@article{cockson_schroeder-moreno_veazie_barajas_logan_davis_whipker_2020, title={Impact of Phosphorus on Cannabis sativa Reproduction, Cannabinoids, and Terpenes}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, DOI={10.3390/app10217875}, abstractNote={Many abiotic factors, such as mineral nutrients—including phosphorus (P)—fertility, can impact the yield and growth of Cannabis sativa. Given the economic portion of C. sativa is the inflorescence, the restriction of P fertility could impact floral development and quality could be detrimental. This study sought to track the impacts of varying P concentrations (3.75, 7.50, 11.25, 15.0, 22.50, and 30.0 mg·L−1) utilizing a modified Hoagland’s solution. This experiment examined plant height, diameter, leaf tissue mineral nutrient concentrations, and final fresh flower bud weight as well as floral quality metrics, such as cannabinoids and terpenes. The results demonstrated that during different life stages (vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering), P concentrations impact C. sativa growth and development and yield. Regarding the cannabinoid pools, results varied for the individual cannabinoid types. For the acid pools, increasing fertility concentrations above 11.25 mg·L−1 P did not result in any increase in cannabinoid concentrations. These results indicate that, if a crop is being produced under greenhouse conditions, specifically for cannabinoid production, an excessive P supply did not result in higher cannabinoid production. However, plants grown with a higher rate of P fertility (30.0 mg·L−1) had greater plant width and may result in more buds per plant.}, number={21}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Cockson, Paul and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Veazie, Patrick and Barajas, Gabby and Logan, David and Davis, Matthew and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @book{mcwhirt_fernandez_schroeder-moreno_hoffmann_2020, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Sustainable Practices for Plasticulture Strawberry Production in the South}, url={https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/sustainable-practices-for-plasticulture-strawberry-production-in-the-south}, number={AG-796}, institution={North Carolina State University}, author={McWhirt, A. and Fernandez, G. and Schroeder-Moreno, M. and Hoffmann, M.}, year={2020} }
 @article{yang_schroeder-moreno_giri_hu_2018, title={Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Responses to Nutrient Enrichment}, volume={52}, ISBN={["978-3-319-75909-8"]}, ISSN={["1613-3382"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-75910-4_17}, abstractNote={The roots of most land plants form mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi, in which plants trade carbon for increased nutrient acquisition (e.g., N and P) under nutrient deficiency conditions. However, how nutrient enrichment affects mycorrhiza is still not well understood, in particular under future global changing scenarios such as nitrogen deposition. In this chapter, we first review the major pathways of mycorrhizal-mediated nutrient acquisition and molecular mechanisms of sensing nutrient availability for mycorrhizal fungi and roots. Next, we propose two conceptual models that may control plant C allocation to mycorrhizal fungi in response to nutrient enrichment: reciprocal reward model and root-mycorrhiza trade-off model. We also describe a plant-centric model and fungal-centric model to explain responses of the mycorrhizal fungal community to nutrient enrichment as well as examine impacts of nutrient inputs on mycorrhizas functioning.}, journal={ROOT BIOLOGY}, author={Yang, Haishui and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Giri, Bhoopander and Hu, Shuijin}, year={2018}, pages={429–449} }
 @article{rutz_bloom_schroeder-moreno_gunter_2018, title={Farm to childcare: An analysis of social and economic values in local food systems}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2152-0801"]}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2018.083.004}, abstractNote={Farm to institution is a component of the local food movement, representing the growing link between local producers and organizations like schools, prisons, and hospitals. These are organizations that have concentrated buying power and thus a sizable influence on local food supply chains. Farm to childcare represents a next step in farm to institution, serving young children at the apex of their habit formation and biological development, and providing economic opportunities for local farmers. Using a qualitative case study methodology in one urban county in North Carolina, this paper asks the questions: (1) How do childcare centers, farmers, and distributors negotiate the tensions between social and financial values in the farm-to-childcare initiative? and (2) What strategies do these supply chain actors use to overcome barriers? Analyzing the perceptions of participation in a farm-to-childcare project of 11 childcare centers, 11 farmers, and four distributors shows parallel values for children’s health and community cona * Corresponding author: Jacob C. Rutz, Farm to Childcare Farmer Liaison, Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University; 512 Brickhaven Road, Box 7606; Raleigh, NC 27695 USA; +1-513-939-6444;}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT}, author={Rutz, Jacob C. and Bloom, J. Dara and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Gunter, Chris}, year={2018}, pages={23–39} }
 @article{franzluebbers_pershing_crozier_osmond_schroeder-moreno_2018, title={Soil-Test Biological Activity with the Flush of CO2: I.C and N Characteristics of Soils in Corn Production}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2017.12.0433}, abstractNote={
Core Ideas
Soil nitrogen mineralization can be predicted with the flush of CO2.
