@article{oviedo-rondon_velleman_wineland_2020, title={The Role of Incubation Conditions in the Onset of Avian Myopathies}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-042X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2020.545045}, abstractNote={White striping, wooden breast, and spaghetti muscle have become common myopathies in broilers worldwide. Several research reports have indicated that the origin of these lesions is metabolic disorders. These failures in normal metabolism can start very early in life, and suboptimal incubation conditions may trigger some of the key alterations on muscle metabolism. Incubation conditions affect the development of muscle and can be associated with the onset of myopathies. A series of experiments conducted with broilers, turkeys, and ducks are discussed to overview primary information showing the main changes in breast muscle histomorphology, metabolism, and physiology caused by suboptimal incubation conditions. These modifications may be associated with current myopathies. Those effects of incubation on myopathy occurrence and severity have also been confirmed at slaughter age. The impact of egg storage, temperature profiles, oxygen concentrations, and time of hatch have been evaluated. The effects have been observed in diverse species, genetic lines, and both genders. Histological and muscle evaluations have detected that myopathies could be induced by extended hypoxia and high temperatures, and those effects depend on the genetic line. Thus, these modifications in muscle metabolic responses may make hatchlings more susceptible to develop myopathies during grow out due to thermal stress, high-density diets, and fast growth rates.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar Orlando and Velleman, Sandra G. and Wineland, Michael J.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{chen_suyemoto_sarsour_cordova_oviedo-rondon_wineland_barnes_borst_2019, title={Temporal characterization of wooden breast myopathy ("woody breast") severity and correlation with growth rate and lymphocytic phlebitis in three commercial broiler strains and a random-bred broiler strain}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2019.1598541}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Wooden breast myopathy (WBM), or “woody breast” or “wooden breast” affects modern, rapidly growing, high breast-yield broiler chickens. Decreased meat quality due to undesirable organoleptic properties and condemnation of affected breast meat cause economic losses. The pathogenesis of WBM remains unknown. In this study, WBM lesion development was determined in three modern broiler strains and Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) broilers, a 1950s unselected broiler chicken. Correlations between WBM severity and incubation temperature profile, sex, strain, body weight, and lymphocytic phlebitis were also determined. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, samples of breast muscle from 10 male and 10 female birds from each strain, incubated under optimal or low-early, high-late temperatures, were scored histologically for severity of WBM and lymphocytic phlebitis. WBM lesions, identified as early as 2 weeks, became progressively more severe with age and growth in the three commercial broiler strains. WBM severity was significantly correlated with lymphocytic phlebitis and body weight. Lymphocytic phlebitis and minimal WBM were present in the ACRB broilers at all samplings, but did not progress in severity over time. There were no significant differences in severity of WBM among the commercial broiler strains, between sexes, or between incubation temperature profiles. The positive correlation between WBM severity and lymphocytic phlebitis indicates vascular injury is likely an important factor in the pathogenesis. Mild muscle lesions in ACRB birds without overt clinical signs indicate subclinical muscle disease may have been present in broilers prior to the description of WBM.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Chen, Laura R. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Sarsour, Albarra H. and Cordova, H. Alejandro and Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. and Wineland, Michael and Barnes, H. John and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={319–328} }
 @article{da costa_oviedo-rondon_wineland_claassen_osborne_2016, title={Effects of incubation temperatures and trace mineral sources on chicken live performance and footpad skin development}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pev446}, abstractNote={One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two incubation temperature profiles (TEM) and two trace mineral (TM) sources with their inclusion levels on performance and footpad skin development of Ross 708 chickens. A total of 1,000 eggs from 29-wk-old breeders were incubated following two TEM profiles: a standard (S) eggshell temperature (37.8±0.2°C) for 21 d of incubation and an early-low late-high (LH) TEM. The second profile had low (37.2±0.2°C) temperature for the first 3 d, and S until the last 3 d when eggshell temperature was 39.2±0.2°C. At hatch, 15 male and 15 female chicks from each TEM were selected, and footpads sampled. Additionally, 168 males per TEM were placed in 24 battery cages with 7 chickens each. The 48 cages were assigned to two TM dietary treatments: one with inorganic (ITM) sources of Zn (120 ppm), Cu (10 ppm), and Mn (120 ppm) and the other with chelated (CTM) mineral sources using lower inclusion levels of Zn (32 ppm), Cu (8 ppm), and Mn (32 ppm). At 7 and 21 d, BW gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained and chicks sampled for footpads. Histological analysis assessed thickness and area ofstratus corneum(SC), epidermis, and dermis. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with TEM and sex as main factors for hatch data and TEM and TM diets for 7 and 21 d data. The LH chicks were heavier than S chicks at hatch, but had more residual yolk. However, S TEM male chickens were heavier at 7 and 21 d. The S TEM had better FCR than LH TEM.Papillaedermis parameters at hatch were higher in the S TEM. At 7 d, SC height and area were increased by the S TEM. At 21 d CTM increased dermis height and area. In conclusion, TEM affected footpad skin development and broiler performance. Replacing ITM with reduced levels of CTM increased dermis development without affecting live performance or other skin layers.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Da Costa, M. J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Claassen, K. and Osborne, J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={749–759} }
 @article{da costa_oviedo-rondón_wineland_jeffrey_2016, title={Pathogeny of Fatigued Walking Condition in Pekin Ducks}, volume={60}, ISSN={0005-2086 1938-4351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/11292-100315-RegR}, DOI={10.1637/11292-100315-regr}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Fatigued walking condition (FWC) in ducks is an important welfare and processing issue during the loading/unloading to the processing plant that can be related to heart and bone development. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of incubation conditions on duck embryo bone and heart development and their subsequent effects on ducks showing FWC at market age. Four groups of 2500 Pekin duck eggs were subjected to combinations of two incubation temperature profiles (elevated [E] and normal [N]) and two eggshell conductance profiles (G) (reduced [GR] and normal [GN]). At hatch 10 ducklings from each treatment combination were sampled for heart, liver, residual yolk, and total body weight as well as relative weights (organ percentage of whole body weight). Femur, tibia, and tarsus length and weight were also obtained, and relative asymmetry (RA) was calculated for each leg section. At 35 days of age during unloading of the truck at the slaughter plant, five hens and five drakes demonstrating normal walking and FWC were sampled. Body, heart, and ventricular weights were obtained along with femur, tibia and tarsus length, weight, and RA. Bone strength was evaluated using a three-point bending test, and tibia ash content was assessed. At hatch duckling bone characteristics and organ weights were found to be primarily affected by GR conditions, while heart development in older ducks was mainly impacted by E incubation temperatures. Tibia and relative weight at 35 days were also increased by GR and E. Fatigued ducks presented heavier tibias with more RA and cortical thickness but lower ash percentage. In conclusion, the changes in bone development during incubation and posthatch life were related to duck FWC presence during transportation to the processing plant.}, number={4}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)}, author={Da Costa, M. J. and Oviedo-Rondón, E. O. and Wineland, M. and Jeffrey, D.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={731–738} }
 @article{eusebio-balcazar_oviedo-rondon_wineland_osborne_brake_2015, title={Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1466-1799"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2015.1019830}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age. 2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age. 3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as main factors. 4. The wheat diet increased the probability of observing crooked toes in broiler progeny compared to the use of maize, but only when breeders were fed according to the fast feeding programme and given similar feeder space as during rearing. 5. Breeders given more feeder space in the laying period produced progeny with more locomotion problems compared with those provided similar feeder space, but only when maize was used and the slow feeding programme was applied to the breeders. 6. The maternal feeding programme interacted with other factors to influence progeny leg health, but it did not solely influence walking ability or leg problems of progeny. 7. In conclusion, an increased probability of observing walking impairment of broiler progeny was detected when breeders were given greater feeder space at photostimulation rather than no change and fed according to the slow feeding programme using maize diets in breeders and progeny.}, number={3}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Eusebio-Balcazar, P. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Osborne, J. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={345–360} }
