0038:MOAOAN]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Atmospheric pressure plasma discharge (APPD) has been applied to a number of industrial applications, including the bacterial sterilization of medical equipment of bacteria. APPD may also have applications in insect control. A positive correlation was found between exposure time to APPD and mortality of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds); Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse); twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; and German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), with the level of mortality also increasing with time after treatment. Cockroaches exposed to APPD for 60, 90, 120, and 180 s lost on average 7.5 ± 0.8, 8.1 ± 0.6, 8.7 ± 0.4, and 10.1 ± 1.1 (±1 SEM) mg of water weight, respectively, which was an increase over that of the controls. The metabolic rate of cockroaches exposed to plasma for 180 s increased from 0.79 ± 0.03 to 1.07 ± 0.04 ml of oxygen consumed mg-cockroach−1 h−1 at standard temperature and pressure. The level of cuticular hydrocarbons identified by electron impact gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were not significantly affected by plasma exposure in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), German cockroach, and citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), except for a reduction in n-tritriacontane in the latter. However, changes in the behavior of cockroaches after plasma exposure, including the loss of photo-, vibro-, and thigmotropic responses, inability to right themselves, and hyperexcitatory symptoms, suggest that the site of action of APPD in insects is the nervous and/or neuromuscular system.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Donohue, KV and Bures, BL and Bourham, MA and Roe, RM}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={38–47} }
 @article{bures_donohue_roe_bourham_2006, title={Nonchemical dielectric barrier discharge treatment as a method of insect control}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-9375"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPS.2005.863595}, abstractNote={The spread of insects due to trade of agricultural commodities and travel of humans is a significant problem in many countries. Limiting the movement of pest species is commonly achieved by the use of chemical pesticides. Concerns about resistance to insecticides, as well as their environmental impact has stimulated an evaluation of alternative pest control methods. Nonchemical dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment of insects in a low electron density (10/sup 6/-10/sup 8/ cm/sup -3/), low electron temperature (1-2 eV) discharge has proven effective in significantly reducing the population of selected insects. The insects are directly exposed to a wide gap (>3 cm) helium discharge with average power densities on the order of 60 mW/cm/sup 3/. Direct measurement of chemical species and ambient gas temperature shows the DBD treatment remains effective when the chemically reactive species are suppressed by helium, and when the ambient gas temperature of the discharge is below 40/spl deg/C. However, the treatment is more rapid when the ambient gas temperature is elevated. The study has shown the treatment does not always induce instant mortality: however, the mortality increases over a 24-h period after treatment.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE}, author={Bures, BL and Donohue, KV and Roe, RM and Bourham, MA}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={55–62} }
 @article{khalil_anspaugh_roe_2006, title={Role of juvenile hormone esterase and epoxide hydrolase in reproduction of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.03.004}, abstractNote={The role of juvenile hormone (JH) esterase (JHE) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) in reproduction of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, was investigated. Peak emergence of male and female bollworm adults occurred early in the scotophase. Female adults were added to males in a 1:2 ratio, respectively, at the beginning of the first photophase after emergence (d0). The highest oviposition rates for mated females were noted on d 2-4. The in vitro JH III esterase and JH III EH activity was measured in whole body homogenates of virgin and mated females from d0 to d8 post-emergence. Maximal JHE activity for virgin females occurred on d2 (1.09+/-0.14(+/-1 SEM) nmol of JH III degraded/min/mg protein), which was approximately twice that of mated females on the same day. The same results were observed for EH where the activity peaked on d2 at 0.053+/-0.003 as compared to 0.033+/-0.003 nmol of JH III degraded/min/mg protein, respectively. By d4, both JHE and JH EH activities declined significantly in virgin and mated females and were the same through d7. The developmental changes and effects of mating on JH degradation were similar when measured per insect. The highest levels of JHE and JH EH activity/min/mg protein in d2 virgin and mated females was found in ovaries followed by the carcass and then haemolymph; no EH activity was found in haemolymph as expected. For ovary, the JHE and JH EH activity was highest in virgin compared to mated females. The role of both enzymes in the regulation of reproduction is discussed.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Khalil, Sayed M. S. and Anspaugh, Douglas D. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={669–678} }
 @article{thompson_khalil_jeffers_ananthapadmanaban_sonenshine_mitchell_osgood_apperson_roe_2005, title={In vivo role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the regulation of the vitellogenin mRNA and egg development in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.05.011}, abstractNote={Injection of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) into partially fed (virgin) female adults of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, while they are attached and feeding on the rabbit host, initiated the expression of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene, and Vg protein secretion and uptake by the ovary. The induction of egg production by 20-E in this bioassay was dose dependent in the range of 1–50 times the concentration normally found in a replete, vitellogenic female. Ticks examined 4 d after the 50× treatment were still attached to the host, had numerous enlarged vitellin-filled (brown) oocytes in their ovaries, but had not engorged to repletion. The ovaries reached weights similar to those found in untreated, replete (mated) females (pre-oviposition) while solvent-injected controls demonstrated no increase in oocyte size or increase in ovary weight. An increase in the levels of a putative Vg protein was observed in hemolymph samples collected 1, 2 and 3 d post-20-E injection but was not observed in the corresponding solvent controls as determined by native PAGE. Analysis of the ecdysteroid-induced protein by tryptic digestion-mass fingerprinting and BLASTP found that the putative Vg had the strongest match to GP80 (U49934), the partial sequence for the vitellogenin protein from Boophilus microplus. A partial Vg cDNA was cloned and sequenced from replete females of D. variabilis with a high similarity to GP80. Using this message as a probe, Northern blots conducted with RNA collected from partially fed, virgin females 1, 2 and 3 d post-20-E injection showed upregulation of the Vg mRNA on all 3 days. Controls injected with solvent only showed no Vg mRNA. Injections with juvenile hormone III did not stimulate Vg expression, oocyte growth or full engorgement. These studies indicate that ecdysteroids and not JH can initiate expression of the Vg gene, Vg protein synthesis and release into hemolymph, and Vg uptake into developing oocytes under bioassay conditions mimicking normal feeding on the host.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Thompson, DM and Khalil, SMS and Jeffers, LA and Ananthapadmanaban, U and Sonenshine, DE and Mitchell, RD and Osgood, CJ and Apperson, CS and Roe, RM}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1105–1116} }