Soil texture does not alter the relationship between the flush of CO2 and N mineralization.
Large quantity of mineralizable N in surface soils is possible with conservation management.
The flush of CO2 is an appropriate indicator for soil‐test biological activity.
The flush of CO2 is a rapid and reliable indicator of soil N availability.
Nitrogen limits crop production when insufficient and harms the environment when excessive. Tailoring N inputs to cropping systems remains a high priority to achieve production and environmental goals. We collected soils from 47 corn (Zea mays L.) production fields in North Carolina and Virginia at depths of 0 to 10, 10 to 20, and 20 to 30 cm and evaluated soil C and N characteristics in association with soil N mineralization. Soil organic C at a depth of 0 to 10 cm varied among sites from ∼10 to 80 g kg–1, and generally declined with depth because of many sites with no‐tillage management. Net N mineralization during 24 d of aerobic incubation (25°C, 50% water‐filled pore space) was 54 to 114 mg N kg–1 (24 d)–1 at 0 to 10 cm, 22 to 41 mg N kg–1 (24 d)–1 at 10 to 20 cm, and 12 to 22 mg N kg–1 (24 d)–1 at 20 to 30 cm (middle 50% of observations at each depth). Total soil N was positively associated with net N mineralization (r2 = 0.58), but the flush of CO2 during 3 d was even more closely associated with net N mineralization (r2 = 0.77). Association between the flush of CO2 and net N mineralization did not change significantly when data were sorted by different regions or soil textural classes. The flush of CO2 is a rapid, reliable, and robust indicator of soil‐test biological activity. The strong association of the flush of CO2 with net N mineralization also corroborated use of the flush of CO2 as a rapid and reliable indicator of soil N availability.}, number={3}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Franzluebbers, Alan J. and Pershing, Mary R. and Crozier, Carl and Osmond, Deanna and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle}, year={2018}, pages={685–695} }
 @article{niewolny_schroeder-moreno_mason_mcwhirt_clark_2017, title={Participatory praxis for community food security education}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2152-0801"]}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2017.074.009}, abstractNote={Community food security (CFS) has a robust history as a social movement addressing the politics and practice of food access and availability. While CFS advocacy and policy activity are closely connected to grassroots efforts, the academic community has supported CFS goals in a number of ways. CFS intersects with similar food movements, such as food sovereignty, emphasizing a social justice agenda for achieving democratic social change in the food system. In our paper, we illustrate the teaching of CFS in higher education at the graduate level where masters, professional, and doctoral students seek programmatic and community-based research experiences rooted in the goals of food justice, health equity, and ecological sustainability. Drawing upon a partici­patory education and critical pedagogy philosophy, we describe our approach and outcomes in developing a graduate course centered on CFS with two institutions and stakeholder participation in central Appalachia. An interdisciplinary approach was taken using a food justice lens, with special attention given to rurality, race, and class as issues informing CFS work in the region. We illustrate how course themes, assignments, and community engagement aims were collectively developed by students, faculty, and community practitioners through the Appalachian Foodshed Project, a regional CFS project. We focus our insights learned through several processes: developing and offering a pilot course in food systems; conducting focus groups with graduate students from two institu­tions; and collecting course evaluations from the final CFS course we developed. Our paper con­cludes with suggestions for utilizing a participatory approach—as praxis—to create new opportunities for students, faculty, and CFS practitioners to learn together for food systems change.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT}, author={Niewolny, Kim and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Mason, Garland and McWhirt, Amanda and Clark, Susan}, year={2017}, pages={105–128} }
 @article{beck_schroeder-moreno_fernandez_grossman_creamer_2016, title={Effects of Cover Crops, Compost, and Vermicompost on Strawberry Yields and Nitrogen Availability in North Carolina}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech03447-16}, abstractNote={Summer cover crop rotations, compost, and vermicompost additions can be important strategies for transition to organic production that can provide various benefits to crop yields, nitrogen (N) availability, and overall soil health, yet are underused in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) production in North Carolina. This study was aimed at evaluating six summer cover crop treatments including pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pearl millet/soybean combination, pearl millet/cowpea combination, and a no cover crop control, with and without vermicompost additions for their effects on strawberry growth, yields, nutrient uptake, weeds, and soil inorganic nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen in a 2-year field experiment. Compost was