@article{keeton_copeland_sullivan_watzin_2017, title={Riparian forest structure and stream geomorphic condition: Implications for flood resilience}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2016-0327}, abstractNote={ Managing riparian corridors for flood resilience requires understanding of linkages between vegetation condition and stream geomorphology. Stream assessment approaches increasingly use channel morphology as an indicator of stream condition, with only cursory examination of riparian vegetation. Our research (i) examines relationships between stream geomorphic condition, as assessed by Rapid Geomorphic Assessment (RGA) scores, and riparian forest structure, and (ii) investigates scale dependencies in the linkages between land cover and stream geomorphology. We sampled vegetation structure and composition and assessed geomorphic condition at 32 stream reaches within the Lake Champlain Basin, USA. RGA scores were modeled as a function of structural attributes using classification and regression trees. Landsat coverages were used to delineate land uses within five nested spatial scales. Generalized linear models (GLM) evaluated relationships between land cover and RGA scores. Standard deviation of basal area partitioned the greatest variability in RGA scores, but dead tree density and basal area (positively) and shrub density (negatively) were also significant predictors. RGA was related to forest and agricultural cover at the two finest scales. Riparian forest structure is highly dynamic in relation to stand development and disturbance history; simple forest cover information does not capture these differences or their influences on stream geomorphic condition. }, number={4}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, author={Keeton, W. S. and Copeland, E. M. and Sullivan, S. M. P. and Watzin, Mary}, year={2017}, pages={476–487} }
 @article{pearce_rizzo_watzin_druschel_2013, title={Unraveling Associations between Cyanobacteria Blooms and In-Lake Environmental Conditions in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, USA, Using a Modified Self-Organizing Map}, volume={47}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ES403490G}, DOI={10.1021/ES403490G}, abstractNote={Exploratory data analysis on physical, chemical, and biological data from sediments and water in Lake Champlain reveals a strong relationship between cyanobacteria, sediment anoxia, and the ratio of dissolved nitrogen to soluble reactive phosphorus. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters of lake sediment and water were measured between 2007 and 2009. Cluster analysis using a self-organizing artificial neural network, expert opinion, and discriminant analysis separated the data set into no-bloom and bloom groups. Clustering was based on similarities in water and sediment chemistry and non-cyanobacteria phytoplankton abundance. Our analysis focused on the contribution of individual parameters to discriminate between no-bloom and bloom groupings. Application to a second, more spatially diverse data set, revealed similar no-bloom and bloom discrimination, yet a few samples possess all the physicochemical characteristics of a bloom without the high cyanobacteria cell counts, suggesting that while specific environmental conditions can support a bloom, another environmental trigger may be required to initiate the bloom. Results highlight the conditions coincident with cyanobacteria blooms in Missisquoi Bay of Lake Champlain and indicate additional data are needed to identify possible ecological contributors to bloom initiation.}, number={24}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Pearce, Andrea R. and Rizzo, Donna M. and Watzin, Mary C. and Druschel, Gregory K.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={14267–14274} }
 @inbook{ali_watzin_2012, place={New York}, title={Conservation, Science and Peace Building in South-eastern Europe}, booktitle={Environmental security: approaches and issues}, publisher={Routledge Press, Taylor and Francis Group}, author={Ali, S. and Watzin, M.C.}, editor={Floyd, R. and Matthew, R.Editors}, year={2012} }
 @article{ghebremichael_watzin_2011, title={Identifying and controlling critical sources of farm phosphorus imbalances for Vermont dairy farms}, volume={104}, ISSN={0308-521X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.04.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.agsy.2011.04.004}, abstractNote={Lake Champlain, located between Vermont, New York, and Quebec exhibits eutrophication mainly due to continuing phosphorus (P) losses from upstream nonpoint source areas. Several state and local agencies have initiated efforts aimed at assessing and identifying critical sources areas for P loss. To augment these efforts, accounting of farm P inputs (in purchased animal feed and fertilizers) and P outputs (in milk, meat, or off-farm sales of harvested crops or other products) is needed as a means of determining potential P build-up in farm soils. When farm P inputs exceed P outputs, P surplus occurs on the farm. This leads to potential soil-P accumulations and risk of P loss in runoff, negatively impacting the quality of receiving water bodies. In this study, a combination of farm record data and a model-based approach, using the Integrated Farming System Model (IFSM), was used to estimate farm P inputs and outputs, identify root causes of farm P imbalances, and explore viable P balancing strategies. Three Vermont dairy farms with varying farm systems (grass-based organic farm, fully confined farm, and a mixed system farm with high-producing confined dairy cows and grazing heifers) were studied. These farms were found to have P surpluses ranging from 5.5 kg/ha to 18.7 kg/ha on annual basis. This study also identified critical causes of P imbalances for each farm and suggested farm specific alternative strategies needed to address the P imbalances. By balancing farm P inputs and outputs, potential accumulation of soil-P can be prevented. As a result, maximum benefits can be obtained from land treatment measures implemented to control off-field P loss without the additional concern of continuing P build-up that could reduce their effectiveness.}, number={7}, journal={Agricultural Systems}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ghebremichael, Lula T. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={551–561} }
 @article{smith_watzin_druschel_2011, title={Relating sediment phosphorus mobility to seasonal and diel redox fluctuations at the sediment-water interface in a eutrophic freshwater lake}, volume={56}, ISSN={0024-3590}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2251}, DOI={10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2251}, abstractNote={Relationships between phosphorus cycling and redox conditions in the sediments of eutrophic Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain were investigated over diel and seasonal timescales in three consecutive summers (2007–2009), one of which (2007) did not experience a cyanobacteria bloom for the first time in a decade. Sediment extraction data showed that reactive phosphorus (RP) is strongly correlated to reactive iron (RFe), suggesting that the mobility of a large portion (30–40%) of the total sediment phosphorus pool is associated with nanocrystalline iron oxide minerals that may be influenced by redox conditions. RP concentrations in the top sediments increased throughout 2007 but decreased throughout 2008; calculations indicate that ~ 1 mm of sediment could account for the increased total dissolved phosphorus observed in overlying water. Redox conditions were measured over 24 h in situ within sediment cores and at the sediment–water interface (SWI) at different stages of each season using voltammetry. SWI redox conditions became progressively more reduced across the season and overnight and were significantly more reducing in the presence of a bloom. Soluble RP and cyanobacteria cell counts measured at five depths through the water column strongly correlated with the most reducing conditions at the SWI. Observations suggest that redox controlled nutrient flux between the sediments and the water column is variable over diel and seasonal cycles. Cyanobacteria blooms most significantly affect SWI redox conditions, suggesting that blooms may enhance RP flux from sediments, setting up a positive feedback loop that can propagate and sustain blooms in shallow freshwater systems.}, number={6}, journal={Limnology and Oceanography}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Lydia and Watzin, Mary C. and Druschel, Gregory}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={2251–2264} }
 @article{cianfrani_sullivan_hession_watzin_2010, title={A MULTITAXONOMIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING LOCAL- VERSUS WATERSHED-SCALE INFLUENCES ON STREAM BIOTA IN THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN, VERMONT, USA}, volume={28}, ISSN={1535-1459}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1470}, DOI={10.1002/rra.1470}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={River Research and Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cianfrani, Christina M. and Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. and Hession, W. Cully and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={973–988} }
 @article{ghebremichael_veith_watzin_2010, title={Determination of Critical Source Areas for Phosphorus Loss: Lake Champlain Basin, Vermont}, volume={53}, ISSN={2151-0040}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.34898}, DOI={10.13031/2013.34898}, abstractNote={Lake Champlain, located between Vermont, New York, and Quebec, exhibits eutrophication due to continuing phosphorus (P) inputs from upstream nonpoint-source areas. To address the effects of this eutrophication and as part of total maximum daily load (TMDL) requirements, state-level P reduction goals have been established by both the Vermont and New York Departments of Environmental Conservation. Unfortunately, remedial measures undertaken thus far have been mostly based on voluntary participation by the landowners and have not been guided by a systematic technique to implement remedial measures where they could provide the greatest P loss reduction. Consequently, P reduction goals have not been achieved in most segments of Lake Champlain. The main objective of this study was to identify and quantify critical source areas (CSAs) of P loss using a model-based approach. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used for this objective. This study focuses on the Rock River watershed, which is one of the highest contributors of P to Lake Champlain. Spread over 71 km2, the watershed is dominated by dairy agriculture and has fertile periglacial lacustrine and alluvial soils with an old tile drainage system. In this agriculture-dominated watershed, 80% of total P loss occurs from only 24% of the watershed area, signifying the need for focused remedial measures on CSAs of P loss. The identification of CSAs for P loss is expected to support the next phase of our project, which involves exploring cost-effective P management strategies with the highest potential for P loss reduction applicable to the study watershed and Lake Champlain basin.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Ghebremichael, L. T. and Veith, T. L. and Watzin, M. C.}, year={2010}, pages={1595–1604} }