 @article{jeffers_thompson_ben-yakir_roe_2005, title={Movement of proteins across the digestive system of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00342.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Jeffers, LA and Thompson, DM and Ben-Yakir, D and Roe, RM}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={135–146} }
 @article{roe_kallapur_linderman_viviani_2005, title={Organic synthesis and bioassay of novel inhibitors of JH III epoxide hydrolase activity from fifth stadium cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0048-3575"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.04.006}, abstractNote={Abstract A series of novel methyl esters with a quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, amine N -oxide, difluorocyclopropane, fluorohydrin, episulfide or epoxide were prepared from undecylenic acid as potential inhibitors of JH III epoxide hydrolase activity from last stadium, wandering cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni . Among the non-epoxides examined, the fluorohydrin and sulfoxide (at 100 μM of inhibitor) demonstrated the highest percent inhibition of the insoluble epoxide hydrolase activity while the quaternary ammonium salt, the difluorocyclopropane, and the sulfoxide demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against the solubilized JH epoxide hydrolase activity. These differences in inhibition between insoluble and solubilized enzyme were in some cases pronounced. For example, the quaternary amine demonstrated no inhibitory activity toward the insoluble enzyme but inhibited 33% of the solubilized JH epoxide hydrolase activity. The incorporation of a cationic character in the amine N -oxide and ammonium salt produced lower inhibitory activity as compared to the sulfoxide, episulfide, difluorocyclopropane, and fluorohydrin for the insoluble epoxide hydrolase, and activity was similar for the solubilized enzyme. Comparing the most potent non-epoxide to the epoxide inhibitors, the fluorohydrin produced 24% inhibition as compared to 85% for the corresponding epoxide and 42% for the epoxide with a shorter backbone chain length for the insoluble epoxide hydrolase activity. For the solubilized epoxide hydrolase activity, difluorocyclopropane demonstrated 34% inhibition as compared to 21% inhibition for the corresponding epoxide. The difluorocyclopropane appeared to be acting as a competitive inhibitor of JH III epoxide hydrolase activity. The I 50 s were greater than 100 μM for all compounds synthesized for both the soluble and solubilized enzymes; the only exceptions were the C11 and C12 epoxides against the insoluble epoxide hydrolase activity (I 50 s = 0.1 and 0.8 μM, respectively). The importance of JH mimicry in epoxide hydrolase inhibition is discussed.}, number={2-3}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Roe, RM and Kallapur, V and Linderman, RJ and Viviani, F}, year={2005}, pages={140–154} }
 @article{anspaugh_roe_2005, title={Regulation of JH epoxide hydrolase versus JH esterase activity in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, by juvenile hormone and xenobiotics}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.12.008}, abstractNote={JH III esterase and JH III epoxide hydrolase (EH) in vitro activity was compared in whole body Trichoplusia ni homogenates at each stage of development (egg, larva, pupa and adult). While activity of both enzymes was detected at all ages tested, JH esterase was significantly higher than EH activity except for day three of the fifth (last) stadium (L5D3). For both enzymes, activity was highest in eggs. Adult virgin females had 4.6- and 4.0-fold higher JH esterase and EH activities, respectively, than adult virgin males. JH III metabolic activity also was measured in whole body homogenates of fifth stadium T. ni that were fed a nutritive diet (control) or starved on a non-nutritive diet of alphacel, agar and water. With larvae that were starved for 6, 28 and 52 h, EH activity per insect equivalent was 48%, 5% and 1%, respectively, of the control insects. At the same time points, JH esterase activity levels in starved T. ni were 29%, 4% and 3% of that of insects fed the nutritive diet. Selected insect hormones and xenobiotics were administered topically or orally to fifth stadium larvae for up to 52 h, and the effects on whole body EH and JH esterase activity analyzed. JH III increased the JH III esterase activity as high as 2.2-fold, but not the JH III EH activity. The JH analog, methoprene, increased both JH esterase and EH activity as high as 2.5-fold. The JH esterase inhibitor, 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), had no impact on EH activity. The epoxides trans- and cis-stilbene oxide (TSO and CSO) in separate experiments increased the EH activity approximately 2.0-fold. TSO did not alter JH esterase levels when topically applied, but oral administration reduced activity to 70% of the control at 28 h, and then increased the activity 1.8-fold at 52 h after the beginning of treatment. CSO had no effect on JH esterase activity. Phenobarbital increased EH activity by 1.9-fold, but did not change JH esterase levels. Clofibrate and cholesterol 5alpha,6alpha-epoxide had no effect on EH. JH esterase activity also was not affected by clofibrate, but cholesterol 5alpha,6alpha-epoxide reduced the JH esterase activity to 60-80% of the control. The biological significance of these results is discussed.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Anspaugh, DD and Roe, RM}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={523–535} }
 @article{vanderherchen_isherwood_thompson_linderman_roe_2005, title={Toxicity of novel aromatic and aliphatic organic acid and ester analogs of trypsin modulating oostatic factor to larvae of the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens complex, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.09.006}, abstractNote={Eight non-peptidic chemical analogs of trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF, NH2-YDPAP6), an insect hormone inhibiting trypsin biosynthesis in mosquitoes, were synthesized based on the structure of the native peptide. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for the chemical analogs, TMOF and FDPAP (a peptidic analog of TMOF) was estimated for larvae of the northern house mosquito, the Culex pipiens complex, using a static 5-day bioassay. Four of these compounds demonstrated the same larvicidal activity as TMOF, while three of these compounds were 1.2–2.5-fold more active than TMOF. The compounds introduced by injection were toxic to fourth instars of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, except for TMOF, FDPAP, and PPHEN. Injection of TMOF and FDPAP into fourth stadium and TMOF into second stadium M. sexta had no effect on trypsin activity, growth, or mortality. Apparently the mosquito hormone is inactive in the tobacco hornworm at the developmental stages examined. Three TMOF analogs (CHEA, PHEA, and PHA) demonstrating the highest activity by injection in M. sexta were also found to be toxic by injection in fourth instars of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, as well as adult male German cockroaches, Blattela germanica. A two-choice feeding bioassay with H. virescens indicated that at least one of the TMOF analogs, PHEA, has anti-feeding properties.}, number={2}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Vanderherchen, MB and Isherwood, M and Thompson, DM and Linderman, RJ and Roe, RM}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={71–84} }
 @article{bures_donohue_roe_bourham_2005, title={Visualization of helium dielectric barrier discharge treatment of green peach aphids on tobacco leaves}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0093-3813"]}, DOI={10.1109/TPS.2005.845035}, abstractNote={Nonthermal nonchemical dielectric barrier discharge treatment of green peach aphids has shown to be an effective method of insect control when the insects are on a synthetic mesh substrate. The efficacy of the treatment, represented as percent mortality, is reduced when the aphids reside on tobacco leaves. The reduction in treatment appears to be the result of streamer formation on the leaves. Although the streamer formation has reduced the treatment for aphids on tobacco leaves under our experimental conditions, control of insects such as lice and fleas that reside on alternative substrates can benefit from dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment. Alternative conditions for the generation of DBD may be possible for insect control on plants.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE}, author={Bures, BL and Donohue, KV and Roe, RM and Bourham, MA}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={290–291} }
