@article{watson_boohene_denning_stringham_2008, title={Tank Mixes: Consequences of Using Insecticide and Disinfectant Mixtures to Reduce Flies and Bacteria}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2007-00044}, abstractNote={SUMMARY The use of disinfectants and insecticides to control pathogens and the insects that may harbor avian pathogens has become routine for on-farm biosecurity programs. It is commonplace for producers to wash, disinfect, and apply insecticides to poultry houses between flock cycles. Occasionally, the urgency to repopulate the houses limits the time producers have to adequately perform preflock sanitization of the premise. The use of tank mixes (i.e., combining insecticides and disinfectants in a single application) saves time and labor. This study examined the consequences of using insecticide and disinfectant used separately or as a mixture for the control of the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium and the house fly (Musca domestica). Aldehyde + formalin- and aldehyde + glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium (DC&R and Synergize)-based disinfectants were effective against Salmonella Typhimurium at the label rate. Disinfectant classes quaternary ammonium (Tryad), iodine (Dyne-O-Might), and peroxymonosulfate (Virkon S) were ineffective at label rates or in mixtures with insecticides. House fly mortality was 100% for tetrachlorvinphos/vapona (Ravap), Spinosad (Elector), and cyfluthrin (Tempo) and above 92% for permethrin (Martin's Permethrin) and tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon) insecticides. Permethrin efficacy was compromised by the addition of disinfectants in all cases except the glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium blend. Elector efficacy was reduced when blended with iodine or peroxymonosulfate disinfectant classes. Tempo insecticidal activity was compromised when mixed with Tryad and Virkon S. Ravap and Rabon efficacy against house flies was unchanged in mixture.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Watson, D. W. and Boohene, C. K. and Denning, S. S. and Stringham, S. M.}, year={2008}, pages={93–100} }
 @article{watson_denning_calibeo-hayes_stringham_mowrey_2007, title={Comparison of two fly traps for the capture of horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-42.2.123}, abstractNote={A 2-yr study was conducted to examine differences between two commercially available horse fly traps, the Epps® Biting Fly Trap (Farnum Co., Phoenix, AZ) and the Horse Pal® (Newman Enterprises, Omro, WI), placed on three horse farms located in central North Carolina. Traps captured over 8,422 tabanids, representing 4 genera and 19 species. Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann was the most abundant fly collected (2345), followed by the T. lineola F. species complex (2087), T. fulvulus Weidemann (1397) and T. petiolatus Hine (839). Although the Horse Pal captured more flies than the Epps trap, fly capture differences between traps were not significant for the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons (F = 1.39; df = 3, 143; P ≤ 0.249). The Epps trap was most efficacious for early-season (June and July) trapping of T. quinquevittatus and the T. lineola complex in 2000. In contrast, the Horse Pal was more efficacious for these species during the same period in 2001. The Horse Pal was the preferred trap for relative ease in handling.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Watson, D. W. and Denning, S. S. and Calibeo-Hayes, D. I. and Stringham, S. M. and Mowrey, R. A.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={123–132} }
 @article{calibeo-hayes_denning_stringham_watson_2005, title={Lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils}, volume={98}, DOI={10.1093/jee/98.1.229}, abstractNote={Lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), emergence from North Carolina field soils was evaluated in a controlled experiment simulating land application of turkey litter and again in field studies. Adult lesser mealworms were buried in central North Carolina Cecil red clay at depths of 0, 8, 15, 23, and 30 cm and the beetles emerging from the soil counted 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, 24, and 28 d after burial. Beetles emerged from all depths and differences among depths were not significant. Beetles survived at least 28 d buried in the soil at depths < or =30 cm. In seasonal field studies, lesser mealworm emergence from clay soil with poultry litter incorporated by disk, mulch and plow was compared with emergence from plots with no incorporation. Incorporation significantly reduced beetle emergence when poultry litter containing large numbers of beetles was applied to clay field soils during the summer (F = 3.45; df = 3, 143; P = 0.018). Although mechanical incorporation of poultry litter reduced beetle emergence relative to the control, greatest reductions were seen in plowed treatments. Beetle activity was reduced after land application of litter during colder months. Generally, lesser mealworm emergence decreased with time and few beetles emerged from the soil 28 d after litter was applied. Similarly, mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into sandy soils reduced beetle emergence (F = 4.06; df = 3, 143; P < 0.008). In sandy soils typical of eastern North Carolina, disk and plow treatments significantly reduced beetle emergence compared with control.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Calibeo-Hayes, D. and Denning, S. S. and Stringham, S. M. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2005}, pages={229–235} }