 @article{pearce_bierman_druschel_massey_rizzo_watzin_wemple_2010, title={Pitfalls and Successes of Developing an Interdisciplinary Watershed Field Science Course}, volume={58}, ISSN={1089-9995 2158-1428}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1.3544295}, DOI={10.5408/1.3544295}, abstractNote={At the University of Vermont, an interdisciplinary faculty team developed an introductory watershed science field course. This course honed field skills and catalyzed communication across water-related disciplines without requiring specific prerequisites. Five faculty (geology, engineering, geography, natural resources) taught the four-credit course, highlighting interactions between the hydrosphere, biosphere, and solid Earth. The course, based in the Winooski River watershed, followed the river from its headwaters downstream to its outlet in Lake Champlain focusing on data collection and analysis methods, while exploring threats to this freshwater ecosystem. This course was offered as a summer field course in 2007. Student learning was assessed using weekly summative assignments and final presentations incorporating field data and acquired knowledge. Attitude and knowledge surveys, administered before and after this first year, documented increased self-assessed learning, affinity for the field learning environment, and that the course provided training relevant to various disciplines. The fiscally unsustainable summer model, and course evaluations guided major revisions to the course. The second offering, in 2009, met weekly during spring term to provide students with context before a two-week field component. This field component was held immediately after classes ended to avoid the need to pay faculty summer salaries.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Geoscience Education}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Pearce, Andrea R. and Bierman, Paul R. and Druschel, Gregory K. and Massey, Christine and Rizzo, Donna M. and Watzin, Mary C. and Wemple, Beverly C.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={145–154} }
 @article{sullivan_watzin_2010, title={Towards a functional understanding of the effects of sediment aggradation on stream fish condition}, volume={26}, ISSN={1535-1459}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1336}, DOI={10.1002/rra.1336}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={River Research and Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sullivan, S. M. P. and Watzin, M. C.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={1298–1314} }
 @article{smyth_watzin_manning_2009, title={Investigating public preferences for managing Lake Champlain using a choice experiment}, volume={90}, ISSN={0301-4797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.12.016}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.12.016}, abstractNote={The Lake Champlain Basin in Vermont and New York, USA and Quebec, Canada includes a large lake and watershed with complex management issues. A transboundary comprehensive management plan prepared for the lake includes 11 goals across many issue areas. We developed a choice experiment to examine public preferences for alternative Lake Champlain management scenarios across these issue areas. Five ecosystem attributes (water clarity-algae blooms, public beach closures, land use change, fish consumption advisories and the spread of water chestnut, an invasive plant) were varied across three levels and arrayed into paired comparisons following an orthogonal fractional factorial design. Two thousand questionnaires were distributed to basin residents, each including nine paired comparisons that required trading off two, three or four attributes. Completed surveys yielded 6541 responses which were analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results showed that although water clarity and beach closures were important, safe fish consumption was the strongest predictor of choice. Land use pattern and water chestnut distribution were weaker but also significant predictors, with respondents preferring less land development and preservation of the agricultural landscape. Current management efforts in the Lake Champlain Basin are heavily weighted toward improving water clarity by reducing phosphorus pollution. Our results suggest that safe fish consumption warrants additional management attention. Because choice experiments provide information that is much richer than the simple categorical judgments more commonly used in surveys, they can provide managers with information about tradeoffs that could be used to enhance public support and maximize the social benefits of an ecosystem management program.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Environmental Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smyth, Robyn L. and Watzin, Mary C. and Manning, Robert E.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={615–623} }
 @article{cianfrani_sullivan s. mažeika p._hession_watzin_2009, title={Mixed stream channel morphologies: implications for fish community diversity}, volume={19}, ISSN={1052-7613 1099-0755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.946}, DOI={10.1002/aqc.946}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cianfrani, Christina M. and Sullivan S. Mažeika P. and Hession, W. Cully and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={147–156} }
 @book{watzin_fuller_bronson_gorney_schuster_2009, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2008}, number={59}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Fuller, S. and Bronson, L. and Gorney, R. and Schuster, L.}, year={2009} }
 @article{sullivan_watzin_2009, title={Stream-floodplain connectivity and fish assemblage diversity in the Champlain Valley, Vermont, U.S.A.}, volume={74}, ISSN={0022-1112 1095-8649}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02205.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02205.x}, abstractNote={To evaluate the influence of main channel–floodplain connectivity on fish assemblage diversity in floodplains associated with streams and small rivers, fish assemblages and habitat characteristics were surveyed at 24 stream reaches in the Champlain Valley of Vermont, U.S.A. Fish assemblages differed markedly between the main channel and the floodplain. Fish assemblage diversity was greatest at reaches that exhibited high floodplain connectivity. Whereas certain species inhabited only main channels or floodplains, others utilized both main channel and floodplain habitats. Both floodplain fish α‐diversity and γ‐diversity of the entire stream corridor were positively correlated with connectivity between the main channel and its floodplain. Consistent with these results, species turnover (as measured by β‐diversity) was negatively correlated with floodplain connectivity. Floodplains with waterbodies characterized by a wide range of water depths and turbidity levels exhibited high fish diversity. The results suggest that by separating rivers from their floodplains, incision and subsequent channel widening will have detrimental effects on multiple aspects of fish assemblage diversity across the stream–floodplain ecosystem.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Fish Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sullivan, S. M. P. and Watzin, M. C.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={1394–1418} }
 @article{couture_watzin_2008, title={Diet of Invasive Adult White Perch (Morone americana) and their Effects on the Zooplankton Community in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain}, volume={34}, ISSN={0380-1330 0380-1330}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[485:doiawp]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[485:doiawp]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT White perch (Morone americana) became established in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain in the mid 1990s. Since that time, cyanobacteria blooms have become common in summer. Although introduced planktivorous fish often impact plankton communities through a reduction in Daphnia density, such effects can be difficult to predict in an opportunistic species such as white perch. In this study, we examined the extent of zooplanktivory exhibited by adult white perch in Missisquoi Bay. Adult white perch were collected from Missisquoi Bay on ten dates in spring and summer of 2005. White perch diet consisted of large numbers of Daphnia on dates when Daphnia densities exceeded 20 individuals/L and when Daphnia comprised more than 50% of the zooplankton assemblage. When Daphnia densities were below these threshold values, adult white perch diet consisted predominantly of benthic prey. Our results show that white perch feed on large numbers of Daphnia in Missisquoi Bay and select Daphnia over other zooplankton taxa when they are abundant. It is likely that adult white perch grazing in Missisquoi Bay has contributed to a reduction in Daphnia density which in turn may be contributing to summertime cyanobacteria dominance in this bay.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Great Lakes Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Couture, Sam C. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={485–494} }
 @article{jukosky_watzin_leiter_2008, title={Elevated Concentrations of Ethinylestradiol, 17β-Estradiol, and Medroxyprogesterone have Little Effect on Reproduction and Survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia}, volume={81}, ISSN={0007-4861 1432-0800}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9462-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-008-9462-1}, abstractNote={Wastewater effluent contains synthetic and natural hormones, often in complex mixtures, that may be associated with reproductive abnormalities in fish and other aquatic biota. We exposed the sentinel invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia to the natural estrogen 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), a synthetic estrogen, ethinylestradiol (EE(2)), and a synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone in a 7-day test. These compounds had no significant effect on reproduction or survival even at 10(6) times the concentrations at which reproductive effects have been documented in several fish species. C. dubia is routinely used for screening the toxicity of wastewater effluent. However, in the standard chronic 7-day exposure the endpoints of survival and reproduction were insensitive to several synthetic and natural vertebrate hormones. The C. dubia 7-day chronic toxicity test is probably not a useful monitoring tool for vertebrate hormones and their pharmaceutical analogs unless other sensitive endpoints such as maturation rates, molt frequency, and offspring sex ratios are incorporated in a practical manner.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Jukosky, James A. and Watzin, Mary C. and Leiter, James C.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={230–235} }