 @article{iwasa_motoyama_ambrose_roe_2004, title={Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2003.08.018}, abstractNote={Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the contact honey bee toxicity of commercial and candidate neonicotinoid insecticides. The nitro-substituted compounds were the most toxic to the honey bee in our laboratory studies with LD50 values of 18 ng/bee for imidacloprid, 22 ng for clothianidin, 30 ng for thiamethoxam, 75 ng for dinotefuran and 138 ng for nitenpyram. The cyano-substituted neonicotinoids exhibited a much lower toxicity with LD50 values for acetamiprid and thiacloprid of 7.1 and 14.6 μg/bee, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide, triflumizole and propiconazole increased honey bee toxicity of acetamiprid 6.0-, 244- and 105-fold and thiacloprid 154-, 1,141- and 559-fold, respectively, but had a minimal effect on imidacloprid (1.70, 1.85 and 1.52-fold, respectively). The acetamiprid metabolites, N-demethyl acetamiprid, 6-chloro-3-pyridylmethanol and 6-chloro-nicotinic acid when applied topically, produced no mortality at 50 μg/bee. These results suggest that P450s are an important mechanism for acetamiprid and thiacloprid detoxification and their low toxicity to honey bees. When honey bees were placed in cages in forced contact with alfalfa treated with acetamiprid and the synergist, triflumizole, in combination at their maximum recommended application rates, no mortality was detected above that of the control.}, number={5}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Iwasa, T and Motoyama, N and Ambrose, JT and Roe, RM}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={371–378} }
 @misc{roe_2004, title={Method of repelling insects}, volume={6800662}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M.}, year={2004} }
 @article{thompson_young_edens_olmstead_leblanc_hodgson_roe_2004, title={Non-target toxicology of a new mosquito larvicide, trypsin modulating oostatic factor}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.06.009}, abstractNote={Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a peptide hormone originally isolated from the ovaries of adult Aedes aegypti, is currently under commercial development as a new pesticide chemistry with a novel mode of action for the control of larval mosquitoes. The objective of the current research is to evaluate potential risks of the use of TMOF as an insecticide on non-target organisms. TMOF (YDPAP6) was degraded in vitro (as determined by HPLC and LC/MS) to DPAP6, PAP6, and then AP6 by leucine aminopeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme found in the digestive system of vertebrates. The rate of degradation of TMOF and PAP6 was significantly greater than that of DPAP6, while no metabolism of AP6 was found. TMOF technical insecticide was produced on a commercial scale by recombinant yeast (heat-killed before application). The technical TMOF when administered in a single dose by gavage to male and female mice at 2000 mg dry weight/kg body weight produced no negative effects as compared to controls up to 12 days after treatment. When male and female mallard ducks were treated by gavage with 1250 mg dry weight of technical TMOF/kg body weight each day for 5 days, again no toxic effects were noted through 35 days after the last treatment. TMOF technical insecticide was also applied to the shaved skin of male and female rabbits at the rate of 2000 mg/kg for 1–2 days, with no effect. The end point observations in these in vivo experiments were mortality; changes in growth rate, behavior, body structure, and color; and possible lesions observed during necropsy. Finally, Daphnia incubated with technical TMOF in rearing water at the level of 1.0 × 106 yeast cells/ml (10 mg/ml) also demonstrated no negative effects on mortality, growth, molting, time to first brood, and production of viable neonates. It appears from these studies that TMOF can be degraded by vertebrate digestive proteases and technical TMOF is not toxic to the non-target organisms examined.}, number={3}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Thompson, DM and Young, HP and Edens, FW and Olmstead, AW and LeBlanc, GA and Hodgson, E and Roe, RM}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={131–142} }
 @article{wyss_young_shukla_roe_2003, title={Biology and genetics of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), highly resistant to spinosad}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00153-9}, abstractNote={Tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), were collected from the field in North Carolina in 1996 and 1997 and established as a laboratory (parental) strain. When a subset of these insects was selected by the topical application of technical spinosad (a mixture of spinosyns A and D) every generation for 13 generations, they became highly resistant to the insecticide. The resistance ratio for topically applied spinosad based on differences in the LD50 between the parental (susceptible) and the resistant (generation 19) strain was 669-fold when fourth stadium larvae were treated. The susceptible strain LD50 18d after treatment was 0.11μg of active ingredient per larva while the LD50 for generation (G) 19 of the resistant strain was 73.55μg per larva. Reciprocal single pair matings between the resistant and the parental strain and backcrosses of F1(R×S) females with resistant males indicated that a non-sex linked, (partially) recessive single gene was responsible for spinosad resistance. The F1 larvae were only slightly (5.3–5.6-fold) resistant compared to the parental strain. The stability of resistance was tested by removing spinosad selection for five generations. In the absence of immigration of susceptible budworms into the population and insecticide treatments, the LD50 decreased only 1.4-fold. The only differences noted in the biology of the parental and resistant strain was that the resistant males developed slower as larvae and emerged as adults later than the susceptible males and had a slightly smaller 1d old pupal wet weight. However, when 80% highly resistant and 20% parental moths of both sexes were allowed to mate freely, the majority of the offspring (84.6%) were susceptible to spinosad. This suggests a reduced reproductive competitiveness for the resistant strain.}, number={2}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Wyss, CF and Young, HP and Shukla, J and Roe, RM}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={307–314} }
 @misc{roe_bailey_gould_kennedy_sutula_2003, title={Insecticide resistance assay}, volume={6,517,856}, number={2003 Feb. 11}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. and Sutula, C. L.}, year={2003} }
 @misc{linderman_roe_thompson_vanderherehen_2003, title={Pesticidal activity of functionalized alkenes}, volume={6,660,770}, number={2003 Dec. 9}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Linderman, R. J. and Roe, R. M. and Thompson, D. M. and Vanderherehen, M.}, year={2003} }