additionally applied before seeding cover crops and preplant N fertilizer was reduced by 67% to account for organic N additions. Although all cover crops (with compost) increased soil N levels during strawberry growth compared with the no cover crop treatment, cover crops did not impact strawberry yields in the first year of the study. In the 2nd year, pearl millet cover crop treatments reduced total and marketable strawberry yields, and soybean treatments reduced marketable strawberry yields when compared with the no cover crop treatment, whereas vermicompost additions increased strawberry biomass and yields. Results from this study suggest that vermicompost additions can be important sustainable soil management strategies for transitional and certified organic strawberry production. Summer cover crops integrated with composts can provide considerable soil N, reducing fertilizer needs, but have variable responses on strawberry depending on the specific cover crop species or combination. Moreover, these practices are suitable for both organic and conventional strawberry growers and will benefit from longer-term studies that assess these practices individually and in combination and other benefits in addition to yields.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Beck, John E. and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Fernandez, Gina E. and Grossman, Julie M. and Creamer, Nancy G.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={604–613} }
 @article{riar_carley_zhang_schroeder-moreno_jordan_webster_rufty_2016, title={Environmental Influences on Growth and Reproduction of Invasive Commelina benghalensis}, volume={2016}, ISSN={1687-8159 1687-8167}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5679249}, DOI={10.1155/2016/5679249}, abstractNote={Commelina benghalensis(Benghal dayflower) is a noxious weed that is invading agricultural systems in the southeastern United States. We investigated the influences of nutrition, light, and photoperiod on growth and reproductive output ofC. benghalensis. In the first experimental series, plants were grown under high or low soil nutrition combined with either full light or simulated shade. Lowered nutrition strongly inhibited vegetative growth and aboveground spathe production. Similar but smaller effects were exerted by a 50% reduction in light, simulating conditions within a developing canopy. In the second series of experiments,C. benghalensisplants were exposed to different photoperiod conditions that produced short- and long-day plants growing in similar photosynthetic periods. A short-day photoperiod decreased time to flowering by several days and led to a 40 to 60% reduction in vegetative growth, but reproduction above and below ground was unchanged. Collectively, the results indicate that (1) fertility management in highly weathered soils may strongly constrain competitiveness ofC. benghalensis; (2) shorter photoperiods will limit vegetative competitiveness later in the growing seasons of most crops; and (3) the high degree of reproductive plasticity and output possessed byC. benghalensiswill likely cause continual persistence problems in agricultural fields.}, journal={International Journal of Agronomy}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Riar, Mandeep K. and Carley, Danesha S. and Zhang, Chenxi and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Jordan, David L. and Webster, Theodore M. and Rufty, Thomas W.}, year={2016}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{rysin_mcwhirt_fernandez_louws_schroeder-moreno_2015, title={Economic viability and environmental impact assessment of three different strawberry production systems in the Southeastern United States}, volume={25}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rysin, O. and McWhirt, A. and Fernandez, G. and Louws, F. J. and Schroeder-Moreno, M.}, year={2015}, pages={585–594} }
 @article{ratasky_schroeder-moreno_jayaratne_bradley_grossman_orr_2015, title={Identifying Key Characteristics for Student Farm Successes through a National Delphi Study}, volume={59}, number={2}, journal={NACTA Journal}, publisher={North American College Teachers of Agriculture (NACTA)}, author={Ratasky, S. and Schroeder-Moreno, M. and Jayaratne, J. and Bradley, L.K. and Grossman, J. and Orr, D.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={96–103} }
 @article{cardoza_drake_jordan_schroeder-moreno_arellano_brandenburg_2015, title={Impact of Location, Cropping History, Tillage, and Chlorpyrifos on Soil Arthropods in Peanut}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv074}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Demand for agricultural production systems that are both economically viable and environmentally conscious continues to increase. In recent years, reduced tillage systems, and grass and pasture rotations have been investigated to help maintain or improve soil quality, increase crop yield, and decrease labor requirements for production. However, documentation of the effects of reduced tillage, fescue rotation systems as well as other management practices, including pesticides, on pest damage and soil arthropod activity in peanut production for the Mid-Atlantic US region is still limited. Therefore, this project was implemented to assess impacts of fescue-based rotation systems on pests and other soil organisms when compared with cash crop rotation systems over four locations