 @article{da costa_oviedo-rondón_wineland_jeffrey_2015, title={Effects of eggshell conductance and incubation temperatures on duck footpad development}, volume={24}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv056}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfv056}, abstractNote={Summary Footpad dermatitis (FPD) is a major animal welfare and economical concern. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of eggshell conductance (G) and incubation temperature profiles (TEM) on duck footpad skin structure at hatch and 35 d of age, and their influence on probability to observe FPD scores under commercial conditions. A total of 10,000 Pekin duck eggs were assigned to 4 treatments, resulting from a combination of two G, reduced and normal, and two TEM, elevated and normal. At hatch, 6 ducklings from each treatment were weighed and footpad skin samples collected for histological processing. The remaining ducklings were placed in a commercial house. At 35 d, 5 drakes and 5 hens from each treatment combination were weighed and classified for FPD using a 3-level scale to determine probabilities to observe each score using logistic regression. Additionally, footpads of 7 ducks per treatment combination were sampled for histological analysis. Data were analyzed as a CRD with 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. There were no effects of treatments on BW at hatch and 35 d. High TEM and reduced G increased residual yolk. On footpad skin layer measurements, an interaction effect was observed on dermis length and area and total papillae height at hatch. At 35 d reduced G ducks had more area of epidermis than normal G. Additionally, either elevated TEM or reduced G tended to increase the probability (P}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Da Costa, Manuel J. and Oviedo-Rondón, Edgar O. and Wineland, Michael and Jeffrey, Debbie}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={pfv056} }
 @article{da costa_oviedo-rondon_wineland_wilson_montiel_2014, title={Effects of breeder feeding restriction programs and incubation temperatures on progeny footpad development}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2014-03897}, abstractNote={Footpad dermatitis begins early in life, and there is evidence of individual susceptibility. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the carryover effects of breeder feed restriction programs and incubation temperatures (TEM) on progeny footpad development at hatch, and 7 and 22 d. Cobb 500 fast feathering breeders were subjected to 2 dietary feed restriction programs during rearing: skip-a-day (SAD) and every-day feeding (EDF). At 60 wk of age, eggs from each group were collected and incubated according to 2 TEM, standard (S) eggshell temperature (38.1°C) and early-low late-high (LH). This second profile had low (36.9°C) eggshell temperature for the first 3 d, and standard temperature until the last 3 d when eggs were subjected to elevated (38.9°C) eggshell temperature. At hatch, 15 chicks from each treatment combination were sampled to obtain footpads for histological analysis. Seventy-two chicks per treatment were placed in 48 cages (6/cage), and raised to 22 d. At 7 and 22 d, 1 and 2 chickens, respectively, were sampled for footpads. The BW and group feed intake were recorded to obtain BW gain and feed conversion ratio at 7 and 21 d. Histological analysis assessed thickness and total area of stratus corneum (SC), epidermis, and dermis, and total papillae height. Data were analyzed as randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. There was a negative effect of LH TEM on performance at both ages. An interaction effect on SC area and papillae height was observed at hatch. Additionally, SAD treatment increased thickness and area of footpad dermis. At 7 d, the SC parameters of the SAD progeny were increased. Epidermis thickness was affected by treatment interaction. Furthermore, LH TEM decreased epidermis thickness and dermis area. At 22 d, interaction effects were observed in thickness and area of SC and epidermis. Incubation S TEM increased thickness and area of dermis. It was concluded that breeder feed restriction programs and incubation TEM profiles may have carryover effects on histomorphological traits of footpads.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Da Costa, M. J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Wilson, J. and Montiel, E.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1900–1909} }
 @article{eusebio-balcazar_oviedo-rondón_wineland_pérez serrano_brake_2014, title={Effects of broiler breeder-feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on eggshell properties and progeny bone development}, volume={55}, ISSN={0007-1668 1466-1799}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.921665}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2014.921665}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. The effects of diet type, feeding programme and fast- or slow-feed allocation in fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens on eggshell properties and broiler progeny bone development were investigated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment. 2. The birds were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets during rearing and production and on a fast- or slow-feed allocation programme from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space (FS) either remained similar or was increased. 3. Eggs produced at 33 weeks were incubated, eggshell conductance (G) was determined and a sample of 14 chicks from each treatment combination was taken to obtain bone traits at hatching. 4. Diet type did not influence G, yolk-free body weight (BW), residual yolk weight or relative asymmetry (RA) of any bilateral traits of leg bones of hatchlings. However, breeder diet type was involved on two-way and three-way interaction effects on progeny leg bone traits. 5. Breeders feed restricted according to the slow-feeding programme laid eggs with greater G compared to those managed with the fast-feeding programme, but there was no effect of feeding programme on progeny bone traits at hatching. 6. Eggs from breeders given more FS at photostimulation had greater G than those from breeders provided with similar FS. Maternal FS change did not influence hatchling yolk-free BW; however, breeders given more FS produced progeny with heavier tibias and shanks and longer femurs compared with those provided with similar FS, but only when breeders were fed on maize. Moreover, increased maternal FS at photostimulation was associated with an increased RA of femur length in the progeny. 7. It was concluded that breeder FS change at photostimulation influenced eggshell conductance and consistently affected bone development of the broiler progeny.}, number={3}, journal={British Poultry Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Eusebio-Balcazar, P. and Oviedo-Rondón, E.O. and Wineland, M.J. and Pérez Serrano, M. and Brake, J.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={380–390} }
 @article{berghaus_mathis_bramwell_macklin_wilson_wineland_maurer_lee_2012, title={Multilevel Analysis of Environmental Salmonella Prevalences and Management Practices on 49 Broiler Breeder Farms in Four South-Eastern States, USA}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1863-2378"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01464.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={5}, journal={ZOONOSES AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Berghaus, R. D. and Mathis, D. L. and Bramwell, R. K. and Macklin, K. S. and Wilson, J. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Maurer, J. J. and Lee, M. D.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={365–374} }
 @article{moraes_oviedo-rondon_leandro_wineland_malheiros_eusebio-balcazar_2011, title={Broiler breeder trace mineral nutrition and feeding practices on embryo progeny development}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1758-1567"]}, DOI={10.3184/175815511x13147937995611}, abstractNote={ This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of breeder feeding programme, feeder space change from rearing to lay, and trace mineral (TM) source on the development of embryo progeny. Cobb 500 broiler breeders were raised in a blackout pullet house. At 23 weeks, females that represented the body weight (BW) distribution from each pen were transferred to a laying house divided into pens with either same or more feeder space than in rearing. From 14 to 29 weeks, either a late fast or a late slow FP was used. Breeders were fed corn based diets during rearing and lay and from 56 to 62 weeks of age, these diets contained either 100% inorganic TM or an organic TM source to replace 30% of Cu, Zn, and Mn. Embryo BW, residual yolk, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development from 19 to 21 days of incubation were evaluated in 62-weeks-old breeder offspring. Allometric coefficients were determined for each GIT component. All possible interactions of this 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design were evaluated at each embryo age. Results indicated treatment effects on relative weights of GIT organs for only two-way and main effects. Allometric coefficients suggested that progeny of breeders fed diets with 100% inorganic TM or according to late fast (LF) had faster development of gizzard + proventriculus and gut, respectively. In breeder feeding practices and TM nutrition may affect GIT development of embryo progeny. }, number={3}, journal={AVIAN BIOLOGY RESEARCH}, author={Moraes, Vera M. B. and Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. and Leandro, Nadja S. M. and Wineland, Michael J. and Malheiros, Ramon D. and Eusebio-Balcazar, Pamela}, year={2011}, pages={122–132} }
 @article{leandro_ali_koci_moraes_malheiros_wineland_oviedo-rondon_2011, title={Effects of broiler breeder genetic, diet type, and feeding program on maternal antibody transfer and development of lymphoid tissues in chicken progeny}, volume={20}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00268}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2010-00268}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Maternal antibody (MatAb) transfer is important for early chicken survivability. Diet composition and the amount of feed given to breeder pullets during rearing may affect the development of immunity and the transfer of MatAb to progeny, and could affect progeny performance and resistance to disease. The effects of broiler breeder nutrition and feeding management practices were evaluated for the transfer of MatAb to progeny and for spleen and bursa development at hatching in 2 genetic strains (A and B). In this experiment, the levels of MatAb against Newcastle disease virus were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in serum samples taken of pedigreed chicken progeny from hatching to 13 d of age. Chickens were fed corn- and wheat-based diets, as were their parents. The breeder feeding program and diet type altered the Newcastle disease virus MatAb found in progeny at hatching and affected how long these antibodies were maintained in circulation. Bursal follicle size at hatching was influenced by an interaction among all factors evaluated. Percentage of white pulp in the spleen was affected mainly by genetic strain and diet type, but responses varied according to the breeder feeding program. It was concluded that breeder feeding programs influence MatAb transfer and half-life, and may also affect the early development of lymphoid tissues.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Leandro, N. M. and Ali, R. and Koci, M. and Moraes, V. and Malheiros, R. D. and Wineland, M. J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={474–484} }