 @article{young_bailey_roe_2003, title={Spinosad selection of a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), and characterization of resistance}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00147-3}, abstractNote={The potential for insect resistance to the spinosyns, a novel class of insecticide chemistry, was examined using a laboratory strain of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), originally collected from tobacco at sites in North Carolina. Technical grade spinosad (spinosyns A and D), was topically applied to third instars. Initially 533 third instars were used but one to two thousand larvae were treated per generation thereafter. Initially mortality ranged from 75% to 85% with doses of 0.044–0.088 μg per larva, until the fifth generation (G5) when mortality decreased. The selection dose was subsequently increased every generation from G5 to G11 in an attempt to restore mortality to >70%. After six generations of selection, the LD50 of the selected budworms was 1.68-times that of the parental generation (G1) as estimated 15 d after treatment. By G14, the topical LD50 of the selected insects was 1068-fold greater than the parental generation. Four additional populations of the budworm from the southeastern US demonstrated similar LD50s to spinosad as our parental strain, suggesting that the parental budworms from North Carolina were representative of field populations elsewhere. The resistance ratio determined with spinosad (formulated as Tracer®) in heliothine diet was 314-fold at 15 d after the start of exposure. Injection of spinosad into the larval hemocoel resulted in a >163-fold resistance ratio 15 d after injection, indicating that resistance could not be explained simply by altered penetration alone. Mortality was delayed in the resistant relative to the parental generation regardless of whether third instars were topically treated or exposed to treated diet. Spinosad resistance was also expressed in G14 adults, indicating that an adult vial test would be feasible for monitoring resistance. A feeding disruption assay was developed to monitor larval resistance in the field.}, number={2}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Young, HP and Bailey, WD and Roe, RM}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={265–273} }
 @misc{henkens_o'daly_wojciechowski_zhang_r._n._r._t._d._r._et al._2002, title={Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid sequences}, volume={6,391,558}, number={2002 May 21}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Henkens, R. and O'Daly, J. and Wojciechowski, M. and Zhang, H. and R., Naser and N., Roe and R., Stewart and T., Thompson and D., Sundseth and R. and et al.}, year={2002} }
 @misc{gudderra_sonenshine_apperson_roe_2002, title={Hemolymph proteins in ticks}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00050-1}, abstractNote={In comparison to insects and Crustacea, our knowledge of the predominant hemolymph proteins in ticks is minimal. The hemolymph protein most studied in ticks has been vitellogenin (Vg). Vg is synthesized by the tick fat body after female adults obtain a blood meal, is released into the hemolymph and is absorbed by developing oocytes as vitellin (Vn). Much of what we know about Vg is from studies of Vn. In general, the carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid composition is similar to insects except that in the tick, Vg contains heme, most likely from the digestion of host hemoglobin. In the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, Vg is comprised of two native proteins and seven subunits on SDS-PAGE. Vg has been characterized in five tick species but the amino acid sequence is not yet available. Another predominant hemolymph protein, apparently a carrier protein (CP), has recently been studied in two tick species. This protein is found in the hemolymph of both male and females adults, in adult tissues outside of the hemolymph in some tick species, in coxal fluid of soft ticks and in whole body homogenates from eggs, larvae and nymphs. CP from the hard tick, D. variabilis, contains cholesterol, phospholipids, monoacylglycerides, triacylglycerides, free fatty acids, carbohydrate and heme. Under identical assay conditions, the analogous protein in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri, did not contain heme. CP in the American dog tick consists of two subunits, one of which has 61% identity to the biliprotein, artemocyanin, from the fairy shrimp. CP is identical to a heme-lipoprotein (HeLp) from Boophilus microplus. The exact roles of CP and HeLp have not yet been fully determined, but they apparently are important in heme sequestration and as a storage depot for protein and lipid. Macroglobulin, lectin, antimicrobial, JH binding, JH esterase, and other tick hemolymph proteins are also discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Gudderra, NP and Sonenshine, DE and Apperson, CS and Roe, RM}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={269–278} }
 @article{gudderra_sonenshine_apperson_roe_2002, title={Tissue distribution and characterization of predominant hemolymph carrier proteins from Dermacentor variabilis and Ornithodoros parkeri}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0022-1910(01)00160-3}, abstractNote={The tissue distribution of the predominant hemolymph protein found throughout tick development was examined in the hard tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri. In D. variabilis, the predominant (purified) hemolymph protein was a lipoglycoheme-carrier protein (DvCP) with a molecular weight of 200 K. A protein with a similar mobility on native-PAGE was found in fat body, salivary gland, muscle and ovary from partially fed females which was most abundant in the plasma and salivary gland. DvCP from plasma, salivary gland and fat body of partially fed females consisted of two subunits on SDS-PAGE (98 and 92 K). In replete females, only salivary gland exhibited protein subunits equivalent to hemolymph CP. CP in salivary gland and fat body stained positive for lipids. The concentration of CP in tissues varied between partially fed and replete females, indicating a difference in the expression and/or sequestration of CP during adult development. The predominant hemolymph carrier protein from O. parkeri (OpCP) was purified to homogeneity for the first time and is presumed to have similar functions to CP from D. variabilis. Purified OpCP exhibited a molecular weight of 668 K by native-PAGE. Unlike CP from D. variabilis, OpCP was not detected in fat body or salivary gland tissues but occurred abundantly in coxal fluid. By SDS-PAGE, purified hemolymph OpCP consisted of two major subunits (114 and 93 K) and a less abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 48 K. Purified native OpCP was a lipoprotein like DvCP. A spectral analysis of purified OpCP failed to demonstrate the presence of heme like that found for CP from D. variabilis, purified by the same methods. However, plasma from O. parkeri contained heme with a λmax of 410 nm.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Gudderra, NP and Sonenshine, DE and Apperson, CS and Roe, RM}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={161–170} }
 @article{scott_trumbo_neese_bailey_roe_2001, title={Changes in biosynthesis and degradation of juvenile hormone during breeding by burying beetles: a reproductive or social role?}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00116-5}, abstractNote={Burying beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis, depend on the location of an unpredictable resource, a small vertebrate carcass, for reproduction. When they discover a carcass, they undergo a correlated rapid rise in titers of juvenile hormone (JH) in the hemolymph and ovarian development. This study investigates the regulation of the changes in JH during breeding in both male and female burying beetles and the role of JH in ovarian development. JH biosynthesis by the corpora allata (CA), measured in vitro, increased in females within an hour of their discovery of a carcass and increased later in males. After returning to low rates as oviposition began, JH biosynthesis rose again 3 days later in females but not in males. Neither the ovaries nor testes synthesized JH. There was a concomitant fall in JH esterase activity within 12 h of discovery of the carcass in both males and females. Although the rise in JH titers and biosynthesis and the fall in JH esterase is correlated with ovarian development, application of methoprene or JH III in the absence of a carcass did not result in vitellogenin uptake by the oocytes. Therefore, we conclude that, in spite of the rapid rise in JH before oviposition, it is not sufficient to regulate vitellogenin synthesis and/or its uptake by the ovaries. We suggest that its role has been preempted to organize social behavior and coordinate parental behavior between mates.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Scott, MP and Trumbo, ST and Neese, PA and Bailey, WD and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={295–302} }