in eastern North Carolina. In addition, the effects of tillage (strip vs. conventional) and soil chlorpyrifos application on pod damage and soil-dwelling organisms were also evaluated. Soil arthropod populations were assessed by deploying pitfall traps containing 50% ethanol in each of the sampled plots. Results from the present study provide evidence that location significantly impacts pest damage and soil arthropod diversity in peanut fields. Cropping history also influenced arthropod diversity, with higher diversity in fescue compared with cash crop fields. Corn rootworm damage to pods was higher at one of our locations (Rocky Mount) compared with all others. Cropping history (fescue vs. cash crop) did not have an effect on rootworm damage, but increased numbers of hymenopterans, acarina, heteropterans, and collembolans in fescue compared with cash crop fields. Interestingly, there was an overall tendency for higher number of soil arthropods in traps placed in chlorpyrifos-treated plots compared with nontreated controls.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cardoza, Yasmin J. and Drake, Wendy L. and Jordan, David L. and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Arellano, Consuelo and Brandenburg, Rick L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={951–959} }
 @article{schroeder-moreno_clark_byker_zhao_2012, title={Internationalizing Sustainable Agriculture Education}, volume={6}, ISSN={2152-0801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2012.023.007}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2012.023.007}, abstractNote={Integration of international learning experiences into sustainable agriculture (SA) educational programs represents a unique and effective approach to help students improve their global awareness and citizenship, intercultural communication, problem-solving skills, and career development. While there are challenges to establishing international educational activities in emerging SA programs, the benefits of providing students with a global perspective to the worlds' food systems far exceed those challenges. This paper formalizes key considerations and diverse approaches for developing student-centered international educational opportunities for sustainable agriculture that have been assembled from literature research and from the collective experiences of the authors. A holistic approach is described, beginning with developing strong international partnerships built on reciprocity and understanding the diversity of international learning opportunities and development considerations; establishing learning outcomes and assessment; and appreciating current opportunities and challenges. While many of the experiences and examples come from land-grant universities (LGUs), enhancing a global perspective to all types of SA programs at various institutions is vital for preparing future food system leaders to advance sustainable agriculture in the global community. The information in this paper is valuable for SA educators interested in developing new international educational opportunities and also may stimulate further communication about shared pedagogical strategies related to international SA education.}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Clark, Susan and Byker, Carmen and Zhao, Xin}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={55–68} }
 @article{schroeder-moreno_greaver_wang_hu_rufty_2012, title={Mycorrhizal-mediated nitrogen acquisition in switchgrass under elevated temperatures and N enrichment}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1757-1707"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01128.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY}, author={Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Greaver, Tara L. and Wang, Shuxin and Hu, Shujin and Rufty, Thomas W.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={266–276} }
 @article{jacobsen_niewolny_schroeder-moreno_van horn_harmon_chen fanslow_williams_parr_2012, title={Sustainable Agriculture Undergraduate Degree Programs: A Land-Grant University Mission}, volume={2}, ISSN={2152-0801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2012.023.004}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2012.023.004}, abstractNote={There has been considerable growth in the number undergraduate degree programs in sustainable agriculture (SA) in universities and colleges across the country in the past 25 years. As a subset of this national trend, land-grant universities (LGUs) are emerging as catalysts in innovative SA program development, in part due to the LGU tripartite mission of education, extension, and research. This mission compels LGUs to develop undergraduate degree offerings to engage student, faculty, and community stakeholders who are increasingly interested in SA. In this article, which is an outcome of a gathering of faculty, staff and students from SA programs at LGUs at a workshop prior to the 4th National Sustainable Agriculture Education Association Conference in August 2011, we discuss the justification for SA programming at LGUs, the emergence of SA major and minor degrees at 11 LGUs to date, the common successes and challenges of current SA programs, strategies for improving existing SA programming, and systematic approaches for expanding SA education impact across institutional lines. We also introduce several additional topic-based articles that resulted from workshop dialogue that appear in this issue of the Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, including civic engagement efforts in SA education through community-university partnerships, a critical documentation of the implicit inclusion of values into SA education, and efforts to internationalize SA curriculum.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Jacobsen, Krista and Niewolny, Kim and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Van Horn, Mark and Harmon, Alison and Chen Fanslow, Yolanda and Williams, Mark and Parr, Damian}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={13–26} }