 @article{leandro_ali_koci_moraes_eusebio-balcazar_jornigan_malheiros_wineland_brake_oviedo-rondon_2011, title={Maternal antibody transfer to broiler progeny varies among strains and is affected by grain source and cage density}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-81555201984&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2011-01573}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of broiler breeder dietary grain source and cage density on maternal antibody (MatAb) transfer to progeny in 2 genetic strains (A and B). Broiler breeders were assigned to 16 litter floor pens and fed either corn- or wheat-based diets. Breeders were administered 4 live vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). At 23 wk of age, pullets and cocks, which reflected the full BW distribution from each treatment, were moved to a cage breeder house and placed at 1 or 2 hens/cage. Breeders were artificially inseminated at 44 wk (experiment 1) and 52 wk of age (experiment 2). Eggs were collected for 8 d, incubated, and placed in individual pedigree bags at d 19 of incubation. Blood samples from 5 chicks per treatment combination were collected at hatch in both experiments. Spleen and bursa were collected from the same chicks for histomorphometry analyses in experiment 2. In the second experiment, 12 chicks per treatment were placed in cages. Progeny were provided diets based on the same grain (corn or wheat) as their parents. Serum samples were collected at 5, 9, and 13 d of age and analyzed for anti-NDV MatAb. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design considering strain, dietary grain source, and cage density as main factors. Interaction effects were observed in breeders and progeny. Experiment 1 showed that strain A chicks had lower levels of MatAb when hens were housed at 2 hens/cage rather than 1 hen/cage. The MatAb levels of strain B chickens were not affected by cage density in either experiment. Experiment 2 demonstrated similar effects of cage density on MatAb levels and the area of bursa follicles for both strains. Progeny of breeders fed corn-based diets had smaller spleen white pulp only when hens were housed at 2 hens/cage compared with 1 hen/cage. The results of these experiments suggest that breeder strain and cage-density conditions affected MatAb transfer to progeny and embryo development of spleen and bursa.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leandro, N. M. and Ali, R. and Koci, M. and Moraes, V. and Eusebio-Balcazar, P. E. and Jornigan, J. and Malheiros, R. D. and Wineland, M. J. and Brake, J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={2730–2739} }
 @article{martin_wineland_fletcher_barnes_2011, title={Selected Blood Chemistry Values in Mobility-Impaired Broiler Breeder Hens with Suspected Calcium Tetany Using the i-STAT (R) Handheld Clinical Analyzer}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/9566-100610-reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Calcium tetany is a poorly defined disease of broiler breeder hens that results from acute hypocalcemia. It is characterized by impaired mobility, increased mortality, and absence of gross lesions that would explain the impaired mobility. To evaluate if hens with impaired mobility had calcium tetany or other abnormalities, blood values from normal and affected hens were determined using the i-STAT® handheld clinical analyzer. Three flocks were evaluated weekly prior to peak production (range 25–30 wk of age) comparing normal hens to hens with clinically apparent calcium tetany. Calcium tetany suspect (CaTS) hens from four additional flocks were also evaluated. Significant hypocalcemia (P < 0.001) was observed in CaTS hens (average  =  1.14 mmol/L ionized calcium [iCa]) compared to normal hens (average  =  1.53 mmol/L iCa) in only one of three flocks sampled weekly. Clinically affected hens from one of the other four flocks also had hypocalcemia. Blood value abnormalities in mobility-impaired hens without hypocalcemia included hypernatremia. Findings in this study indicate calcium tetany is one cause of impaired mobility in breeder hens, but mobility impairment without hypocalcemia can also occur. Calcium tetany should be confirmed by finding significantly decreased levels of iCa in the blood, as diagnosis based on clinical presentation and necropsy results can be inaccurate. The i-STAT® handheld clinical analyzer is an efficient, relatively low-cost method to determine iCa and other blood chemistry values that may be associated with impaired mobility in broiler breeder hens.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Wineland, Michael and Fletcher, Oscar J. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={340–345} }
 @article{martin_wineland_barnes_2010, title={Selected Blood Chemistry and Gas Reference Ranges for Broiler Breeders Using the i-STAT (R) Handheld Clinical Analyzer}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/9223-122209-reg.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Selected blood chemistry and gas reference ranges for clinically healthy broiler breeder hens were established using CG8+ cartridges in an i-STAT® handheld point-of-care clinical analyzer. Samples from 165 hens (25–36 wk of age), representing three broiler breeder strains reared by four integrators, were evaluated. A standardized sampling technique was developed to minimize instrument error readings. The following reference ranges and means, respectively, were determined: sodium (141.6–152.6, 147.1 [mmol/L]), potassium (4.1–5.7, 4.9 [mmol/L]), ionized calcium (1.20–1.73, 1.47 [mmol/L]), glucose (207.2–260.7, 234.0 [mg/dl]), hematocrit (21.3–30.8, 26.1 [% packed cell volume]), hemoglobin (7.3–10.5, 8.9 [g/dl]), pH (7.28–7.57, 7.42), carbon dioxide partial pressure (25.9–49.5, 37.7 [mm Hg]), oxygen partial pressure (32.0–60.5, 46.2 [mm Hg]), bicarbonate (18.9–30.3, 24.6 [mmol/L]), total carbon dioxide (19.9–31.5, 25.7 [mmol/L]), base excess (−6.8 to 7.2, 0.2), and oxygen saturation (70.6–93.3, 82.0 [%]). Wide ranges in blood gases and base excess occurred in all strains. Cobb strain hens had significantly lower glucose and higher partial and saturated oxygen values compared with two Ross strains. Significant differences in several blood parameters were found among different integrators and in older postpeak production birds. The i-STAT handheld point-of-care clinical analyzer provides rapid, relatively low cost, blood chemistry values that are useful for investigating broiler breeder flock diseases of unknown or uncertain etiology, especially those suspected of having a metabolic cause.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Wineland, Michael and Barnes, H. John}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={1016–1020} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_wineland_small_cutchin_mcelroy_barri_martin_2009, title={Effect of incubation temperatures and chick transportation conditions on bone development and leg health}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00135}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Bone development can be adversely affected by stressful environmental conditions early in life. One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of low temperature during early incubation, high temperature during late incubation, and transportation conditions from hatchery to the farm on the long bone development and leg health of broilers. Bone development was evaluated at hatch before transportation. Gait scores and leg health disorders were recorded at 41 d of age. Although incubation conditions did not affect chick BW, hot temperatures during late incubation reduced the relative weight of femurs and shanks. At 41 d, males had more leg problems than females. Late high temperature and transportation stress increased the incidence of crooked toes and the percentage of chickens with a gait score of 2. Transportation stress, including elevated temperature, caused a greater incidence of twisted legs. We concluded that low early incubation temperature, high late incubation temperature, and transportation stress can increase the incidence of leg problems in commercial broilers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Small, J. and Cutchin, H. and McElroy, A. and Barri, A. and Martin, S.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={671–678} }
 @article{cutchin_wineland_christensen_davis_mann_2009, title={Embryonic development when eggs are turned different angles during incubation}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00079}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Not turning eggs during incubation or turning at a reduced angle could potentially reduce the incidence of hot spots in machines, thereby lessening the chance of embryonic mortality and decreased hatchling quality caused by overheating. Not turning eggs can also allow more eggs to be placed in an incubator by designing the machine with trays closer together. However, eggs that are not turned during incubation exhibit a higher frequency of embryonic developmental deficiencies and a reduced hatch compared with turned eggs. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a reduced turning angle on embryonic and extraembryonic development. Turning eggs 15° caused an increase in embryonic mortality from d 11 to 16 and d 17 to 21 and an overall decrease in hatch when compared with turning eggs 45°. There was no difference in area vasculosa at d 3 but there was a reduced amount of subembryonic fluid at d 6. Overall, it was determined that a reduced turning angle decreases the hatch of fertile eggs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Cutchin, H. R. and Wineland, M. J. and Christensen, V. L. and Davis, S. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2009}, pages={447–451} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_wineland_funderburk_small_cutchin_mann_2009, title={Incubation conditions affect leg health in large, high-yield broilers}, volume={18}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2008-00127}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00127}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Leg problems are observed in every flock of broilers, and they occur more frequently in heavy, fast-growing broilers. Factors such as genetics, growth rate, stressors, nutrition, and lighting programs can contribute to and change the prevalence of these problems in broiler production. Our previous research has shown that elevated incubation temperatures and oxygen concentrations below 21% during the last days of embryo development can negatively affect thyroid hormones, relative asymmetry and normal development of leg bones, and development of other tissues and organs that influence leg health and locomotion in broilers. This project evaluated the effects of incubation profiles on leg health of high-yielding broilers at 8 wk of age under commercial conditions. Eggs from the same breeder flocks were incubated in either single-stage or multistage machines. Hatchlings were placed in paired houses on the same farms, and at 56 d of age, leg health was evaluated. There was variability among farms and hatches: leg problems such as footpad dermatitis were more closely related to farm conditions, whereas valgus and especially hock burns were influenced by incubation conditions within each farm. However, this fieldwork demonstrated that proper incubation conditions improve broiler performance, especially in females (1.2%); may reduce leg health problems such as crooked toes; and may even improve locomotion.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Funderburk, S. and Small, J. and Cutchin, H. and Mann, M.