@article{schiffman_nagle_2023, title={Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: does the artificial sweetener sucralose play a role?}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2054-4774"]}, DOI={10.1136/bmjgast-2023-001159}, number={1}, journal={BMJ OPEN GASTROENTEROLOGY}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{schiffman_scholl_furey_nagle_2023, title={Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: <i>in vitro</i> screening assays}, volume={5}, ISSN={1093-7404 1521-6950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903}, DOI={10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate, a structural analog of the artificial sweetener sucralose. Sucralose-6-acetate is an intermediate and impurity in the manufacture of sucralose, and recent commercial sucralose samples were found to contain up to 0.67% sucralose-6-acetate. Studies in a rodent model found that sucralose-6-acetate is also present in fecal samples with levels up to 10% relative to sucralose which suggest that sucralose is also acetylated in the intestines. A MultiFlow® assay, a high-throughput genotoxicity screening tool, and a micronucleus (MN) test that detects cytogenetic damage both indicated that sucralose-6-acetate is genotoxic. The mechanism of action was classified as clastogenic (produces DNA strand breaks) using the MultiFlow® assay. The amount of sucralose-6-acetate in a single daily sucralose-sweetened drink might far exceed the threshold of toxicological concern for genotoxicity (TTCgenotox) of 0.15 µg/person/day. The RepliGut® System was employed to expose human intestinal epithelium to sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose, and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine gene expression induced by these exposures. Sucralose-6-acetate significantly increased the expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer with greatest expression for the metallothionein 1 G gene (MT1G). Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability in human transverse colon epithelium indicated that sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose both impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Sucralose-6-acetate also inhibited two members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP1A2 and CYP2C19). Overall, the toxicological and pharmacokinetic findings for sucralose-6-acetate raise significant health concerns regarding the safety and regulatory status of sucralose itself.}, journal={Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Scholl, Elizabeth H. and Furey, Terrence S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={1–35} }
 @article{carrara_ozanyan_katz_nagle_lumelsky_2022, title={IEEE Sensors Journal Publication Information}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2022.3222555}, number={23}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Carrara, Sandro and Ozanyan, Krikor B. and Katz, Evgeny and Nagle, H. Troy and Lumelsky, Vladimir}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={C2–C2} }
 @article{covington_marco_persaud_schiffman_nagle_2021, title={Artificial Olfaction in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century}, volume={21}, ISSN={1530-437X 1558-1748 2379-9153}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3076412}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2021.3076412}, abstractNote={The human olfactory system remains one of the most challenging biological systems to replicate. Humans use it without thinking, where it can measure offer protection from harm and bring enjoyment in equal measure. It is the system’s real-time ability to detect and analyze complex odors that makes it difficult to replicate. The field of artificial olfaction has recruited and stimulated interdisciplinary research and commercial development for several applications that include malodor measurement, medical diagnostics, food and beverage quality, environment and security. Over the last century, innovative engineers and scientists have been focused on solving a range of problems associated with measurement and control of odor. The IEEE Sensors Journal has published Special Issues on olfaction in 2002 and 2012. Here we continue that coverage. In this article, we summarize early work in the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20^{{\mathrm {th}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Century that served as the foundation upon which we have been building our odor-monitoring instrumental and measurement systems. We then examine the current state of the art that has been achieved over the last two decades as we have transitioned into the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$21^{{\mathrm {st}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Century. Much has been accomplished, but great progress is needed in sensor technology, system design, product manufacture and performance standards. In the final section, we predict levels of performance and ubiquitous applications that will be realized during in the mid to late <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$21^{{\mathrm {st}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Century.}, number={11}, journal={IEEE Sensors Journal}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Covington, James A. and Marco, Santiago and Persaud, Krishna C. and Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={12969–12990} }
 @article{nagle_katz_2021, title={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL'S School-Age Years (2004-2011)}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2021.3076920}, abstractNote={In January 2004, the Editor-in-Chief (EiC) Vladimir Lumelsky passed the IEEE Sensors Journal (SJ) to H. Troy Nagle (North Carolina State University). At that time, the administrative support for the SJ was by the staff of the IEEE Signal Processing Society (SPS). Its initial success had generated a large queue of manuscripts in the review process and the queue was growing monthly. Paper copies of manuscripts were being distributed by the postal service and follow-up checking was very difficult. This prompted the SJ Editorial Board to explore online manuscript processing using the ScholarOne tools. The IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) had previously moved all its journals to that platform. We requested their help and the LEOS staff answered and took charge of the SJ administration. With their help, the submitted manuscript backlog reversed course and began diminishing. After about 18 months, the queue reached a minimum, and then slowly returned to expansion as the SJ gained popularity with the academic and industrial sensor community.}, number={11}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Nagle, H. Troy and Katz, Evgeny}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={12358–12359} }
 @article{schiffman_nagle_2019, title={Revisited: Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota}, volume={132}, ISSN={0278-6915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110692}, DOI={10.1016/j.fct.2019.110692}, abstractNote={Over the last two decades, safety concerns about low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) have been described in the archival scientific literature including elevated risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, excessive weight gain, cardiovascular disease, safety, and disruption of the gut microbiome. A recent review by Lobach, Roberts, and Roland in Food and Chemical Toxicology examined 17 research articles on modulation of gut bacteria by LNCS along with other selected publications. In the conclusions of their paper, they claim that LNCS 1) do not affect gut microbiota at use levels and 2) are safe at levels approved by regulatory agencies. Both of these claims are incorrect. The scientific literature on LNCS clearly indicates that it is inappropriate to draw generalized conclusions regarding effects on gut microbiota and safety issues for compounds that vary widely chemical structure and pharmacokinetics. Scientific studies on the sweetener sucralose, used here as a representative LNCS, indicate that this organochlorine compound unequivocally and irrefutably disrupts the gut microbiome at doses relevant to human use. Results of dozens of additional research publications added and reviewed here also raise significant and extensive concerns about the safety of sucralose for the human food supply.}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={110692} }
 @article{nagle_schiffman_2018, title={Electronic Taste and Smell: The Case for Performance Standards}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1558-2256"]}, DOI={10.1109/JPROC.2018.2859678}, abstractNote={International standards have proven invaluable in the technology sector for developing functional and reliable products for the global marketplace. Standards provide performance criteria that technical engineers can use to design products to optimize the reliability and safety of new products. For example, standards have played a decisive role in the development of products associated with the senses of vision, audition, and touch. The design of products that perform automated “visual” tasks including unmanned vehicles, autonomous robots, optical tracking systems, and highway traffic monitoring devices has relied heavily on standards as well as technical regulations. Likewise, standards related to the sense of hearing have played a major role in the development of devices and systems that assist or mimic “audition” including cochlear implants, hearing aids, and voice and speech recognition systems. Standards related to the sense of touch have been seminal in the design of robotic arms and prosthetic hands. Unlike the senses of vision, audition, and touch, there are, however, no formal standards for electronic devices called e-noses and e-tongues that are designed to detect and evaluate odors and tastes. The purpose of this opinion piece is to give a brief background on the senses of smell and taste, to describe why standards for e-noses and e-tongues are needed, and to call for IEEE volunteers to participate and collaborate on technical standards development to ensure that machine olfaction and taste provide reliable and reproducible results that are comparable to human smell and taste.}, number={9}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE}, author={Nagle, H. Troy and Schiffman, Susan S.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={1471–1478} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_nagle_2017, title={Standard analytes for E-noses and E-tongues}, ISBN={9781509023929}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isoen.2017.7968867}, DOI={10.1109/isoen.2017.7968867}, abstractNote={Odor and taste compounds are suggested here as standard analytes for e-nose and e-tongue instruments to provide performance criteria regarding the capacity of these electronic sensing devices to mimic human chemosensory responses. Representative odor and taste standards for sensitivity, suprathreshold intensity, and quality are proposed. Ultimately, a formal set of analytical standards should be established by the electronic sensing community. Subsets of these formalized standards could then be adopted for specific applications.}, booktitle={2017 ISOCS/IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @article{li_hodges_gutierrez-osuna_luckey_crowell_schiffman_nagle_2016, title={Odor Assessment of Automobile Cabin Air With Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Photoionization Detection}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2015.2478853}, abstractNote={Odor quality in the cabin air of automobiles can be a significant factor in the decision to purchase a vehicle and the overall customer satisfaction with the vehicle over time. A current standard practice uses a human panel to rate the vehicle cabin odors on intensity, irritation, and pleasantness. However, human panels are expensive, time-consuming, and complicated to administer. To address this issue, we present a machine olfaction approach to assess odors inside automobiles. The approach uses a field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometer and a photoionization detector to measure volatile organic compounds, and a multivariate technique to map sensor data into human ratings. Validation on an experimental dataset of odors from ten different vehicles shows a correlation (0.67-0.84) between model predictions and ground truth from a trained human panel. These results support the feasibility of replacing human panel assessments by objective instrumental means for quality control tasks in the production process.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Li, Juan and Hodges, Ryan D. and Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo and Luckey, Gail and Crowell, Joel and Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={409–417} }
 @inproceedings{tanneeru_mills_lim_mahmud_dieffenderfer_bozkurt_nagle_lee_misra_2016, title={Room temperature sensing of VOCS by atomic layer deposition of metal oxide}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2016.7808786}, abstractNote={This work demonstrates room temperature sensing of volatile organic compound (VOC) — acetone via an ultrathin film metal oxide sensing layer. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables a high quality ultrathin film with precise thickness control. The 14nm ultrathin SnO2 thin film was deposited by ALD resulting in VOCs sensing at room temperature. The ultra-low power consumption (less than 50nW) and the room temperature operation of these devices make them compatible with wearable devices for real-time health and environment monitoring.}, booktitle={2016 ieee sensors}, author={TANNEERU, AKHILESH and Mills, S. and Lim, M. and Mahmud, M. M. and Dieffenderfer, J. and Bozkurt, A. and Nagle, T. and Lee, B. and Misra, V.}, year={2016} }
 @article{li_gutierrez-osuna_hodges_luckey_crowell_schiffman_nagle_2016, title={Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Odor Assessment of Automobile Interior Components}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2016.2568209}, abstractNote={The of the quality of odors emitted from automobile cabin interiors is an important element for the design of vehicles that meet prospective customers' expectations. Extending our previous work on machine-versus-human odor assessment for intact automobile cabin interiors, in this paper, we evaluated odors generated from individual interior parts using a human panel and field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). We used image processing techniques to extract geometric features from FAIMS dispersion fields, and built the predictive models for three odor assessment parameters (intensity, irritation, and pleasantness) by means of partial least squares regression. The best feature set was chosen by backward sequential feature selection. Using k -fold cross validation, we achieved statistically significant correlation 0.95 between human panel measured and machine olfaction predicted odor assessment scores with a sample set of 48 interior automobile parts. These results, generated using the geometric image processing methods demonstrated herein, further support the feasibility of replacing a human panel by machine olfaction for the assessment of odor quality of interior automobile parts.}, number={14}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Li, Juan and Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo and Hodges, Ryan D. and Luckey, Gail and Crowell, Joel and Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={5747–5756} }
 @inproceedings{mahmud_kumar_zhang_yamaner_nagle_oralkan_2015, title={A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array as a low-power multi-channel volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor}, ISBN={9781479982035}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2015.7370208}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2015.7370208}, abstractNote={In this study we extend our work on low-power CMUT chemical sensors from a single element to an array as a way to improve selectivity to volatile organic compound (VOC) analytes. A single channel of our sensor array comprises of a polymer-functionalized CMUT resonator in the feedback loop of a Colpitts oscillator, which consumes 0.76 mW, when operated continuously. Using our anodic-bonding based fabrication process, we fabricated 6-, 8-, and 15-channel prototype arrays with a standard deviation of 1 % in the parallel resonant frequency (4.5 MHz) in a 7×9-mm2 die area. We measured the response of three channels, one uncoated, one with a polyisobutylene (PIB) layer, and one with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer, to 20-ppm toluene vapor. Initial measurements show 1:13:37 ratio in the response of reference: PVA:PIB channels.}, booktitle={2015 IEEE SENSORS}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Mahmud, M. M. and Kumar, M. and Zhang, X. and Yamaner, F. Y. and Nagle, H. T. and Oralkan, O.}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={181–184} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_gutierrez-osuna_suslick_persaud_hodges_covington_luckey_crowell_schiffman_2015, place={Dijon, France}, title={Augmenting Human Odor Assessments of Cabin Air Quality of Automobiles by Instrumental Measurement}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Noses}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Suslick, R.K. and Persaud, K. and Hodges, R.D. and Covington, J. and Luckey, G. and Crowell, J. and Schiffman, S.S.}, year={2015} }