 @article{rogalus_watzin_2008, title={Evaluation of sampling and screening techniques for tiered monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in lakes}, volume={7}, ISSN={1568-9883}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.11.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.hal.2007.11.002}, abstractNote={Exposure to cyanotoxins can pose serious human health consequences both through drinking water and recreational use of a contaminated waterway. We adapted a tiered framework proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for monitoring cyanobacteria populations and assessing public health risks and implemented the program in Lake Champlain. This study focused on evaluating the sampling protocols employed in this adapted monitoring program over two field seasons (2003 and 2004). Using a paired sampling design, we evaluated whether 63-μm Wisconsin net samples adequately represented whole-water conditions and whether chlorophyll a concentration could serve as a useful predictor of cyanobacteria density and microcystin concentration. We also evaluated the spatial and temporal dynamics of blooms and their implications for monitoring. Our results suggest that using threshold values of either potentially toxic cyanobacteria density counted using a rapid screening protocol or chlorophyll a concentration serve as initial indicators of potentially high levels of cyanotoxin; however, the utility of chlorophyll a is system-dependent. Whole-water samples provide more accurate estimates of population density and higher microcystin concentrations than net samples, offering a more cautionary approach to assessing risk to recreational lake users. Shoreline samples generally showed higher cyanotoxin concentrations than offshore, but restricting sampling to the shoreline may miss early warnings of bloom development.}, number={4}, journal={Harmful Algae}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rogalus, Meghan Kreider and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={504–514} }
 @book{watzin_fuller_may_bronson_rogalus_linder_2008, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2007}, number={56}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Fuller, S. and May, C. and Bronson, L. and Rogalus, M. and Linder, M.}, year={2008} }
 @article{sullivan_watzin_2008, title={Relating stream physical habitat condition and concordance of biotic productivity across multiple taxa}, volume={65}, ISSN={0706-652X 1205-7533}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-165}, DOI={10.1139/f08-165}, abstractNote={ To explore the potential of assessments of stream geomorphic condition and habitat quality in evaluating lotic productivity, we investigated concordance of stream biotic productivity (aquatic macroinvertebrates, crayfish, fish, and belted kingfishers ( Ceryle alcyon )) and their physical habitat correlates in 18 streams in the Champlain Valley, Vermont, USA. Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant concordance between macroinvertebrate density and fish biomass (r = 0.76), between the density of macroinvertebrates in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera and fish biomass (r = 0.81), and between fish biomass and kingfisher brood weight (r = 0.54). We used principal component analysis followed by linear regression to investigate relationships between physical habitat condition and biotic productivity and to identify key components of physical habitat condition assessments. Our analysis supported the combined use of geomorphic and habitat assessments as a comprehensive indicator of stream physical habitat condition. We found relationships between habitat assessment scores and productivity measures of all taxa except crayfish, suggesting similar responses to physical condition across trophic levels. Our results encourage the use of additional taxa, in addition to widely used macroinvertebrate metrics, as indicators of the composite effects of physical habitat impairment in stream ecosystems. }, number={12}, journal={Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={2667–2677} }
 @article{watzin_joppe-mercure_rowder_lancaster_bronson_2008, title={Significant fish predation on zebra musselsDreissena polymorphain Lake Champlain, U.S.A.}, volume={73}, ISSN={0022-1112 1095-8649}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02033.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02033.x}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine which fishes were consistently eating zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha in Lake Champlain and document their feeding behaviour and (2) quantify the diet composition of the fish predators that were found to consume zebra mussels. From 2002 to 2005, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, yellow perch Perca flavescens and rock bass Ambloplites rupestris all consumed zebra mussels at varying frequencies and amounts. Aplodinotusgrunniens and L. gibbosus chewed clumps of zebra mussels, expelling shells, whereas P. flavescens and A. rupestris swallowed small individuals whole. Lepomis gibbosus consumed zebra mussels at the highest frequency (65–89% of prey consumed) and zebra mussels comprised a large part of this fish’s diet (up to 40% by dry mass). Zebra mussels were also an important component of the diet of A. grunniens (up to 59% of the diet by dry mass, 40–63% frequency of consumption). The percentage of the diet comprising zebra mussels in P. flavescens and A. rupestris varied significantly from year to year but never exceeded 10%. Because A. grunniens and L. gibbosus crushed zebra mussels, the nutritional return from consuming zebra mussels would be similar to other prey; for P. flavescens and A. rupestris zebra mussels were only partially digested and the nutritional return would probably be low. As predation on zebra mussels is widespread and significant, it is possible that fish predators could contribute to regulating the population of zebra mussels in Lake Champlain.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Fish Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Watzin, M. C. and Joppe-Mercure, K. and Rowder, J. and Lancaster, B. and Bronson, L.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={1585–1599} }
 @article{clark_rizzo_watzin_hession_2008, title={Spatial distribution and geomorphic condition of fish habitat in streams: an analysis using hydraulic modelling and geostatistics}, volume={24}, ISSN={1535-1459 1535-1467}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1085}, DOI={10.1002/rra.1085}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={River Research and Applications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Clark, Jessica S. and Rizzo, Donna M. and Watzin, Mary C. and Hession, W. Cully}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={885–899} }
 @article{jukosky_watzin_leiter_2008, title={The effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of estrogens on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) reproduction}, volume={86}, ISSN={0166-445X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.012}, abstractNote={Wastewater effluent contains a variety of estrogenic compounds that vary in potency, but each of which contributes to the overall estrogenicity of the effluent. We hypothesized that the effects of mixtures of estrogens on reproduction in pair breeding medaka (Oryzias latipes) could be predicted by their relative estrogenicity. Relative estrogenicity was defined by the ability of estrogenic compounds to induce vitellogenesis in various species of male fish. We exposed reproducing pairs of medaka to mixtures of the environmental estrogens nonylphenol (NP), 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)), and natural 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), as well as treatments of equivalent estrogenicity that were composed of E(2) alone. Reproducing medaka exposed to mixtures of estrogenic compounds and equipotent treatments of estradiol alone had very similar responses in mortality and reproduction (fecundity, number of spawns). However, mixtures of NP, E(2), and EE(2) elicited lower vitellogenic induction than equipotent concentrations of E(2) alone. Therefore, relative estrogenicity was a good model for predicting some, but not all, reproductive responses, and simple additive mixture models may not predict all relevant physiological responses.}, number={2}, journal={Aquatic Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Jukosky, James A. and Watzin, Mary C. and Leiter, James C.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={323–331} }
 @article{sullivan_watzin_keeton_2007, title={A riverscape perspective on habitat associations among riverine bird assemblages in the Lake Champlain Basin, USA}, volume={22}, ISSN={0921-2973 1572-9761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9097-3}, DOI={10.1007/s10980-007-9097-3}, number={8}, journal={Landscape Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. and Watzin, Mary C. and Keeton, William S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={1169–1186} }
 @article{smyth_watzin_manning_2007, title={Defining Acceptable Levels for Ecological Indicators: An Approach for Considering Social Values}, volume={39}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0282-3}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-005-0282-3}, abstractNote={Ecological indicators can facilitate an adaptive management approach, but only if acceptable levels for those indicators have been defined so that the data collected can be interpreted. Because acceptable levels are an expression of the desired state of the ecosystem, the process of establishing acceptable levels should incorporate not just ecological understanding but also societal values. The goal of this research was to explore an approach for defining acceptable levels of ecological indicators that explicitly considers social perspectives and values. We used a set of eight indicators that were related to issues of concern in the Lake Champlain Basin. Our approach was based on normative theory. Using a stakeholder survey, we measured respondent normative evaluations of varying levels of our indicators. Aggregated social norm curves were used to determine the level at which indicator values shifted from acceptable to unacceptable conditions. For seven of the eight indicators, clear preferences were interpretable from these norm curves. For example, closures of public beaches because of bacterial contamination and days of intense algae bloom went from acceptable to unacceptable at 7-10 days in a summer season. Survey respondents also indicated that the number of fish caught from Lake Champlain that could be safely consumed each month was unacceptably low and the number of streams draining into the lake that were impaired by storm water was unacceptably high. If indicators that translate ecological conditions into social consequences are carefully selected, we believe the normative approach has considerable merit for defining acceptable levels of valued ecological system components.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Smyth, Robyn L. and Watzin, Mary C. and Manning, Robert E.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={301–315} }