 @article{garland_schroeder-moreno_fernandez_creamer_2011, title={Influence of summer cover crops and mycorrhizal fungi on strawberry production in the Southeastern United States}, volume={46}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Garland, B. C. and Schroeder-Moreno, M. S. and Fernandez, G. E. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2011}, pages={985–992} }
 @article{drake_jordan_schroeder-moreno_johnson_heitman_cardoza_brandenburg_shew_corbett_bogle_et al._2010, title={Crop Response following Tall Fescue Sod and Agronomic Crops}, volume={102}, ISSN={0002-1962}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0236}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2010.0236}, abstractNote={Sod‐based production systems have been successful in the southeastern and mid‐Atlantic regions of the United States as an alternative to conventional tillage systems. However, research comparing these systems in North Carolina is limited. Therefore, research was conducted at four locations in North Carolina to compare corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield when these crops were strip tilled following 4 yr of continuous tall fescue (Shedonorus phoenix Scop.) vs. 4 yr of either corn or cotton grown in no tillage or strip tillage. Cotton yield was higher following tall fescue compared with yield following agronomic crops. In contrast, yield of corn was lower following tall fescue compared with agronomic crops while peanut and soybean yields were not affected by previous cropping history. Additional treatments in peanut included conventional tillage following both cropping systems, and pod yield was lower when peanut was strip tilled into either tall fescue or residue from corn or cotton compared with conventional tillage systems. No major differences in soil bulk density at depths of 0 to 8 cm or 8 to 16 cm were noted when comparing tall fescue or agronomic crops either in strip tillage or nontilled zones. Populations of soil parasitic nematodes were often lower in peanut following tall fescue than when following agronomic crops. These experiments indicate that sod‐based systems may be an effective alternative to reduced tillage systems, especially for cotton. However, yield benefits were not observed for peanut or soybean and corn was negatively affected by tall fescue.}, number={6}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Drake, W. L. and Jordan, D. L. and Schroeder-Moreno, M. and Johnson, P. D. and Heitman, J. L. and Cardoza, Y. J. and Brandenburg, R. L. and Shew, B. B. and Corbett, T. and Bogle, C. R. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={1692–1699} }
 @article{schroeder-moreno_2010, title={Enhancing Active and Interactive Learning Online - Lessons Learned from an Online Introductory Agroecology Course}, volume={54}, number={1}, journal={NACTA Journal}, publisher={North American College Teachers of Agriculture (NACTA)}, author={Schroeder-Moreno, M.S.}, year={2010}, pages={21–30} }
 @inbook{creamer_mueller_reberg-horton_schroeder-moreno_washburn_o'sullivan_francis_2009, place={Madison, WI}, series={Agronomy Monographs}, title={Center for Environmental Farming Systems: Designing and Institutionalizing an Integrated Sustainable and Organic Agriculture Program}, ISBN={9780891181897 9780891180760}, ISSN={0065-4663}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr54.c12}, DOI={10.2134/agronmonogr54.c12}, abstractNote={The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) is a partnership among North Carolina State University (NCSU), North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and many nonprofit organizations and farmer groups. A survey of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences faculty with sustainable agriculture interests revealed that ability to focus on holistic, long-term, interdisciplinary work not driven by single commodity interests was very important. To increase students' global awareness of the challenges to organic and sustainable agriculture internationally, a study-abroad course, Sustainability of Tropical Agroecosystems, was developed in a partnership with the University of Georgia and NCSU in 2005. In 2007 a strategic planning process was initiated through a committee made up of CEFS faculty, staff, and board members. CEFS also received grant funding in 2008 to provide leadership in developing a statewide action plan for developing a local food economy in North Carolina.}, booktitle={Organic Farming: The Ecological System}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America}, author={Creamer, Nancy G. and Mueller, J. Paul and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Washburn, Steve and O'Sullivan, John and Francis, Charles}, editor={Francis, CharlesEditor}, year={2009}, pages={253–282}, collection={Agronomy Monographs} }