 @book{phillips_nagle_chakrabortty_2015, place={New York, NY}, edition={Fourth English Edition}, title={Digital Control System Analysis and Design}, publisher={Pearson}, author={Phillips, C.L. and Nagle, H.T. and Chakrabortty, A.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{li_gutierrez-osuna_hodges_luckey_crowell_schiffman_nagle_2015, title={Odor assessment of automobile interior components using ion mobility spectrometry}, ISBN={9781479982035}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2015.7370105}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2015.7370105}, abstractNote={Evaluating and improving odors emitted from automobile interior parts can help automotive companies fulfill prospective customers' expectations of odor character and health impacts. Extending our previous work on machine-versus-human odor assessment for intact automobile cabin interiors, in this study we evaluated odors generated from individual interior parts using a human panel and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). We used image processing to extract geometric features from IMS dispersion fields, and built predictive models for three odor assessment parameters (intensity, irritation, and pleasantness) by means of partial least squares regression. Using cross validation, we achieved statistically significant correlations in the range from 0.483 to 0.616 with a sample set of 48 interior automobile parts. These results support the feasibility of replacing a human panel by machine-olfaction for the assessment of odor quality of interior automobile parts.}, booktitle={2015 IEEE SENSORS}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Li, Juan and Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo and Hodges, Ryan D. and Luckey, Gail and Crowell, Joel and Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{mahmud_li_lunsford_zhang_yamaner_nagle_oralkan_2014, title={A low-power gas sensor for environmental monitoring using a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer}, ISBN={9781479901623}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2014.6985089}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2014.6985089}, abstractNote={We present a low-power gas sensor design based on a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT), for use on self-powered wearable platforms. Earlier a CMUT-based sensor, with 70-mW power consumption operating at 50 MHz, achieved ppt-level detection limit for chemical warfare agents. In this work we present a sensor operating at 4.33 MHz and consuming 0.77 mW for environmental monitoring. The sensor comprises a polymer-functionalized CMUT resonator in the feedback loop of a Colpitts oscillator. We fabricated the CMUT resonators using a novel process based on anodic bonding. The cavities and bottom electrodes are formed on a borosilicate glass wafer. The device layer of an SOI wafer bonded on glass forms the vibrating plate on top of vacuum-sealed cavities. This fabrication approach reduces process complexity and helps minimize parasitic components. CMUTs with center frequencies in the 3-50 MHz range with Q-factors as high as ~400 have successfully been fabricated. We used a 4.52-MHz device (Q=180) coated with a thin layer of polyisobutylene (PIB) for sensor demonstration.}, booktitle={IEEE SENSORS 2014 Proceedings}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Mahmud, M. M. and Li, J. and Lunsford, J. E. and Zhang, X. and Yamaner, F. Y. and Nagle, H. T. and Oralkan, O.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{li_hodges_schiffman_nagle_gutierrez-osuna_luckey_crowell_2014, title={Odor assessment of automobile cabin air by machine olfaction}, ISBN={9781479901623}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2014.6985356}, DOI={10.1109/icsens.2014.6985356}, abstractNote={Odor quality in the cabin air of automobiles can be a significant factor in the decision to purchase a vehicle and the overall customer satisfaction with the vehicle over time. Current standard practice uses a human panel to rate the vehicle cabin odors on intensity, irritation, and pleasantness. However, human panels are expensive, time-consuming and complicated to administer. To address this issue, we have developed a machine olfaction approach to assess odors inside automobiles for the purpose of enhancing or replacing the human panel by evaluating the correlation between the system performance and a trained human panel. Our approach employs an ion-mobility spectrometer and a photoionization detector for measuring volatile organic compounds inside automobiles. Our olfactory system achieves good correlations (range from 0.72 to 0.84) with a trained human panel using predictive models generated by linear regression and cross-validation. Our results support the feasibility of replacing human panel assessments by a machine olfaction system.}, booktitle={IEEE SENSORS 2014 Proceedings}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Li, J. and Hodges, R. D. and Schiffman, S. S. and Nagle, H. T. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Luckey, G. and Crowell, J.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vig_cheung_johnston_nagle_2011, title={Focusing on futurist perspectives}, volume={30}, ISSN={0278-6648}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpot.2011.942846}, DOI={10.1109/mpot.2011.942846}, abstractNote={Predicting the future can be a dicey proposition. Unless one is providing a cryptic Nostradamus-like forecast, most predictions tend to miss the mark. In celebration of IEEE Potentials' 30th anniversary, four prominent IEEE members offered to take a shot at what the world will look like 30 years from now. These futurist perspectives may differ from your own. We would like to hear your ideas on how the world will look in 2041. Please send your comments to potentials@ieee.org.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE Potentials}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Vig, John and Cheung, Nim-Kwan and Johnston, Elizabeth and Nagle, H.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={19–25} }
 @article{phaisangittisagul_nagle_2011, title={Predicting odor mixture's responses on machine olfaction sensors}, volume={155}, ISSN={["0925-4005"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.snb.2010.12.049}, abstractNote={One of the challenging issues in current research on machine olfaction devices, which are often called electronic noses (e-noses), is how to approximate or predict the sensor response to odor mixtures. When each odor is produced by its own unique set of odorant compounds, combinations of these unique odorant sets create a sensing challenge for the e-noses with a limited number of elements in its sensing array. One possible approach proposed in the literature is based on an "additive law of mixing" model but it fails in a complex odor mixtures. Another method adopted a specific hardware solution called odor recorder developed by using active odor sensing system. In this study, signal decomposition/reconstruction based on wavelet analysis and support vector regression are adopted to predict a sensor's response to mixtures of odors. The prediction results of our method are investigated and compared with the real sensor responses collected from a commercial e-nose machine, the AppliedSensor NST 3320. We find that the proposed method provides good prediction when applied to different mixing ratios of some coffees and green tea.}, number={2}, journal={SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL}, author={Phaisangittisagul, Ekachai and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={473–482} }
 @article{ozanyan_katz_nagle_lumelsky_2011, title={Tenth Anniversary Issue}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1530-437X"]}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2011.2168469}, abstractNote={This special anniversary issue features 12 invited review papers on various topics in the vast field of Sensors.}, number={12}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Ozanyan, Krikor B. and Katz, Evgeny and Nagle, H. Troy and Lumelsky, Vladimir}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={3053–3054} }
 @article{mankin_hodges_nagle_schal_pereira_koehler_2010, title={Acoustic Indicators for Targeted Detection of Stored Product and Urban Insect Pests by Inexpensive Infrared, Acoustic, and Vibrational Detection of Movement}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec10126}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Crawling and scraping activity of three stored-product pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and two urban pests, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) and Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), were monitored individually by infrared sensors, microphones, and a piezoelectric sensor in a small arena to evaluate effects of insect locomotory behavior and size on the ability of an inexpensively constructed instrument to detect insects and distinguish among different species. Adults of all species could be detected when crawling or scraping. The smallest insects in the study, first-fourth-instar C. lectularius nymphs, could not be detected easily when crawling, but could be detected when scraping. Sound and vibration sensors detected brief, 3-10-ms impulses from all tested species, often grouped in distinctive trains (bursts), typical of impulses in previous acoustic detection experiments. To consider the potential for targeting or focusing detection on particular species of interest, indicators were developed to assess the likelihood of detection of C. lectularius. Statistically significant differences were found between C. lectularius and other species in distributions of three measured variables: infrared signal durations, sound impulse-burst durations, and sound pressure levels (energy) of impulses that best matched an averaged spectrum (profile) of scraping behavior. Thus, there is potential that signals collected by an inexpensive, polymodal-sensor instrument could be used in automated trapping systems to detect a targeted species, 0.1 mg or larger, in environments where servicing of traps is difficult or when timeliness of trapping information is important.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Mankin, R. W. and Hodges, R. D. and Nagle, H. T. and Schal, C. and Pereira, R. M. and Koehler, P. G.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={1636–1646} }
 @article{phaisangittisagul_nagle_areekul_2010, title={Intelligent method for sensor subset selection for machine olfaction}, volume={145}, ISSN={["0925-4005"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.snb.2009.12.063}, abstractNote={A fundamental design concept for an array of sensors used in machine olfaction devices, electronic noses (e-noses), is that each sensor should maximize the overall sensitivity and provides different selectivity profiles over the range of target odor application. Ideally, each sensor should produce a different response to a given odor so that a unique odor pattern is created. Since this is rarely the case, sensor selection or reduction is needed when classification performance, cost, and technology limitations are issues of concern. The first step in the selection/reduction process is to generate features from each sensor's output waveform. In practice, some of the features obtained from an array of sensors are redundant and irrelevant due to cross-sensitivity and odor characteristics. As a result, inappropriate features or a poor configuration of features can lead to a deterioration of classification performance, or a more complex classification algorithm may be required. Hence, sensor selection for e-nose systems is of great important. In this study, a novel computationally efficient method is introduced by selecting the first few critical sensors based on a maximum margin criterion among different odor classes. Then, a stochastic search algorithm, a genetic algorithm (GA), uses those features as an initial step to optimize our sensor selection problem. The advantages of the proposed method are not only to avoid any initial misstep starting the search, but also to reduce the searching space for the optimal sensor array. From the experimental results on coffee and soda data sets, the number of selected sensors is significantly reduced (up to 90%) and classification performance is near 100%.}, number={1}, journal={SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL}, author={Phaisangittisagul, Ekachai and Nagle, H. Troy and Areekul, Vutipong}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={507–515} }
 @article{merritt_nagle_grant_2009, title={Fabric-Based Active Electrode Design and Fabrication for Health Monitoring Clothing}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1089-7771"]}, DOI={10.1109/TITB.2009.2012408}, abstractNote={In this paper, two versions of fabric-based active electrodes are presented to provide a wearable solution for ECG monitoring clothing. The first version of active electrode involved direct attachment of surface-mountable components to a textile screen-printed circuit using polymer thick film techniques. The second version involved attaching a much smaller, thinner, and less obtrusive interposer containing the active electrode circuitry to a simplified textile circuit. These designs explored techniques for electronic textile interconnection, chip attachment to textiles, and packaging of circuits on textiles for durability. The results from ECG tests indicate that the performance of each active electrode is comparable to commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes. The interposer-based active electrodes survived a five-cycle washing test while maintaining good signal integrity.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE}, author={Merritt, Carey R. and Nagle, H. Troy and Grant, Edward}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={274–280} }
 @article{karaguzel_merritt_kang_wilson_nagle_grant_pourdeyhimi_2009, title={Flexible, durable printed electrical circuits}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000802390147}, abstractNote={This study investigates the screen printing of transmission lines into a variety of nonwoven substrates using different conductive inks for durable and wearable electronic textile applications. The viscosity of the ink dictated the performance of the printed media during washing trials. The printed inks begin to degrade and display lower conductivity after 25 wash cycles. A method to control the durability of the printed circuits, which includes coating of the printed lines with a meltblown layer, has been developed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Karaguzel, B. and Merritt, C. R. and Kang, T. and Wilson, J. M. and Nagle, H. T. and Grant, E. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2009}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{nagle_2009, title={From the Outgoing Editor-in-Chief}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1530-437X"]}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2009.2024832}, number={8}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={881–881} }
 @article{merritt_nagle_grant_2009, title={Textile-Based Capacitive Sensors for Respiration Monitoring}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1530-437X"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2008.2010356}, abstractNote={Respiration monitoring in everyday life enables the early detection of the diseases and disorders that can suddenly manifest in a life threatening episode. Long-term monitoring can extend the capabilities of healthcare providers if reliability can be achieved economically. In this paper, the potential for using capacitive sensing to serve as an inexpensive method for long-term respiration sensing is explored. This paper proposes new designs of capacitive sensors for respiration sensing and describes the design and fabrication of a prototype textile-based capacitive-sensor respiration belt. Two capacitive sensors were designed and fabricated for detecting chest or abdominal circumference changes of up to 60 mm. These sensors gave good linearity, and the respiration measurements obtained with these new sensors show that they are capable of measuring respiration rate, and possibly lung function parameters.}, number={1-2}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Merritt, Carey R. and Nagle, H. Troy and Grant, Edward}, year={2009}, pages={71–78} }
 @article{kang_merritt_grant_pourdeyhimi_nagle_2008, title={Nonwoven fabric active electrodes for biopotential measurement during normal daily activity}, volume={55}, DOI={10.1109/TBME.2007.910678}, abstractNote={Body movement is responsible for most of the interference during physiological data acquisition during normal daily activities. In this paper, we introduce nonwoven fabric active electrodes that provide the comfort required for clothing while robustly recording physiological data in the presence of body movement. The nonwoven fabric active electrodes were designed and fabricated using both hand- and screen-printing thick-film techniques. Nonstretchable nonwoven (Evolon 100) was chosen as the flexible fabric substrate and a silver filled polymer ink (Creative Materials CMI 112-15) was used to form a transducer layer and conductive lines on the nonwoven fabrics. These nonwoven fabric active electrodes can be easily integrated into clothing for wearable health monitoring applications. Test results indicate that nonwoven textile-based sensors show considerable promise for physiological data acquisition in wearable healthcare monitoring applications.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, author={Kang, T. H. and Merritt, C. R. and Grant, E. and Pourdeyhimi, B. and Nagle, H Troy}, year={2008}, pages={188–195} }
 @article{phaisangittisagul_nagle_2008, title={Sensor selection for machine olfaction based on transient feature extraction}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1557-9662"]}, DOI={10.1109/TIM.2007.910117}, abstractNote={Machine olfaction devices, which are often called electronic noses (e-noses), are gaining favor for odor assessment applications in several industrial sectors, such as beverage, perfumery, and food. From a design point of view, the number of sensors in these devices for a particular odor application should be minimized without degrading classification accuracy. This paper deals with selecting sensors for e-noses to make small portable devices with fast response times and reduced cost possible. Prior research efforts have been reported in the open literature and have shown that many advantages can be gained by properly selecting the input features before forwarding to a pattern classification algorithm. This selection process can reduce the dimensionality of the feature space, remove redundant and irrelevant features, speed up classification, and improve classification performance. In this paper, the transient features of an array of sensors obtained by applying a multiresolutional approximation technique from the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are investigated to search for an optimal sensor array to be implemented in the e-nose system. A genetic algorithm is adapted to tailor a gas sensor array for two different odor data sets (coffee and soda). From the experimental results, the input features obtained by applying the DWT to the transient sensor responses not only provide a significant reduction in the number of sensors when compared to traditional features but also improve the classification rate to near 100%.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT}, author={Phaisangittisagul, Ekachai and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={369–378} }
 @article{karaguzel_merritt_kang_wilson_nagle_grant_pourdeyhimi_2008, title={Utility of nonwovens in the production of integrated electrical circuits via printing conductive inks}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000701547748}, abstractNote={Abstract This study reports on the printing of conductive inks directly onto nonwovens to produce circuits and embedded systems. The approach adopted applies polymer thick film (PTF) processing technologies directly onto compliant, flexible, nonwoven substrates. The paper reports on the characterization of various PTF conductive inks and printed transmission lines. The performance metrics related to the circuits are impacted by the ink viscosity and by the contact angle of the ink on the surface of the nonwoven structure. These parameters dictate the manner in which the ink is distributed onto and into the substrate. The manner in which ink droplets interact with the surface of the substrate determines the mechanisms responsible for both in-plane flow and through-the-plane flow of the ink.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Karaguzel, B. and Merritt, C. R. and Kang, T. and Wilson, J. M. and Nagle, H. T. and Grant, E. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2008}, pages={37–45} }