 @article{gore_zurek_santangelo_stringham_watson_schal_2004, title={Water solutions of boric acid and sugar for management of German cockroach populations in livestock production systems}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.715}, abstractNote={Pest management in conÞnement swine production relies primarily on calendar-based applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. However, regulatory restrictions imposed by the U.S. Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, the large Þnancial obligation of pesticide registration, and development of insecticide resistance have led to a renewed search for alternative control methods. Boric acid dust has long served as an insecticide in urban pest management and has been shown an effective alternative for use in sensitive environments such as swine production. However, dust formulations are difÞcult to apply and require specialized equipment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efÞcacy of liquid baits containing boric acid for the control of German cockroaches in a commercial swine nursery. Bait, consisting of 1 or 2% boric acid and 0.5 M sucrose, was deployed in 21 bait delivery tubes per room. Results of a 2-yr study showed signiÞcant reductions in cockroach populations. When baits were withdrawn in the summer, the cockroach population increased signiÞcantly faster than when the baits were removed during the winter. These data indicate that liquid formulations of boric acid effectively reduce the burden of cockroach infestation in swine production. This approach should have applications in structures in other urban and agricultural environments.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Gore, JC and Zurek, L and Santangelo, RG and Stringham, SM and Watson, DW and Schal, C}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={715–720} }
 @article{zurek_gore_stringham_watson_waldvogel_schal_2003, title={Boric acid dust as a component of an integrated cockroach management program in confined swine production}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1362}, abstractNote={Abstract Boric acid dust treatments were evaluated as a tool for the integrated management of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in commercial confined swine production. The efficacy of boric acid dust was comparable to that of an organic residual insecticide, cyfluthrin, which is commonly used to control cockroaches in this environment. Fall treatments suppressed the cockroach population for longer durations than treatments in the Spring. Boric acid dust is an effective, inexpensive, and low risk (to animal and human health, and the environment) alternative for the management of cockroaches in livestock production systems.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Zurek, L and Gore, JC and Stringham, SM and Watson, DW and Waldvogel, MG and Schal, C}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={1362–1366} }
 @article{watson_denning_zurek_stringham_elliott_2003, title={Effects of lime hydrate on the growth and development of darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.91.96}, abstractNote={The addition of hydrated lime to poultry litter to control insects and pathogens has a history of support. We examined the effects of hydrated lime litter treatments on the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus and the fungal pathogen Aspergillus. Hydrated lime application rates were calculated as poultry house equivalents; 22.6, 45.4, 56.7, 90.7 kg per 93 m (50, 100, 125 and 200 lbs per 1,000 ft ), groun d 2 2}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Watson, D. W. and Denning, S. S. and Zurek, L. and Stringham, S. M. and Elliott, J.}, year={2003}, pages={91} }
 @article{calibeo-hayes_denning_stringham_guy_smith_watson_2003, title={Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic houseflies (Musca domestica linnaeaus)}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0149:MTOTCB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo–propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher fly densities (TCV antigens detected in 9/12 turkeys after contact with 10 flies/bird). This study demonstrates the potential of the housefly to serve as a mechanical vector of TCV.}, number={1}, journal={Avian Diseases}, author={Calibeo-Hayes, D. and Denning, S. S. and Stringham, S. M. and Guy, James and Smith, L. G. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2003}, pages={149–153} }