 @article{schroeder-moreno_janos_2008, title={Intra- and inter-specific density affects plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1916-2804"]}, DOI={10.1139/B08-080}, abstractNote={ Arbuscular mycorrhizas can alter competitive interactions between plants that markedly differ in their dependence upon mycorrhizas, but little is known about how mycorrhizas affect intra- and inter-specific competition between similarly dependent plant species. We conducted competition experiments in pots between all pairs of the similarly facultatively mycotrophic crop species, chili ( Capsicum annuum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). We used a two-species yield-density model to analyze the separate effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, intra-, and inter-specific density on biomass responses. Mycorrhizas reduced the growth of all three plant species. Intraspecific competition increased the negative effect of mycorrhizas, as did interspecific competition at low intraspecific density. At high intraspecific density, however, interspecific competition improved plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. Enhancement of plant benefit from mycorrhizas at high interspecific density of competing, weakly mycorrhiza-dependent species may help to explain the evolutionary maintenance of their associations with mycorrhizal fungi, and may be a key to understanding intercrop combinations that exceed the monoculture yields of component species. }, number={10}, journal={BOTANY}, author={Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Janos, David P.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1180–1193} }
 @article{schroeder-moreno_cooper_2007, title={Online Students Perform Similarly to Students in a Traditional Classroom-Based Section of an Introductory Turfgrass Management Course}, volume={51}, number={4}, journal={NACTA Journal}, author={Schroeder-Moreno, M.S. and Cooper, R.}, year={2007}, pages={46–51} }
 @article{burke_schroeder_thomas_wilcut_2007, title={Palmer amaranth interference and seed production in peanut}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-058.1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to evaluate density-dependent effects of Palmer amaranth on weed and peanut growth and peanut yield. Palmer amaranth remained taller than peanut throughout the growing season and decreased peanut canopy diameter, although Palmer amaranth density did not affect peanut height. The rapid increase in Palmer amaranth height at Goldsboro correspondingly reduced the maximum peanut canopy diameter at that location, although the growth trends for peanut canopy diameter were similar for both locations. Palmer amaranth biomass was affected by weed density when grown with peanut. Peanut pod weight decreased linearly 2.89 kg/ha with each gram of increase in Palmer amaranth biomass per meter of crop row. Predicted peanut yield loss from season-long interference of one Palmer amaranth plant per meter of crop row was 28%. Palmer amaranth seed production was also described by the rectangular hyperbola model. At the highest density of 5.2 Palmer amaranth plants/m crop row, 1.2 billion Palmer amaranth seed/ha were produced. Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Perry’.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, Ian C. and Schroeder, Michelle and Thomas, Walter E. and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2007}, pages={367–371} }
 @article{schroeder_creamer_linker_mueller_rzewnicki_2006, title={Interdisciplinary and multilevel approach to organic and sustainable agriculture education at North Carolina State University}, volume={16}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Schroeder, M. S. and Creamer, N. G. and Linker, H. M. and Mueller, J. P. and Rzewnicki, P.}, year={2006}, pages={418–426} }
 @article{schroeder_janos_2005, title={Plant growth, phosphorus nutrition, and root morphological responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas, phosphorus fertilization, and intraspecific density}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1432-1890"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00572-004-0324-3}, abstractNote={We examined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), phosphorus fertilization, intraspecific density, and their interaction, on the growth, phosphorus uptake, and root morphology of three facultative mycotrophic crops (Capsicum annuum, Zea mays, and Cucurbita pepo). Plants were grown in pots with or without AM at three densities and four phosphorus availabilities for 10 weeks. AM colonization, plant weight, and shoot phosphorus concentration were measured at harvest. Root morphology was assessed for C. annuum and Z. mays. Phosphorus fertilization reduced but did not eliminate AM colonization of all species. AM, phosphorus, and density interacted significantly to modify growth of C. annuum and C. pepo such that increased density and phosphorus diminished beneficial effects of AM. Increased density reduced positive effects of AM on C. annuum and C. pepo shoot phosphorus concentrations. AM altered both Z. mays and C. annuum root morphology in ways that complemented potential phosphorus uptake by mycorrhizas, but increased density and phosphorus diminished these effects. We infer that increased density predominantly influenced plant responses by affecting whether or not carbon (photosynthate) or phosphorus limited plant growth. By exacerbating carbon limitation, high density reduced the benefit/cost ratio of mycorrhizas and minimized their effects.}, number={3}, journal={MYCORRHIZA}, author={Schroeder, MS and Janos, DP}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={203–216} }