 @article{phaisangittisagul_nagle_2007, title={Enhancing multiple classifier system performance for machine olfaction using odor-type signatures}, volume={125}, ISSN={["0925-4005"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.snb.2007.02.011}, abstractNote={Traditional odor classification systems used in machine olfaction devices, which are often called electronic noses, are implemented independently for each application dataset. For different types of odor samples (dissimilar odor datasets), some researchers have proposed a multiple classifier system that combines or fuses the classification outputs of individual, independent classifiers designed specifically for each dissimilar odor. However, in this approach, the classification system has to be reconstructed when new dissimilar odors are added to the machine's operation. Moreover, the multiple classifier system's performance is likely to be degraded due to the added complexity of the combined system. In this study, an approach to assign an unknown odor sample to one specific classifier in the multiple classifier set is proposed that is based on an odor-type signature derived from the sensor array's response waveforms. This novel approach enables an independent design of the classifier for each dissimilar odor, which is very useful when new odors need to be added to an existing machine olfaction system.}, number={1}, journal={SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL}, author={Phaisangittisagul, Ekachai and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={246–253} }
 @article{nagle_2007, title={From the editor-in-chief}, volume={7}, number={1-2}, journal={IEEE Sensors Journal}, author={Nagle, H. T.}, year={2007}, pages={3} }
 @misc{scarantino_nagle_kim_ufer_fiering_kermani_2007, title={Methods, computer program products, and devices for calibrating chronically tissue implanted sensors using chronically tissue}, volume={7,171,252}, number={2007 Jan. 30}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Scarantino, C. W. and Nagle, H. T. and Kim, C.-S. and Ufer, S. and Fiering, J. and Kermani, B. G.}, year={2007} }
 @article{sathyan_kim_nagle_brown_porterfield_2006, title={A Flexible Microsensor Array for Root Zone Monitoring of a Porous Tube Plant Growth System for Microgravity}, volume={11}, ISSN={1542-9660}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154296606779507105}, DOI={10.3727/154296606779507105}, number={1}, journal={Habitation}, publisher={Cognizant, LLC}, author={Sathyan, Sandeep and Kim, Chang-Soo and Nagle, H. Troy and Brown, Christopher S. and Porterfield, D. Marshall}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={5–14} }
 @article{nagle_2006, title={Five-year anniversary}, volume={6}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Sensors Journal}, author={Nagle, H. T.}, year={2006}, pages={508} }
 @misc{scarantino_nagle_hall_mueller_kermani_2006, title={Methods, systems, and associated implantable devices for dynamic monitoring of physiological and biological properties of tumors}, volume={7,010,340}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Scarantino, C. W. and Nagle, H. T. and Hall, L. C. and Mueller, J. and Kermani, B. G.}, year={2006} }
 @inproceedings{kang_merritt_karaguzel_wilson_franzon_pourdeyhimi_grant_nagle_2006, title={Sensors on Textile Substrates for Home-Based Healthcare Monitoring}, ISBN={1424400589}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ddhh.2006.1624783}, DOI={10.1109/ddhh.2006.1624783}, abstractNote={In this paper we describe progress in developing textile-based sensors for wearable physiological monitoring systems. Active electrodes on nonwoven textile substrates are described for capturing ECG and EOG data. A capacitive sensor for monitoring breathing is presented. Data transmission by coplanar waveguides is also a topic introduced. The future of these devices for home-based healthcare monitoring is considered}, booktitle={1st Transdisciplinary Conference on Distributed Diagnosis and Home Healthcare, 2006. D2H2.}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Kang, Tae-Ho and Merritt, C. and Karaguzel, B. and Wilson, J. and Franzon, P. and Pourdeyhimi, B. and Grant, E. and Nagle, T.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={5–7} }
 @inproceedings{merritt_karaguzel_kang_wilson_franzon_pourdeyhimi_nagle_grant_2005, place={San Francisco}, title={Electrical Characterization of Transmission Lines on Nonwoven Textile Substrates}, author={Merritt, C.R. and Karaguzel, B. and Kang, T.-H. and Wilson, J. and Franzon, P.D. and Pourdeyhimi, B. and Nagle, H.T. and Grant, E.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{ash_massoud_nagle_wortman_2005, title={Electrode Fabrication - NSF/ERC Core Unit B.2}, ISBN={0879425598}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1990.691279}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1990.691279}, abstractNote={The Electrode Fabrication Core Unit of the Duke/NC NSF Engineering Research Center in Emerging Cardiovascular Technologies focuses on the development and fabrication of plunge, surface, and three-dimensional electrode arrays for measuring biopotentials. This core unit is adapting existing semiconductor and microelectronics technology to produce the arrays needed for potential electrodes in basic arrhythmia studies and as mounting substrates for ionselective and bio-selective chemical sensors. VISION AND SIGNIFICANCE The purpose of the Electrode Fabrication Core Unit B.2 is to use integrated-circuit technology in the design, fabrication, and testing of novel microelectrode arrays needed to support research in cardiovascular technologies, such as for the Bioelectric Stimulation Unit 1.1 to detect in-vivo post ventricular fibrillation of the myocardium. The core is also building substrates for Core B.l Chemical Sensors and Unit 1.2B Vascular Diagnostic Systems. The technological focus of this core is to introduce, advance, and integrate existing technologies in the semiconductor and microelectronics industries in their application toward the design and fabrication of new electrode structures. By optimizing collaborations with other centers and industry, we expect to extend the state-of-the-art in cardiac sensor technology by demonstrating reliable, mass producible sensors for cardiac potentials and ionic metabolites with major applications in implantable defibrillators and cardiovascular monitoring.}, booktitle={[1990] Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Ash, B. and Massoud, H.Z. and Nagle, H.T. and Wortman, J.J.}, year={2005}, month={Aug} }
 @article{schiffman_mclaughlin_katul_nagle_2005, title={Eulerian-Lagrangian model for predicting odor dispersion using instrumental and human measurements}, volume={106}, ISSN={0925-4005}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.05.067}, DOI={10.1016/j.snb.2004.05.067}, abstractNote={Abstract A Eulerian-Lagrangian model was used to predict the trajectory and spatial distribution of odor and odorants downwind from an industrial facility with multiple sources of odor emissions. Specifically, the model was used to simulate the dispersion of odor from a confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) under different meteorological conditions: (1) during daytime when the boundary layer is usually turbulent due to ground-level heating from solar short wave radiation, and (2) during the evening when deep surface cooling through long-wave radiation to space recreates a stable (nocturnal) boundary layer. Aerial photographs were taken of the CAFO, and the geographical area containing the odorant sources was partitioned into 10 m2 grids. Relative odorant concentrations present at each grid point that corresponded to an odor source were measured on site and then entered into a database. The predicted odor dispersion distance was found to be greater at night-time than during daytime and was consistent with field reports from individuals living near the CAFO. The model utilizes single numbers that represent relative concentrations or intensities (e.g. from an electronic nose or human judgments) to simulate downwind dispersion. The advantages of this algorithm over standard Gaussian plume models are that: the velocity variances and covariances among its three components, integral time scale (a measure of eddy coherency), and complex boundary conditions (e.g. complex release points, surface boundary conditions) are explicitly considered.}, number={1}, journal={Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and McLaughlin, B. and Katul, G.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={122–127} }
 @misc{scarantino_nagle_hall_mueller_2005, title={Methods, systems, and associated implantable devices for dynamic monitoring of physiological and biological properties of tumors}, volume={6,963,770}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Scarantino, C. W. and Nagle, H. T. and Hall, L. C. and Mueller, J.}, year={2005} }
 @misc{scarantino_nagle_hall_mueller_2005, title={Methods, systems, and associated implantable devices for radiation dose verification for therapies used to treat tumors}, volume={6,963,771}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Scarantino, C. W. and Nagle, H. T. and Hall, L. C. and Mueller, J.}, year={2005} }
 @article{kermani_schiffman_nagle_2005, title={Performance of the Levenberg–Marquardt neural network training method in electronic nose applications}, volume={110}, ISSN={0925-4005}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.01.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.snb.2005.01.008}, abstractNote={The focus of this study is to find the appropriateness of the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) neural network (NN) training algorithm for recognition of odor patterns associated with an electronic nose (e-nose). Multiple time-patterns represent step response of the array of sensors to the odorants. The experiments are performed on four representative classes of odorants: coffees, fragrances, hog farm air, and cola beverages. The odor recognition system is composed of a Karhunen–Loéve (KL) based pre-processing unit, and a feedforward neural network with the LM training algorithm. The parameters of the pre-processing unit and the neural network are fine-tuned using a genetic algorithm. Back-propagation algorithm with adaptive learning rate is selected as a standard neural network training method, for the purpose of comparison. The results of the experiments indicate that the LM algorithm provides high correct recognition ratios. In addition, the results confirm that the LM method outperforms the back-propagation (BP) method with adaptive learning rate, for the classes of the odorants provided in this study.}, number={1}, journal={Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kermani, Bahram G. and Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={13–22} }
 @inproceedings{karaguzel_merritt_kang_wilson_franzon_nagle_grant_pourdeyhimi_2005, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Using Conductive Inks and Non-Woven Textiles for Wearable Computing}, author={Karaguzel, B. and Merritt, C.R. and Kang, T.-H. and Wilson, J.M. and Franzon, P.D. and Nagle, H.T. and Grant, E. and Pourdeyhimi, B.}, year={2005} }
 @article{scarantino_ruslander_rini_mann_nagle_black_2004, title={An implantable radiation dosimeter for use in external beam radiation therapy}, volume={31}, ISSN={["2473-4209"]}, DOI={10.1118/1.1778809}, abstractNote={An implantable radiation dosimeter for use with external beam therapy has been developed and tested both in vitro and in canines. The device uses a MOSFET dosimeter and is polled telemetrically every day during the course of therapy. The device is designed for permanent implantation and also acts as a radiographic fiducial marker. Ten dogs (companion animals) that presented with spontaneous, malignant tumors were enrolled in the study and received an implant in the tumor CTV. Three dogs received an additional implant in collateral normal tissue. Radiation therapy plans were created for the animals and they were treated with roughly 300 cGy daily fractions until completion of the prescribed cumulative dose. The primary endpoints of the study were to record any adverse events due to sensor placement and to monitor any movement away from the point of placement. No adverse events were recorded. Unacceptable device migration was experienced in two subjects and a retention mechanism was developed to prevent movement in the future. Daily dose readings were successfully acquired in all subjects. A rigorous in vitro calibration methodology has been developed to ensure that the implanted devices maintain an accuracy of ±3.5% relative to an ionization chamber standard. The authors believe that an implantable radiation dosimeter is a practical and powerful tool that fosters individualized patient QA on a daily basis.}, number={9}, journal={MEDICAL PHYSICS}, author={Scarantino, CW and Ruslander, DM and Rini, CJ and Mann, GG and Nagle, HT and Black, RD}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={2658–2671} }
 @inbook{nagle_gutierrez-osuna_kermani_schiffman_2004, title={Environmental Monitoring}, ISBN={3527303588 3527601597}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527601597.ch17}, DOI={10.1002/3527601597.ch17}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Water Land Air Special Considerations for Environmental Monitoring Sample Handling Problems Signal Processing Challenges Case Study 1: Livestock Odor Classification Background Description of the problem Methods Signal Processing Algorithms Results Discussion Case Study 2: Swine Odor Detection Thresholds Description of the Problem Methods Results Discussion Case Study 3: Biofilter Evaluation Description of the Problem Methods Results Discussion Case Study 4: Mold Detection Background Description of the Problem The NC State E-Nose Methods Results Discussion Future Directions}, booktitle={Handbook of Machine Olfaction}, publisher={Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA}, author={Nagle, H. Troy and Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo and Kermani, Bahram G. and Schiffman, Susan S.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={419–444} }
 @inproceedings{kim_porterfield_nagle_brown_2004, place={Orlando, FL}, title={Flexible Microsensor Array for the Monitoring and Control of Plant Growth Environment}, author={Kim, C.-S. and Porterfield, D.M. and Nagle, H.T. and Brown, C.S.}, year={2004}, pages={186–187} }
 @inproceedings{kermani_schiffman_nagle_2004, place={Orlando, FL}, title={Fuzzy Training for Neural Networks}, volume={IX}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 8th World Multiconference on Systems, Cybernetics, and Informatics}, author={Kermani, B.G. and Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2004}, pages={124–125} }
 @article{kim_lee_fiering_ufer_scarantino_nagle_2004, title={Manipulation of microenvironment with a built-in electrochemical actuator in proximity of a dissolved oxygen microsensor}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2004.832857}, abstractNote={Biochemical sensors for continuous monitoring require dependable periodic self diagnosis with acceptable simplicity to check its functionality during operation. An in-situ self-diagnostic technique for a dissolved oxygen microsensor is proposed in an effort to devise an intelligent microsensor system with an integrated electrochemical actuation electrode. With a built-in platinum microelectrode that surrounds the microsensor, two kinds of microenvironments, called the oxygen-saturated or oxygen-depleted phases, can be created by water electrolysis, depending on the polarity. The functionality of the microsensor can be checked during these microenvironment phases. The polarographic oxygen microsensor is fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate (Kapton) and the feasibility of the proposed concept is demonstrated in a physiological solution. The sensor responds properly during the oxygen-generating and oxygen-depleting phases. The use of these microenvironments for in-situ self-calibration is discussed to achieve functional integration, as well as structural integration, of the microsensor system.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Kim, CS and Lee, CH and Fiering, JO and Ufer, S and Scarantino, CW and Nagle, HT}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={568–575} }
 @inproceedings{chun_ji_nagle_2004, place={Bethesda, MD}, title={Observations of the Current Change on Acupuncture Spots at Meal Time}, author={Chun, Soon-Yong and Ji, Un-Ho and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2004}, pages={490–495} }
 @inproceedings{blanchard_mccord_mente_lalush_abrams_loboa_nagle_2004, title={Rubrics cubed: Tying grades to assessment to reduce faculty workloads}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2004 Annual Conference of the American Association for Engineering Education}, author={Blanchard, S.M. and McCord, M.G. and Mente, P.L. and Lalush, D.S. and Abrams, C.F. and Loboa, E.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2004} }
 @inbook{gutierrez-osuna_nagle_kermani_schiffman_2004, title={Signal Conditioning and Preprocessing}, ISBN={3527303588 3527601597}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527601597.ch5}, DOI={10.1002/3527601597.ch5}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Interface Circuits Chemoresistors Acoustic Wave Sensors Field-Effect Gas Sensors Temperature Control Signal Conditioning Operational Amplifiers Buffering Amplification Filtering Compensation Signal Preprocessing Baseline Manipulation Compression Normalization Noise in Sensors and Circuits Outlook Temperature Modulation Conclusions Acknowledgements}, booktitle={Handbook of Machine Olfaction}, publisher={Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA}, author={Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Nagle, H. Troy and Kermani, B. and Schiffman, Susan S.}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={105–132} }