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={640–646} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_small_wineland_christensen_mozdziak_koci_funderburk_ort_mann_2008, title={Broiler embryo bone development is influenced by incubator temperature, oxygen concentration and eggshell conductance at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1466-1799"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-57849128060&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/00071660802433149}, abstractNote={1. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature (TEM) and oxygen (O2) concentrations during the last 4 d of incubation on bone development. Fertile eggs from two strains were obtained that either exhibited Low or High eggshell conductance (G). 1The mention of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement of the products mentioned nor criticism of similar products not mentioned. 2. Four experimental cabinets provided either four TEM (36, 37, 38 or 39°C) or four O2 concentrations (17, 19, 21 or 23% O2). Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 factorial design. In the fourth experiment, two temperatures (36 and 39°C), two O2 concentrations (17 and 23%) and the same Low and High G strains were evaluated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. 3. Body weights (BW) and residual yolks were obtained, both legs were dissected. Femur, tibia and shank weights, length and thickness were recorded. Relative asymmetry (RA) of each leg section was calculated. 4. The results indicated that elevated TEM during incubation increased RA between the two legs, mainly in the Low G strain. Chickens at the lowest O2 concentrations had lighter and shorter tibias, lighter shanks, and increased RA of femur length compared to chickens in the 23% O2. In the fourth experiment no interactions were observed between O2 and TEM. High TEM depressed BW of Low G broilers, but no significant effect of treatments was observed on BW of High G broilers. Nevertheless, the high TEM or low O2 independently caused reduced femur and tibia weights and length, shank length and thickness, and both low O2 and high TEM together increased RA in shank weight. 5. These results suggest that late incubation conditions affect long bone development in broilers.}, number={6}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Small, J. and Wineland, M. J. and Christensen, V. L. and Mozdziak, P. S. and Koci, M. D. and Funderburk, S. V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2008}, pages={666–676} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_small_wineland_christensen_grimes_funderburk_ort_mann_2008, title={Effects of incubator temperature and oxygen concentration during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption on turkey embryo long bone development}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00470}, abstractNote={Temperature (TEM) and O(2) concentrations during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption are known to affect yolk utilization, tissue development, and thyroid metabolism in turkey embryos. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate these incubation effects on long bone development. Fertile eggs of Nicholas turkeys were used. In each trial, standard incubation conditions were used to 24 d, when the eggs containing viable embryos were randomly divided into 4 groups. Four experimental cabinets provided 4 TEM (36, 37, 38, or 39 degrees C) or 4 O(2) concentrations (17, 19, 21, or 23% O(2)). In the third experiment, 2 temperatures (36 and 39 degrees C) and 2 O(2) concentrations (17 and 23%) were evaluated in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Body and residual yolk weights were obtained. Both legs were dissected, and shanks, femur, and tibia weights, length, and thickness were recorded. Relative asymmetry of each leg section was calculated. Chondrocyte density was evaluated in slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the presence of collagen type X and transforming growth factor beta. Hot TEM caused reduction of tibia weights and increase of shank weight when compared with cool TEM. The lengths of femur, tibia, and shanks were reduced by 39 degrees C. The relative asymmetry of leg weights were increased at 38 and 39 degrees C. Poult body and part weights were not affected by O(2) concentrations, but poults on 23% O(2) had bigger shanks and heavier tibias than the ones on 17% O(2). High TEM depressed the fluorescence of collagen type X and transforming growth factor beta. The O(2) concentrations did not consistently affect the immunofluorescence of these proteins. The chondrocyte density was affected by TEM and O(2) in resting and hypertrophic zones. In the third experiment, high TEM depressed BW, leg muscle weights, and shank length. Low O(2) reduced tibia and shanks as a proportion of the whole body. We concluded that incubation conditions affect long bone development in turkeys.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Small, J. and Wineland, M. J. and Christensen, V. L. and Grimes, J. L. and Funderburk, S. V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1484–1492} }
 @article{ruiz_ruiz_gernat_grimes_murillo_wineland_anderson_maguire_2008, title={The effect of quicklime (CaO) on litter condition and broiler performance}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00101}, abstractNote={High levels of phosphorus and pathogens in runoff are 2 major concerns following manure applications to fields. Phosphorus losses from fields following manure applications have been linked to the solubility of phosphorus in manure; therefore, by decreasing manure phosphorus solubility, a decrease in phosphorus loss in runoff should be apparent. The objective of this research was to develop a process using quicklime that would result in reduced phosphorus solubility and bacteria counts in broiler litter. The 4 litter treatments evaluated were T1, new wood shavings without the addition of quicklime; T2, used, untreated broiler litter; T3, used litter with 10% quicklime (based on the weight of the litter); and T4, used litter with 15% quicklime (based on the weight of the litter). Body weight, cumulative feed consumption, and feed conversion (feed:BW) were determined on a weekly basis through 42 d of age. Mortality was recorded daily. Carcass weights and percentages of carcass yield without giblets were determined prechill. Litter pH, total phosphorus, nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, litter moisture (%), and total plate counts were measured for each litter treatment on d 7 and 42 after bird placement. No significant differences were found for BW, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality, carcass weight, or carcass yield. No breast or footpad blisters were observed. On d 7, 15% quicklime had higher (P < 0.001) pH (11.2) when compared with the other treatments. Percentages of phosphorus and nitrogen were lower (P < 0.001) for new wood shavings in comparison with the used litter treatments. Soluble phosphorus (ppm) was lower (P < 0.001) for 15% quicklime (2.75) when compared with new wood shavings (42.2), untreated broiler litter (439.2), and 10% quicklime (35.0). Although not significant, 15% quicklime had lower total plate counts (cfu/g) in comparison with the other treatments on d 1 and 10 postmixing and at 7 d after bird placement. Litter conditions on d 42 after bird placement were similar. We concluded that the use of quicklime as a treatment for broiler litter would initially reduce nitrogen and soluble phosphorus and bacteria counts without negatively affecting bird productivity.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ruiz, V. and Ruiz, D. and Gernat, A. G. and Grimes, J. L. and Murillo, J. G. and Wineland, M. J. and Anderson, K. E. and Maguire, R. O.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={823–827} }
 @article{hamidu_fasenko_feddes_o'dea_ouellette_wineland_christensent_2007, title={The effect of broiler breeder genetic strain and parent flock age on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00265}, abstractNote={The effect of genetic strain (Ross 308; Cobb 500) and parent flock age [young (29 wk), peak (Ross = 34 wk; Cobb = 36 wk), postpeak (40 wk), mature (45 wk), old (55 wk), and very old (59 wk)] on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism were examined. At each flock age, eggs from each strain were incubated for 21.5 d in individual metabolic chambers to measure embryonic O(2) intake and CO(2) output. From these data, the respiratory quotient (RQ) and metabolic heat production were calculated. Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS at P < or = 0.05. Neither strain nor flock age influenced conductance. Total embryonic O(2) consumption, CO(2) output, RQ, and metabolic heat production over the entire incubation period were not affected by strain. Daily differences existed between strains for embryonic O(2) intake (1, 7, 16, 17, 19, 20 d of incubation), CO(2) output (1 to 4, 16 to 20 d of incubation), and heat production (4, 7, 16 to 19 d of incubation). Embryos from young, mature, old, and very old flocks produced significantly more total embryonic heat over the entire 21 d (1,712, 1,677, 1,808, and 1,832, respectively) than embryos from peak (1,601) and postpeak (1,693) flocks. Average RQ for the entire incubation period was higher in embryos from mature flocks compared with all other flock ages. Daily differences among embryos from different flock ages were shown for O(2) consumption (all but d 8 of incubation), CO(2) production (all but d 7 and 9 of incubation), and heat output. The results showed that genetic strain and parent flock age influence daily embryonic metabolism, especially during the early and latter days of incubation. These daily differences coincide with the days of incubation having a higher incidence of embryonic mortality; these 2 factors may be related. Further investigation into the relationship between embryonic metabolic heat production and mortality during incubation may lead to the development of specific incubation conditions for different genetic strains and flock ages.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Hamidu, J. A. and Fasenko, G. M. and Feddes, J. J. R. and O'Dea, E. E. and Ouellette, C. A. and Wineland, M. J. and Christensent, V. L.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={2420–2432} }