 @book{watzin_fuller_rogalus_levine_couture_crawford_may_2007, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2006}, number={55}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Fuller, S. and Rogalus, M and Levine, M. and Couture, S. and Crawford, K. and May, C.}, year={2007} }
 @article{miller_watzin_2007, title={The Effects of Zebra Mussels on the Lower Planktonic Foodweb in Lake Champlain}, volume={33}, ISSN={0380-1330 0380-1330}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[407:teozmo]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[407:teozmo]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Selective grazing by zebra mussels has altered phytoplankton communities in many North American lakes, but the specific changes are not the same in each ecosystem. Because of this variation in response, we investigated the impacts of zebra mussels on the plankton community of Lake Champlain with two objectives: first to determine whether zebra mussels increased the dominance of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton, and second to explore the impact of zebra mussels on protozoans, rotifers, copepod nauplii, and other microzooplankton in the lower food web. Experiments were conducted in 200-L mesocosms filled with Lake Champlain water filtered through a 150-μm sieve to remove macrozooplankton. Zebra mussels were added to half of the mesocosms while the others were maintained as controls. Over a 96-hour experimental period, we tracked nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, chlorophyll α, microcystin concentration, and both phytoplankton and microzooplankton composition and abundance. We found an increase in SRP and total nitrogen concentration and a decrease in the ratio of TN:TP in the zebra mussel treatments over time. Microcystin was undetectable throughout the experiment using the ELISA assay. Phytoplankton biovolume, including cyanobacteria biovolume, declined significantly in the zebra mussel treatments, as did rotifer, protozoan and nauplii abundance. By both direct (consumption) and indirect (altered nutrient availabilities and increased competition) means, zebra mussels clearly seem capable of strongly influencing the lower planktonic foodweb in the many shallow water habitats of Lake Champlain.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Great Lakes Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Miller, Emily Brines and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={407–420} }
 @inbook{watzin_2007, place={Ankeny, IA}, title={The Promise of Adaptive Management}, booktitle={Managing Agricultural Landscapes for Environmental Quality: Strengthening the Science Base}, publisher={Soil and Water Conservation Society Press}, author={Watzin, M.C.}, editor={Schnepf, M. and Cox, C.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={147–158} }
 @article{watzin_miller_shambaugh_kreider_2006, title={A Partnership Approach to Cyanobacteria Monitoring in Lake Champlain}, volume={7}, journal={Great Lakes Research Review}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Miller, E.Brines and Shambaugh, A.D. and Kreider, M.A.}, year={2006}, pages={8–13} }
 @article{watzin_miller_shambaugh_kreider_2006, title={Application of the WHO alert level framework to cyanobacterial monitoring of Lake Champlain, Vermont}, volume={21}, ISSN={1520-4081 1522-7278}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20181}, DOI={10.1002/tox.20181}, abstractNote={The increasing incidence of toxic cyanobacteria blooms worldwide has created a need for practical and efficient monitoring in order to protect public health. We developed a monitoring and alert framework based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and applied it on Lake Champlain during the summers of 2002–2004. The protocol began with collection of net samples of phytoplankton in order to maximize the chance of finding potential toxin‐producing cyanobacteria. Samples were collected lakewide in partnership with ongoing monitoring efforts, but because open water sample sites did not capture conditions along the shoreline, we added near‐shore and shoreline stations in problem areas. Samples were examined qualitatively until potential toxin‐producing taxa were found. Then quantitative analyses began, using a rapid screening method to estimate cell density based on colony size. A final cell density of 4000 cells/mL triggered toxin analyses. Primary analysis was for microcystins using ELISA methods. Cell densities, locations of colonies, and toxin concentrations were reported weekly to public health officials. We found that screening for potential toxin‐producing cyanobacteria and then measuring toxin concentrations when cell densities reached critical levels worked well to identify problem locations. Although the WHO recommends using chlorophyll a concentration, it was not a good indicator of problem densities of potential toxin‐producing cyanobacteria. Our cell density screening method missed no developing blooms but produced less precise density estimates at high cell counts. Overall, our framework appears to provide an efficient and effective method for monitoring cyanotoxin risks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 278–288, 2006.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Toxicology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Watzin, Mary C. and Miller, Emily Brines and Shambaugh, Angela D. and Kreider, Meghan A.}, year={2006}, pages={278–288} }
 @article{sullivan_watzin_hession_2006, title={Differences in the Reproductive Ecology of Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) Across Streams with Varying Geomorphology and Habitat Quality}, volume={29}, ISSN={1524-4695 1938-5390}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[258:ditreo]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[258:ditreo]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We evaluated the influence of stream geomorphology and habitat quality on brood weight, offspring growth rate, and territory length of Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) in northwestern Vermont, USA. We gathered measurements of habitat use, fish abundance and biomass, and reproductive success at breeding territories in stream reaches of differing geomorphic and habitat conditions during spring and early summer 2002. We used model selection based on AICc to examine the effects of stream geomorphology, habitat quality, and fish abundance and biomass on the selected reproductive measures. Geomorphic condition emerged as the most important predictor variable for models of both brood weight and territory length. We tested two viable models during the 2003 breeding season at new, independent breeding territories and found them to be well-supported. Our results provide evidence that stream geomorphic condition plays both direct and indirect roles in the habitat use and reproduction of Belted Kingfishers, suggesting that stream and riparian management strategies focused on protecting and restoring functional morphology will have ecological benefits for riverine birds.}, number={3}, journal={Waterbirds}, publisher={Waterbird Society}, author={Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. and Watzin, Mary C. and Hession, W. Cully}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={258–270} }
 @article{kyriakeas_watzin_2006, title={EFFECTS OF ADJACENT AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS ON STREAM MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES}, volume={42}, ISSN={1093-474X 1752-1688}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03848.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03848.x}, abstractNote={Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams adjacent to cornfields, streams where cows had unrestricted access, and reference locations without agriculture were compared to examine the effects of local land use and land use/land cover in the watershed. At each local site, macroinvertebrates and a variety of habitat parameters were measured upstream, adjacent, downstream, and farther downstream of the local land use. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to calculate drainage basin area, land use/land cover percentages in each basin, and the distance from sample sites to the stream source. Three‐way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests with date, site type, and sampling location as main effects were used to explore differences in macroinvertebrate metrics using median substrate size, percent hay/pasture area, and stream depth as covariates. The covariates significantly improved model fit and showed that multiple contributing factors influence community composition. Local impacts were greatest at sites where cows had access, probably because of sedimentation and embeddedness in the substrate. Differences between the upstream and the adjacent and downstream locations were not as great as expected, perhaps because upstream recolonization was reduced by agricultural impacts or because of differences in the intensity or proximity of agriculture to riparian areas in the watershed. The results underscore the importance of both local and watershed factors in controlling stream community composition.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Water Resources Association}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kyriakeas, Sofia A. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={425–441} }
 @article{sullivan_watzin_hession_2006, title={Influence of stream geomorphic condition on fish communities in Vermont, U.S.A.}, volume={51}, ISSN={0046-5070 1365-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01616.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01616.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={10}, journal={Freshwater Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sullivan, S. Mažeika P. and Watzin, Mary C. and Hession, W. Cully}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={1811–1826} }
 @article{mihuc_boyer_jones_satchwell_watzin_2006, title={Lake Champlain phytoplankton and algal toxins: present and past}, volume={7}, journal={Great Lakes Research Review}, author={Mihuc, T.B. and Boyer, G. and Jones, J. and Satchwell, M. and Watzin, M.}, year={2006}, pages={18–21} }
 @book{watzin_fuller_kreider_couture_levine_2006, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2005}, number={53}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Fuller, S. and Kreider, M. and Couture, S. and Levine, M.}, year={2006} }
 @article{watzin_2006, title={The Role of Law, Science and the Public Process: Practical Lessons from Lake Champlain (USA and Canada) and Lake Ohrid (Macedonia and Albania)}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={Pacific McGeorge global business & development law journal}, author={Watzin, M.C.}, year={2006}, pages={241–258} }