 @article{gudderra_neese_sonenshine_apperson_roe_2001, title={Developmental profile, isolation, and biochemical characterization of a novel lipoglycoheme-carrier protein from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari : Ixodidae) and observations on a similar protein in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari : Argasidae)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0965-1748"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00122-3}, abstractNote={A novel lipoglycoheme-carrier protein (CP) in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) has been purified and characterized. CP was purified by native–PAGE from partially fed virgin females. CP has a density of 1.25 g/ml with a molecular weight of 200 K by native–PAGE and 340 K by gel filtration chromatography. CP is comprised of two majour subunits, 98 K and 92 K in molecular weight by SDS–PAGE. Separate amino acid composition of the two subunits indicated high contents of As(x), Gl(x) and leucine. However, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the two subunits was only 13% identical. The lower molecular weight subunit showed 61% identity to artemocyanin (biliprotein) in fairy shrimps, 46% identity to minor vitellogenin in chickens and 13% identity to vitellin of the black-legged tick. No similarity match was found for the other subunit. CP is a lipoglycoheme-protein as indicated by selective staining of native–PAGE gel for lipids, carbohydrates and heme. Lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of cholesterol, phospholipids, monoacylglycerides, triacylglycerides and free fatty acids. Heme associated with purified CP demonstrated a λmax of 397.5 nm while the λmax of crude hemolymph plasma was 402.5 nm. The presence of CP in whole body homogenates of eggs, unfed and fed larvae and fed nymphs as well as in the plasma of unfed and fed adults including vitellogenic females was demonstrated by native–PAGE. Although a protein of analogous size was not found in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, a high molecular weight protein (500 K) is the predominant plasma protein in both unfed and fed male and female adults of that species as determined by native–PAGE. Also, CP appears to function as a biliprotein which sequesters heme.}, number={4-5}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Gudderra, NP and Neese, PA and Sonenshine, DE and Apperson, CS and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={299–311} }
 @misc{roe_2001, title={Method of repelling insects}, volume={6,437,001}, number={2001 Mar 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M.}, year={2001} }
 @article{devorshak_roe_2001, title={Polarized ketone inhibition of 1-naphthyl acetate esterase in azinphosmethyl-resistant and -susceptible tufted apple bud moths, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker): Novel insecticide synergists}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1006/pest.2000.2526}, abstractNote={Abstract Aliphatic and aromatic polarized trifluoromethylketones were synthesized as inhibitors of 1-naphthyl acetate (NA) esterase and potential insecticide synergists for azinphosmethyl-resistant tufted apple bud moths. A 1-NA resistance-associated esterase (RAE) was isolated from whole body homogenates of azinphosmethyl-resistant adult females. A second susceptible-associated 1-NA esterase (SE) was purified from azinphosmethyl-susceptible adult females of the tufted apple bud moth. In structure-activity studies, octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoromethyl-2-propanone (OTFP) was the most potent inhibitor of whole body 1-NA esterase from resistant and susceptible adult females. The I 50 s for inhibition of purified RAE and SE were 1 × 10 −8.5 and 1 × 10 −8.6 M, respectively. Longer and shorter n -alkyl groups or a S -phenyl substitution reduced inhibitory activity. These inhibitors were also found to compete with 1-NA substrate for the esteratic active site. OTFP alone had minimal toxicity toward third and fifth instars of the tufted apple bud moth but synergized azinphosmethyl toxicity in resistant insects. Although novel esterases were found in resistant bud moth larvae and adults, there was no evidence that the resistance-associated esterases had a unique function different from that found in susceptible insects.}, number={1}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Devorshak, C and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={48–62} }
 @article{devorshak_roe_2001, title={Purification and characterization of a phosphoric triester hydrolase from the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker)}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1095-6670"]}, DOI={10.1002/1099-0461(2001)15:1<55::AID-JBT7>3.0.CO;2-G}, abstractNote={Whole body homogenates from azinphosmethyl‐resistant fifth instars of the tufted apple bud moth demonstrated 11.8‐fold elevated phosphoric triester hydrolase (methyl paraoxonase) activity as compared to susceptible insects of the same species. Elevated phosphoric triester hydrolase (PTEH) activity associated with resistance was also found in the Colorado potato beetle but not in the German cockroach or tobacco budworm. Phosphoric triester hydrolase activity in the tufted apple bud moth was minimal in resistant and susceptible third instars and in adult males and females and was highest in whole body homogenates and in the alimentary canal of resistant fifth instars. A microtiterplate assay was developed, which successfully diagnosed resistance in individual fifth instars based on increased phosphoric triester hydrolase (methyl paraoxonase) activity. Phosphoric triester hydrolase was purified 289‐fold from fifth instars of resistant bud moths, but any additional resolution resulted in the loss of enzyme activity. Phosphoric triester hydrolase demonstrated an apparent molecular weight of 41,000 with an isoelectric point of 5.28. Methyl paraoxonase activity was increased by calcium, cobalt, manganese, and octylthio‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2‐propanone and decreased by mercury, phosphate ions, tin, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Iron, potassium chloride, lithium, magnesium, sodium chloride, and lead had no effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:55–65, 2001}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY}, author={Devorshak, C and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, pages={55–65} }
 @article{bailey_brownie_bacheler_gould_kennedy_sorenson_roe_2001, title={Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.76}, abstractNote={Abstract Validation of a feeding disruption bioassay for the detection of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin and species identification is reported using field strains of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea collected from the southern United States in 1998. Feeding disruption is measured by a lack of fecal production from larvae exposed to a diagnostic concentration of CryIAc in a blue indicator diet. The bioassay provided rapid (24 h) diagnosis of the species composition of larvae tested and also monitored for the presence of resistance in H. virescens. An additional diagnostic concentration was established for monitoring resistance in H. zea. A probit model was used to compare the fecal production responses of insect strains over a range of CryIAc doses. Probability calculations, derived from our assay results, are also presented to aid in the interpretation of future results from field trials. Integration of the feeding disruption bioassay into integrated pest management programs is discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Bailey, WD and Brownie, C and Bacheler, JS and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Sorenson, CE and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={76–85} }
