@article{perrin_fogleman_davis_wimer_vogel_palmquist_2018, title={A pilot study on nutrients, antimicrobial proteins, and bacteria in commerce-free models for exchanging expressed human milk in the USA}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1740-8709"]}, DOI={10.1111/mcn.12566}, abstractNote={Expressed human milk can be donated or sold through a variety of channels, including human milk banks, corporations or individuals, or peer-to-peer milk sharing. There is a paucity of research regarding the nutrient and bioactive profiles of expressed human milk exchanged through commerce-free scenarios, including peer-to-peer milk sharing. The study objective was to evaluate the macronutrient, antimicrobial protein, and bacteria composition in expressed human milk acquired via commerce-free arrangements. Expressed human milk samples were collected from the following commerce-free scenarios: milk expressed for a mother's or parent's own infant (MOM; N = 30); unpasteurized milk donated to a non-profit milk bank (BANKED; N = 30); milk expressed for peer-to-peer milk sharing (SHARED; N = 31); and health professional-facilitated milk sharing where donors are serologically screened and milk is dispensed raw (SCREENED; N = 30). Analyses were conducted for total protein, lactose, percent fat and water, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin A (IgA) activity, total aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Staphylococcus aureus. No bacterial growth was observed in 52/121 samples, and 15/121 had growth greater than 5.0 log colony-forming units/mL. There was no evidence of differences by groups (p > .05) in lactose, fat, water, lysozyme activity, sIgA activity, aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus. Mean protein values (95% confidence interval) were 1.5 g/dL (1.4, 1.6) for BANKED, 1.4 g/dL (1.3, 1.5) for MOM, 1.6 g/dL (1.5, 1.7) for SCREENED, and 1.5 g/dL (1.4, 1.6) for SHARED, which was not significantly different (p = .081). This research contributes to growing literature on the risks and benefits of uncompensated, peer-to-peer milk sharing.}, journal={MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne T. and Fogleman, April D. and Davis, Destiny D. and Wimer, Courtney H. and Vogel, Kenneth G. and Palmquist, Aunchalee E. L.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{ruark_koenning_davis_opperman_lommel_mitchum_sit_2017, title={Incidence and titer of viral infections within soybean cyst nematode culture collections and field populations}, volume={107}, number={1}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Ruark, C. and Koenning, S. and Davis, E. and Opperman, C. and Lommel, S. and Mitchum, M. G. and Sit, T.}, year={2017}, pages={7–7} }
 @article{perrin_goodell_fogleman_pettus_bodenheimer_palmquist_2016, title={Expanding the Supply of Pasteurized Donor Milk: Understanding Why Peer-to-Peer Milk Sharers in the United States Do Not Donate to Milk Banks}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334415627024}, abstractNote={Background: Lactating women in the United States have several options for what they do with excess breast milk, including donating to milk banks that serve medically fragile infants, sharing directly with families seeking milk, and selling to individuals or for-profit entities. The World Health Organization and the US Surgeon General have issued calls to increase access to pasteurized donor milk for medically fragile infants. Objective: To explore how lactating women with a surplus of breast milk come to the decision to share their milk with a peer rather than donate to a milk bank. Methods: A qualitative design using a grounded theory approach was employed. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 27 women who had shared milk with a peer but not with a milk bank. Results: Five dominant themes were identified: a strong belief in the value of breast milk, unexpected versus planned donation, sources of information regarding milk exchange, concerns and knowledge gaps about milk banks, and helping and connecting. Conclusions: This research offers insights into potential strategies for promoting milk bank donation among peer-to-peer milk sharers, including developing donor education campaigns focused on knowledge gaps regarding milk banks and developing health care professional referral programs that can reduce barriers associated with the convenience of milk bank donation.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Fogleman, April and Pettus, Hannah and Bodenheimer, Amanda L. and Palmquist, Aunchalee E. L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={229–237} }
 @article{meng_perrin_allen_osborne_jones_fogleman_2016, title={Storage of Unfed and Leftover Pasteurized Human Milk}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1556-8342"]}, DOI={10.1089/bfm.2016.0139}, abstractNote={To determine the impact of storage on bacterial growth and immunological activity of pasteurized human milk and leftover pasteurized human milk that has been exposed to the microflora in an infant's mouth.Eighteen mother-infant dyads participated in two separate studies. Mother's milk was pasteurized, and each baby was fed 1 to 2 ounces. Pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk were stored at room (24°C) and refrigerated temperatures (4°C). After storage, milk was analyzed for bacteria, total protein, lysozyme activity, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) activity.In pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk stored in the refrigerator for 7 days, total aerobic bacteria do not increase significantly and total protein and bioactive proteins are stable. At room temperature, there is a significant increase in total aerobic bacteria in leftover pasteurized milk during 12 hours of storage (p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in total protein and SIgA activity in pasteurized milk during 12 hours of storage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively).When stored in the refrigerator, pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk may be stored for at least 7 days when considering the variables studied. Caution should be used when storing pasteurized and leftover pasteurized milk at room temperature to prevent an increase in bacterial growth and a decrease in total protein and SIgA activity.}, number={10}, journal={BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE}, author={Meng, Ting and Perrin, Maryanne T. and Allen, Jonathan C. and Osborne, Jason and Jones, Frances and Fogleman, April D.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={538–543} }
