@article{schramme_josson_linder_2012, title={Characterization of the origin and body of the normal equine rear suspensory ligament using ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histology}, volume={53}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, author={Schramme, M. and Josson, A. and Linder, K.}, year={2012}, pages={318–328} }
 @article{caniglia_schramme_smith_2012, title={The effect of intralesional injection of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow supernatant on collagen fibril size in a surgical model of equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis}, volume={44}, number={5}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, author={Caniglia, C. J. and Schramme, M. C. and Smith, R. K.}, year={2012}, pages={587–593} }
 @article{dyson_murray_schramme_blunden_2011, title={Current concepts of navicular disease}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Dyson, S. and Murray, R. and Schramme, M. and Blunden, T.}, year={2011}, pages={27–39} }
 @article{schramme_2011, title={Deep digital flexor tendonopathy in the foot}, volume={23}, number={8}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Schramme, M. C.}, year={2011}, pages={403–415} }
 @article{toth_schumacher_schramme_hecht_2011, title={Evaluation of four techniques for injecting the trochanteric bursa of horses}, volume={40}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Toth, F. and Schumacher, J. and Schramme, M. and Hecht, S.}, year={2011}, pages={489–493} }
 @article{labens_schramme_robertson_thrall_redding_2010, title={CLINICAL, MAGNETIC RESONANCE, AND SONOGRAPHIC IMAGING FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH PROXIMAL PLANTAR METATARSAL PAIN}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01614.x}, abstractNote={Sonography is commonly used for diagnosis of desmopathy of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament in horses. However, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been stated to be superior for detecting disease and localizing lesions. In this retrospective study of 39 horses or 46 hind limbs with lameness due to proximal plantar metatarsal pain, the clinical and diagnostic findings are discussed and sonography and MR imaging compared for examination of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament. With MR imaging interpreted as the clinical gold standard, desmopathy of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament was diagnosed in 21 hind limbs, proximal plantar metatarsal pain of unknown cause in 12, an osseous injury at the origin of the suspensory ligament in four and a condition unrelated to the suspensory ligament in nine. Based on these findings, sonography had a sensitivity of 0.77 and 0.66 and specificity of 0.33 and 0.31 for diagnosing proximal suspensory desmopathy and for accurately localizing lesions, respectively. MR imaging changes consistent with proximal suspensory desmopathy were signal hyperintensities and an increase in cross‐sectional area compared with the contralateral limb. Anesthesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve is not specific neither for proximal suspensory desmopathy, as conditions unrelated to the suspensory ligament were diagnosed, nor for diagnosis of proximal plantar metatarsal pain, as conditions outside the proximal plantar metatarsal region were also diagnosed.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Labens, Raphael and Schramme, Michael C. and Robertson, Ian D. and Thrall, Donald E. and Redding, W. Rich}, year={2010}, pages={11–18} }
 @article{schramme_kerekes_hunter_labens_2010, title={MR IMAGING FEATURES OF SURGICALLY INDUCED CORE LESIONS IN THE EQUINE SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01660.x}, abstractNote={Tendon injuries are common in athletic humans and horses. Ultrasonography is the diagnostic method of choice in horses with tendon injuries but there is increasing application of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to monitor and follow-up tendon healing. A core lesion was created in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of each forelimb of four horses. One of the four horses was euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after creation of the lesion. MR examinations of the SDFT were performed immediately post mortem in a 1.5 T Siemens Symphony magnet and compared with histologic findings. Measurements from the MR images were also compared to ultrasonographic measurements available from the same lesions. Tendon lesions appeared as well-circumscribed hyperintensities in the core of the SDFT on all pulse sequences. Lesions were most conspicuous on fat-suppressed fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences and least conspicuous on T2 transverse dual turbo spin echo (T2 TSE) sequences. The signal-difference-to-noise ratio decreased with the age of the lesion in all sequences in this study. Twelve-week-old lesions were not visible on T2 TSE images but in all other sequences the lesion remained hyperintense. The lesion volume and maximum cross-sectional area of core lesions were significantly smaller in T2 TSE images than in other MR sequences. The lesion volume and maximum cross-sectional area of core lesions were significantly larger in proton density, T1, and FLASH sequences and significantly smaller in T2 sequences than when measured from ultrasonographic images. Through comparison between sequences, MR imaging may be able to provide information on various stages of tendon healing.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Schramme, Michael and Kerekes, Zoltan and Hunter, Stuart and Labens, Raphael}, year={2010}, pages={280–287} }