 @inproceedings{clark_hession_rizzo_laible_watzin_2006, place={Burlington, USA}, title={Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Modeling Approach to Linking Stream Morphology and Aquatic Habitat Quality}, url={http://www.iemss.org/iemss2006/sessions/all.html}, booktitle={Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: "Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software". International Environmental Modelling and Software Society}, author={Clark, J.S. and Hession, W.C. and Rizzo, D.M. and Laible, J. and Watzin, M.}, editor={Voinov, A. and Jakeman, A. and Rizzoli, A.Editors}, year={2006}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mahar_watzin_2005, title={EFFECTS OF METAL AND ORGANOPHOSPHATE MIXTURES ON CERIODAPHNIA DUBIA SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION}, volume={24}, ISSN={0730-7268 1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/04-162r.1}, DOI={10.1897/04-162r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mahar, Amy M. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2005}, pages={1579} }
 @book{watzin_smyth_cassell_hession_manning_wang_2005, place={Grand Isle Vermont}, title={Ecological indicators and an environmental scorecard for the Lake Champlain Basin Program}, number={46}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Smyth, R.L. and Cassell, E.A. and Hession, W.C. and Manning, R. and Wang, D.}, year={2005}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{cianfrani_hession_watzin_sullivan_2005, title={Linking Stream Geomorphology, Watershed Condition and Aquatic Ecosystem Health}, ISBN={9780784407639}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40763(178)111}, DOI={10.1061/40763(178)111}, abstractNote={Twenty-five streams in northwestern Vermont spanning a range of geomorphic conditions were surveyed to determine the linkages between stream geomorphology, watershed condition and aquatic ecosystem health as part of an overall watershed classification project. Both field scale and watershed scale assessments were completed. At the field level, rapid geomorphic assessments (RGA) and rapid habitat assessments (RHA) were completed for all sites following Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation protocols. Detailed geomorphic and habitat assessments were also completed to provide quantitative data for each site. Watershed-scale parameters were evaluated using a geographic information system (GIS) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed modeling software. At the field-scale, data were assessed for relationships between the RGA and water quality, habitat quality and biodiversity. At the watershed-scale, we saw a broad trend relating RGA with average annual runoff, but the result was not significant. No trend was seen for annual average sediment loading. These results provide evidence that rapid geomorphic and habitat assessments done by trained individuals can provide useful information in managing and prioritizing watersheds and stream reaches for protection and restoration. Copyright ASCE 2005 Watershed 2005 Introduction Classification systems are used to establish order and provide a method for grouping objects based on similar characteristics (Kondolf 1995). McDonnell and Woods (2004) identify classification as the “first step in the process of scientific analysis and synthesis.” As the desire and commitment to manage, restore and protect watershed systems has increased, so has the need for watershed classification systems that can provide both a means of organizing data and a method to communicate. Lotspeich (1980) recommended the approach of viewing watersheds as ecosystems with streams the result of the ecosystems processes. Adopting this view requires an assessment of both the existing physical characteristics of the system and the processes occurring that affect how a particular system responds to change and stressors. Choosing which characteristics or processes to study is the first step and often determines how useful and in what contexts a classification system can be applied. Hierarchical classification systems have been used to simplify this task by establishing multiple layers of classification with each subsequent layer requiring more detail. For example, Frissell et al. (1986), described a hierarchical system identifying key variables at each level that determine the major characteristics of stream systems from the watershed level to microhabitats within the stream. A variety of classification systems focusing specifically at the stream level have also been developed (see reviews in: Kondolf 1995; Mosley 1987). Rosgen’s (1996) widely-used system uses physical stream measurements including: entrenchment ratio, width:depth ratio, dominant channel materials, slope, bed features, sinuosity, and meander width ratio to classify streams. Montgomery and Buffington (1997) adopted a process oriented approach focusing on differences in stream slope and roughness due to transport capacity and sediment supply for mountain drainage basins. In this study, we first evaluate characteristics at the stream reach level to gain an understanding of the relationships between reach-scale geomorphic characteristics and aquatic ecosystem health. Secondly, the geomorphic characteristics are related to watershed-scale characteristics. Finally, the foundation for a watershed classification system is developed that reflects these relationships and identifies the vulnerability of a watershed to degradation based on watershed-scale impacts such as land use change. Specifically, the research objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine the relationship between reach-scale geomorphic characteristics (and geomorphic condition) and both habitat quality and biotic diversity and health. 2) Determine watershed-scale characteristics that relate to the geomorphic characteristics affecting habitat and biotic health. 3) Use these measures combined with riparian and landuse change data to develop a hierarchical watershed and stream classification system. Copyright ASCE 2005 Watershed 2005 Methods Field-scale and watershed-scale data were collected for 25 stream reaches in northwestern Vermont during the summers of 2003 and 2004 (Figure 1). Reaches were chosen to span a range of geomorphic conditions (VTDEC 2002). Average reach length ranged from 200-450 m, with all reaches 10-20 bankfull widths in length. At each reach rapid and detailed geomorphic and habitat assessments were conducted. Biota (macroinvertebrates and fish) were also sampled at each reach. At the watershed-scale, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) (Neitsch et al. 2001; Srinivasan and Arnold 1994: SWAT http://www.brc.tamus.edu/swat/) was used for modeling of each stream reach and generating watershed characteristics.}, booktitle={Managing Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Cianfrani, C. M. and Hession, W. C. and Watzin, M. and Sullivan, S. M. P.}, year={2005}, month={Jul} }
 @book{watzin_brines-miller_kreider_clason_couture_levine_2005, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2004}, number={52}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Brines-Miller, E. and Kreider, M. and Clason, T. and Couture, S. and Levine, M.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{watzin_2004, place={Montpellier, France}, title={Combining scientific data in frameworks for decision-making: examples from two transboundary lakes (Lake Champlain, USA & Canada, and Lake Ohrid. Macedonia & Albania).}, booktitle={Proceedings, Conference on Water Observation and Information Systems for Decision Support}, publisher={Institut de la Recherche pour le Developpement}, author={Watzin, M.C.}, editor={Morell, Marc and Todorovik, Olivija and Dimitrov, Dobri and Selenica, Agim and Spirkovski, ZoranEditors}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{cianfrani_hession_watzin_2004, title={Evaluating Aquatic Habitat Quality Using Channel Morphology and Multiscale-Scale Modeling Techniques}, ISBN={9780784407370}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40737(2004)397}, DOI={10.1061/40737(2004)397}, abstractNote={Fifteen streams in Northwestern Vermont spanning five geomorphic classes: stable, and unstable through change in planform, widening, aggrading, and degrading, (according to the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Geomorphic Assessment (RGA) Protocols) were surveyed to assess the linkages between channel morphology and aquatic habitat quality. Detailed channel surveys were completed including cross sectional and longitudinal profiles, substrate samples, and rapid geomorphic assessments. Habitat assessments included measures of substrate availability, embeddedness, presence of large woody debris and Rapid Habitat Assessments (RHA). Simple regression analysis of geomorphic parameters and habitat parameters show significant correlation indicating that habitat quality can be predicted by geomorphic condition. In the second stage of this project, watershed scale modeling was completed for each watershed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model was calibrated and validated using gauged watersheds within the study region (Lake Champlain Basin). The model was used to generate stream hydrographs and basic watershed parameters (landuse summaries, runoff, sediment Cianfrani, C.M., W.C. Hession, and M. Watzin (2004), Evaluating aquatic habitat quality using channel morphology and multiscale-scale modeling techniques, in Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Sehlke, Hayes, and Stevens (eds.), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. (cd-rom)}, booktitle={Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Cianfrani, C. and Hession, W. C. and Watzin, M.}, year={2004}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{watzin_manley_manley_kyriakeas_2004, title={Lakebed Pockmarks in Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain II. Habitat Characteristics and Biological Patterns}, ISBN={9781441934499 9781475740806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4080-6_18}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4757-4080-6_18}, booktitle={Lake Champlain: Partnerships and Research in the New Millennium}, publisher={Springer US}, author={Watzin, Mary C. and Manley, Patricia L. and Manley, T. O. and Kyriakeas, Sofia A.}, year={2004}, pages={331–348} }
 @inbook{manley_manley_watzin_gutierrez_2004, title={Lakebed Pockmarks in Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain: I. Hydrodynamics and Implications of Origin}, ISBN={9781441934499 9781475740806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4080-6_17}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4757-4080-6_17}, booktitle={Lake Champlain: Partnerships and Research in the New Millennium}, publisher={Springer US}, author={Manley, Patricia L. and Manley, T. O. and Watzin, Mary C. and Gutierrez, Josh}, year={2004}, pages={299–329} }