 @article{perrin_wilson_chetwynd_fogleman_2015, title={A Pilot Study on the Protein Composition of Induced Nonpuerperal Human Milk}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334414552827}, abstractNote={Background: Our understanding of the components of human puerperal milk is extensive and increasing, yet the literature on nonpuerperal human milk has been limited to studies that measure the success of induced lactation. Objective: This study aimed to describe the composition of total protein and key bioactive proteins when lactation is induced in nonpuerperal women. Methods: Two women who induced lactation in the absence of pregnancy provided weekly milk samples over a 2-month period for analysis of total protein, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, and lactoferrin. Composition was compared to the mature milk of 3 puerperal control subjects who were 11 months postpartum. Results: Median total protein for subject A was 2.30 g/dL (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.46) and showed a significant downward trend over time ( P < .0001), whereas the median total protein for subject B was 2.21 g/dL (IQR = 0.18) and showed a nonsignificant decline ( P = .232). Total protein in both nonpuerperal subjects was elevated compared to control subjects. Secretory IgA activity declined for both nonpuerperal subjects over time, whereas lysozyme concentrations increased over time. Both sIgA and lysozyme approached the levels seen in the puerperal controls. Lactoferrin levels remained stable for both nonpuerperal subjects and were elevated compared to puerperal milk samples. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that nonpuerperal milk has similar or higher levels of total protein, sIgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme compared to puerperal, mature milk at 11 months postpartum, which warrants more attention as adoptive mothers increasingly choose to induce lactation.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Wilson, Erica and Chetwynd, Ellen and Fogleman, April}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={166–171} }
 @article{wilson_perrin_fogleman_chetwynd_2015, title={The Intricacies of Induced Lactation for Same-Sex Mothers of an Adopted Child}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1552-5732"]}, DOI={10.1177/0890334414553934}, abstractNote={The definition of a modern family is changing. In this case study, we describe the breastfeeding experience of a child receiving human milk from all 3 of his mothers: his 2 adoptive mothers, who induced lactation to nurse him, and his birth mother, who shared in his early feeding during the open adoption process and continued to pump and send milk to him for several months. We review the lactation protocol used by his adoptive mothers and the unique difficulties inherent in this multi-mother family dynamic. Both adoptive mothers successfully induced moderate milk production using a combination of hormonal birth control, domperidone, herbal supplements, and a schedule of breast pumping. However, because of the increased complexity of the immediate postpartum period and concerns with defining parental roles in a same-sex marriage, maintenance of milk production was difficult.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION}, author={Wilson, Erica and Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Fogleman, April and Chetwynd, Ellen}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={64–67} }
 @article{perrin_goodell_allen_fogleman_2014, title={A Mixed-Methods Observational Study of Human Milk Sharing Communities on Facebook}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1556-8342"]}, DOI={10.1089/bfm.2013.0114}, abstractNote={Objectives: The Food and Drug Administration discourages the casual sharing of human milk because of the risk of pathogen transmission. No information is currently available on the prevalence of this practice. The purpose of this mixed-methods observational study is to describe the size and activity of online milk sharing communities. Materials and Methods: Data for 3 months were extracted from nine public Facebook pages that facilitate the exchange of human milk. The numbers of participants, interactions, and comments were analyzed. Results: We observed 954 individuals participating in milk sharing. The number of interactions per individual ranged from none to 16 (mean, 1.74±1.65). Top reasons that participants requested milk included “lactation problems” (69.4%) and “child health problems” (48.5%). Nearly half of donors were offering 100 ounces or more, which is the minimum to be eligible to donate to nonprofit milk banks. Conclusions: Milk sharing networks in the United States are active, with thousands of individuals participating in the direct exchange of raw human milk. Public health issues include increasing the supply of pasteurized donor milk for fragile infants, increasing breastfeeding support, and helping milk sharing families appropriately manage risks.}, number={3}, journal={BREASTFEEDING MEDICINE}, author={Perrin, Maryanne Tigchelaar and Goodell, L. Suzanne and Allen, Jonathan C. and Fogleman, April}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={128–134} }
 @misc{sakamoto_bar-yam_perrin_2014, title={Research-based insights into increasing the global supply and affordability of donor milk}, volume={9}, number={3}, journal={Breastfeeding Medicine}, author={Sakamoto, P. and Bar-Yam, N. and Perrin, M. T.}, year={2014}, pages={166–167} }