 @article{kim_ufer_seagle_engle_nagle_johnson_cascio_2004, title={Use of micromachined probes for the recording of cardiac electrograms in isolated heart tissues}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1873-4235"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.bios.2003.10.011}, abstractNote={Micromachined probes, with iridium (Ir) microelectrodes on silicon shanks, were evaluated to assess their suitability for cardiac electrogram recording. The electrochemical activation (anodic oxidation) procedure for the circular Ir microelectrode was investigated using the square wave potential according to the electrode size, number of cycles, and cathodic-anodic potential level of the square wave. Increase in the charge storage capacity was pronounced either in smaller electrodes or with higher potential level of the square wave. The electrode impedance reduced in a similar manner with increasing number of cycle irrespective of the electrode size. With either lower potential level (-0.70/+0.60 V) or smaller number of cycle (200 cycles) than those for the activation of stimulating electrode, the likelihood of overactivation of the recording microelectrode can be minimized. These anodic IrOx film (AIROF) microelectrodes were used for the recording of extracellular electrograms in two different ex vivo cardiac tissue preparations. A single-shank microprobe was applied to the left ventricle of a mouse heart. Both the spontaneous and paced transmural responses propagating between epicardium and endocardium were obtained. Longitudinal cardiac wavefronts propagating along the rabbit papillary muscle were also recorded with a unique multiple-shank design. The measured mean amplitude and the propagation velocity of the extracellular voltage were 12.2 +/- 1.8 mV and 58.9 +/- 2.2 cm/s, respectively (n = 27). These microprobes with precisely defined electrode spacing make a useful tool for the spatial and temporal mapping of electrical properties in isolated heart tissues ex vivo.}, number={9}, journal={BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS}, author={Kim, CS and Ufer, S and Seagle, CM and Engle, CL and Nagle, HT and Johnson, TA and Cascio, WE}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={1109–1116} }
 @inproceedings{quint_messenheimer_tennison_nagle_2003, title={Assessing autonomic activity from the EKG related to seizure onset detection and localization}, ISBN={0818619600}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbmsys.1989.47350}, DOI={10.1109/cbmsys.1989.47350}, abstractNote={Methods are presented for the detection and analysis of heart period variation (HPV) in both the time domain and the frequency domain. Fractal analysis and rate-change detection procedures are used for the recognition of transients in the HPV random variable. The power spectra of HPV are used to quantify relative autonomic input to the heart, with power at high frequencies (sinus arrhythmia) sensitive to parasympathetic input and low frequency power due to a combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Spectral analysis of HPV is used to study the dynamic activity of the autonomic nervous system, under conditions observed clinically which are considered to be risk factors for sudden death in epileptics. Results and conclusions from a study of a population of epilepsy patients are also presented.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={[1989] Proceedings. Second Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-based Medical Systems}, publisher={IEEE Comput. Soc. Press}, author={Quint, S.R. and Messenheimer, J.A. and Tennison, M.B. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2003}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{andersen_wyrick_fiering_nagle_martin_johnson_2003, title={Development of a simple biosensor mapping technology for epicardial activation in rodent hearts}, ISBN={0780356748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1999.802213}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1999.802213}, abstractNote={The development of a simple mapping technology for viewing the activation wavefronts of rodent hearts is currently ongoing. The successful development of an electrophysiologic (EP) electrode array biosensor for rodent hearts has been the foundation of this work. Our goal is to develop a simple method to process EP data obtained by the biosensor and present the data in a graphical format suitable for additional quantitative and qualitative analysis.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First Joint BMES/EMBS Conference. 1999 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 21st Annual Conference and the 1999 Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (Cat. No.99CH37015)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Andersen, K. and Wyrick, D. and Fiering, J. and Nagle, H.T. and Martin, D. and Johnson, T.K.}, year={2003}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_mclaughlin_katul_nagle_2003, place={Riga, Latvia}, title={Method for determining odor dispersion using instrumental and human measurements}, booktitle={10th International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose Technical Digest}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and McLaughlin, B. and Katul, G.G. and Nagle, H. T.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{kim_sathyan_porterfield_nagle_2003, title={Microsensors on a Flexible Plastic Substrate for Dissolved Oxygen Monitoring with Self-Calibration Capability}, booktitle={Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy}, author={Kim, C.-S. and Sathyan, S. and Porterfield, D.M. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{mccord_blanchard_mente_nagle_spurlin_2003, title={Outcomes based curriculum development in a new and emerging biomedical engineering program}, booktitle={American Society for Engineering Education}, author={McCord, M. G. and Blanchard, S. M. and Mente, P. L. and Nagle, H. T. and Spurlin, J. E.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_2003, title={Overview of quality assurance for medical devices}, ISBN={0780307437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibed.1992.247093}, DOI={10.1109/ibed.1992.247093}, abstractNote={Medical devices can have very stringent performance requirements. The life of a critically ill patient can be determined by the quality of the monitoring and therapeutic devices being used in his or her treatment. But how is quality guaranteed? What are the characteristics of a medical device that determine its quality? The author discusses the methods used for designing quality into medical devices.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1992 International Biomedical Engineering Days}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={2003}, month={Jan} }
 @inproceedings{ash_wortman_nagle_buchanan_2003, title={Silicon based electrode arrays}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1989.95685}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1989.95685}, abstractNote={The manufacture of a three-dimensional, silicon-based, high-density electrode array with potential biomedical applications is described. Microelectronic fabrication techniques are used to produce an array of regularly spaced electrodes with sensing sites on the order of tens of micrometers. This electrode array consists of a pin-cushion of silicon posts set in an insulating substrate and plated with thin-film conductors and dielectrics. Since it is based on silicon, the array is suitable for integrated data processing and multiplexing, which would allow a large number of electrodes to be monitored simultaneously.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Images of the Twenty-First Century. Proceedings of the Annual International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Ash, R.B. and Wortman, J.J. and Nagle, H.T. and Buchanan, J.W.}, year={2003}, month={Jan} }
 @article{nagle_2003, title={Special Issue on the First IEEE Conference on Sensors (Sensors 2002) - Part II}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1530-437X"]}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2003.820660}, number={6}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Nagle, HT}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={677–677} }
 @inproceedings{kermani_white_nagle_2002, title={A new method in obtaining a better generalization in artificial neural networks}, ISBN={0780320506}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1994.415352}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1994.415352}, abstractNote={Overtraining is a serious problem in the neural network algorithms, including the backpropagation algorithm. In order to measure the performance of a neural network, ordinarily some of the data is sacrificed and used as a test set (cross-validation method). When the data is very scarce or is expensive, e.g. medical applications such as computer aided diagnosis, this waste of the data becomes intolerable. A new technique is introduced which uses the shape of the training mean squared error graph versus number of epochs and predicts when is the best time (epoch number) to discontinue the training.}, booktitle={Proceedings of 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Kermani, B.G. and White, M.W. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{mundt_ash_ufer_buck_nagle_2002, title={Application of surface mount technology for biomedical microsensor interconnections}, ISBN={0780320506}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1994.415153}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1994.415153}, abstractNote={A method of connecting flexible electrode arrays to a flat cable or a flexible circuit is described. Solderpaste printing and reflow soldering techniques (as used in surface mount technology) are used to make a solder connection between a fine pitch flat cable and the bondpads on an electrode array. An epoxy and silicone encapsulation is added to achieve reliable connections for cardiovascular applications.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Mundt, C. and Ash, B. and Ufer, S. and Buck, R.P. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_graham_gutierrez-osuna_zervakis_nagle_2002, place={Rome, Italy}, title={Assessment of animal odors: comparison of electronic nose and human panel}, booktitle={Ninth International Symposium on Olfaction and the Electronic Nose}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Graham, B.G. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Zervakis, J. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{andrews_kermani_cascio_nagle_2002, title={Controlling electrical side effects of cardiac stimulus pulses due to high impedance electrodes}, ISBN={0780320506}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1994.415233}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1994.415233}, abstractNote={A method of measuring the extracellular voltage field in working cardiac tissue with high impedance sensors immediately after a superthreshold stimulation pulse has been developed. Previously, the stimulus pulse charged the input circuitry of the front-end amplifier with an amplitude much greater than the biological signal desired. To address this problem a blanking period was introduced which disables the amplifiers for the duration of the superthreshold stimulus pulse. As a result of this process, electrical activity can be measured almost immediately after the superthreshold stimulus pulse without distortion.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Andrews, C.A. and Kermani, B.G. and Cascio, W.E. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{franzon_van den bout_paulos_miller_snyder_nagle_liu_2002, title={Defect tolerant implementations of feed-forward and recurrent neural networks}, ISBN={0818690135}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icwsi.1990.63897}, DOI={10.1109/icwsi.1990.63897}, abstractNote={Many of the defect tolerant techniques employed to achieve wafer-scale integration can also be used to construct flexible and scalable architectures. These techniques are applied to two artificial neural networks: a feed-forward analog network with backpropagation and an efficient digital recurrent network.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={1990 Proceedings. International Conference on Wafer Scale Integration}, publisher={IEEE Comput. Soc. Press}, author={Franzon, P. and van den Bout, D. and Paulos, J. and Miller, T. and Snyder, W. and Nagle, T. and Liu, Wentai}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{su_makki_nagle_liu_2002, title={Dynamic power supply current monitoring of SRAMs}, ISBN={0780320204}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asic.1994.404538}, DOI={10.1109/asic.1994.404538}, abstractNote={In this paper, we report the results of a physical experiment aimed at assessing a new test method for CMOS SRAMs. The test method involves a new and simple philosophy for testing: monitor the switching behavior of a circuit rather than just the output logic state. Observing the dynamic (transient) power supply current can lead to drastic improvement in "real" defect coverage. We use the dynamic power supply current as indicative of such switching.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings Seventh Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Su, Shyang-Tai and Makki, R.Z. and Nagle, H.T. and Liu, Jian}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{kermani_white_nagle_2002, title={Feature extraction by genetic algorithms for neural networks in breast cancer classification}, ISBN={0780324757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1995.575385}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1995.575385}, abstractNote={In today's world, in which computerized recognition is expanding its horizons in the field of medicine, breast cancer classification is receiving wide attention. In this application, artificial neural networks have achieved reasonable recognition rates. However, to improve performance, a technique is needed to screen the features of the input data, to extract the important ones and suppress those that are irrelevant. Although neural networks do have this capability to some extent, here it is shown that by using a hybrid genetic algorithm and neural network (GANN), the feature extraction can be performed more effectively. Another advantage of augmenting NN training with a GA is that the extracted features using GA are explicit and perceivable. Although the authors evaluated the technique using breast cancer data, the methodology is designed to handle any other kind of classification task.}, booktitle={Proceedings of 17th International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Kermani, B.G. and White, M.W. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002}, month={Nov} }
 @article{nagle_gardner_persaud_2002, title={Foreword}, volume={2}, ISSN={1530-437X 1558-1748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2002.801137}, DOI={10.1109/jsen.2002.801137}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Sensors Journal}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Gardner, J.W. and Persaud, K.}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={131–132} }
 @book{libraries_2002, title={Handbook of Machine Olfaction}, ISBN={3527303588 3527601597}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527601597}, DOI={10.1002/3527601597}, abstractNote={Odors are sensations that occur when compounds (called odorants) stimulate receptors located in the olfactory epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity. Odorants are hydrophobic, volatile compounds with a molecular weight of less than 300 daltons. Humans can recognize and distinguish up to 10 000 different substances on the basis of their odor quality. Odorant receptors (ORs) in the nasal cavity detect and discriminate among these thousands of diverse chemical ligands. An individual odorant can bind to multiple receptor types, and structurally different odorants can bind to a single receptor. Specific patterns of activation generate signals that allow us to discriminate between the vast number of distinct smells. The physicochemical attributes of odorants that induce specific odor sensations are not well understood. The genes that code for ORs have been cloned, and results from cloning studies indicate that ORs are members of a superfamily of hundreds of different G-protein-coupled receptors that possess seven transmembrane domains. A complete knowledge of structureodor relationships in olfaction awaits the three-dimensional analysis of this large family of ORs. Ultimately, simultaneous knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ORs as well as odorants will allow us to develop a pattern recognition paradigm that can predict odor quality.}, publisher={Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA}, author={Libraries, NC State University}, editor={Pearce, Tim C. and Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy and Gardner, Julian W.Editors}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_graham_nagle_2002, place={Rome, Italy}, title={Measuring odor intensity with photoionization detector (PID)}, booktitle={Ninth International Symposium on Olfaction and the Electronic Nose}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Graham, B.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_ash_2002, title={Microelectrode arrays: structures and applications}, ISBN={0879426101}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/colloq.1990.152788}, DOI={10.1109/colloq.1990.152788}, abstractNote={The rapidly advancing technology of microelectronics is being employed by several research groups to develop microelectrode arrays for use in life science research. The authors review the development of microelectrodes using silicon-based technology over the last decade. Silicon-based technology is applied to micromachine structures that are used as substrates for electrode arrays. The resulting microelectrodes are now being utilized in cardiac and neural mapping applications at Duke University Medical Center. Specific applications in the electrophysiology of taste and smell are presented.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE Colloquium in South America}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Ash, R.B.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{goode_nagle_2002, title={On-line control of propagating cardiac wavefronts}, ISBN={0780338111}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1996.646510}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1996.646510}, abstractNote={A technique for on-line control of a propagating cardiac wavefront is presented. This technique uses low-level inhibitory stimuli to hyperpolarize segments of the cardiac tissue. The stimuli can delay conduction of a propagating wavefront as well as change its propagation direction. The bidomain model is used to simulate these phenomena assuming a thin sheet of cardiac tissue.}, booktitle={Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Goode, P.V. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{roy_nagle_mcnamer_krakow_2002, title={QRS/BIST: a reliable heart rate monitor ASIC}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asic.1990.186186}, DOI={10.1109/asic.1990.186186}, abstractNote={The design of a real-time heart rate monitor implemented as a single application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is presented. The goal of the project was to implement a QRS detection algorithm into a single-chip environment. The testability strategies used to increase device reliability, including the implementation of built-in-self test (BIST) features, are described.<<ETX>>}, booktitle={Third Annual IEEE Proceedings on ASIC Seminar and Exhibit}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Roy, S.C. and Nagle, H.T. and McNamer, M.G. and Krakow, W.T.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{mueller_nagle_gyurcsik_kelley_2002, title={System and method for powering, controlling, and communicating with multiple inductively-powered devices}, volume={6,345,203}, number={2002 Feb. 5}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Mueller, J. S. and Nagle, H. T. and Gyurcsik, R. S. and Kelley, A. W.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{makki_su_nagle_2002, title={Transient power supply current testing of digital CMOS circuits}, ISBN={0780329929}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/test.1995.529922}, DOI={10.1109/test.1995.529922}, abstractNote={This paper presents, in a tutorial fashion, a test technique that employs the transient power supply current, i/sub DDT/, as a window of observability into the switching behaviour of an integrated circuit. The premise is that when a circuit switches states, a temporary path is established between power and ground which results in a transient current. With proper power tree distribution, observing this transient current provides direct insight into the switching pattern of a circuit under a given stimulus. This paper includes an overall summary of physical experiments that have been conducted (previously reported in parts) as well as new results on the test overhead. The physical experimental results show i/sub DDT/ to be effective in detecting disturb faults in SRAMs and drain/ source opens in general CMOS logic structures.}, booktitle={Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Test Conference (ITC)}, publisher={Int. Test Conference}, author={Makki, R.Z. and Su, Shyang-Tai and Nagle, T.}, year={2002}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{mundt_nagle_buck_2002, title={Transmission line models for ion-selective membranes in cardiology simulated with SPICE}, ISBN={0780338111}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1996.646310}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1996.646310}, abstractNote={Ion-selective membranes are a key component of cardiovascular micro-electrodes used to study ischemic events in vivo. This paper presents and compares two circuit models for charged species transport by diffusion in ion-selective membranes. One is a conventional, finite transmission line with resistors in series along the line and capacitors running crosswise to ground. The other circuit is the BBB (Barkel-Brumleve-Buck) circuit. The similarities and differences of these circuits are discussed and the impedance functions are compared. For both circuits discretized SPICE models were developed to verify the impedance functions and to investigate the behavior of the circuits for a variety of component values. The comparison showed that the BBB circuit can provide a more general model than the conventional transmission line. However, in many cases the two circuits can be converted into each other. The corresponding relations between the component values were derived.}, booktitle={Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Mundt, C. and Nagle, H.T. and Buck, R.P.}, year={2002}, month={Dec} }