 @article{gonzalez_schramme_robertson_thrall_redding_2010, title={MRI FEATURES OF METACARPO(TARSO)PHALANGEAL REGION LAMENESS IN 40 HORSES}, volume={51}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01676.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01676.x}, abstractNote={Lameness originating from the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (MP) joint has a significant effect on the use and athletic competitiveness of a horse. The identification of the cause of lameness originating from the MP joint can be challenging, given the limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Our purpose was to describe the injury types and incidence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 40 horses with lameness attributable to the MP joint region where it was not possible to reach a clinically plausible diagnosis using other imaging modalities. Horses were examined in a 1.5 T magnet (Siemens Medical Solutions) under general anesthesia. The frequency of occurrence of MR lesions was subchondral bone injury (19), straight or oblique distal sesamoidean desmitis (13), articular cartilage injury and osteoarthritis (eight), suspensory branch desmitis (seven), osteochondral fragmentation (seven), proximal sesamoid bone injury (seven), inter-sesamoidean desmitis (four), deep digital flexor tendonitis (four), collateral desmitis (three), superficial digital flexor tendonitis (two), enostosis-like lesions of the proximal phalanx or MCIII (two), desmitis of the palmar annular ligament (one), desmitis of the proximal digital annular ligament (one), and dystrophic calcification of the lateral digital extensor tendon (one). Twenty-five horses had multiple MR abnormalities. MRI provided information that was complementary to radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy and that allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of all structures in the MP joint region and a diagnosis in all 40 horses.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gonzalez, Liara M. and Schramme, Michael C. and Robertson, Ian D. and Thrall, Donald E. and Redding, Rich W.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={404–414} }
 @article{schramme_kerekes_hunter_nagy_pease_2009, title={IMPROVED IDENTIFICATION OF THE PALMAR FIBROCARTILAGE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE WITH SALINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE BURSOGRAPHY}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01590.x}, abstractNote={Fibrocartilage degeneration is the earliest pathologic finding in navicular disease but remains difficult to detect, even with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We hypothesized that injection of the navicular bursa with saline would improve accuracy of MR imaging evaluation of palmar fibrocartilage. Thoracic limbs were collected from 11 horses within 6 h of death. Imaging was performed with a 1.5 T magnet using sagittal 2D proton density and transverse 3D FLASH sequences with fat saturation. For the purpose of determining sensitivity and specificity of the MR images, fibrocartilage was classified as normal or abnormal, based on combination of the findings of gross and microscopic pathology. Thickness of fibrocartilage was measured on histologic sections and corresponding transverse FLASH MR images before and after injection of saline. A paired Student's t‐test was used for comparison of measurements. Partial thickness fibrocartilage loss was present in 6 of 22 limbs. Sensitivity of precontrast MR images for detection of lesions was 100% while specificity was 6%. Saline MR arthrography resulted in both sensitivity and specificity of 100% based on consensus review. Mean histologic fibrocartilage thickness was 0.75±0.12 mm. Mean fibrocartilage thickness on precontrast transverse FLASH images was 0.93±0.065 and 0.73±0.09 mm on postsaline images. The histologic cartilage thickness was signficantly different from that in precontrast images (P<0.001) but not in images acquired after saline injection (P=0.716). Based on our results, and using pulse sequences as described herein, navicular fibrocartilage can only be evaluated reliably for the presence of partial thickness lesions after intrabursal injection of saline.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Schramme, Michael and Kerekes, Zoltan and Hunter, Stuart and Nagy, Krisztina and Pease, Anthony}, year={2009}, pages={606–614} }
 @article{toth_schumacher_schramme_holder_adair_donnell_2008, title={Compressive damage to the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve associated with lameness caused by proximal suspensory desmitis}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00385.x}, abstractNote={Objective— To describe pathologic changes in the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN) of horses determined to be lame because of proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), and to report the outcome after treatment by excision of a segment of the horses' DBLPN.Study Design— Retrospective case series.Animals— Adult horses (n=16).Methods— Horses determined to be lame on one or both pelvic limbs because of PSD were treated by excision of a segment of the DBLPN, and 30 nerves were examined histologically. Owners were contacted to obtain information about the horses ≥6 months after surgery.Results— Histologic changes suggestive of chronic nerve compression were identified in both nerves of 11 bilaterally lame horses and in the lame limb of 5 unilaterally lame horses. The nerve of the sound limb of 2 of 3 unilaterally lame horses that had bilateral nerve resection also had histologic changes compatible with nerve compression. Ten of 16 horses (62.5%) with follow‐up information returned to soundness after excision of the DBLPN.Conclusions— Pathologic changes of the DBLPN associated with compression may complicate PSD of the pelvic limbs. Excision of the nerve may resolve lameness caused by PSD.Clinical Relevance— Horses lame because of PSD of the pelvic limb may remain lame after desmitis has resolved because of compression of the DBLPN. Excising a portion of this nerve may resolve lameness.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Toth, Ferenc and Schumacher, Jim and Schramme, Michael and Holder, Troy and Adair, H. Steve and Donnell, Robert L.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={328–335} }
 @article{schramme_2008, title={Treatment of deep digital flexor tendonitis in the foot}, volume={20}, number={7}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Schramme, M. C.}, year={2008}, pages={389–391} }