 @book{watzin_shambaugh_brines_clason_kreider_2004, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Lake Champlain: Summer 2003}, number={51}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Shambaugh, Ad and Brines, E.K. and Clason, T. and Kreider, M.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{dewolfe_hession_watzin_2004, title={Sediment and Phosphorus Loads from Streambank Erosion in Vermont, USA}, ISBN={9780784407370}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40737(2004)436}, DOI={10.1061/40737(2004)436}, abstractNote={Streambank erosion is a poorly characterized, though potentially important, nonpoint source of sediment and phosphorus contributing to water quality degradation in Vermont. We conducted field research to obtain quantitative estimates of sediment and phosphorus loads due to streambank erosion on ten stream reaches in the Lake Champlain Basin of Vermont. Results were placed in context by comparison to simulated phosphorus and sediment loads from other nonpoint sources using the EUTROMOD watershed model and loading coefficients. Streambank erosion rates, while variable between stream reaches, were moderate (average 0.26 m/year) compared to published results for similarsized watersheds. The importance of streambank erosion relative to other nonpoint sources of sediment and phosphorus was also highly variable between stream reaches, ranging from the smallest to the largest single contributor.}, booktitle={Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={DeWolfe, Matthew N. and Hession, W. Cully and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2004}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{boyer_watzin_shambaugh_satchwell_rosen_mihuc_2004, title={The Occurrence of Cyanobacterial Toxins in Lake Champlain}, ISBN={9781441934499 9781475740806}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4080-6_13}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4757-4080-6_13}, booktitle={Lake Champlain: Partnerships and Research in the New Millennium}, publisher={Springer US}, author={Boyer, Gregory L. and Watzin, Mary C. and Shambaugh, Angela D. and Satchwell, Michael F. and Rosen, Barry H. and Mihuc, Timothy}, year={2004}, pages={241–257} }
 @article{mažeika_sullivan_watzin_hession_2004, title={Understanding Stream Geomorphic State in Relation to Ecological Integrity: Evidence Using Habitat Assessments and Macroinvertebrates}, volume={34}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-4032-8}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-004-4032-8}, abstractNote={Scientists have long assumed that the physical structure and condition of stream and river channels have pervasive effects on biological communities and processes, but specific tests are few. To investigate the influence of the stream-reach geomorphic state on in-stream habitat and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities, we compared measures of habitat conditions and macroinvertebrate community composition between stable and unstable stream reaches in a paired-study design. We also explored potential associations between these ecological measures and individual geomorphic characteristics and channel adjustment processes (degradation, aggradation, overwidening, and change in planform). We found that habitat quality and heterogeneity were closely tied to stream stability, with geomorphically stable reaches supporting better habitat than unstable reaches. Geomorphic and habitat assessment scores were highly correlated (r = 0.624, P < 0.006, n = 18). Stable reaches did not support significantly greater macroinvertebrate densities than unstable reaches (t = -0.415, P > 0.689, df = 8). However, the percent of the macroinvertebrate community in the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa was significantly correlated with the overall habitat assessment scores as well as with individual measures of geomorphic condition and habitat quality. While there is a clear need for more work in classifying and quantifying the responses of aquatic and aquatic-dependent biota to various geomorphic states and processes, this study provides solid preliminary evidence that macroinvertebrate communities are affected by the geomorphic condition of the stream reaches they inhabit and that geomorphic assessment approaches can be used as a tool for evaluating ecological integrity.}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mažeika, S. and Sullivan, P. and Watzin, Mary C. and Hession, W. Cully}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={669–683} }
 @inproceedings{watzin_avramoski_kycyku_naumoski_panovski_puka._selfo_2003, place={Annapolis, MD}, title={Lake Ohrid Experience and Lessons Learned}, booktitle={Proceedings, World Lake Basin Management Initiative Workshop}, publisher={LakeNet}, author={Watzin, M. and Avramoski, O. and Kycyku, S. and Naumoski, T. and Panovski, D. and Puka., V. and Selfo, L.}, year={2003}, month={Jun} }
 @book{watzin_shambaugh_brines_2003, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain: Summer 2002}, number={41}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Shambaugh, Ad and Brines, E.}, year={2003} }
 @book{meyer_kaplan_newbold_strayer_woltemade_zedler_beilfuss_carpenter_semlistsch_watzin_et al._2003, place={Washington, D.C.}, title={Where rivers are born: the scientific imperative for defending small streams and wetlands}, publisher={American Rivers Special Publication}, author={Meyer, J.L. and Kaplan, L.A. and Newbold, D. and Strayer, D.L. and Woltemade, C.J. and Zedler, J.B. and Beilfuss, R. and Carpenter, Q. and Semlistsch, R. and Watzin, M.C. and et al.}, year={2003} }
 @book{watzin_shambaugh_brines_boyer_2002, place={Grand Isle, Vermont}, title={Monitoring and evaluation of cyanobacteria in Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain: Summer 2001}, number={40}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Shambaugh, Ad and Brines, E.K. and Boyer, G.L.}, year={2002} }
 @article{borer_newman_ginger_shane_watzin_2002, title={Teaching to learn and learning to teach: a case study of multilevel, interdisciplinary education in natural resources}, volume={9}, url={http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/nrei/vol9/iss1/51.}, journal={Natural Resources and Environmental Issues}, author={Borer, C. and Newman, P. and Ginger, C. and Shane, J. and Watzin, M.}, year={2002} }
 @article{cobb_watzin_2002, title={Zebra Mussel Colonies and Yellow Perch Foraging: Spatial Complexity, Refuges, and Resource Enhancement}, volume={28}, ISSN={0380-1330}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(02)70581-9}, DOI={10.1016/s0380-1330(02)70581-9}, abstractNote={Throughout the Great Lakes basin, the invasion of zebra mussels has led to substantial increases in benthic invertebrate densities around zebra mussel colonies. This research focused on whether the enhanced benthic community associated with zebra mussel colonies is available to yellow perch, a bottom-foraging fish. In a series of laboratory trials, perch foraging success was examined under conditions of continuous and patchy zebra mussel coverage using gammarid amphipods and the midge Chironomus tentans as prey. Perch were less successful foraging for amphipods when zebra mussel coverage was continuous and marginally less successful foraging for chironomids when zebra mussel coverage was patchy. In a second laboratory series of videotaped trials with patchy coverage and amphipod prey, the use of space by both amphipods and foraging perch was examined. In these trials, perch actively foraged on the zebra mussel colonies even though their strikes were less likely to be successful there than on bare sand. Perch tended to take amphipods in exposed areas first, but because many more amphipods located themselves in zebra mussel colonies, many prey were taken in this habitat too. These results suggest that yellow perch are able to exploit the extra prey resources in zebra mussel colonies, although it may require slightly more effort to do so.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Great Lakes Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cobb, Susan E. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={256–263} }
 @book{donlon_watzin_2000, place={Grand Isle, VT}, title={Preliminary evaluation of progress toward Lake Champlain Basin Program phosphorus reduction goals}, institution={Lake Champlain Steering Committee}, author={Donlon, A. and Watzin, M.}, year={2000} }
 @article{cedfeldt_watzin_richardson_2000, title={Using GIS to Identify Functionally Significant Wetlands in the Northeastern United States}, volume={26}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002670010067}, DOI={10.1007/s002670010067}, abstractNote={/ Of the several automated wetland assessment methods currently available, none are comprehensive in considering all of the primary functions a wetland can perform. We developed a methodology particularly suited to the Northeastern United States that enumerates spatial predictors of wetland function for three primary wetland functions: flood flow alteration, surface water quality improvement, andwildlife habitat. Predictors were derived from several wetland assessment techniques and directly from the literature on wetland structure and function. The methodology was then automated using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The resulting Automated Assessment Method for Northeastern Wetlands (AMNEW) consists of a suite of eight Arc Macro Language (AML) programs that run in the ARC/INFO GRID module. Using remotely sensed land use information and digital elevation models (DEMs), AMNEW produces three separate grids of wetlands that perform each function. The method was tested on four watersheds in Vermont's Lake Champlain Basin. Results and preliminary verification indicate that the method can successfully identify those wetlands in the Northeastern region that have the potential to be functionally important.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cedfeldt, Paul T. and Watzin, Mary C. and Richardson, Bruce Dingee}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={13–24} }
 @article{watzin_mcintosh_1999, title={Aquatic ecosystems in agricultural landscapes: a review of ecological indicators and achievable ecological outcomes}, volume={54}, journal={Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Society}, author={Watzin, M.C. and McIntosh, A.W.}, year={1999}, pages={636–644} }
 @article{lacey_watzin_mcintosh_1999, title={SEDIMENT ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT AS A CONFOUNDING FACTOR IN TOXICITY TESTS WITH CHIRONOMUS TENTANS}, volume={18}, ISSN={0730-7268 1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0231:somcaa>2.3.co;2}, DOI={10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<0231:somcaa>2.3.co;2}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lacey, Rebekah and Watzin, Mary C. and McIntosh, Alan W.}, year={1999}, pages={231} }
 @inbook{mcintosh_watzin_king_1999, title={Toxic substances in Lake Champlain: An overview}, ISBN={0875903509}, ISSN={1526-758X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ws001p0239}, DOI={10.1029/ws001p0239}, booktitle={Water Science and Application}, publisher={American Geophysical Union}, author={McIntosh, Alan and Watzin, Mary and King, John}, year={1999}, pages={239–259} }