 @article{gyurcsanyi_cristalli_nagy_nagy_corder_pendley_ufer_nagle_neuman_lindner_et al._2001, title={Analytical performance characteristics of thin and thick film amperometric microcells}, volume={369}, ISSN={["0937-0633"]}, DOI={10.1007/s002160000614}, abstractNote={The analytical performance of amperometric microcells with different electrode geometries is compared for enzyme activity measurements. The microcells were fabricated with thin film photolithography or thick film screen-printing in four different designs. The cells made with the thin film process used flexible substrate with microelectrode array or a circular, disk-shaped working electrode. The screen-printed working electrodes had semicircle or disk shape on ceramic chips. Putrescine oxidase (PUO) activity measurement was used as a model. The determination of PUO activity is important in the clinical diagnosis of premature rupture of the amniotic membrane. An electropolymerized m-phenylenediamine size-exclusion layer was used to eliminate common interferences. The size exclusion layer revealed also to be advantageous in protecting the electrodes from fouling by putrescine (enzyme substrate). The electrode fouling of bare electrodes was insignificant for screen-printed electrodes, but very severe for electroplated platinum working electrodes. The microelectrode array electrodes demonstrated smaller RSD and higher normalized sensitivities for hydrogen peroxide and PUO activity. All the other electrodes were demonstrating comparable analytical performances.}, number={3-4}, journal={FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Gyurcsanyi, R. E. and Cristalli, A. and Nagy, G. and Nagy, L. and Corder, C. and Pendley, B. D. and Ufer, S. and Nagle, H Troy and Neuman, M. R. and Lindner, E. and et al.}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={286–294} }
 @inproceedings{gutierrez-osuna_schiffman_nagle_2001, place={Paris, France}, title={Correlation of Sensory Analysis with Electronic Nose Data for Swine Odor Remediation Assessment}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 3rd European Congress on Odours, Metrology and Electronic Noses}, author={Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2001} }
 @misc{mueller_nagle_gyurcsik_kelley_2001, title={System and method for powering, controlling, and communicating with multiple inductively-powered devices}, volume={6,263,247}, number={2001 July 17}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Mueller, J. S. and Nagle, H. T. and Gyurcsik, R. S. and Kelley, A. W.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_gutierrez-osuna_nagle_2001, place={Pennington, NJ}, title={Use of an electronic nose to evaluate odors from swine operations}, booktitle={Artificial Chemical Sensing: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Olfaction and the Electronic Nose ISOEN’01}, publisher={Electrochemical Society}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Nagle, H.T.}, editor={Stetter, J.R. and Penrose, W.R.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={200–205} }
 @inproceedings{kim_scarantino_nagle_2000, place={Chicago, IL}, title={A Self-Calibrating Dual pH/Oxygen Sensor}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Twenty Second International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, author={Kim, C.S. and Scarantino, C.W. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2000} }
 @inbook{gyurcsanyi_nagy_nagy_cristalli_buck_neuman_nagle_ufer_lindner_2000, place={New York, NY}, title={Amperometric Microcells for Diagnostic Enzyme Activity Measurements}, booktitle={Biomedical Diagnostic Reagents}, publisher={Marcel Dekker}, author={Gyurcsanyi, R.E. and Nagy, G. and Nagy, L. and Cristalli, A. and Buck, R.P. and Neuman, M.R. and Nagle, H.T. and Ufer, S. and Lindner, E.}, editor={Usmani, A.Editor}, year={2000} }
 @article{mundt_nagle_2000, title={Applications of SPICE for modeling miniaturized biomedical sensor systems}, volume={47}, ISSN={0018-9294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.821733}, DOI={10.1109/10.821733}, abstractNote={This paper proposes a model for a miniaturized signal conditioning system for biopotential and ion-selective electrode arrays. The system consists of three main components: sensors, interconnections, and signal conditioning chip. The model for this system is based on SPICE. Transmission-line based equivalent circuits are used to represent the sensors, lumped resistance-capacitance circuits describe the interconnections, and a model for the signal conditioning chip is extracted from its layout. In conclusion, a system for measurements of biopotentials and ionic activities can be miniaturized and optimized for cardiovascular applications based on the development of an integrated SPICE system model of its electrochemical, interconnection, and electronic components.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Mundt, C.W. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2000}, pages={149–154} }
 @inbook{nagle_blanchard_marley_2000, title={Chapter 5: Bioinstrumentation}, booktitle={Introduction to Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Academic Press}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Blanchard, S.M. and Marley, A.P.}, editor={Enderle, J. and Blanchard, S. and Bronzino, J.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={179–232} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_wyrick_payne_o'brian_nagle_2000, place={Brighton, England}, title={Detecting Microbial Contamination using an Electronic Nose}, booktitle={Seventh International Olfaction & Electronic Nose Symposium}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Wyrick, D.W. and Payne, G.A. and O'Brian, G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2000} }
 @inbook{schiffman_wyrick_gutierrez-osuna_nagle_2000, place={Bristol}, title={Effectiveness of an Electronic Nose for Monitoring Bacterial and Fungal Growth}, booktitle={Electronic Noses and Olfaction 2000}, publisher={Institute of Physics Publishing}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Wyrick, D.W. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Nagle, H.T.}, editor={Gardner, J.W. and Persaud, K.C.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={173–180} }
 @book{nagle_2000, title={NC Tissue Engineering Interest Group Symposium Abstract Book}, publisher={NC Biotechnology Center}, year={2000}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{mueller_nagle_gyurcsik_kelley_2000, title={System and method for powering, controlling, and communicating with multiple inductively-powered devices}, volume={6,047,214}, number={2000 Apr. 4}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Mueller, J. S. and Nagle, H. T. and Gyurcsik, R. S. and Kelley, A. W.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{wyrick_schiffman_payne_o'brian_van dyke_allison_ledbetter_nagle_2000, place={Chicago, IL}, title={Testing HVAC Ducts for Microbial Contamination Using An Electronic Nose}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Twenty Second International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, author={Wyrick, D.W. and Schiffman, S.S. and Payne, G.A. and O'Brian, G. and Van Dyke, C. and Allison, H. and Ledbetter, J. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={2000} }
 @article{gutierrez-osuna_nagle_1999, title={A method for evaluating data-preprocessing techniques for odour classification with an array of gas sensors}, volume={29}, ISSN={1083-4419}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3477.790446}, DOI={10.1109/3477.790446}, abstractNote={The performance of a pattern recognition system is dependent on, among other things, an appropriate data-preprocessing technique, In this paper, we describe a method to evaluate the performance of a variety of these techniques for the problem of odour classification using an array of gas sensors, also referred to as an electronic nose. Four experimental odour databases with different complexities are used to score the data-preprocessing techniques. The performance measure used is the cross-validation estimate of the classification rate of a K nearest neighbor voting rule operating on Fisher's linear discriminant projection subspace.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics)}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1999}, pages={626–632} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_schiffman_gutierrez-osuna_wyrick_1999, place={Research Triangle Park, NC}, title={Development of the Electronic Nose for Monitoring Odors}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1999 Animal Waste Management Symposium}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Schiffman, S.S. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Wyrick, D.W.}, year={1999}, pages={119–127} }
 @inbook{wyrick_ledbetter_nagle_1999, title={Effects of sensor cleaning on the classification rate for an electronic nose}, volume={2}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First Joint BMES/EMBS Conference: Serving humanity, advancing technology: Oct. 13-16 99, Atlanta, GA USA}, publisher={Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE}, author={Wyrick, D. W. and Ledbetter, J. W. and Nagle, H. T.}, editor={al., S. M. Blanchard...etEditor}, year={1999}, pages={814} }
 @misc{scarantino_nagle_hall_mueller_kim_1999, title={Methods, systems, and associated implantable devices for dynamic monitoring of physiological and biological properties of tumors}, volume={6,402,689}, number={1999 Sep 29}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Scarantino, C. W. and Nagle, H. T. and Hall, L. C. and Mueller, J. and Kim, C.-S.}, year={1999} }
 @article{gutierrez-osuna_nagle_schiffman_1999, title={Transient response analysis of an electronic nose using multi-exponential models}, volume={61}, ISSN={0925-4005}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(99)00290-7}, DOI={10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00290-7}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to model the transient response of conductivity-based gas sensors in the context of odor recognition with an electronic nose. Commonly, only the steady-state response of the sensor is used for pattern recognition, ignoring the transient response, which conveys useful discriminatory information. The transient response is modeled as a sum of real exponential functions that represent the different decay processes that occur during sampling of the gas into the sensor chamber and adsorption of the odor compounds onto the sensing element. Four multi-exponential models are reviewed: Gardner transform, multi-exponential transient spectroscopy, Pade-Laplace and Pade-Z transforms. Validation on experimental data from an array of conducting-polymer gas sensors shows that the Pade-Laplace and Pade-Z models have better resolution capabilities than the two spectral transforms.}, number={1-3}, journal={Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gutierrez-Osuna, Ricardo and Nagle, H.Troy and Schiffman, Susan S.}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={170–182} }
 @article{kermani_schiffman_nagle_1999, title={Using neural networks and genetic algorithms to enhance performance in an electronic nose}, volume={46}, ISSN={0018-9294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.752940}, DOI={10.1109/10.752940}, abstractNote={Sensitivity, repeatability, and discernment are three major issues in any classification problem. In this study, an electronic nose with an array of 32 sensors was used to classify a range of odorous substances. The collective time response of the sensor array was first partitioned into four time segments, using four smooth time windowing functions. The dimension of the data associated with each time segment as then reduced by applying the Karhunen-Loeve (truncated) expansion (KLE). An ensemble of the reduced data patterns was then used to train a neural network (NN) using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning method. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based evolutionary computation method was used to devise the appropriate NN training parameters, as well as the effective database partitions/features. Finally, it was shown that a GA supervised NN system (GANN) outperforms the NN-only classifier, for the classes of the odorants investigated in this study (fragrances, hog farm air, and soft beverages).}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Kermani, B.G. and Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={429–439} }
 @article{kermani_schiffman_nagle_1998, title={A novel method for reducing the dimensionality in a sensor array}, volume={47}, ISSN={0018-9456}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.744338}, DOI={10.1109/19.744338}, abstractNote={Specific types of gas sensors are normally produced by adding different dopants to a common substrate. The advancement of technology has made the fabrication of many dopants and consequently various sensors possible. As a result, in each family of gas sensors, one can find tens of different sensors which are only slightly different in the spectrum of response to various volatile compounds. The wide variety of available gas sensors creates a selection problem for any specific application. Sensor selection/reduction becomes even more important when cost and technology limitations are issues of concern. Accordingly, a methodology by which one can tailor a sensor array to a specific need is highly desirable. In this paper, a novel method is introduced to address this task using data from an electronic nose that uses polymer gas sensors. This method has been delineated based on the geometry of eigenvectors in Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The methodology is general and therefore suitable for many other feature selection problems.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Kermani, B.G. and Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={728–741} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_nagle_1998, place={New Orleans, LA}, title={Applications of Electronic Nose in Clinical Analysis}, booktitle={Proceedings of The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1998} }
 @article{schiffman_nagle_1998, title={Applications of the Electronic Nose in Clinical Analysis}, volume={20}, journal={Journal of Automatic Chemistry}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1998}, pages={153} }
 @book{nagle_1998, title={IEEE Electronic Services Workshop Web Proceedings}, year={1998}, month={Aug} }
 @inbook{wheeler_nagle_scarantino_1998, title={M-STAR: A Device for Continuously Monitoring the Physiological and Biological Properties of Tumors}, booktitle={Connectivity EXPO’98 Abstract Book}, publisher={Wake Forest University}, author={Wheeler, K.T. and Nagle, H.T. and Scarantino, C.W.}, year={1998}, pages={45} }
 @article{punske_cascio_engle_nagle_gettes_johnson_1998, title={Quantitative characterization of epicardial wave fronts during regional ischemia and elevated extracellular potassium ion concentration}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0090-6964"]}, DOI={10.1114/1.136}, abstractNote={This study applied zero-delay wave number spectral estimation as a means of quantifying the changes in activation and recovery sequences of propagating plane waves on the epicardial surface of in situ porcine hearts during regional hyperkalemia and ischemia. Unipolar electrograms (104) were recorded from the left ventricular surface of nine hearts using a plaque electrode array with 1 mm spatial sampling intervals. The objectives were (1) to define a set of parameters capable of quantifying the spatial and temporal changes in measured extracellular potentials associated with localized ischemia prior to the onset of conduction block; (2) to elevate regional levels of extracellular potassium ion concentration and quantify potential changes due to this known physiologic manipulation; and (3) to use quantitative parameters to make statistical comparisons in order to distinguish wave fronts during normal, ischemic and hyperkalemic conditions. Results showed that the parameters of wave number and average temporal frequency and the associated power, as determined from the wave number spectrum, provided statistically significant (p<0.05) quantification of changes in wave front features during normal and ischemic or hyperkalemic conditions. The results were consistent with results obtained from conventional time-space domain methods like isochronal mapping and electrograms, with the advantage of a quantitative result enabling simple comparisons and trend analysis for large numbers of heart beats.}, number={6}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Punske, BB and Cascio, WE and Engle, C and Nagle, HT and Gettes, LS and Johnson, TA}, year={1998}, pages={1010–1021} }