 @article{neese_sonenshine_kallapur_apperson_roe_2000, title={Absence of insect juvenile hormones in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari : Ixodidae), and in Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley (Acari : Argasidae)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0022-1910"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00134-1}, abstractNote={Synganglia, salivary gland, midgut, ovary, fat body and muscle alone and in combination from the ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), or the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, were incubated in vitro in separate experiments with L-[methyl-(3)H]methionine and farnesoic acid or with [1-(14)C]acetate. Life stages examined in D. variabilis were 3 and 72 h old (after ecdysis) unfed nymphs, partially fed nymphs (18 and 72 h after attachment to the host), fully engorged nymphs (2 d after detachment from host), 3 and 72 h old (after eclosion) unfed females, partially fed unmated females (12-168 h after attachment to host) and mated replete females (2 d after detachment from the host). Those from O. parkeri were third and fourth stadium nymphs and female O. parkeri, 1-2 d after detachment. Corpora allata from Diploptera punctata, Periplaneta americana and Gromphadorina portentosa were used as positive controls in these experiments. No farnesol, methyl farnesoate, JH I, JH II, JH III, or JHIII bisepoxide was detected by radio HPLC from any tick analysis while JH III, methyl farnesoate, and farnesol were detected in the positive controls. To examine further for the presence of a tick, insect-juvenilizing agent, Galleria pupal-cuticle bioassays were conducted on lipid extracts from 10 and 15 d old eggs, unfed larvae (1-5 d after ecdysis), unfed nymphs (1-7 d after ecdysis), and partially fed, unmated female adults (completed slow feeding phase) of D. variabilis. Whole body extracts of fourth stadium D. punctata and JH III standard were used as positive controls. No juvenilizing activity in any of the tick extracts could be detected. Electron impact, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of hemolymph extracts from fed, virgin (forcibly detached 7 d after attachment) and mated, replete (allowed to drop naturally) D. variabilis and fully engorged (1-2 d after detachment) O. parkeri females also failed to identify the common insect juvenile hormones. The same procedures were successful in the identification of JH III in hemolymph of fourth stadium D. punctata. Last stadium nymphal (female) O. parkeri implanted with synganglia from second nymphal instars underwent normal eclosion to the adult. The above studies in toto suggest that D. variabilis and O. parkeri do not have the ability to make the common insect juvenile hormones, and these juvenile hormones do not regulate tick metamorphosis or reproduction as hypothesized in the literature.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Neese, PA and Sonenshine, DE and Kallapur, VL and Apperson, CS and Roe, RM}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={477–490} }
 @article{roe_bailey_gould_sorenson_kennedy_bacheler_rose_hodgson_sutula_2000, title={Detection of resistant insects and IPM}, ISBN={0890542465}, journal={Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation}, publisher={St. Paul, MN : APS Press,}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Sorenson, C. E. and Kennedy, G. G. and Bacheler, J. S. and Rose, R. L. and Hodgson, E. and Sutula, C. L.}, year={2000}, pages={67} }
 @article{clements_wiegmann_sorenson_smith_neese_roe_2000, title={Genetic variation in the Myzus persicae complex (Homoptera : Aphididae): Evidence for a single species}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0031:GVITMP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Genetic variation was assessed for the closely related aphids Myzus nicotianae Blackman and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), previously classified as a single species. Populations of both red and green color morphs, collected from tobacco and nontobacco hosts from 3 continents, were analyzed via random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and elongation factor- 1 alpha (EF-1α) gene sequencing. Three other Myzus species—M. cerasi (F.), M. hemerocallis Takahashi, and M. varians Davidson)—were used as outgroups in our analyses. RAPD-PCR analysis revealed many, easily detectable genetic polymorphisms between the Myzus persicae complex and the outgroup species. The small number of polymorphisms detected within the complex were not correlated with host plant or the geographic origin of populations. The sequences of both COII and EF-1α for all populations within the M. persicae complex were identical, although significant variation was evident between the M. persicae complex and outgroup taxa. These results strongly suggest the synonymy of M. persicae and M. nicotianae.}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Clements, KM and Wiegmann, BM and Sorenson, CE and Smith, CF and Neese, PA and Roe, RM}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={31–46} }
 @article{clements_sorenson_wiegmann_neese_roe_2000, title={Genetic, biochemical, and behavioral uniformity among populations of Myzus nicotianae and Myzus persicae}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00666.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Clements, KM and Sorenson, CE and Wiegmann, BM and Neese, PA and Roe, RM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={269–281} }
 @article{linderman_roe_harris_thompson_2000, title={Inhibition of insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase: asymmetric synthesis and assay of glycidol-ester and epoxy-ester inhibitors of Trichoplusia ni epoxide hydrolase}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0965-1748"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00048-5}, abstractNote={Juvenile hormone (JH) undergoes metabolic degradation by two major pathways involving JH esterase and JH epoxide hydrolase (EH). While considerable effort has been focussed on the study of JH esterase and the development of inhibitors for this enzyme, much less has been reported on the study of JH-EH. In this work, the asymmetric synthesis of two classes of inhibitors of recombinant JH-EH from Trichoplusia ni, a glycidol-ester series and an epoxy-ester series is reported. The most effective glycidol-ester inhibitor, compound 1, exhibited an I(50) of 1.2x10(-8) M, and the most effective epoxy-ester inhibitor, compound 11, exhibited an I(50) of 9.4x10(-8) M. The potency of the inhibitors was found to be dependent on the absolute configuration of the epoxide. In both series of inhibitors, the C-10 R-configuration was found to be significantly more potent that the corresponding C-10 S-configuration. A mechanism for epoxide hydration catalyzed by insect EH is also presented.}, number={8-9}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Linderman, RJ and Roe, RM and Harris, SV and Thompson, DM}, year={2000}, pages={767–774} }
 @misc{roe_bailey_gould_kennedy_2000, title={Insecticide resistance assay}, volume={6,060,039}, number={2000 May 9}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{gilbert_granger_roe_2000, title={The juvenile hormones: historical facts and speculations on future research directions}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1879-0240"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00034-5}, abstractNote={It is well known that sublethal dose of insecticides induces life history trait changes of both target and non-target insect species, however, the underlying mechanisms remain not well understood. In this study, the effects of low concentrations of the anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole on the development and reproduction of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, were evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. The results showed that exposure of FAW to LC10 and LC30 chlorantraniliprole prolonged the larvae duration, decreased the mean weight of the larvae and pupae, and lowered the pupation rate as well as emergence rate. The fecundity of female adults was also negatively affected by treatment with low concentrations of chlorantraniliprole. Consistently, we found that exposure of FAW to LC30 chlorantraniliprole downregulated the mRNA expression of juvenile hormone (JH) esterase (SfJHE), leading to the increase of JH titer in larvae. We also found that treatment with low concentrations of chlorantraniliprole suppressed the expression of ribosomal protein S6 kinase1 (SfS6K1) in female adults, resulting in the downregulation of the gene encoding vitellogenin (SfVg). These results provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of low concentrations of insecticides on insect pests, and had applied implications for the control of FAW.}, number={8-9}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Gilbert, LI and Granger, NA and Roe, RM}, year={2000}, pages={617–644} }