 @article{boucher_watzin_1999, title={Toxicity identification evaluation of metal-contaminated sediments using an artificial pore water containing dissolved organic carbons}, volume={18}, ISSN={0730-7268 1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180320}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5620180320}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Boucher, Anne M. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={509–518} }
 @book{watzin_mcintosh_1998, title={Aquatic ecosystems in agricultural landscapes: achievable ecological outcomes and targeted indicators of ecological health}, author={Watzin, M.C. and McIntosh, A.W.}, year={1998} }
 @article{cobb_watzin_1998, title={Trophic interactions between yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and their benthic prey in a littoral zone community}, volume={55}, ISSN={0706-652X 1205-7533}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-205}, DOI={10.1139/f97-205}, abstractNote={ Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) growth rates in northern Lake Champlain have declined in recent years while densities have increased, suggesting resource limitation. At high densities, predators have the potential to influence prey communities, but these effects can be highly complex. Using in situ mesh cages in an unmanipulated littoral zone setting, we examined the effects of two densities (0.5 and 1.5/m2) of yellow perch on (i) their growth and (ii) the abundance of major prey groups in the benthic community. Yellow perch growth rates were significantly lower in the high-density treatment than in the low-density treatment. Because site characteristics were not manipulated, measured covariates reflecting sediment and vegetation variation between cages were used to help clarify treatment effects on benthos. Fish predation on invertebrate prey was significant only in the high-density predator treatment for three of the six prey groups examined (predatory chironomids, prey chironomids, and isopods). For this littoral zone community, availability and abundance of benthic prey strongly influenced yellow perch growth rates; but the effect of yellow perch predation on benthic community structure was only moderate. }, number={1}, journal={Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Cobb, Susan E and Watzin, Mary C}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={28–36} }
 @article{watzin_mcintosh_brown_lacey_lester_newbrough_williams_1997, title={Assessing sediment quality in heterogeneous environments: A case study of a small urban harbor in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA}, volume={16}, ISSN={0730-7268 1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620161020}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5620161020}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Watzin, Mary C. and McIntosh, Alan W. and Brown, Erik A. and Lacey, Rebekah and Lester, Deborah C. and Newbrough, Kathleen L. and Williams, Ann R.}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={2125–2135} }
 @book{mcintosh_watzin_1997, place={Grand Isle, VT}, title={Lake Champlain Sediment Toxics Assessment Program: an assessment of sediment-associated contaminants in Lake Champlain. Phase II}, number={23B}, institution={Lake Champlain Basin Program}, author={McIntosh, A. and Watzin, M.}, year={1997} }
 @article{watzin_roscigno_1997, title={The effects of zinc contamination on the recruitment and early survival of benthic invertebrates in an estuary}, volume={34}, ISSN={0025-326X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(96)00132-4}, DOI={10.1016/s0025-326x(96)00132-4}, abstractNote={Using formulated sediment as the test substrate and field exposures, we examined the effects of zinc contamination on the benthic invertebrate community in Mobile Bay. Formulated sediment was mixed to match field sediment in grain size and organic matter content. Clean sediments and sediments dosed with zinc to target concentrations from 250–5000 μg g−1 were exposed in field holding racks anchored on the bottom. The abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrate recruits were used as indicators of sediment quality. We found significant differences in both indicators between clean and zinc contaminated sediments. All taxa did not respond similarly to changing zinc concentrations. Several families of polychaetes, harpacticoid copepods and ostracods appeared to be most sensitive to zinc. Under certain conditions, some taxa, particularly gastropods, were attracted to zinc-contaminated sediments. Taken together, the results suggest that zinc contamination can profoundly affect the nature of the benthic community recruiting into such sediments.}, number={6}, journal={Marine Pollution Bulletin}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Watzin, Mary C. and Roscigno, Pasquale R.}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={443–455} }
 @article{friedmann_watzin_leiter_brinck-johnsen_1996, title={Effects of Environmental Mercury on Gonadal Function in Lake Champlain Northern Pike ( Esox lucius )}, volume={56}, ISSN={0007-4861 1432-0800}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900070}, DOI={10.1007/s001289900070}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Friedmann, A. S. and Watzin, M. C. and Leiter, J. C. and Brinck-Johnsen, T.}, year={1996}, month={Mar}, pages={486–492} }
 @article{friedmann_watzin_brinck-johnsen_leiter_1996, title={Low levels of dietary methylmercury inhibit growth and gonadal development in juvenile walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)}, volume={35}, ISSN={0166-445X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-445x(96)00796-5}, DOI={10.1016/0166-445x(96)00796-5}, abstractNote={Mercury levels in the aquatic environment of North America have been increasing, raising the possibility that this highly toxic heavy metal might alter fish populations. Previous investigations have demonstrated toxic effects of mercury on teleost reproduction, but these findings were observed following unrealistically high exposures. In this study, we used concentrations frequently observed in North American lakes to investigate the effects of dietary methylmercury on growth, gonadal development, and plasma cortisol levels in juvenile walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). For a period of 6 months, two groups of walleye were reared on untainted catfish fillets, while two test groups were fed fillets injected with methylmercury, one group receiving 0.1 μg Hg g−1 food (low-mercury diet) and the other receiving 1.0 μg Hg g−1 food (high-mercury diet). After the exposure period, fish fed the low- and high-mercury diets had mean body burdens of 0.254 ± 0.015 μg Hg g−1 and 2.37 ± 0.09 μg Hg g−1, respectively. Dietary mercury significantly impaired both growth and gonadal development in males, which was apparent as reduced fish length, weight, and gonadosomatic index. Testicular atrophy was observed in fish fed the mercury-tainted fillets, but was nonexistent in control animals. Mercury also suppressed plasma cortisol in juveniles (sexes combined). The findings of this study suggest that dietary methylmercury, at levels currently found in the aquatic environment, might reduce juvenile survival by impairing growth and immune function. Furthermore, these results suggest that methylmercury might also affect reproductive potential of teleosts by impairing testicular development in young.}, number={3-4}, journal={Aquatic Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Friedmann, Andrew S. and Watzin, Mary C. and Brinck-Johnsen, Truls and Leiter, James C.}, year={1996}, month={Oct}, pages={265–278} }
 @article{gruessner_watzin_1996, title={Response of aquatic communities from a vermont stream to environmentally realistic atrazine exposure in laboratory microcosms}, volume={15}, ISSN={0730-7268 1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150402}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5620150402}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gruessner, Barry and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1996}, month={Apr}, pages={410–419} }
 @article{weller_watzin_wang_1996, title={Role of wetlands in reducing phosphorus loading to surface water in eight watersheds in the Lake Champlain Basin}, volume={20}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01204144}, DOI={10.1007/bf01204144}, abstractNote={A landscape-level approach was applied to eight rural watersheds to assess the role that wetlands play in reducing phosphorus loading to surface waters in the Lake Champlain Basin. Variables summarizing various characteristics of wetlands within a watershed were calculated using a geographic information system and then compared to measured phosphorus loading through multiple regression analyses. The inclusion of a variable based on the area of riparian wetlands located along low- and medium-order streams in conjunction with the area of agricultural and nonwetland forested lands explained 88% of the variance in phosphorus loading to surface waters. The best fit model coefficients (Pload=0.86Ag+0.64For-30Ripwet+160) suggest that a hectare of riparian wetland may be many times more important in reducing phosphorus than an agricultural hectare is in producing phosphorus. These results provide additional support for the concept that protection of riparian wetlands is an important management strategy for controlling stream water quality in multiuse landscapes.KEY WORDS: Wetlands; Phosphorus; Landscape; Regression model; Riparian; Vermont}, number={5}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Weller, Christine M. and Watzin, Mary C. and Wang, Deane}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={731–739} }
 @article{gruessner_shambaugh_watzin_1995, title={Comparison of an Enzyme Immunoassay and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Atrazine in Surface Waters}, volume={29}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00001a032}, DOI={10.1021/es00001a032}, abstractNote={To determine the reliability of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for atrazine, we collected water samples and analyzed them for herbicide content by both EIA and standard gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. The commercially available EIA uses antibodies linked to magnetic particles to determine sample atrazine concentrations and requires less than 2 h to analyze a run of 50 samples. The EIA was internally consistent with variation of less than 3% between 156 duplicate standards that were run to develop standard curves. For the 217 samples examined, atrazine concentrations measured by the two analytical techniques were highly correlated (r=0.96)}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Gruessner, Barry. and Shambaugh, Nathaniel C. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={251–254} }
 @book{watzin_tucker_south_1995, title={Environmental problems in the Mobile Bay ecosystem: the cumulative effects of human activities}, institution={U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Tucker, S. and South, C.}, year={1995} }