 @article{nagle_gutierrez-osuna_schiffman_1998, title={The how and why of electronic noses}, volume={35}, ISSN={0018-9235}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.715180}, DOI={10.1109/6.715180}, abstractNote={Witnessing the swift advances in the electronic means of seeing and hearing, scientists and engineers scent a market for systems mimicking the human nose. Already commercial systems from several companies are targeting applications, present and potential, that range from quality assurance of food and drugs to medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, safety and security and military use. Here, the authors outline the major transducer technologies-in one sense, the key component of an electronic nose.}, number={9}, journal={IEEE Spectrum}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R. and Schiffman, S.S.}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={22–31} }
 @article{schiffman_kermani_nagle_1997, title={Analysis of Medication Off-odors Using an Electronic Nose}, volume={22}, ISSN={0379-864X 1464-3553}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/22.2.119}, DOI={10.1093/chemse/22.2.119}, abstractNote={Packaging materials have been implicated as a source for off-odors in pharmaceutical products. A new instrumentation method employing an array of conducting polymer gas sensors was used to identify the offending packaging components in the canister of a pharmaceutical inhalant. A case study is described in which tainted inhalers as well as elastomeric components of the canisters were 'sniffed' by the electronic nose. The electronic nose was able to differentiate between tainted and untainted canisters. Signal processing algorithms performed on the raw data from the sensors suggested that specific elastomeric components were responsible for the off-odor. A further experiment suggested that the propellant (Freon) extracted the odor from the elastomeric components as the medication was expelled from the canister. These data indicate that the electronic nose is a potential tool to solve odor problems in which human odor assessment is not feasible due to excess exposure to the medically active ingredient.}, number={2}, journal={Chemical Senses}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Kermani, Bahram G. and Nagle, H.Troy}, year={1997}, pages={119–128} }
 @article{schiffman_suggs_nagle_1997, title={Effect of Psychotropic Drugs on Electrophysiological Taste Responses in the Gerbil}, volume={22}, journal={Chemical Senses}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Suggs, M.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1997}, pages={787} }
 @inproceedings{classen_schiffman_nagle_gutierrez-osuna_1997, place={Vinkeloord, The Netherlands}, title={Electronic Nose Evaluation of Synthetic Hog Farm Odor}, booktitle={Ammonia and odour emissions from animal production facilities}, publisher={NVTL:Rosmalen}, author={Classen, J.J. and Schiffman, S.S. and Nagle, H.T. and Gutierrez-Osuna, R.}, editor={Voermans, J.A.M. and Monteny, G.J.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={72–82} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1997, place={Washington, DC}, title={Electronic Taste & Smell Technology for Food Safety Applications}, booktitle={Proceedings of the NSF/Department of Agriculture Workshop on Food Safety Sensing}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{mundt_nagle_1997, title={Miniaturized signal conditioning system for Kapton® based biopotential and ion-selective electrode arrays}, ISBN={0780342623}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1997.756558}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1997.756558}, abstractNote={A miniaturized signal conditioning system for biopotential and ion-selective cardiovascular microelectrodes is presented. This prototype system will serve as the basis for an implantable, inductively powered biotelemetry system for in vivo measurements of cardiac biopotentials and ionic activities. A SPICE system model is being proposed to facilitate the design process of the system components-electrodes, signal conditioning chip, and interconnections. A prototype of the signal conditioning chip has been fabricated and tested. Thermosonic wirebonding and goldplating have been investigated as a method to interconnect this chip with the electrode array.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Mundt, C. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1997}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{schiffman_classen_kermani_nagle_1996, place={Kansas City, MO}, title={Application of an Electronic Nose to Differentiate Odors from Exhaust Fans and Lagoon}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference on Air Polution from Agricultural Operations}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Classen, J.J. and Kermani, B.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1996}, pages={255–261} }
 @article{mcnamer_nagle_1996, title={ITA: An algorithm for I DDQ testability analysis}, volume={8}, ISSN={0923-8174 1573-0727}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00133390}, DOI={10.1007/bf00133390}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Electronic Testing}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={McNamer, Michael G. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={287–298} }
 @article{smith_brosnan_andrews_nagle_yang_cascio_1996, title={Novel Extracellular Microelectrodes with High Spatial Resolutions Show Variations in Intramural Longitudinal Conductions in Ischemic Papillary Muscles}, volume={70}, number={2, Part 2}, journal={Biophysical Journal}, author={Smith, W.T. and Brosnan, D.B. and Andrews, C. and Nagle, H.T. and Yang, H. and Cascio, W.E.}, year={1996}, pages={278} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1996, place={Dallas, Texas}, title={Roadmap to Engineering Careers}, booktitle={Web Proceedings of the IEEE Industry 2000 Workshop on Life-Long Learning}, year={1996}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{osburn_nagle_buck_neuman_1995, title={Bringing Microsensor and Biosensor Research Results into the Electrical and Computer Engineering Curricula}, publisher={American Society for Engineering Education}, author={Osburn, C.M. and Nagle, H.T. and Buck, R.P. and Neuman, M.R.}, year={1995} }
 @book{nelson_nagle_carroll_irwin_1995, place={Englewood Cliffs, NJ}, title={Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design}, publisher={Prentice-Hall, Inc}, author={Nelson, V.P. and Nagle, H.T. and Carroll, B.D. and Irwin, J.D.}, year={1995} }
 @article{schiffman_suggs_donia_erickson_nagle_1995, title={Environmental pollutants alter taste responses in the gerbil}, volume={52}, ISSN={0091-3057}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(95)00088-e}, DOI={10.1016/0091-3057(95)00088-e}, abstractNote={Taste and smell are chemical senses that play a crucial role in food selection. Damage to taste and smell receptors can impair food intake, nutritional status, and survival. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 11 environmental pollutants (nine insecticides and two herbicides) on electrophysiological taste responses in the gerbil. Integrated chorda tympani (CT) recordings were obtained from gerbils to a range of tastants before and after a 4-min application of 1 of 11 environmental pollutants. The taste stimuli were: sodium chloride (100 mM), calcium chloride (300 mM), magnesium chloride (100 mM), HCl (10 mM), potassium chloride (500 mM), monosodium glutamate (MSG) (50 mM), sucrose (100 mM), fructose (300 mM), sodium saccharin (10 mM), quinine HCl (30 mM), and urea (2 M). The nine insecticides included organophosphorous, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides. The seven organophosphorous insecticides tested were: acephate, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, demeton, malathion, and methamidophos. The carbamate insecticide carbaryl and the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate were also tested. Two herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, were tested, and dose-response curves for each of these two herbicides were also determined. All of the 11 insecticides and herbicides had an effect on some of the taste stimuli tested. Application of 10 mM methamidophos exhibited the greatest amount of suppression on the 11 taste solutions. Each taste stimulus was significantly suppressed with the exception of 2 M urea. Herbicides paraquat and glyphosate also reduced responses to several tastants. These data indicate that environmental pollutants can modify taste responses in the gerbil.}, number={1}, journal={Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Suggs, Mark S. and Donia, Mohamed B.Abou and Erickson, Robert P. and Nagle, H.Troy}, year={1995}, month={Sep}, pages={189–194} }
 @inproceedings{mueller_nagle_1995, place={Williamsburg, VA}, title={Feasibility of Inductive Powering of Miniature Low-Power Biotelemetry for use with Microfabricated Biomedical Sensors}, booktitle={Proceedings of Biotelemetry XIII}, author={Mueller, J.S. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1995}, pages={372–377} }
 @article{su_makki_nagle_1995, title={Transient power supply current monitoring?A new test method for CMOS VLSI circuits}, volume={6}, ISSN={0923-8174 1573-0727}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00993128}, DOI={10.1007/bf00993128}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Electronic Testing}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Su, Shyang-Tai and Makki, Rafic Z. and Nagle, Troy}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={23–43} }
 @article{schiffman_suggs_donia_nagle_erickson_1994, title={Effect of Environmental Pollutants on Taste in Gerbil}, volume={19}, journal={Chemical Senses}, author={Schiffman, S.S. and Suggs, M.S. and Donia, M.B.Abou and Nagle, H.T. and Erickson, R.P.}, year={1994}, pages={547} }
 @inproceedings{billard_johnson_ash_nagle_buck_1994, title={Flexible Polyimide-Based Microelectronic Plaque Design for Electrophysiological Characterization of Ischemic Hearts}, booktitle={Conference Abstracts of the Second Carolina Biomedical Engineering Conference}, publisher={UNC Chapel Hill}, author={Billard, B.E. and Johnson, T.A. and Ash, R.B. and Nagle, H.T. and Buck, R.P.}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{ash_ufer_johnson_buck_nagle_1994, title={Microfabrication of Application-Specific Thin-Film Bioelectrode Arrays for Cardiovascular Recordings}, booktitle={Conference Abstracts of the Second Carolina Biomedical Engineering Conference}, publisher={UNC Chapel Hill}, author={Ash, R.B. and Ufer, S. and Johnson, T.A. and Buck, R.P. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1994} }
 @article{washabaugh_franzon_nagle_1994, title={SABSA: Switching-Activity-Based State Assignment}, volume={5}, journal={International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems}, author={Washabaugh, S. and Franzon, P.D. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1994}, pages={203–212} }
 @article{lindner_cosofret_ufer_buck_kusy_ash_nagle_1993, title={Flexible (Kapton-based) microsensor arrays of high stability for cardiovascular applications}, volume={89}, ISSN={0956-5000 1364-5455}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9938900361}, DOI={10.1039/ft9938900361}, abstractNote={The design, fabrication and performance characteristics of Kapton-based planar mini and semimicro potentiometric sensors with an Ag/AgCl or a quinhydrone-based redox internal reference electrode are described. The ion-selective membranes cast from conventional and various modified PVC matrices and containing different pH-sensitive ionophores are ranked on the basis of their performances in hostile environments. The adhesive bonding strength of the different PVC membranes to the polyimide-coated Kapton substrate was quantitatively evaluated as a function of fabrication procedure and sample solution contact. The long-term stability of the electrodes was characterized by the alterations of the analytical parameters of the sensors over a period of time, as well as by determining the resistance changes of their sensing membranes.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Lindner, Ern� and Cosofret, Vasile V. and Ufer, Stefan and Buck, Richard P. and Kusy, Robert P. and Ash, R. Bruce and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={1993}, pages={361} }
 @article{lindner_cosofret_ufer_johnson_ash_nagle_neuman_buck_1993, title={In vivo and in vitro testing of microelectronically fabricated planar sensors designed for applications in cardiology}, volume={346}, ISSN={0937-0633 1618-2650}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321250}, DOI={10.1007/bf00321250}, number={6-9}, journal={Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Lindner, Ern� and Cosofret, Vasile V. and Ufer, Stefan and Johnson, Timothy A. and Ash, R. Bruce and Nagle, H. Troy and Neuman, Michael R. and Buck, Richard P.}, year={1993}, pages={584–588} }
 @inproceedings{ash_johnson_nagle_1992, title={Application Of A Multi-level Ceramic Integrated Circuit Package For Epicardial Mapping}, ISBN={0780307852}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.592716}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1992.592716}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Ash and Johnson and Nagle}, year={1992} }
 @book{nagle_tompkins_1992, place={Orlando, FL}, title={Case Studies in Medical Instrument Design, Record of workshop held in conjunction with the '91 Annual Meeting}, publisher={IEEE EMBS Society}, year={1992}, month={Oct} }
 @article{schiffman_nagle_1992, title={Effect of Environmental Pollutants on Taste and Smell}, volume={106}, ISSN={0194-5998 1097-6817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210600613}, DOI={10.1177/019459989210600613}, abstractNote={Various man‐made and naturally occurring chemicals and substances can modify the chemosensory systems of animals and man. This article provides an overview of research studies that Investigate the Impact of pollution on taste and smell perception. Acute and chronic alterations in taste and olfaction are discussed for solvents, herbicides, fungicides, pesticides, disinfectants, germicides, soil fumigants, dyes, pharmaceuticals, textile wastes, smog, tobacco smoke, perfumes, flavors, plastics, synthetic rubber, and other Industrial substances. The mechanisms by which pollutants may cause physiologic and biologic changes are highlighted. Natural detoxification systems are discussed, as well as treatments for chemosensory deficits.}, number={6}, journal={Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Schiffman, Susan S. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={1992}, month={Jun}, pages={693–700} }
 @inproceedings{jesinger_sutherlin_ash_nagle_1992, title={Flexible Electrode Array For Retinal Stimulation}, ISBN={0780307852}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.592717}, DOI={10.1109/iembs.1992.592717}, abstractNote={In this Work, ITO/PET (Indium Tin Oxide / Polyethylene Terephthalate) electrode structure which provides biocompatibility, mechanical stability and flexibility is fabricated. Flexible ITO/PET implantable electrode array for a retina has been developed. The electrode array is fabricated on a thin PET/ITO substrate and is encapsulated using, SU- 8, an insulating material. PET substrate and SU-8 polymer make electrodes flexible so that they could shape to contoured tissues. A layer of gold on the stimulation sites serves to reduce the electrode/tissue interface impedance. Prototypes of 4×4 and 12×6 electrode arrays are fabricated for primary and dense configuration of retina prosthesis respectively. The exposed electrode diameters are 125μm for primary and 100μm for dense micro electrode array. The stimulation sites of primary configuration were connected via 50μm interconnects with 50μm spacing. 40µm width traces with 15 µm spacing connect sites to bonding pads in the other design. To verify the functionality of the micro fabricated electrodes, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is measured. The electrode/tissue impedance was 19.4KΩ at 1 KHz for 7854μm 2 area.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Jesinger and Sutherlin and Ash and Nagle}, year={1992} }
 @inbook{buck_coşofreţ_nahir_johnson_kusy_reinbold_simon_neuman_ash_nagle_et al._1992, title={Macro- to Microelectrodes for In Vivo Cardiovascular Measurements}, ISBN={0841222185 0841213437}, ISSN={1947-5918}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0487.ch018}, DOI={10.1021/bk-1992-0487.ch018}, abstractNote={Chemical sensors for cardiology include passive voltage measuring probes (e.g. inert metals or Ag/AgCl,Cl-), passive membrane sensors for ions (most importantly H+, K+, Na+ and Ca2+) and current passing electrodes for defibrillation studies (and related pacemaker applications) and for simple monitoring (e.g. dissolved oxygen). These categories are important for three main lines of research: ischemic events, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac failure. For the first studies, three general classes of cardiovascular changes have been identified, and our electrodes are important to each: electrical (e.g. decreased resting membrane potential, ST-TQ segment changes, fall in upstroke velocity), metabolic (e.g. loss of ATP and intracellular O2, gain in CO2 and lactic acid) and ionic (e.g. fall in intracellular and extracellular pH, concomitant rise in extracellular K+ concentration). Ischemic events have ionic markers, specifically hydrogen and potassium ions, with characteristic and reproducible time courses of change after brief periods of ischemia. Crucial questions remain unanswered}, booktitle={ACS Symposium Series}, publisher={American Chemical Society}, author={Buck, Richard P. and Coşofreţ, Vasile V. and Nahir, Tal M. and Johnson, Timothy A. and Kusy, Robert P. and Reinbold, Kirk A. and Simon, Michelle A. and Neuman, Michael R. and Ash, R. Bruce and Nagle, H Troy and et al.}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={237–245} }
 @article{friesen_jannett_jadallah_yates_quint_nagle_1990, title={A comparison of the noise sensitivity of nine QRS detection algorithms}, volume={37}, ISSN={0018-9294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.43620}, DOI={10.1109/10.43620}, abstractNote={The noise sensitivities of nine different QRS detection algorithms were measured for a normal, single-channel, lead-II, synthesized ECG corrupted with five different types of synthesized noise: electromyographic interference, 60-Hz power line interference, baseline drift due to respiration, abrupt baseline shift, and a composite noise constructed from all of the other noise types. The percentage of QRS complexes detected, the number of false positives, and the detection delay were measured. None of the algorithms were able to detect all QRS complexes without any false positives for all of the noise types at the highest noise level. Algorithms based on amplitude and slope had the highest performance for EMG-corrupted ECG. An algorithm using a digital filter had the best performance for the composite-noise-corrupted data.<<ETX>>}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Friesen, G.M. and Jannett, T.C. and Jadallah, M.A. and Yates, S.L. and Quint, S.R. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1990}, pages={85–98} }