 @article{wineland_christensen_yildrum_fairchild_mann_ort_2006, title={Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption affects intestinal maturation of broiler chicks}, volume={5}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2006.229.240}, abstractNote={Incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations were tested as factors determining the intestinal maturation of two lines of broiler chickens. One line was a Low G line selected because its eggs display low eggshell conductance. The second line was a High G line that grew at a reduced rate and its eggs show high eggshell conductance values. All eggs were incubated normally until the 18 day of development or the th beginning of the plateau stage in oxygen consumption. At that time the eggs were divided randomly and placed into experimental cabinets operating at 36, 37 38 or 39oC in experiment 1 or with 17, 19, 21 or 23% oxygen in experiment 2. In experiment 3, the best and worst conditions observed in experiments 1 and 2 were combined in a factorial arrangement. Body weight and intestinal maturation were measured by assaying for maltase and alkaline phosphatase activities in intestinal tissues. Increasing temperatures suppressed intestinal maturation whereas increasing oxygen concentrations enhanced intestinal maturation. When examined together in a factorial arrangement, it was clear that the effects of temperature and oxygen on the embryos were independent because they did not interact. The effects of temperature and oxygen were greater on Low G broiler embryos than they were on High G type embryos. It is concluded that incubator temperatures greater than 37o C, and oxygen concentrations less than 21% are detrimental to intestinal maturation in broiler chicks.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Wineland, M. W. and Christensen, V. L. and Yildrum, I. and Fairchild, B. D. and Mann, K. M. and Ort, D. T.}, year={2006}, pages={229} }
 @article{maguire_hesterberg_gernat_anderson_wineland_grimes_2006, title={Liming poultry manures to decrease soluble phosphorus and suppress the bacteria population}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646558633&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2005.0339}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Maguire, R. O. and Hesterberg, D. and Gernat, A. and Anderson, K. and Wineland, M. and Grimes, J.}, year={2006}, pages={849–857} }
 @article{ricks_wineland_2006, title={The  2006-2010 strategic plan for the Poultry Science Association}, volume={85}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The Poultry Science Association (PSA) leadership has created its first comprehensive 5-year strategic plan (2006 to 2010) as a guide to the organization's growth and development. As societal concerns about animal agriculture increase and as changes in the poultry industry and in universities reduce the numbers of poultry scientists and thus membership in PSA, it became apparent that, to maintain relevance, the PSA needed to undertake a more rigorous and comprehensive review of its assets, areas of weakness, and reasons for being. The strategic planning process provided the lens for organizational analysis and planning. Our new mission for the PSA is to be a global scientific society dedicated to discovery and dissemination of knowledge, generated by poultry research that enhances human and animal health and well-being and provides for the ethical, sustainable production of food. The Association's vision is to be a preeminent global organization of poultry scientists and industry leaders, firmly grounded in scientific endeavors related to the biology and production of poultry. Increased membership diversity will be pursued by recruiting people of varied geographic, gender, cultural, and scientific backgrounds—including health and medicine—leading to a diverse leadership. The PSA will serve as the clearinghouse for poultry science information and provide through its Foundation significant financial support to students and young scientists engaged in poultry science research, teaching, and outreach education. The PSA, in partnership with the Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS), will be a highly credible, well-respected, powerful force that is able to influence policy makers at governmental levels for the benefit of animal agriculture by delivering sound scientific information. The strategic plan highlights strategic directions to be implemented as well as assessment of progress. It will take the vision, energy, and dedication of PSA leaders and members to ensure that the strategic plan is well implemented, monitored, and altered appropriately, keeping it a living plan of action.}, number={1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Ricks, C. A. and Wineland, M. J.}, year={2006}, pages={07-} }
 @article{godwin_grimes_christensen_wineland_2005, title={Effect of dietary phosphorus and phytase levels on the reproductive performance of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.3.485}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary P levels and dietary phytase enzyme (E) inclusion on Large White turkey breeder hen reproductive performance from 31 to 62 wk of age. Hens were placed in a curtain-sided house with 48 pens (10 birds per pen; 8 pens per treatment) at 31 wk and were fed a breeder ration with treatments as follows: HP, dietary available P = 0.55%; HPE, HP + E; MP, dietary available P = 0.35%; MPE, MP + E; LP, dietary available P = 0.17%; and LPE, LP + E. Feed and water were available ad libitum for 28 wk of lay. Diets were fed in mash form, and all other nutrients were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements. All hens were photostimulated in January (31 wk) with 15.5 h of light daily. Production data were recorded on a pen basis. Individual bird BW and feed consumption, by pen, were determined at monthly intervals from 31 to 62 wk. Hens were observed for weekly reproductive performance for hen housed egg production, hen-day egg production, settable eggs, cumulative settable eggs, hens out of lay, and hen mortality and for biweekly performance for egg fertility, hatchability of all eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg weight loss, conductance, conductance constant (k), and embryonic mortality. Egg weight, eggshell thickness, egg components, and albumen and yolk P were measured monthly. At 62 wk of age, hen tibia P, plasma P, total fecal P, and water-soluble fecal P were determined. Decreasing dietary P resulted in no decreases in reproductive performance for turkey breeder hens to 62 wk. Additionally, decreased dietary P resulted in decreased total fecal P and water-soluble fecal P. Feeding turkey breeder hens dietary phytase enzyme resulted in significantly fewer hens going out of lay; however, this was not reflected in hen housed egg production. It was concluded that phosphorus could be lowered in turkey breeder hen diets, compared with current surveyed industry levels, without impairing reproductive performance.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Godwin, JL and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Wineland, MJ}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={485–493} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_ort_mann_2005, title={Eggshell conductance and incubator ventilation as factors in embryo survival and poult quality}, volume={4}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2005.818.826}, abstractNote={Eggshell conductance (G) and incubator ventilation (VENT) were hypothesized to affect embryo viability and growth of poults following hatching. Nearly 6,000 eggs were weighed on the day of oviposition to determine eggs of like weight but of different G. From the 6,000 eggs, 4,000 were selected that were within 2 standard deviations of the mean. The eggs were randomly divided equally between two incubator cabinets. One cabinet operated with a closed VENT and a second operated with it open. At the completion of the 24 day of development, all eggs were weighed a second time to determine eggshell G. Three groups were formed at that time exhibiting high (Hi), average (Avg) or low (Low) G. The eggs within each group were placed into hatching trays of 100 eggs each and placed into he same incubation cabinet for hatching. Weights were recorded for cardiac, hepatic and intestinal tissues, and blood was collected from each treatment. The tissues were subsequently assayed for energy substrates. Embryo viability was noted and growth was observed up to 6 wk of age. More embryos in eggs of Hi or Avg G survived than did those in Low G eggs, but neonates at 6 wk from Hi G eggs weighed less than those from Avg or Low G eggs. Low G embryos had reduced heart, liver and intestinal weight and function. Embryo thyroid hormone concentrations were elevated in Hi G eggs but suppressed by Low G and Closed VENT. Thus, in the developmental process of the embryonic turkey, G may determine energy balance and maturity of each hatchling and may affect its survival and growth rates following hatching.}, number={11}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2005}, pages={818} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_yildirum_fairchild_ort_mann_2005, title={Incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen uptake affect turkey embryo plasma T4 and T3 concentrations}, volume={4}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2005.268.273}, abstractNote={Avian embryo thyroid responses to incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption were measured. It was hypothesized that turkey embryo thyroid responds in a limited way at this critical time to environmental conditions to modulate basal metabolism. Turkey embryos were exposed to one of four incubator temperatures (36, 37, 38 or 39 C) beginning on the o 25 day of incubation at the onset of the plateau, a time when plasma thyroxine (T ) and triiodothyronine (T ) th 4 3 concentrations normally increase. Blood was collected and thyroid hormone concentrations were measured at pipping (27 day) and hatching (28 day). Elevated temperatures depressed T and T concentrations and th th 3 4 increased the T to T ratios. In a second experiment four oxygen concentrations (17, 19, 21 or 23% oxygen) 3 4 were provided to the embryos using identical procedures. The 21% treatment significantly reduced T and 3 T at pipping compared to all other treatments, but 23% oxygen increased plasma T and the T to T ratio 4 3 3 4 compared to all other treatments. The 17% oxygen treatment elevated T compared to all other treatments. 3 At hatching, 23% oxygen elevated T and T to T ratios compared to all other treatments. When temperature 3 3 4 and oxygen treatments were applied together in a factorial arrangement, temperature and oxygen affected T and T hormone concentrations independently but did not interact. Therefore, we conclude that 3 4 temperature and oxygen are independent stimuli of the avian embryonic thyroid gland during the plateau stage, and that incubator temperature and oxygen concentrations can modulate development of turke y embryos by changing plasma T and T concentrations. 3 4}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Yildirum, I. and Fairchild, B. D. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2005}, pages={268} }