 @article{roe_bailey_zhao_young_carter_gould_sorenson_kennedy_bacheler_1999, title={Assay kit for species and insecticide resistance diagnosis for tobacco budworm and bollworm in cotton}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W.D. and Zhao, G. and Young, H.P. and Carter, L.M. and Gould, F. and Sorenson, C.E. and Kennedy, G.G. and Bacheler, J.S.}, year={1999}, pages={926–930} }
 @article{harris_thompson_linderman_tomalski_roe_1999, title={Cloning and expression of a novel juvenile hormone-metabolizing epoxide hydrolase during larval-pupal metamorphosis of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1365-2583"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.810085.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Harris, SV and Thompson, DM and Linderman, RJ and Tomalski, MD and Roe, RM}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={85–96} }
 @article{bailey_young_roe_1999, title={Laboratory selection of a Tracer-resistant strain of the tobacco budworm and comparisons with field strains from the southeastern US}, volume={2}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Bailey, W. D. and Young, H. P. and Roe, R. M.}, year={1999}, pages={1221–1224} }
 @article{roe_hodgson_rose_thompson_devorshak_anspaugh_linderman_harris_tomalski_1998, title={Basic principles and rationale for the use of insect genes in bioremediation: esterases, phosphotriesterase, cytochrome P450 and epoxide hydrolase}, volume={2}, number={1998}, journal={Reviews in Toxicology}, author={Roe, R. M. and Hodgson, E. and Rose, R. L. and Thompson, D. M. and Devorshak, C. and Anspaugh, D. D. and Linderman, R. J. and Harris, S. V. and Tomalski, M. D.}, year={1998}, pages={169–178} }
 @article{bailey_zhao_carter_gould_kennedy_roe_1998, title={Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00057-X}, abstractNote={Bioassay methodology was developed for species diagnosis of Heliothis virescens compared with Helicoverpa zea in cotton and to detect H. virescens larvae with significant levels of resistance to the biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay end-point is feeding disruption, which is measured by a lack of fecal production by larvae exposed to a diagnostic dose of CrylAc in a blue indicator diet. In laboratory tests, the bioassay accurately distinguished neonates of H. zea from H. virescens and was able to detect B. thuringiensis resistance in H. virescens. The assay is rapid compared with mortality assays and should be inexpensive. The assay should also be adaptable to current cotton integrated pest management programs and sampling techniques and detect most physiological mechanisms of B. thuringiensis resistance. The potential utility of the feeding disruption assay in cotton integrated pest management and with other crops, insect pests and insecticides is discussed. The studies reported here were conducted on laboratory strains of B. thuringiensis susceptible H. virescens and H. zea and a highly B. thuringiensis-resistant laboratory strain of H. virescens (YHD2) originally collected in North Carolina.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Bailey, WD and Zhao, G and Carter, LM and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Roe, RM}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={591–598} }
 @article{roe_anspaugh_venkatesh_linderman_graves_1997, title={A novel geminal diol as a highly specific and stable in vivo inhibitor of insect juvenile hormone esterase}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1520-6327"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1997)36:3<165::AID-ARCH2>3.0.CO;2-T}, abstractNote={Thio-containing and acetylenic trifluoromethyl ketones were potent inhibitors of insect juvenile hormone (JH) esterase with greater inhibitory activity than aliphatic and α,β-unsaturated homologs. Octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one was the most potent inhibitor with the greatest equilibrium hydration constant in pure water. However, a keto/hydrate equilibrium was not necessary for JH esterase inhibition. The carbonyl tautomer of 1-octyl [1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropan-2,2- dihydroxy)] sulfone (OTPdOH-sulfone) was not detectable, and yet OTPdOH-sulfone was a potent in vitro inhibitor of JH esterase with an I50 of 1.2 nM. The mechanism of JH esterase inhibition by these compounds is discussed. OTPdOH-sulfone inhibited JH esterase with minimal activity toward insect 1-naphthyl acetate esterase and electric eel acetylcholinesterase. The inhibitor was also active in vivo, selective for JH esterase, and persistent for over 32 h. OTPdOH-sulfone when topically applied to larval and adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, elicited juvenoid activity apparently because of the specific in vivo inhibition of JH metabolism. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 36:165–179, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Roe, RM and Anspaugh, DD and Venkatesh, K and Linderman, RJ and Graves, DM}, year={1997}, pages={165–179} }
 @article{rose_goh_thompson_verma_heckel_gahan_roe_hodgson_1997, title={Cytochrome P450 (CYP)9A1 in Heliothis virescens: The first member of a new CYP family}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1879-0240"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00036-2}, abstractNote={A novel cytochrome P450 cDNA with its complete coding sequence and part or all of the 3' (77 nucleotides) and 5' (87 nucleotides) non-coding sequence was isolated from the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F). The 1763 nucleotide sequence encodes a protein of 532 amino acids which includes a hydrophobic N-terminal region and the highly conserved heme binding regions typical of P450s. Low sequence similarity to other P450 sequences and the presence of a thromboxane synthase-like insertion upstream from the I helix resulted in its assignment as the first member of family 9, i.e. CYP9A1. CYP9A1 is most similar to CYP3A1 from the rat (34.7% identity), but is also similar to the insect P450s from family 6, including CYP6B1v1 from Papilio polyxenes (33.3%), CYP6A2A from Drosophila melanogaster (32.4%), CYP6A3 from Musca domestica (31.7%) and CYP6B2 from Helicoverpa armigera (30.1%). Comparative Western and Northern blot studies indicate that expression of CYP9A1 in thiodicarb selected populations of tobacco budworm is associated with insecticide resistance. The pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RELP) variation in offspring of single-pair matings demonstrated autosomal inheritance of CYP9A1 and enabled its assignment to linkage group 7. The coding region of CYP9A1 occupies no more than 10 kb in the tobacco budworm genome.}, number={6}, journal={INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Rose, RL and Goh, D and Thompson, DM and Verma, KD and Heckel, DG and Gahan, LJ and Roe, RM and Hodgson, E}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={605–615} }
 @book{r. michael roe_kuhr_1997, title={Herbicide activity toxicology, biochemistry and molecular biology}, publisher={Amsterdam ;|aWashington, DC: IOS Press ;|aTokyo: Ohmsha}, author={R. Michael Roe, James D. Burton and Kuhr, Ronald J.}, year={1997} }
 @misc{roe_hodgson_rose_1996, title={Insecticide resistance associated cytochrome 450}, volume={5,516,674}, number={1996 May 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. and Hodgson, E. and Rose, R.}, year={1996} }