 @article{roy_krakow_mcnamer_nagle_1990, title={QRS/BIST: A Reliable Digital QRS Detector and Arrhythmia Monitor}, number={March/April}, journal={Microelectronics Technical Bulletin, Microelectronics Center of North Carolina}, author={Roy, S.C. and Krakow, W.T. and McNamer, M.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1990}, pages={6–7} }
 @article{vandenbout_franzon_paulos_miller_snyder_nagle_liu_1990, title={Scalable VLSI Implementations for Neural Networks}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Journal of VLSI Signal Processing}, author={VandenBout, D.E. and Franzon, P. and Paulos, J. and Miller, T. K. and Snyder, W. and Nagle, H. T. and Liu, W. T.}, year={1990}, month={Feb} }
 @article{nagle_roy_hawkins_mcnamer_fritzemeier_1989, title={Design for testability and built-in self test: a review}, volume={36}, ISSN={0278-0046 1557-9948}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.19062}, DOI={10.1109/41.19062}, abstractNote={A summary is presented of a number of design-for-testability (DFT) and built-in self-test (BIST) schemes that can be used in modern VLSI circuits. The DFT methods presented are used to increase the controllability and observability of the circuit design. Partitioning, bus architectures, test-point insertion, and scan methods are discussed. On-chip hardware for real-time test-pattern generation and data compression are investigated. Several of the DFT methods are then combined to form BIST hardware configurations. Built-in evaluation and self-test (BEST), autonomous test, scan with random inputs, built-in logic block observer (BILBO), partitioning with BEST, test-point insertion with on-chip control, and combined test-pattern generation and data compression (CTGC) are considered. An overview of each BIST scheme is offered. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Roy, S.C. and Hawkins, C.F. and McNamer, M.G. and Fritzemeier, R.R.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={129–140} }
 @article{fritzemeier_nagle_hawkins_1989, title={Fundamentals of testability-a tutorial}, volume={36}, ISSN={0278-0046 1557-9948}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.19061}, DOI={10.1109/41.19061}, abstractNote={A review is presented of electrical testing, failure mechanisms, fault models, fault simulation, testability analysis, and test-generation methods for CMOS VLSI circuits. The relationships between the most commonly used fault models are explored. Various fault simulation methods are contrasted. The basic mechanisms used in test-vector generation are illustrated by examples. The importance of testability analysis as a guide to design and test generation is discussed. Algorithms for automatic test-pattern generation are summarized. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Fritzemeier, R.R. and Nagle, H.T. and Hawkins, C.F.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={117–128} }
 @article{nagle_fritzemeier_van well_mcnamer_1989, title={Microprocessor testability}, volume={36}, ISSN={0278-0046 1557-9948}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.19064}, DOI={10.1109/41.19064}, abstractNote={As the level of microprocessor complexity increases to several hundred thousand transistors for a single-chip machine, it is becoming very difficult to test commercially available designs to the level of fault coverage desired by some customers. In order to achieve near 100-percent coverage of single stuck-at faults, future microprocessors must be designed with special testing features (designed for testability). The authors describe the testing problem for microprocessors, including the various methods of generating test sets and their application by the user. A survey of the testability features of some of today's commercially available microprocessors is presented. Suggestions for testability features for future-generation microprocessors are also discussed. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Fritzemeier, R.R. and Van Well, J.E. and McNamer, M.G.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={151–163} }
 @article{mcnamer_roy_nagle_1989, title={Statistical fault sampling}, volume={36}, ISSN={0278-0046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.19063}, DOI={10.1109/41.19063}, abstractNote={Computational requirements often discourage, or even prohibit, complete fault simulation of circuit designs having greater than 20000 single stuck-at faults. To circumvent this problem, statistical sampling methods have been proposed that provide fault coverage values within a small, predictable error range by simulating only a fraction of the circuit's total faults and using the result fault coverage value as an estimate of the fault coverage for the total circuit. As an introduction to the application of sampling methods to fault simulation of integrated circuits, the statistical theory behind these sampling methods and proposed augmentations of these methods for improving the precision of the sample fault coverage are presented. Various proposed sampling schemes are applied to example circuit designs, and the results are analyzed. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={McNamer, M.G. and Roy, S.C. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={141–150} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1989, title={Testing Features for Medical Electronics}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1989} }
 @article{hawkins_nagle_fritzemeier_guth_1989, title={The VLSI circuit test problem-a tutorial}, volume={36}, ISSN={0278-0046 1557-9948}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.19060}, DOI={10.1109/41.19060}, abstractNote={Defect-free integrated circuits (IC) cannot be guaranteed by VLSI circuit manufacturers. Circuit complexity, IC defect anomalies, and economic considerations prevent complete validation of VLSI circuits. These VLSI test problems are especially acute in high-reliability designs and will only worsen as IC circuit size increases. Designers of IC, board, and system projects must be aware of the difficult engineering challenges that are involved in verifying high-quality ICs. The authors discuss these topics and emphasize the need for basic design for testability methods that must be used to alleviate these problems. >}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Hawkins, C.F. and Nagle, H.T. and Fritzemeier, R.R. and Guth, J.R.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={111–116} }
 @article{charlton_guess_mann_nagle_johnson_1988, title={A pressure controller for estimating parameters for a nonlinear CSF model}, volume={35}, ISSN={0018-9294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.7276}, DOI={10.1109/10.7276}, abstractNote={Pressure feedback control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infusion rate was used to estimate the parameters of a nonlinear model of the CSF system. The steady-state pressure and infusion rate were used to estimate the parameters of CSF formation and CSF absorption using the nonlinear least-squares method. The CSF compliance was then estimated using the transient portion of the pressure/infusion rate responses.<<ETX>>}, number={9}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Charlton, J.D. and Guess, H.A. and Mann, J.D. and Nagle, H.T. and Johnson, R.N.}, year={1988}, pages={752–755} }
 @article{nagle_miller_mcallister_santago_mehrotra_1988, title={Fault Tolerance for Single Events}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Radiation Effects Research and Engineering}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Miller, T.K. and McAllister, D.F. and Santago, P. and Mehrotra, R.}, year={1988}, month={Sep}, pages={155–170} }
 @inproceedings{mcallister_nagle_1988, place={Minneapolis, MN}, title={Toward a Fault-Tolerant Processor for Medical Applications}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering of Computer-Based Medical Systems}, author={McAllister, D.M. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1988}, pages={101–104} }
 @article{avent_charlton_troy nagle_johnson_1987, title={A Monte Carlo technique for signal level detection in implanted intracranial pressure monitoring}, volume={15}, ISSN={0090-6964 1573-9686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02364169}, DOI={10.1007/bf02364169}, abstractNote={Statistical monitoring techniques like CUSUM, Trigg's tracking signal and EMP filtering have a major advantage over more recent techniques, such as Kalman filtering, because of their inherent simplicity. In many biomedical applications, such as electronic implantable devices, these simpler techniques have greater utility because of the reduced requirements on power, logic complexity and sampling speed. The determination of signal means using some of the earlier techniques are reviewed in this paper, and a new Monte Carlo based method with greater capability to sparsely sample a waveform and obtain an accurate mean value is presented. This technique may find widespread use as a trend detection method when reduced power consumption is a requirement.}, number={1}, journal={Annals of Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Avent, Randy K. and Charlton, John D. and Troy Nagle, H. and Johnson, Richard N.}, year={1987}, month={Jan}, pages={79–89} }
 @inproceedings{randall_ahearn_nagle_johnson_1987, title={A Transmantle Pressure Model for Hydrocephalus}, volume={46}, booktitle={Federation Proceedings}, author={Randall, K.T. and Ahearn, E.P. and Nagle, H.T. and Johnson, R.N.}, year={1987}, pages={673} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1987, place={Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD}, title={Silicon versus Biological Computing}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Symposium for Advanced Technologies for CB Detection}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1987} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1986, place={Durham, NC}, title={On the Need for Electrical Analogs to Nerve (CNS) Information Transmission and Processing}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First North Carolina Workshop on Bioelectronics}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1986} }
 @article{swartzlander_chandra_nagle_starks_1983, title={Sign/Logarithm Arithmetic for FFT Implementation}, volume={C-32}, ISSN={0018-9340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.1983.1676274}, DOI={10.1109/tc.1983.1676274}, abstractNote={Sign/logarithm arithmetic is applicable to a variety of numerical applications where wide dynamic range and small wordsize are required. In this paper the basic sign/logarithm arithmetic operations required for signal processing (i.e., addition, subtraction, and multiplication) are reviewed, the computational errors are analyzed for FFT realization, and simulation results are presented which serve to verify the analysis. It is shown that the sign/logarithm approach provides improved arithmetic quantization error performance for a given word size over FFT's implemented with conventional fixed or floating point arithmetic, and that the sign/logarithm implementation is faster and less complex than conventional approaches.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Computers}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Swartzlander and Chandra, Satish and Nagle and Starks}, year={1983}, month={Jun}, pages={526–534} }
 @article{hand_nagle_kerns_1982, title={A Microcomputer-Controlled Laser Beam Analyzer}, volume={AES-18}, ISSN={0018-9251}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.1982.309242}, DOI={10.1109/taes.1982.309242}, abstractNote={A microcomputer-controlled laser beam analyzer is described. It uses five INTEL 8080 microcomputers to calculate the beam's peak intensity, peak intensity coordinates, centroid coordinates, beam energy, and beam quality in real time. Its application to the U.S. Army's gas-dynamic laser is illustrated.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Hand, Larry and Nagle, H. and Kerns, David}, year={1982}, month={Jul}, pages={358–368} }
 @article{nagle_nelson_1981, title={Digital Filter Implementation on 16-Bit Microcomputers}, volume={1}, ISSN={0272-1732}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.1981.290818}, DOI={10.1109/mm.1981.290818}, abstractNote={Today's 16-bit microprocessors with built-in multiply offer a new option for digital filter implementation, meeting the needs of a wide range of signal processing application.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Micro}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H. and Nelson, V.}, year={1981}, month={Feb}, pages={23–41} }
 @article{zeman_nagle_1980, title={A High-Speed Microprogrammable Digital Signal Processor Employing Distributed Arithmetic}, volume={C-29}, ISSN={0018-9340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.1980.1675537}, DOI={10.1109/tc.1980.1675537}, abstractNote={This paper describes a general-purpose digital-signal processor which is constructed with 4 bit bipolar microprocessor slices. The signal processor is microprogrammable and contains special features which allow it to employ distributed arithmetic. Hence, the processor can achieve high sampling rates without using a hardware multiplier unit. The processor's architecture is presented and its micro-order structure is examined. The processor wordlength is 16 bit; its basic cycle time, 300 ns; its data memory size, 2K words; its control store size, 256 × 56 bits. It consumes 48 W of power and has special address processing hardware. Experimental results with a twelfth-order digital filter are demonstrated. The signal processor is also compared with several other signal processors of its class described in the literature.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Computers}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Zeman and Nagle}, year={1980}, month={Feb}, pages={134–144} }
 @article{west_nagle_nelson_1980, title={A Microcomputer-Controlled Testing System for Digital Integrated Circuits}, volume={IECI-27}, ISSN={0018-9421}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tieci.1980.351644}, DOI={10.1109/tieci.1980.351644}, abstractNote={This paper describes a low-cost digital integrated circuit (IC) tester designed and implemented using the Intel 8080 microcomputer family. Test patterns are applied to each IC to be tested from a lookup table stored in memory, along with appropriate clock signals if needed. The resulting chip outputs are then examined for errors resulting from stuck-at conditions or other functional errors. The hardware and software structure are presented as well as experimental results obtained in actual system applications.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={West, Gary L. and Nagle, H. Troy and Nelson, Victor P.}, year={1980}, month={Nov}, pages={279–283} }
 @article{kerns_nagle_1980, title={A Thick-Film Hybrid Laser Target Board}, volume={3}, ISSN={0148-6411}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1980.1135630}, DOI={10.1109/tchmt.1980.1135630}, abstractNote={The concept and feasibility of a thick-film thermistor array laser target board is presented. Laser detector concepts are reviewed, and the justification for using a thick-film hybrid array is given. The design concepts and theoretically predicted performance are presented, and experimental results are compared to predictions. The hybrid approach is believed capable of producing a practical laser target board that is fast, reliable, inexpensive, and portable.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Kerns, D. and Nagle, H.}, year={1980}, month={Sep}, pages={436–441} }
 @article{graf_honnell_irwin_lowry_nagle_phillips_russell_1979, title={An Evaluation of Department Head Performance}, volume={22}, ISSN={0018-9359}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.1979.4321337}, DOI={10.1109/te.1979.4321337}, abstractNote={This paper describes the performance evaluation of the Department Head used by the senior Electrical Engineering Faculty at Auburn University during the last two years.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Education}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Graf, Edward R. and Honnell, Martial A. and Irwin, J. David and Lowry, James Lee and Nagle, H. Troy and Phillips, Charles L. and Russell, Dallas W.}, year={1979}, pages={180–183} }
 @article{heath_nagle_shiva_1979, title={Realization of digital filters using input-scaled floating-point arithmetic}, volume={27}, ISSN={0096-3518}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tassp.1979.1163274}, DOI={10.1109/tassp.1979.1163274}, abstractNote={Fixed-point and floating-point realizations of digital filters are abundant in the literature of digital signal processing. A block-floating-point realization which has some advantages of both fixed-point and floating-point has been reported and compared to fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic with regard to roundoff noise effects. In this paper another alternative realization is proposed which uses input-scaled floating-point arithmetic. A mathematical model is first developed which has some characteristics of both fixed-point and floating-point realizations. Design considerations and theoretical analysis techniques which apply to an input-scaled floating-point realization are presented. A noise model comparison of input-scaled floating-point and block-floating-point realizations is made. Finally, an input-scaled floating-point realization is implemented with a minicomputer and experimental results are shown. It is concluded from the experimental implementation that an input-scaled floating-point structure is a feasible concept which can be implemented with the simplicity of a fixed-point realization, yet it exhibits some desirable characteristics of both fixed-point and floating-point realizations. Also, the implementation of an input-scaled floating-point realization should be simpler than that of block-floating-point because of the simpler scale factor of the former, and an input-scaled floating-point realization characteristically has fewer noise sources than a block-floating-point realization.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Heath, J. and Nagle, H. and Shiva, S.}, year={1979}, month={Oct}, pages={469–477} }