 @article{hoebeke_kaufmann_glenister_stringham_2003, title={New nearctic record for Epitranus clavatus F. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)}, volume={105}, number={4}, journal={Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}, author={Hoebeke, E. R. and Kaufmann, P. E. and Glenister, C. S. and Stringham, S. M.}, year={2003}, pages={1062–1063} }
 @article{stringham_watson_zurek_2003, title={Turkey litter treatment with hydrated lime}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={9}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Stringham, M. and Watson, W. and Zurek, L.}, year={2003}, pages={46} }
 @article{watson_stringham_denning_washburn_poore_meier_2002, title={Managing the horn fly (Diptera : Muscidae) using an electric walk-through fly trap}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1113}, abstractNote={An electric walk-through ßy trap was evaluated for the management of the horn ßy, Hematobia irritans (L.), on dairy cattle in North Carolina over 2 yr. The trap relies on black lights and electrocution grids to attract and kill ßies that are brushed from the cattle passing through. During the Þrst season, horn ßy densities were reduced from 1,400 to 200 ßies per animal. Horn ßy density averaged 269.2 25.8 on cattle using the walk-through ßy trap twice daily, and 400.2 43.5 on the control group during the Þrst year. The second year, seasonal mean horn ßy density was 177.3 10.8 on cattle using the walk-through ßy trap compared with 321.1 15.8 on the control group. No insecticides were used to control horn ßies during this 2-yr study.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Watson, DW and Stringham, SM and Denning, SS and Washburn, SP and Poore, MH and Meier, A}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1113-+} }
 @article{carver_vaillancourt_stringham_2002, title={Risk factors associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome-positive turkey flocks}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1021:RFAWPE]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) has been an economically devastating disease in North Carolina since the early 1990s. Though much is known about the disease, many questions remain unanswered about the syndrome, including its cause, transmission of causative agent(s), and control methods. This study was designed to investigate the association between PEMS and farm management factors. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted by collecting farm data and monitoring weekly mortality in 54 commercial turkey flocks raised in PEMS-affected regions. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed that enhancing rodent control methods was negatively associated (P = 0.0228) with PEMS.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Carver, DK and Vaillancourt, JP and Stringham, M}, year={2002}, pages={1021–1024} }
 @article{carver_vaillancourt_stringham_2001, title={Risk factors associated with Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={9}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Carver, D. K. and Vaillancourt, J. P. and Stringham, M.}, year={2001}, pages={48} }
 @article{watson_guy_stringham_2000, title={Limited transmission of turkey coronavirus in young turkeys by adult Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0480:LTOTCI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We examined the role of lesser mealworm,Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), in the transmission of an enteric disease of turkeys caused by a coronavirus. Turkey coronavirus (TCV) from two sources was studied, one isolate (NC95) was embryo propagated, the second was TCV infected material from turkeys diagnosed with poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). Beetles were fed virus-infected feces mixed with chicken feed. Transmission of virus was effectively halted by surface sterilization of the beetles. Turkey poults administered beetle homogenates infected with TCV+ PEMS that had not been surface sterilized had reduced weight gains and 50% mortality. Mortality and weight gains were not effected in the NC95 group. Virus isolation procedures were performed to determine NC95 viability at varying time intervals. Beetles were dissected and the guts removed 1, 12, and 24 h after the initial viral feeding. Whole beetles were also examined for comparison. Whole beetles and beetle guts were homogenized and injected into turkey eggs for embryo propagation. Direct immunofluorescence was used to determine the presence of TCV.A. diaperinus were capable of mechanical transmission of TCV. However, only turkey embryos receiving whole beetle and beetle gut homogenates within 1 h of feeding on the virus were positive for TCV. Laboratory studies demonstrating PEMS transmission byA. diaperinus are continuing.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Watson, DW and Guy, JS and Stringham, SH}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={480–483} }
 @article{stringham_1993, title={Using pesticides safely}, volume={52}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Stringham, S. M.}, year={1993}, pages={14} }