 @article{rivera_christensen_edens_wineland_2005, title={Influence of selenium on heat shock protein 70 expression in heat stressed turkey embryos (Meleagris gallopavo)}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.09.006}, abstractNote={Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family of proteins, which functions as molecular chaperones, has been associated with tolerance to stressors in avian species. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral incorporated into the selenoenzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx). GSHpx reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the GSH/GSSG antioxidant system and protects cells from oxidative damage. This study was conducted to examine if the relationship between dietary supplementation of selenium to turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) hens and the embryonic exspression of hsp70 and GSHpx activity in heat stressed embryos. Livers of embryos developing in eggs from turkey hens fed diets with or without supplemental Se were analyzed for hsp70 concentration and GSHpx activity before and after recovery from a heating episode. Before heat stress, hsp70 concentrations were equivalent in each treatment, but GSHpx activity was maximized in the SE treatment group. After recovery from the heating episode, hsp70 concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the non-Se-supplemented groups, but in the Se-supplemented groups the hsp70 concentrations were not different from pre-stress concentrations. In the pre-stress Se-supplemented group, liver GSHpx activity was significantly higher than GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented embryo livers, and in the livers from embryos recovering from heat stress, GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented group was lower than the pre-stress activity and significantly lower than the GSHpx activity in liver from Se-supplemented embryos recovering from heat distress. Se supplementation to the dams resulted in a significant increase in their embryos and that condition would facilitate a decreased incidence of oxidative damage to cells. A more reduced redox status in embryos from Se-supplemented dams decreased the need for cellular protection attributed to stress induced hsp70 and presumably allows heat distressed embryos to resume normal growth and development than embryos from dams with inadequate selenium nutrition.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Rivera, RE and Christensen, VL and Edens, FW and Wineland, MJ}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={427–432} }
 @article{hester_alvarado_bilgili_denton_donoghue_giesen_hargis_kessler_madison_malone_et al._2005, title={Planning our future: The poultry science association strategic plan}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.12.1814}, abstractNote={1Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; 2Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409; 3Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849; 4Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701; 5Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701; 6Novus International, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63141; 7Poultry Science Association, Savoy, Illinois 61874; 8Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Georgetown, Delaware 19947; 9Institute for Conservation Leadership, Bozeman, Montana 59715; 10Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; 11Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; 12Embrex, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; 13Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; 14Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912; 15Animal Health/Nutrition, Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Quincy, Illinois 62301; 16Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996; 17Akey, Inc., Marysville, Ohio 43040; 18Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30605; 19Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh , North Carolina 27695; 20Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583; and 21Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Hester, PY and Alvarado, CZ and Bilgili, SF and Denton, JH and Donoghue, AM and Giesen, A and Hargis, BM and Kessler, JW and Madison, FN and Malone, GW and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={1814–1815} }
 @article{narushin_kempen_wineland_christensen_2004, title={Comparing infrared spectroscopy and egg size measurements for predicting eggshell quality}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1537-5129"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.12.006}, abstractNote={The objective of the undertaken research was to compare infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and egg size measurements for non-destructive evaluation of eggshell strength. For the infrared analysis of the eggs from broiler breeds Ross 508×Ross and Case×Ross, an infrared spectrometer equipped with an upward looking diffuse reflection accessory was used. Data were collected from 5000 to 640 cm−1 at a resolution of 2 cm−1. Infrared and egg size parameters were correlated with eggshell quality parameters obtained using invasive techniques. Shell thickness was best predicted by IRS (correlation coefficient 0·52 versus 0·32 based on size measurements). Shell fracture force, maximal deformation, and shell stiffness were predicted with comparable accuracy by both IRS and egg size parameters (correlation coefficients ranging from 0·24 to 0·42). IRS was also able to predict shell weight with reasonable accuracy (correlation coefficient 0·72). Data suggest that neither physical size measurements or IRS yield high-quality predictions of eggshell quality, but IRS, given its speed and ability to predict multiple parameters with one measurement appears the favourable technique to explore further.}, number={3}, journal={BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING}, author={Narushin, VG and Kempen, TA and Wineland, MJ and Christensen, VL}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={367–373} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_yildirum_ort_mann_2004, title={Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage affect cardiac health of turkey embryos}, volume={3}, ISBN={1680-5593}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Yildirum, I. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2004}, pages={52} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_yildirum_ort_mann_2004, title={Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage affects intestinal maturation of turkey embryos}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.378.385}, abstractNote={The plateau stage in oxygen consumption of turkey embryos occurs at 25 and 26 days of incubation when many embryos die. The plateau stage creates hypoxia, hypercapnia and presents a paradox for growth and embryo metabolism. Prior to the plateau, vital tissues accumulate glycogen to ensur e embryonic survival through anaerobic metabolism during the plateau. Intestinal maturation at the plateau demands great amounts of energy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to define the temperature and oxygen concentrations at the plateau that affect intestinal maturation. Three experiments were conducted to test incubator conditions during the plateau stage and their affect on intestinal maturation. In Experiment 1, turkey embryos at the plateau stage were exposed to 36, 37, 38 or 39 C. In Experiment 2, embryos at the o plateau stage were exposed to 17, 19, 21 or 23% oxygen concentrations, and in Experiment 3, the extreme levels of temperature and oxygen treatments were combined to test interaction effects on intestina l maturation. Elevating temperature depressed intestinal weight but not length. The elevated temperature also depressed intestinal maltase and alkaline phosphatase activities indicating inhibited function. Increasing oxygen had little effect on intestinal weight or length, but hypoxia increased maltase and decreased alkaline phosphatase activities in hatchlings. When examined in a factorial arrangement, temperature and oxygen displayed independent effects on growth and function and did not interact. Thus, incubator temperature greater than 37 C and oxygen concentrations less than 19% during the plateau stage delay intestinal o maturation.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Yildirum, I. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2004}, pages={378} }
 @article{christensen_ort_wineland_grimes_2004, title={Turkey sire effects on embryonic survival and physiology}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.80.88}, abstractNote={Sire effects on turkey embryonic survival and growth are not well understood. In avian species, the sire may play only a minor role in embryonic growth as dam effects, mediated through physical and functional qualities of eggs, are thought to be the main determinants. Very little is known of separate dam and sire influences on embryonic survival. The hypothesis was proposed that sires from lines with different BW and embryonic survival rates when mated to an unrelated dam line would produce embryos with different survival, growth and metabolism. Sires from a line with light BW but good embryonic survival (LBW) or sires from a heavy BW line and poor embryonic survival (HBW) were mated to dams of the same unrelated line. Sires from the dam line were included as a control group (Controls). Hens were randomly assigned to sires and inseminated identically at weekly intervals with semen from the assigned sire line. Eight biweekly settings of eggs were placed into incubators to test embryonic survival rates among the sire lines. Tissues were sampled at designated intervals during the experiment to assess the physiological basis for embryonic survival. Contrary to our hypothesis, embryos from the HBW sire line had the best survival compared to LBW and Control. Although LBW poults were from smaller sires, they weighed more than HBW poults. During development LBW sire embryos stored greater amounts of glycogen and lactate in liver and muscle. No effects were seen in cardiac tissue. BW differences were related to greater yolk, but the differences in organ weights and metabolism were clearly related to sire. Thus, sire DNA may direct organ growth and function and influence embryonic survival.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Wineland, M. J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2004}, pages={80} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_wineland_davis_2003, title={Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage 1. Embryonic livability}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.12.1863}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that shorter incubation periods and faster growth rates for long-stored eggs would improve embryonic survival and poult hatchling quality. Increased incubation temperatures were tested for their efficacy in improving embryonic livability in fertilized eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting in the incubator compared to controls stored for only 3 d. Two temperature treatments were applied. In experiment 1, a 37.8 degrees C set point for dry bulb temperature was used to accelerate development for the initial 2 wk compared to the controls at 37.5 degrees C. Following treatment, the accelerated embryos were returned to the same machine as the controls. In experiment 2, higher temperature exposure was only for the initial week of incubation. The temperature and storage treatments were in a completely random 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. At the completion of 28 d of incubation, survival rates of all treatments were determined by opening all nonhatching eggs to differentiate truly fertilized eggs from unfertilized. Hatchability was determined by dividing the total number of poults on a hatching tray by the number of fertilized eggs on a tray. Incubator trays were the experimental unit. Tissues were sampled in both experiments to verify treatment effects on growth and metabolism. Hatching times were observed at 4-h intervals during the actual hatching process beginning at 25 d of incubation. It was concluded that delayed growth and depressed metabolism of fertilized turkey eggs stored for 15 d can be compensated for by exposure to higher incubation temperatures for the initial 1 or 2 wk of incubation.