 @inbook{johnston_watzin_handley_barras_1995, place={Washington, DC}, title={Gulf of Mexico coastal wetlands: case studies of loss trends}, booktitle={Our Living Resources, A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems}, publisher={Department of the Interior}, author={Johnston, J.B. and Watzin, M.C. and Handley, L.R. and Barras, J.}, year={1995}, pages={269–273} }
 @article{gruessner_watzin_1995, title={Patterns of Herbicide Contamination in Selected Vermont Streams Detected by Enzyme Immunoassay and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry}, volume={29}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00011a017}, DOI={10.1021/es00011a017}, abstractNote={The patterns of contamination of the heavily used herbicide atrazine were determined in four Vermont streams. Over two seasons, 600 streamwater samples were collected following rain events and analyzed for atrazine content using a low-cost enzyme immunoassay (EIA). To ensure the accuracy of the EIA and to determine the concentration patterns of five other herbicides commonly used in Vermont (alachlor, cyanazine, metolachlor, pendimethalin, and simazine), 30% of the water samples were also analyzed using standard gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. Fifty stream sediment samples were also analyzed by GC/MS. The atrazine concentrations detected in the water samples varied from less than 1 to over 7 μg/L, depending on the rainfall patterns during the season, the location of the sampling site within the watershed, and the intensity of the agricultural activity surrounding the sites. Combined water concentrations of all six herbicides were often several times higher than atrazine concentrations. Except in the largest stream, herbicide contamination usually occurred in pulses that dissipated within a few days after each rain event. Only trace amounts of two of the six herbicides were found in stream bottom sediment samples.}, number={11}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Gruessner, Barry. and Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1995}, month={Nov}, pages={2806–2813} }
 @article{watzin_roscigno_burke_1994, title={Community-level field method for testing the toxicity of contaminated sediments in estuaries}, volume={13}, ISSN={0730-7268 1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130720}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5620130720}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Watzin, Mary C. and Roscigno, Pasquale F. and Burke, W. David}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={1187–1193} }
 @book{watzin_gosselink_1992, place={Washington, D.C.}, title={The fragile fringe: coastal wetlands of the United States}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Gosselink, J.G.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{watzin_1991, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Coastal Barrier Resources System mapping process}, volume={90}, number={18}, booktitle={Biological Report: Proceedings of the Habitat Loss and Modification Group Meeting}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Watzin, M.C.}, year={1991}, pages={23–28} }
 @inbook{watzin_mcgilvrey_1989, place={New York}, title={Coastal Barrier Resources Act: Report to Congress}, booktitle={Barrier islands: process and management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Watzin, M.C. and McGilvrey, F.B.}, editor={Stauble, D.K.Editor}, year={1989}, pages={208–222} }
 @book{watzin_baumann_1988, place={Washington, DC}, title={Appendix A: Shoreline change and wetland loss in the Coastal Barrier Resources System: a case study analysis}, journal={Report to Congress: Coastal Barrier Resources System}, institution={U.S. Department of the Interior}, author={Watzin, M.C. and Baumann, R.H.}, year={1988} }
 @inbook{watzin_1988, place={Washington, DC}, title={Executive Summary & Appendices A-D}, volume={1-22}, booktitle={Report to Congress: Coastal Barrier Resources System}, publisher={U.S. Department of the Interior, Coastal Barrier Study Group.}, author={Watzin, Mary}, year={1988} }
 @book{watzin_1988, place={Washington, DC}, title={Final supplemental legislative environmental impact statement on the proposed changes to the Coastal Barrier Resources System}, institution={U.S. Department of the Interior}, author={Watzin, Mary}, year={1988} }
 @article{watzin_1986, title={Larval settlement into marine soft-sediment systems: Interactions with the meiofauna}, volume={98}, ISSN={0022-0981}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(86)90076-6}, DOI={10.1016/0022-0981(86)90076-6}, abstractNote={The distribution and abundance of organisms exhibiting complex life cycles, like marine invertebrates, reflect ecological processes operating at all stages in the life history. Few studies have yet considered the mortality patterns of larvae and juveniles. To test whether the permanent meiofauna play a role in macrofaunal larval site-selection, and/or if permanent meiofaunal predators or competitors and disturbers are a significant source of mortality for newly settled macrofaunal juveniles, a series of manipulations of meiofauna were performed. Densities of (1) predatory turbellarians alone, and (2) other meiofauna, were increased in small boxes placed on a holding table in a shallow subtidal habitat. Natural settlement into meiofauna manipulations was examined approximately monthly for a year. Other experiments were conducted to examine the relative importance of site-selection and post-settlement mortality and to determine if settlement was density-dependent or density-independent. Densities of spionid, cirratulid, terebellid, capitellid, and maldanid polychaetes, oligochaetes, bivalves, and amphipods were all reduced by high densities of turbellarians, and sometimes by other meiofauna. Turbellarian predation was responsible for significant post-settlement mortality, but spionids, cirratulids, terebellids, and maldanids also appeared to avoid dense turbellarian treatments. Bivalve densities were reduced by high densities of other meiofauna, probably due to their sedimentary disturbance. Syllid polychaete densities were higher in turbellarian treatments, suggesting that they select for areas with high densities of their prey (small turbellarians). The effects of meiofauna on settlement and survival were greatest in spring and summer. The results of these experiments suggest larval settlement patterns and early juvenile survival should be considered in developing general models of life history and community structure for soft-sediment systems.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Watzin, Mary C}, year={1986}, month={Jan}, pages={65–113} }
 @article{watzin_1985, title={INTERACTIONS AMONG TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT MEIOFAUNA: OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEEDING AND BEHAVIOR OF SELECTED TAXA}, volume={169}, ISSN={0006-3185 1939-8697}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541491}, DOI={10.2307/1541491}, abstractNote={Meiofauna diets and behavioral patterns are relatively unknown despite the fact that in any system, predatory relationships and behavioral responses may play an important role in determining community structure. Therefore, observations on food preferences, feeding behavior, and encounter interactions of members of a meiofauna assemblage were made in the laboratory in dishes of natural sediment. The diets and behavior of two turbellarian species, Neochildia fusca and Archiloa wilsoni were examined in detail. Both are predators and both feed on a variety of other taxa, including the temporary meiofauna. Based upon the results of these experiments, a potential food web was constructed among the temporary and permanent meiofauna. The behavioral responses of these turbellarians and other members of the meiofaunal assemblage at times of encounter were also observed, categorized, and quantified. Implications of these behaviors are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={The Biological Bulletin}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1985}, month={Oct}, pages={397–416} }
 @article{watzin_1984, title={Egg Laying in the Acoel Turbellarian Neochildia fusca}, volume={103}, ISSN={0003-0023}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226195}, DOI={10.2307/3226195}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the American Microscopical Society}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1984}, month={Jul}, pages={322} }
 @article{watzin_1983, title={The effects of meiofauna on settling macrofauna: meiofauna may structure macrofaunal communities}, volume={59}, DOI={DOI: 10.1007/BF00378833  3 days ago}, number={2-3}, journal={Oecologia}, author={Watzin, Mary C}, year={1983}, month={Sep}, pages={163–166} }
 @article{watzin_1983, title={The effects of meiofauna on settling macrofauna: meiofauna may structure macrofaunal communities}, volume={59}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378833}, DOI={10.1007/bf00378833}, abstractNote={When macrofaunal larvae and juveniles recruit into the benthos, they are in the same size catagory as the meiofauna. These small size classes have been consistently ignored in macrofaunal studies despite the increasingly accepted idea that communities are structured not only by interactions between adults, but also by interactions which occurred when the animals were young and in the meiofaunal size catagory. I have tested the effects of turbellarians and other meiofauna on settling macrofaunal larvae and young juveniles in a one-week field experiment. Increased densities of both turbellarians and other meiofauna (tested separately) significantly reduced densities of juvenile spionids and deposit feeders. Syllid abundances increased in high density turbellarian treatments. Nereid polychaete, other predatory polychaete, and bivalve densities showed no significant differences among treatments. By both altering densities and acting selectively on various groups of macrofaunal juveniles, meiofauna may significantly affect the structure of macrofaunal communities.}, number={2-3}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Watzin, Mary C.}, year={1983}, month={Sep}, pages={163–166} }
 @article{bell_watzin_coull_1978, title={Biogenic structure and its effect on the spatial heterogeneity of meiofauna in a salt marsh}, volume={35}, ISSN={0022-0981}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(78)90069-2}, DOI={10.1016/0022-0981(78)90069-2}, abstractNote={Meiofauna samples collected around and between Spartina plants had either negative correlations with root biomass or no correlation. If, as predicted by earlier workers, meiofauna are attracted to micro-oxygenated zones around roots, there should have been a positive association between meiofauna and roots. Nematodes had higher densities around Uca pugnax (Smith) burrows than in controls, but copepods were less abundant, although the cause is unknown. Biogenic structures significantly affect meiofauna distribution and must be taken into account when quantifying meiofauna in areas with much structural heterogeneity.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bell, Susan S. and Watzin, Mary C. and Coull, Bruce C.}, year={1978}, month={Nov}, pages={99–107} }