 @article{schroeder_janos_2004, title={Phosphorus and intraspecific density alter plant responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas}, volume={264}, ISSN={["1573-5036"]}, DOI={10.1023/b:plso.0000047765.28663.49}, number={1-2}, journal={PLANT AND SOIL}, author={Schroeder, MS and Janos, DP}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={335–348} }
 @article{janos_schroeder_schaffer_crane_2001, title={Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances growth of Litchi chinensis Sonn. trees after propagation by air-layering}, volume={233}, DOI={10.1023/A:1010329618152}, journal={Plant and Soil}, author={Janos, D.P. and Schroeder, M. and Schaffer, B. and Crane, J.}, year={2001}, pages={85–94} }
 @article{carpenter_mayorga_quintero_schroeder_2001, title={Land-use and erosion of a Costa Rican Ultisol affect soil chemistry, mycorrhizal fungi and early regeneration}, volume={144}, ISSN={0378-1127}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00361-3}, DOI={10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00361-3}, abstractNote={Deforestation causes soil erosion, especially in the humid tropics where rainfall is heavy and terrain is often steep. Land-uses, such as overgrazing and planting annual crops on slopes exacerbate the resultant land degradation. Consequent loss of productivity in this area of the world is on a collision course with increasing human population density and the demand for food. Because of the serious nature of erosion, its effects on tropical soil, especially biological characteristics that help re-establish soil fertility, need more study. Here, we used apparent erosion intensity, land-use history, and soil color to find eight sites representing an a priori spatial gradient of soil degradation on an overgrazed Costa Rican farm. We tested the gradient by measuring several chemical factors that indicate fertility of these tropical Ultisols. These factors decreased with increasing degree of soil degradation. Next, we assessed spore density and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) along the gradient. We found that the diversity and composition of AMF changed across the gradient although not in the same pattern as the chemical factors. Finally, three years of vegetative regeneration after cattle exclusion had not improved the soils chemically but some improvement in AMF status was suggested for the less damaged sites. These results show that local farmers can use common sense cues to determine the chemical and biological status of their soils, that they can use these cues in future land-use decisions, such as planting hardy trees in the most degraded sites, and that they must expect severely degraded sites to require many years for recuperation. It is possible that intervention to improve the AMF status of soils could hasten recovery, since this process seems to be the first to occur.}, number={1-3}, journal={Forest Ecology and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carpenter, F.Lynn and Mayorga, Sergio Palacios and Quintero, Eduardo Gonzalez and Schroeder, Michelle}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{schroeder_weller_1997, title={Self-incompatibility and Clonal Growth in Anemopsis californica}, volume={12}, ISSN={0913-557X 1442-1984}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1997.tb00157.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1442-1984.1997.tb00157.x}, abstractNote={AbstractThe occurrence of self‐incompatibility inAnemopsis californica(Saururaceae) was investigated in populations located in Irvine, California. Selfed and outcrossed pollinations (pollinations between two populations) carried out in 1995 in a natural population demonstrated that seed production for selfed inflorescences was significantly lower than for outcrossed inflorescences. Naturally pollinated inflorescences produced more seeds per inflorescence than artificially selfed individuals, but far fewer than the artificially outcrossed plants. Additional pollinations were performed the following year in a controlled greenhouse environment using plants collected from the experimental field population. Pollination treatments included selfed and outcrossed pollinations, plus an additional intra‐population pollination to investigate the effect of clonal growth on seed production. Results from greenhouse crosses indicated that seed production for the outcrossed individuals was significantly higher than for selfed individuals or individuals used in intra‐populational crosses. No electrophoretic variation was detected within any of the populations used in crosses, and most putative loci were identical across populations. Results from these studies indicate that self‐incompatibility is present inAnemopsis californica, and that populations may consist of clonally replicated individuals with the same incompatibility reaction.}, number={2-3}, journal={Plant Species Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schroeder, Michelle S. and Weller, Stephen G.}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={55–59} }