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Davis, GS}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1863–1868} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_wineland_davis_2003, title={Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage 2. Embryonic growth and metabolism}, volume={82}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.12.1869}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that the improved embryonic livability observed when higher incubation temperatures were imposed on eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting might have basis in energy metabolism. To test the hypothesis, fertilized turkey eggs were incubated either for the first 2 wk of development (experiment 1) or only the first week of development (experiment 2) at 37.8 degrees C compared with controls incubated at 37.5 degrees C. In both experiments, eggs were stored for either 15 or 3 d prior to setting. Viable embryos were selected randomly from each storage-by-incubation period treatment combination at 25 to 28 d of incubation and were sampled for blood, heart, and skeletal muscle tissues. Tissues were weighed and assayed subsequently for glucose or glycogen content. In experiment 2, the randomly selected embryos from each treatment combination were sampled at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d of incubation. Embryos at 7 and 14 d were assayed on a whole body basis, whereas at 21 and 28 d the bodies were dissected, and heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues were weighed and assayed for glycogen and lactate. Blood samples were collected between 25 and 28 d of incubation as in experiment 1 and assayed for glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and thyroid hormone concentrations. In both experiments, accelerated development was noted due to higher temperature and enhanced embryonic carbohydrate metabolism, and elevated thyroid hormone concentrations were observed compared with controls. It was concluded that a possible mechanism for the improved livability of faster growing embryos observed after prolonged egg storage might be due to better utilization of carbohydrate.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Grimes, J. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Davis, G. S.}, year={2003}, pages={1869–1878} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_fasenko_donaldson_2002, title={Egg storage alters weight of supply and demand organs of broiler chicken embryos}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.11.1738}, abstractNote={Storage of fertilized eggs for more than 10 d prior to incubation decreases embryonic viability. The hypothesis was tested that embryos may grow differently following egg storage. Eggs from which embryos survived following storage (ST) were compared to eggs from a second line that did not (NOST). Three identical, independent trials were conducted using fertile eggs from both lines at two ages (peak lay and > 53 wk). Eggs were stored for 1 or 14 d prior to setting in the incubator. At 3-d intervals during development, embryos were carefully removed from the eggs, the yolks were excised and carcasses were weighed. Beginning at 12 d of incubation whole body, heart, liver and thigh tissues were weighed to assess allometric growth of supply (heart and liver) and demand (thigh muscle) tissues. Storage of eggs from both lines and from hens of both ages decreased BW differently throughout incubation. Line, Age and Storage interacted to affect embryonic BW and organ weights. Embryo weights were consistently heavier in NOST line eggs from older breeder flocks stored for 14 d than those from ST line eggs. It was concluded that extended storage of fertile eggs prior to setting affects embryonic growth to enhance survival.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, VL and Wineland, MJ and Fasenko, GM and Donaldson, WE}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1738–1743} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_fasenko_donaldson_2002, title={Egg storage effects on plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos (vol 80, pg 1729, 2001)}, volume={81}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.4.595}, number={4}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Fasenko, G. M. and Donaldson, W. E.}, year={2002}, pages={595} }
 @article{fairchild_christensen_grimes_wineland_bagley_2002, title={Hen age relationship with embryonic mortality and fertility in commercial turkeys}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/11.3.260}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine embryonic mortality in turkey eggs from hens of two ages and to report values that minimize the error of wrongly distinguishing between early embryonic mortality (EEM, Days 1 to 7 of incubation) and unfertilized eggs. Three hatch residue breakouts were performed at each of two commercial turkey hatcheries for a total of six hatches. Nicholas Large White turkey eggs from two hen age groups (32 to 35 and 44 to 50 wk of age) were set in the same incubator that operated under the incubation profile of each hatchery. The EEM was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.0001) in younger hens when compared to older hens. This was true for mortality prior to blood formation and mortality following blood formation. Hatchability, percentage internal pips, and live pips were not different between the two hen ages. Prepip mortality and percentage dead pips were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) greater in older flocks. Fertility and EEM occurring after blood formation were negatively correlated in younger hens, whereas mortality occurring before blood formation did not correlate with fertility in eggs from either hen age. Eggs from young hens tended to experience embryonic mortality earlier in incubation than eggs from older hens. The results suggest that hen age influences embryonic mortality in modern commercial turkeys and could be used as an experimental model for further study of embryonic mortality.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fairchild, BD and Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Bagley, LG}, year={2002}, pages={260–265} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_jones_wineland_edens_sefton_2001, title={Effects of hen age, Bio-Mos,(R) and Flavomycin (R) on poult susceptibility to oral Escherichia coli challenge}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.5.562}, abstractNote={The effects of hen age, Escherichia coli, and dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin on poult performance from 1 to 21 d were studied. Day-of-hatch BUTA (BIG-6) male poults were gavaged orally (1 mL) with approximately 10(8) cfu/mL E. coli composed of four serotypes or sterile carrier broth. A mixture of the same E. coli cultures was added to the poults' water troughs to attain a concentration of approximately 10(6) cfu/mL on a weekly basis to ensure a continuous bacterial challenge. Within each E. coli split plot treatment group, poults from hens of different ages (33 and 58 wk of age) were fed diets containing Bio-Mos (1 g/kg feed), Flavomycin (2.2 mg active ingredient/kg feed), Bio-Mos plus Flavomycin, or a control diet, in a randomized complete block design. This experiment yielded eight treatments per challenge group. At Weeks 1 and 3, eight birds from each treatment from the E. coli challenged and unchallenged groups were randomly chosen for bacterial sampling of liver and intestinal tissue for coliforms, aerobic bacteria, and Lactobacillus spp. E. coli isolates from tissue samples were O serotyped. During E. coli challenge, dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin improved poult BW and BW gains (P < or = 0.05). When poults were not challenged with E. coli, poults from old hens had improved BW and cumulative BW gains over poults from young hens (P < or = 0.05). Cumulative 3-wk BW gains for unchallenged poults from young hens were improved by Bio-Mos and Flavomycin (P < or = 0.05) alone and in combination when compared to the control diet. Two of the four E. coli serotypes administered were recovered. Several serotypes were recovered that were not administered. It may be concluded that dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin can improve the overall performance of poults, especially when they are faced with an E. coli challenge.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Jones, FT and Wineland, MJ and Edens, FW and Sefton, AE}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={562–571} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_wineland_bagley_2001, title={Effects of turkey breeder hen age, strain, and length of the incubation period on survival of embryos and hatchlings}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/10.1.5}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Embryonic growth relationships exist for egg weight, eggshell conductance, and length of the incubation period. These relationships have been well established for comparisons of embryonic development across species; however, very little is known about these relationships within a species. The hypothesis was tested that survival of embryos in turkey eggs could be changed by manipulating incubation periods. Fertile eggs were obtained three times from the same breeder flocks (two strains). Two incubator temperature treatments were used to create two different incubation periods for the eggs. Eggs produced at 33 weeks of age hatched better at shorter incubation periods, eggs produced at 43 weeks of age hatched equally well at both incubation temperatures, and eggs produced at 54 weeks of age hatched better at longer incubation periods. Livability for 5 days in brooder houses was highly variable but indicated survival differences between strains. Additionally, longer incubation periods produced poults that lived better than did controls. The results suggest that the conductance constant principle, which describes the relationship among egg weight, length of incubation, and eggshell conductance, can be used in commercial hatcheries to improve embryo survival and poult quality.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Bagley, LG}, year={2001}, pages={5–15} }
 @article{christensen_wineland_fasenko_donaldson_2001, title={Egg storage effects on plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.12.1729}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was tested that enhanced embryonic carbohydrate metabolism may enable embryos to survive egg storage effects. As lines of broiler breeders age, some lines resist detrimental effects of egg storage on embryonic survival, whereas others do not. Fertile eggs were obtained from two lines differing in storage ability. Eggs from each line by age group were stored for 1 or 14 d prior to setting. Eggs were distributed randomly into a single machine and incubated under standard conditions. Beginning at 17 d of incubation, immediately prior to the plateau stage in oxygen consumption, embryos from each of the treatment groups were sampled for BW, organ growth, glycogen concentration, and plasma glucose concentrations. Sampling continued through hatching. Plasma glucose concentrations increased significantly, and hepatic glycogen concentrations declined as embryos approached hatching. The rate at which glycogen was accrued into muscle and heart tissue displayed a significant three-way interaction among line, age, and storage. Embryos from the line that resisted storage mortality maintained greater glycogen concentrations in muscle and heart tissues than those from the line and age with diminished survival rates. It was concluded that embryonic survival rates differ following egg storage because of the ability of the embryo to accrue and maintain adequate carbohydrate for growth and function of vital demand tissues.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, VL and Wineland, MJ and Fasenko, GM and Donaldson, WE}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={1729–1735} }