 @article{harper_schumacher_degraves_schramme_schumacher_2007, title={Effects of analgesia of the digital flexor tendom sheath on pain originating in the sole, distal interphalangeal joint navicular bursa of horses}, volume={39}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516407X216336}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing study: Specific analgesic techniques are required in diagnosis of lameness to isolate the exact origin of pain to the many structures of the foot that may be involved.Objective: To determine if analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) results in anaesthesia of other portions of the foot, such as the sole, distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ), or navicular bursa (NB).Methods: Lameness caused by pain in the dorsal margin or heel region of the sole of the foot was induced in 18 horses by: using set‐screws to create solar pressure (Trial 1: n = 5); or administering endotoxin intrasynovially into the DIPJ (Trial 2: n = 6) and NB (Trial 3: n = 7). The gait of each horse was evaluated by examining videotape recorded before and after creation of lameness and after administration of mepivacaine hydrochloride into the DFTS.Results: Median lameness scores inTrial 1at 10 min post injection of the DFTS were not significantly different from those before administration of local anaesthetic solution into the DFTS (P>0.05), but median lameness scores were reduced significantly at 20 min (P<0.05). InTrials 2and 3, median lameness scores were not significantly different at observations made at 10 and 20 min post injection of the DFTS.Conclusions: Analgesia of the DFTS has little effect on lameness caused by pain originating in the sole, DIPJ or NB.Potential relevance: Improvement of lameness in horses after intrasynovial analgesia of the DFTS is probably caused by attenuation of pain within the structures contained in the DFTS.}, number={6}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Harper, J. and Schumacher, John and Degraves, F. and Schramme, M. and Schumacher, Jim}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={535–539} }
 @article{merlo_breuhaus_schramme_2007, title={What is your diagnosis?}, volume={230}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.230.2.193}, number={2}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Merlo, Jennifer L. and Breuhaus, Betta and Schramme, Michael}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={193–194} }
 @article{dyson_murray_blunden_schramme_2006, title={Current concepts of navicular disease}, volume={18}, number={1}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Dyson, S. and Murray, R. and Blunden, T. and Schramme, M.}, year={2006}, pages={45–56} }
 @article{blunden_dyson_murray_schramme_2006, title={Histopathology in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched controls. Part 1: Navicular bone and related structures}, volume={38}, DOI={10.2746/042516406775374298}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing study: Causes of palmar foot pain and the aetiopathogenesis of navicular disease remain poorly understood, despite the high incidence of foot‐related lameness.Hypotheses: Abnormalities of the collateral sesamoidean ligaments (CSLs), distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), navicular bone, navicular bursa, distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or collateral ligaments (CLs) of the DIP joint may contribute to palmar foot pain.Methods: Feet were selected from horses with a history of unilateral or bilateral forelimb lameness of at least 2 months' duration that was improved by perineural analgesia of the palmar digital nerves, immediately proximal to the cartilages of the foot (Group 1, n = 32); or from age‐matched control horses (Group 2, n = 19) that were humanely destroyed for other reasons and had no history of forelimb foot pain. Eight units of tissue were collected for histology: the palmar half of the articular surface of the distal phalanx, including the insertions of the DDFT and DSIL; navicular bone and insertion of the CSLs; DDFT from the level of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint to 5 mm proximal to its insertion; synovial membrane from the palmar pouch of the DIP joint and the navicular bursa; CLs of the DIP joint and DSIL. The severity of histological lesions for each site were graded. Results were compared betweenGroups 1and2.Results: There was no relationship between age and grade of histological abnormality. There were significant histological differences between groups for lesions of the flexor aspect, proximal and distal borders, and medulla of the navicular bone; the DSIL and its insertion and the navicular bursa; but not for lesions of the CSLs, the dorsal aspect of the navicular bone, distal phalanx and articular cartilage, synovium or CLs of the DIP joint.Conclusions: Pathological abnormalities in lame horses often involved not only the navicular bone, but also the DSIL and navicular bursa. Abnormalities of the navicular bone medulla were generally only seen dorsal to lesions of the FFC.Potential relevance: Adaptive and reactive change may be occurring in the navicular apparatus in all horses to variable degrees and determination of the pathogenesis of lesions that lead to pain and biomechanical dysfunction should assist specific preventative or treatment protocols.}, number={1}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, author={Blunden, A. and Dyson, S. and Murray, R. and Schramme, M.}, year={2006}, pages={15–22} }