 @article{roe_kallapur_linderman_viviani_harris_walker_thompson_1996, title={Mechanism of action and cloning of epoxide hydrolase from the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0739-4462"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4<527::AID-ARCH24>3.0.CO;2-D}, abstractNote={The majority of the JH III epoxide hydrolase activity in last stadium day 3 (gate 1) wandering Trichoplusia ni was membrane bound with approximately 9% of the activity found in the cytosol. Both the microsomal and cytosolic JH epoxide hydrolases were stable, retaining 30% of their original activity after incubation at 4 degrees C for 15 days. 18O-labeled water underwent enzyme catalyzed regioselective addition to the least substituted C10 position of JH III. In multiple turnover reactions with JH epoxide hydrolase in 97.9% 18O-labeled water, only 91.3% 18O incorporation was observed. This is consistent with an SN2 reaction likely involving a carboxylate in the active site of JH epoxide hydrolase. The DNA amplification cloning of a fragment of a putative T. ni epoxide hydrolase is reported. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 67% similarity to the rat microsomal epoxide hydrolase.}, number={3-4}, journal={ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Roe, RM and Kallapur, V and Linderman, RJ and Viviani, F and Harris, SV and Walker, EA and Thompson, DM}, year={1996}, pages={527–535} }
 @article{roe_jesudason_venkatesh_kallapur_anspaugh_majumder_linderman_graves_1993, title={Developmental rate of juvenile hormone metabolism in Lepidoptera}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1093/icb/33.3.375}, abstractNote={SYNOPSIS. Lepidopteran juvenile hormone (JH) esterase appears to have a functional role in the regulation of embryogenesis, larval growth and development, and adult reproduction. In preovipositional and newly laid eggs of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta , JH esterase activity was elevated presumably to metabolize maternal JHs, and then declined after blastoderm formation. Also, a single peak in hemolymph JH esterase activity was found prior to ecdysis in the second through the fourth instar of M. sexta , the function of which is unclear. However, in the last instar, elevated hemolymph JH esterase activity was noted prior to wandering and again prior to ecdysis to scavenge the last traces of JH necessary for normal development. The hemolymph JH esterase is likely of multiple tissue origin for the prewandering peak with the fat body excluded as a source for the prepupal peak; an inhibitory factor from the brain and JH regulate JH esterase biosynthesis. In adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni , elevated hemolymph JH esterase activity appeared to be important in reducing the JH titer and preventing egg maturation. Structure/activity data with trifluoromethylketones were incorporated into the design of a novel, JH esterase inhibitor, the sulfone and hydrate of octylthio-1,1,1- trifluoropropan-2-one, with selective and persistent, in vivo inhibitory activity. The topical application of this compound to last instar larvae and virgin adults of T. ni produced juvenizing effects (delayed pupation and induced egg maturation/oviposition, respectively) providing direct evidence of a functional role for JH esterase in lepidopteran development.}, number={3}, journal={American Zoologist}, author={Roe, Richard and Jesudason, P. and Venkatesh, K. and Kallapur, V. L. and Anspaugh, D. D. and Majumder, C. and Linderman, R. J. and Graves, D. M.}, year={1993}, pages={375} }
 @inbook{roe_kallapur_dauterman_edens_mayes_held_kawanishi_alford_clifford_1991, title={Vertebrate toxicology of the solubilized parasporal crystalline proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis}, booktitle={Pesticides and the future: toxicological studies of risks and benefits}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C. : North Carolina State Unversity}, author={Roe, R. M. and Kallapur, V. L. and Dauterman, W. C. and Edens, F. W. and Mayes, M. E. and Held, G. A. and Kawanishi, C. Y. and Alford, A. R. and Clifford, C. W.}, editor={E. Hodgson, R. M. Roe and Motoyama, N.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={119} }
 @article{roe_linderman_lonikar_venkatesh_abdelaal_leazer_upchurch_1990, title={RATIONAL DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF POLARIZED KETONES AS INHIBITORS OF JUVENILE-HORMONE ESTERASE - IMPORTANCE OF JUVENILE-HORMONE MIMICRY}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf00095a027}, abstractNote={ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRational design and synthesis of polarized ketones as inhibitors of juvenile hormone esterase: importance of juvenile hormone mimicryR. Michael Roe, Russell J. Linderman, Madhu Lonikar, Krishnappa Venkatesh, Yehia A. I. Abdel-Aal, Johnnie Leazer, and Lisa UpchurchCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 5, 1274–1278Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00095a027RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (656 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={ROE, RM and LINDERMAN, RJ and LONIKAR, M and VENKATESH, K and ABDELAAL, YAI and LEAZER, J and UPCHURCH, L}, year={1990}, month={May}, pages={1274–1278} }
 @article{roe_crawford_clifford_woodring_sparks_hammock_1987, title={CHARACTERIZATION OF THE JUVENILE-HORMONE ESTERASES DURING EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA-DOMESTICUS}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0165-1269"]}, DOI={10.1080/01688170.1987.10510302}, abstractNote={Summary Juvenile hormone (JH) and α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) esterase activity was measured on a daily basis during embryogenesis of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. In eggs dissected from the lateral oviducts and embryos through blastokinesis, there were elevated levels of nonspecific JH esterase activity. The JH esterase activity could not be resolved from the α-NA esterase activity by gel filtration chromatography and the metabolism of both substrates was inhibited equally by 0,0-diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP). From blastokinesis through egg hatch, the JH esterase activity was maintained at relatively low levels and was resolved from the α-NA esterase activity by gel filtration. The α-NA esterase activity was inhibited by DFP while the JH esterase activity was relatively unaffected. Low JH titers in eggs must be maintained through blastokinesis for normal development. Elevated JH esterase activity in eggs during this period appears to have a functional role in the metabolism of maternal JH i...}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={ROE, RM and CRAWFORD, CL and CLIFFORD, CW and WOODRING, JP and SPARKS, TC and HAMMOCK, BD}, year={1987}, month={Jul}, pages={57–71} }
 @article{roe_clifford_woodring_1985, title={THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION DURING THE LAST-LARVAL STADIUM OF THE FEMALE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA-DOMESTICUS}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1879-1611"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-1910(85)90080-0}, abstractNote={The distribution of energy during the last stadium of the house cricket at two temperatures was the main theme of this study. Food consumption, growth, and oxygen consumption were greater in the first half of the stadium at both 25 and 35°C. An RQ > 1 indicated the conversion of carbohydrates to lipids during the first half of the instar at both temperatures. The duration of the stadium increased from 6 days at 35°C to 14 days at 25°C. The same maximal weight, protein content and lipid content were attained at both 25 and 35°C. A weight loss (mostly in stored lipids) after the midstadium peak weight was greater at the lower temperature. The absorption efficiency and the production of metabolic wastes were not affected by temperature, but the metabolic efficiency was much higher at 35 than at 25°C during the first half as well as the latter half of the stadium. Although during the first half of the stadium more energy was ingested, absorbed, and made available for growth at 25 than at 35°C, only slightly more growth occurred at 25°C. During the last half of the stadium less energy was ingested at 25 than at 35°C, and much more growth occurred at 35°C because of the even greater heat loss at 25 than at 35°C. Therefore at a lower temperature cricket larvae eat slightly more and reach the same maximal weight as at a higher temperature, but they end up smaller because they waste more energy during the extended duration of the stadium at the lower temperature.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={ROE, RM and CLIFFORD, CW and WOODRING, JP}, year={1985}, pages={371–378} }