 @article{fasenko_christensen_wineland_petitte_2001, title={Examining the effects of prestorage incubation of turkey breeder eggs on embryonic development and hatchability of eggs stored for four or fourteen days}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11232999}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.2.132}, abstractNote={Thirty-six hundred British United Turkey hatching eggs were used in two separate trials to test whether prestorage incubation (PRESI) treatments of 0, 6, and 12 h (Trial 1) or 0, 7, and 14 h (Trial 2) could improve the hatchability of eggs stored (17 C) for 14 versus 4 d. The development of the embryos (n = 30) was staged before and after exposing eggs to the various PRESI treatments. Embryonic development was also established after storage to ascertain whether embryonic development was occurring during storage. The remaining eggs in each trial were split into three groups (n = 500) and incubated for 28 d to examine embryonic mortality and hatchability. No changes were observed in embryonic development due to egg storage. Embryos were significantly more developed as the number of PRESI h increased; therefore, embryos from different PRESI treatments were placed in storage at different stages of development. Early mortality (1 to 7 d of incubation), mortality at internal and external pipping, and hatchability of fertile eggs were significantly reduced in eggs stored for 14 versus 4 d. The various PRESI treatments did not significantly affect the mortality or hatchability of eggs stored for 4 d. However, the hatchability of eggs incubated prior to storage for 12 h and then stored for 14 d was restored to the levels reported for eggs subjected to the treatment that represents the industry norm (0 h of PRESI and 4 d storage). These results indicate that embryos of eggs stored for 14 d, which have developmentally advanced to the stage of complete hypoblast formation (PRESI for 12 h), have a survival advantage over eggs stored for 14 d that have not been subjected to any PRESI.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasenko, GM and Christensen, VL and Wineland, MJ and Petitte, JN}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={132–138} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_wineland_jones_2000, title={A comparison of the microbiological profile of poults from young versus old turkey breeder hens}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.4.476}, abstractNote={Abstract This study was performed to determine whether poults from young turkey breeder hens (YHP, 15 wk of lay) and whether poult bacterial profiles change over the life of a breeder hen flock. Within two hatcheries, YHP had higher numbers of coliforms present in intestines than OHP (p ≤ 0.05). Isolated incidences of significantly different bacteria counts by hen age existed in poults from a third hatchery for all bacteria groups examined. However, within each hatchery, there were more differences due to farm than due to breeder hen age. Seasonal variation had as much influence as hen age when evaluating poult bacterial profiles. It was concluded that factors such as individual farm management, poult environment, biosecurity and traffic control, breeder flock bacterial profiles, and weekly conditions in the hatchery probably have a greater effect on poult bacterial profile than age of breeder hen.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Jones, ET}, year={2000}, pages={476–486} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_wineland_jones_2000, title={The effect of hen age on antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from turkey poults}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.4.487}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of turkey breeder hen age on the efficacy of different antibiotics commonly used in the turkey industry against poult Escherichia coli isolates. Intestinal isolates demonstrated more incidences of resistance to chlortetracycline (CTC), gentamicin (GEN), enrofloxacin (ENO), neomycin (NEO), and sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim (SDM-ORM) when cultured from poults from young hens (YHP, 15 weeks of lay) (p ≤ 0.05). Liver isolates demonstrated varied hen age differences to GEN (p ≤ 0.05). However, liver isolates cultured from YHP showed higher levels of resistance to NEO and SDM-ORM and lower levels of resistance to ENO (p ≤ 0.05). All isolates cultured were resistant to clindamycin (CLD) and bacitracin (BAC), and no less than 96.6% of the isolates cultured were resistant to penicillin (PEN). Isolates from Hatchery 1 and 2 exhibited strong susceptibility to ENO, but, in Hatchery 3, results to ENO varied. The results were more variable when breeder flocks were followed from young to old, which may be due to pronounced seasonal effects. In conclusion, E. coli isolates from YHP have a higher incidence of resistance to antibiotics than E. coli isolates from OHP. These data suggest that age of breeder flock and hatchery-related environmental differences might influence the effectiveness of antibiotics against avian E. coli isolates from turkey poults.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Jones, FT}, year={2000}, pages={487–495} }
 @article{wineland_1999, title={Moisture loss in hatching eggs}, volume={58}, number={6}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Wineland, M.}, year={1999}, pages={22} }
 @article{wineland_carter_anderson_1997, title={Incineration or composting: Cost comparison of the methods}, volume={56}, number={6}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Wineland, M. J. and Carter, T. A. and Anderson, K. E.}, year={1997}, pages={22} }
 @article{wineland_1996, title={Factors influencing embryo respiration}, volume={55}, number={9}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Wineland, M. J.}, year={1996}, pages={16} }
 @article{jones_axtell_rives_scheideler_tarver_walker_wineland_1991, title={A SURVEY OF CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI CONTAMINATION IN MODERN BROILER PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-54.4.259}, abstractNote={Campylobacter jejuni contamination was surveyed in samples collected from the breeder-multiplier houses, broiler houses, feed mills, hatcheries, and processing plants of two integrated broiler firms. Insects and mice were also trapped at each location. C. jejuni was most frequently found in samples collected from processing plants, followed by samples collected from broiler houses, and breeder-multiplier houses. Samples obtained from feed mills and hatcheries were negative, suggesting that the C. jejuni was not transmitted by either feed or eggs. C. jejuni was also not isolated from insect or mouse samples. However, the external surfaces of insects were sanitized with a chlorine solution, prior to analysis. Thus, these data suggest any contamination of insects with C. jejuni is generally external not internal. Contamination in broilers apparently originated from some unknown source(s) in broiler houses. C. jejuni was isolated from 20% of the cloacal swabs taken as birds entered the plant, 52% of the carcasses sampled following immersion chilling, and 31.6% of whole broiler carcasses sampled at retail outlets. While these data suggest that cross-contamination occurred within processing plants, field control methods would appear to be necessary for control of C. jejuni in modern broiler production and processing systems. The frequent C. jejuni isolations from dead birds in broiler houses suggested the regular collection of normal mortality as one farm management procedure that might help reduce Campylobacter contamination in broilers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={JONES, FT and AXTELL, RC and RIVES, DV and SCHEIDELER, SE and TARVER, FR and WALKER, RL and WINELAND, MJ}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={259–262} }
 @article{jones_axtell_rives_scheideler_tarver_walker_wineland_1991, title={A SURVEY OF SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION IN MODERN BROILER PRODUCTION}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0362-028X"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-54.7.502}, abstractNote={A survey of contamination with Salmonella was done in the breeder/multiplier and broiler houses, feed mills, hatcheries, and processing plants of two integrated broiler firms. Samples of insects and mice were also collected at each location. Sixty percent (60%) of the meat and bone meal samples collected at feed mills were contaminated. Salmonella was isolated from 35% of the mash feed samples tested. The pelleting process reduced Salmonella isolation rates by 82.0%. Data collected from breeder/multiplier houses suggested that feed was the ultimate source of Salmonella contamination in that environment. Salmonella was found in 9.4% of the yolk sac samples collected from day-old chicks in hatcheries. Fecal dropping samples collected in broiler houses about one week prior to slaughter were contaminated at a rate of 5.2%. Salmonella was found in 33% of the samples collected from live haul trucks and 21.4% of the whole processed broiler carcasses sampled at processing plants. Salmonella typhimurium was the serotype most commonly isolated. The gastrointestinal tract of one of 19 mice sampled was contaminated with Salmonella . Data suggest that insects were primarily mechanical carriers. Results suggest Salmonella contamination in the U.S. broiler production and processing system has changed little since 1969. The data also underline the contention that effective Salmonella control efforts must be comprehensive.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={JONES, FT and AXTELL, RC and RIVES, DV and SCHEIDELER, SE and TARVER, FR and WALKER, RL and WINELAND, MJ}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={502–507} }
 @inbook{jones_axtell_tarver_rives_scheideler_wineland_1991, title={Environmental factors contributing to Salmonella colonization of chickens}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-104280-6.50011-3}, booktitle={Colonization control of human bacterial enteropathogens in poultry}, publisher={Academy Press}, author={Jones, F. T. and Axtell, R. C. and Tarver, F. R. and Rives, D. V. and Scheideler, S. R. and Wineland, M. J.}, editor={Blankenship, L. C. and Bailey, J. S. and Cox, N. A. and Stern, N. J. and Meinersmann, R. J.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={3–21} }