 @article{blunden_dyson_murray_schramme_2006, title={Histopathology in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched controls. Part 2: The deep digital flexor tendon}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0425-1644"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516406775374342}, abstractNote={Summary Reasons for performing study: Causes of palmar foot pain and the aetiopathogenesis of navicular disease remain poorly understood, despite the high incidence of foot‐related lameness. Hypotheses: Abnormalities of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) may contribute to palmar foot pain; ageing degenerative changes may be seen in horses free from lameness; and horses with lameness are likely to have a greater severity of abnormalities than age‐matched horses with no history of foot pain. Methods: Feet were selected from horses with a history of uni‐ or bilateral forelimb lameness of at least 2 months' duration. Histology of the DDFT from the level of the proximal interphalangeal joint to its insertion were examined and the severity of lesions for each site graded. Associations between lesions of the navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligaments (CSL), distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bursa, distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint synovium and collateral ligaments of the DIP joint and DDFT were assessed. Results: There was no relationship between age and grade of histological abnormality of the DDFT. There were significant histological differences between groups for lesions of the dorsal layers of the DDFT, but not for lesions of the palmar aspect. There were significant associations between histological grades for the superficial dorsal layer of the DDFT and flexor aspect of the navicular bone; and between the deep dorsal layer of the DDFT and the proximal border and medulla of the navicular bone. The navicular bursa grade was correlated with grades for the superficial dorsal, deep dorsal and deep palmar layers of the DDFT. The histological grades for the CSL and the superficial dorsal layer of the DDFT were also associated. Conclusions: Pathological abnormalities in lame horses often involved the DDFT in addition to the navicular bone. Vascular and matrix changes may precede changes in the fibrocartilage of the navicular bone. Potential relevance: Identification of factors leading to vascular changes within the interstitium of the DDFT and changes in matrix composition, may help in future management of palmar foot pain.}, number={1}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Blunden, A and Dyson, S and Murray, R and Schramme, M}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={23–27} }
 @article{schumacher_schramme_serena_schumacher_2005, title={Anaesthesia of the equine foot}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Ippologia}, author={Schumacher, J. and Schramme, M. and Serena, A. and Schumacher, J.}, year={2005}, pages={13-} }
 @article{dyson_murray_schramme_2005, title={Lameness associated with foot pain: results of magnetic resonance imaging in 199 horses (January 2001-December 2003) and response to treatment}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/0425164054223804}, abstractNote={Summary Reasons for performing study: The diagnosis of foot‐related lameness often remains elusive and it can be difficult to offer rational treatment, or to predict outcome. Objectives: To describe the spectrum of injuries of the foot identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to determine their relative prevalence among MRI diagnoses and to establish the long‐term results of treatment. Methods: The MR images of horses examined from January 2001‐December 2003 were reviewed. Horses were selected for MRI if the pain causing lameness was localised to the foot using perineural analgesia but any clinical, radiological or ultrasonographic abnormalities were insufficient to explain the degree of lameness. The clinical significance of lesions identified using MRI was determined with reference to the results of local analgesia, radiography, ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy.Follow‐up information was obtained in January 2004 for horses which had been examined 6‐36 months previously and the outcome classified as excellent (horse returned to full athletic function without recurrent lameness), moderate (sound, but only in light work), or poor (persistent or recurrent lameness). Results: One hundred and ninety‐nine horses underwent MRI examinations. Deep digital flexor (DDF) tendonitis was the most common injury (59%) with primary injury in 65 horses (33%) and a further 27 horses (14%) having lesions of the DDF tendon and navicular bone. Seventeen percent of horses had injuries to multiple structures, including 24 with DDF tendonitis. Desmitis of a collateral ligament (CL) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint was the second most common injury (62 horses, 31%), with primary injuries in 30 horses (15%) and a further 32 horses (16%) that had CL desmitis in conjunction with other injuries.Prognosis was best for horses with traumatic injuries of the middle or distal phalanges, with 5 of 7 horses (71%) having an excellent outcome. Horses with primary lesions of the DDF tendon or CL of the DIP joint had excellent results in only 13 of 47 (28%) and 5 of 17 horses (29%), respectively. Horses with combined injuries of the DDF tendon and navicular bone, or primary navicular bone abnormalities, had a poor outcome, with the majority of horses suffering persistent lameness. Conclusions: A wide variety of lesions associated with foot pain were identified using MRI, a high proportion of which were primary soft tissue injuries with a guarded prognosis for return to full athletic function. Potential relevance: It is now possible to propose more rational treatment strategies for the variety of foot injuries identified using MRI than had previously been possible; however, further information concerning aetiopathogenesis of these injuries is needed to improve their management.}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Dyson, SJ and Murray, R and Schramme, MC}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={113–121} }
 @article{schramme_hunter_campbell_blikslager_smith, title={surgical tendonitis model in horses: Techinque, clinical, ultrasonographic and histological characterisation}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Schramme, M. and Hunter, S. and Campbell, N. and Blikslager, A. and Smith, R.}, pages={231–239} }