 @article{willcutt_irwin_nagle_1978, title={Cotton Gin Operational Efficiency Measurement Via a Microprocessor Controlled Data Acquisition Unit}, volume={21}, ISSN={2151-0059}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35356}, DOI={10.13031/2013.35356}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT THIS paper describes a microcomputer-based data acquisition system used for monitoring analog and digital sensors in an operating cotton gin. The gathered data is processed at a central computing facility to provide management with operational efficiency information. A general system description of the sensor inputs, data acquisition unit, and data processing functions is presented. Sample results for a medium capacity cotton gin are demonstrated.}, number={4}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Willcutt, M. H. and Irwin, J. D. and Nagle, H. T.}, year={1978}, pages={0623–0627} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1978, place={Taipei, Taiwan}, title={Microcomputer-Based Data Acquisition Systems}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Republic of China-Republic of Korea Workshop on Microprocessor Devices and Application}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1978} }
 @article{barnes_boddie_irwin_kane_lowry_nagle_willcutt_1978, title={Using Finite-State Models in Instrumentation Software}, volume={IECI-25}, ISSN={0018-9421}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tieci.1978.351510}, DOI={10.1109/tieci.1978.351510}, abstractNote={This paper describes the use of finite-state models for developing instrumentation software used in a cotton gin efficiency monitoring system [1]. A summary of the monitoring system is presented. The software finite-state models are developed in detail. Example dataprocessing results are demonstrated.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Barnes, C. Carlton and Boddie, James R. and Irwin, J. David and Kane, Gerald R. and Lowry, James Lee and Nagle, H. Troy and Willcutt, M. Herbert}, year={1978}, month={May}, pages={90–101} }
 @inproceedings{martin_nagle_1977, place={Honolulu, HA}, title={A Survey of Software Engineering Procedures within the Department of Defense}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1977 Hawaii International Conference on Systems and Science}, author={Martin, C.E. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1977} }
 @inproceedings{kimsey_hand_nagle_1976, place={Detroit, MI}, title={Application of PEPE to Real-Time Digital Filtering}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Processing}, author={Kimsey, D.B. and Hand, L.E. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1976}, pages={169} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_nagle_kane_irwin_1976, title={Computer engineering at Auburn University}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/503561.503627}, DOI={10.1145/503561.503627}, abstractNote={The computer engineering program offered by the Electrical Engineering Department of Auburn University is described. Bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. degree programs in Electrical Engineering may be pursued with specialization in computer engineering. Auburn's computer engineering program is structured to emphasize computer system design and utilization including both hardware and software considerations.A broad spectrum of courses is offered in computer engineering at both the undergraduate and the graduate level. Brief descriptions of the courses are given in the paper. Subjects covered in the courses range from traditional topics such as logic design, computer organization, and programming to various specialized topics. Computer architecture, computer graphics, coding theory, fault diagnosis, and fault-tolerant computing are but some of the specialized topics covered.Research is a fundamental aspect of any graduate program. The computer engineering research activities at Auburn are described in the paper. Graduate students, undergraduate students, and faculty participate in a wide range of sponsored and unsponsored projects. Laboratory facilities available for support of the projects will also be discussed.Another important aspect of the computer engineering program at Auburn is extension activities. Short course and conference activities oriented toward computer engineering are frequently offered by the faculty at various locations within the state of Alabama and are briefly discussed here.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th annual Southeast regional conference on   - ACM-SE 14}, publisher={ACM Press}, author={Carroll, B. D. and Nagle, H. T. and Kane, G. R. and Irwin, J. D.}, year={1976} }
 @article{cook_kerns_nagle_slagh_ruwe_1976, title={Computer-Aided Thermal Anlaysis of a Hybrid Mutlistage Active Bandpass Filter/Amplifier}, volume={12}, ISSN={0361-1000}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tphp.1976.1135151}, DOI={10.1109/tphp.1976.1135151}, abstractNote={This paper describes the thermal analysis of a hybrid microcircuit to be used as a signal amplifier and conditioner for an IR tracking system. The details of circuit fabrication and an analysis of the electrical and noise performance of the circuit have been presented in a previous paper [1]. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the use of computeraided analysis to determine the thermal performance of the circuit and to present a computer-aided approach to the thermal design of hybrid microelectronic circuits. Thermal analysis and measurements are made, revealing the temperature distribution and power-dissipating capability. These results also provide design guidelines for the layout of heat-dissipating devices such as amplifier chips. Package convection and radiation as well as internal heat conduction are modeled using node point analysis. Temperature measurements provide verification of the thermal models.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cook, K. and Kerns, D. and Nagle, H. and Slagh, T. and Ruwe, V.}, year={1976}, month={Dec}, pages={344–350} }
 @article{naqle_irwin_willcutt_sasser_1976, title={Cotton Gin Efficiency Monitoring System}, volume={IECI-23}, ISSN={0018-9421}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tieci.1976.351383}, DOI={10.1109/tieci.1976.351383}, abstractNote={This paper describes a microcomputer controlled data acquisition system and data processing facilities for measuring cotton gin efficiency. A summary of the hardware and software system components is presented, along with its operational characteristics. Some data processing results are included along with future plans for enhancing the usefulness of the system.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Naqle, H. Troy and Irwin, J. David and Willcutt, Herbert and Sasser, Preston}, year={1976}, month={Aug}, pages={218–222} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_irwin_willcutt_sasser_1976, place={Philadelphia, PA}, title={Cotton Gin Efficiency Monitoring System}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1976 Industrial Electronics & Control Instrumentation Conference}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Irwin, J.D. and Willcutt, H. and Sasser, P.}, year={1976} }
 @article{irving_shiva_nagle_1976, title={Flip-Flops for Multiple-Valued Logic}, volume={C-25}, ISSN={0018-9340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.5009250}, DOI={10.1109/tc.1976.5009250}, abstractNote={A family of multiple-valued (MV) electronic memory elements, referred to herein as flip-flops, is presented along with a system of MV algebra upon which they are based. These MV flip-flops are compared to binary flip-flops. MV asynchronous set-clear flip-flops and synchronous set-clear, D-type, JK, and modulo N counter flip-flops are presented, their next-state equations are derived, and they are shown to have desirable properties for use in MV sequential circuits. Experimental results and schematic diagrams are presented for a level restoring three-valued logic gate, the clocked set-clear flip-flop, and an example synchronous sequential circuit.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Computers}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Irving, Thurman A. and Shiva, Sajjan G. and Nagle, H. Troy}, year={1976}, month={Mar}, pages={237–246} }
 @inproceedings{slagh_nagle_ruwe_1976, place={Vancouver, B. C., Canada}, title={On the Use of Thermal Simulation in Hybrid Circuit Design}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1976 International Microelectronics Symposium}, publisher={International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics}, author={Slagh, T.D. and Nagle, H.T. and Ruwe, V.W.}, year={1976}, pages={19–25} }
 @article{cook_kerns_nagle_slagh_ruwe_1976, title={The Hybrid Integration of a Multistage Active Bandpass Filter/Amplifier}, volume={12}, ISSN={0361-1000}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tphp.1976.1135145}, DOI={10.1109/tphp.1976.1135145}, abstractNote={This paper describes the fabrication, characterization, and analysis of a hybrid microcircuit to be used as a signal amplifier and conditioner for an IR tracking system. The entire circuit is integrated on a 1 X 2-in alumina substrate using thick-film resistors and conductors, some chip resistors in critical locations, chip capacitors, and monolithic integrated-circuit (IC) operational-amplifier (op-amp) chips. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the entire circuit. The transfer functions of each of the stages is derived. The predicted gain. peak and the shape of the measured bandpass agree well with experimental results. The computer simulation using an opamp "macromodel" [1] gives results very closely resembling the measured bandpass, and underscores the utility of computer circuit simulations in IC development. Stability and hybrid layout considerations are discussed. The noise figure is measured as a function of frequency for the given system source impedance of 5 M \Omega and also for 0.5 M \Omega to indicate the dependence of the noise figure on source resistance. The dominant sources of noise in the amplitier/filter and low-noise design considerations are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cook, K. and Kerns, D. and Nagle, H. and Slagh, T. and Ruwe, V.}, year={1976}, month={Dec}, pages={336–344} }
 @inproceedings{kane_nagle_hand_west_1976, place={Ft. Collins, CO}, title={Two Diverse Approaches to the Deployment of Microprocessors in a Computer Engineering Curriculum}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Digital Systems Education Workshop on Microprocessors in Education}, publisher={Colorado State University}, author={Kane, G.R. and Nagle, H.T. and Hand, L.E. and West, G.L.}, year={1976} }
 @article{nagle_garcia_1975, title={A Survey of Computer Engineering in the Southeast}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={ASEE Transactions on Computer Education}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Garcia, O.N.}, year={1975}, month={Jan}, pages={1–11} }
 @book{nagle_carroll_irwin_1975, place={Englewood Cliffs, NJ}, title={An Introduction to Computer Logic}, publisher={Prentice-Hall, Inc}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Carroll, B.D. and Irwin, J.D.}, year={1975} }
 @article{nagle_irving _1975, title={Minicomputers at a Glance, Part 1}, volume={56}, number={3}, journal={Agricultural Engineering}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Irving , T.A., Jr.}, year={1975}, month={Mar}, pages={25–26} }
 @article{nagle_irving_1975, title={Minicomputers at a Glance, Part 2}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Agricultural Engineering}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Irving, T.A., Jr}, year={1975}, month={Apr}, pages={66–67} }
 @article{nagle_irving_1975, title={Minicomputers at a Glance, Part 3}, volume={56}, number={5}, journal={Agricultural Engineering}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Irving, T.A., Jr}, year={1975}, month={May}, pages={45–46} }
 @inproceedings{willis ii_hawkins_nagle_1974, place={Baton Rouge, LA}, title={A Nucleus for a Radar Control Operating System}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 6th Annual Southeastern Regional System Theory Symposium}, author={Willis II, W.C and Hawkins, J.E. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1974} }
 @article{shiva_nagle_1974, title={Bypass Multivariable Karnaugh Maps}, volume={22}, number={21}, journal={Electronic Design}, author={Shiva, S. and Nagle, T.}, year={1974} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_garcia_sloan_1974, place={Baton Rouge, LA}, title={Computer Engineering in the Southeast}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 6th Annual Southeastern System Theory Symposium}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Garcia, O.N. and Sloan, M.E.}, year={1974} }
 @article{heath_nagle_1974, title={Design a Floating-Point A/D Converter}, volume={22}, number={11}, journal={Electronic Design}, author={Heath, J. and Nagle, T.}, year={1974}, pages={80–84} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_carroll_1974, place={Tsakhkadzor, Armenia, USSR}, title={Hardware Realization of Sampled-Data Controllers}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 6th IFAC Symposium on Automatic Control in Space}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Carroll, C.C.}, year={1974} }
 @article{shiva_nagle_1974, title={Let a Computer Design Memory Circuits}, volume={22}, number={23}, journal={Electronic Design}, author={Shiva, S. and Nagle, T.}, year={1974} }
 @inproceedings{shiva_nagle_1974, place={Morgantown, WV}, title={On Multiple-Valued Memory Elements}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1974 International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic}, author={Shiva, S.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1974}, pages={209–224} }
 @article{shiva_nagle_1974, title={Reduce State Tables by Computer}, volume={22}, number={22}, journal={Electronic Design}, author={Shiva, S. and Nagle, T.}, year={1974} }
 @inproceedings{irving_nagle_1973, place={Toronto, Canada}, title={An Approach to Multi-Valued Sequential Logic}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1973 International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic}, author={Irving, T.A. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1973} }
 @inproceedings{shiva_nagle_1973, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Computer Aided Design of Sequential Circuits}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 5th Annual Southeastern System Theory Symposium}, author={Shiva, S.G. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1973} }
 @article{nagle_zaloom_1973, title={Computer Science in Engineering, A Cooperative Program}, volume={V}, number={12}, journal={ASEE Transactions on Computers in Education}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Zaloom, V.A.}, year={1973}, month={Dec}, pages={185–191} }
 @article{nagle_1973, title={Research. Its Relationship to Teaching and Extension}, volume={63}, number={4}, journal={Engineering Education}, author={Nagle, H. T.}, year={1973}, month={Jan}, pages={260–262} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1973, place={Pacific Grove, CA}, title={Structure Selection for Second Order Digital Filter Modules}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Seventh Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems, and Computers}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1973} }
 @inproceedings{kimsey_nagle_1972, place={Knoxville, TN}, title={Digital Filter Implementation by Minicomputer}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 10th Annual IEEE Region 3 Convention}, author={Kimsey, D.B. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1972}, pages={C3–1, 4} }
 @article{white_nagle_1972, title={Digital filter realizations using a special-purpose stored-program computer}, volume={20}, ISSN={0018-9278}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tau.1972.1162384}, DOI={10.1109/tau.1972.1162384}, abstractNote={A special-purpose computer is organized to realize a second-order digital filter in a choice of 11 programming forms. Instructions for the forms are stored in a fast-access READ-ONLY memory. Also, a hard-wired multiplier is employed in the Arithmetic Unit to decrease computation time. The multiplier is organized into uniform functional blocks that are suitable for large-scale integration (LSI). A computer-aided design (CAD) program may be used to select the best filter programming form for a given filter transfer function D(z) . The CAD program also aids in the location of the binary point in the data registers of the computer.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={White, R. and Nagle, H.}, year={1972}, month={Oct}, pages={289–294} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1972, place={Washington, DC}, title={Resonant Sequency Filters in the z-Domain}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1972 Applications of the Walsh Functions Symposium}, publisher={Catholic University}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1972} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1971, place={Denver, CO}, title={Digital Filter Implementations for Sampled-Data Control Systems}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th Midwest Symposium on Circuit Theory}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1971}, month={May}, pages={13.3–1, 10} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_carroll_1971, place={Ljubljana, Yugoslavia}, title={Memory Sizing for Digital Filters}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 71}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Carroll, C.C.}, year={1971}, pages={TA–4–129, 133} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_irving_1971, place={Chicago, IL}, title={Minicomputers at a Glance}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ASAE Winter Meeting}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Irving, T.A.}, year={1971} }
 @article{nagle_carroll_jones_1970, title={A Hybrid Realization for Sampled-Data Controllers}, volume={13}, ISSN={0018-9359}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.1970.4320543}, DOI={10.1109/te.1970.4320543}, abstractNote={This paper presents a method for realizing sampled-data compensators for discrete control systems. A canonical representation that requires a minimum number of delay elements is selected for the realization of sampled-data compensation functions. A hybrid implementation of this canonical form is presented that uses analog elements for multiplication and summation, and digital elements for storage (time delay). The hybrid controller is programmed to compensate two sampled-data systems. For one system (an accelerometer control loop), open-loop frequency characteristics of the hybrid controller are displayed along with time domain curves of the closed-loop system performance.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Education}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H. T. and Carroll, C. C. and Jones, J. W.}, year={1970}, pages={31–37} }
 @article{nagle_1969, title={Comments on "A least upper bound on quantization error"}, volume={14}, ISSN={0018-9286 1558-2523}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.1969.1099194}, DOI={10.1109/tac.1969.1099194}, abstractNote={A summary of methods proposed by Cavin and Bertram for bounding quantization errors in hybrid control systems is presented. Their methods are compared and similarities in the methods are noted. An apparent error by Cavin is demonstrated.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H.}, year={1969}, month={Aug}, pages={433–434} }
 @article{jones_carroll_nagle_1969, title={Hybrid implementation for sampled-data controllers}, volume={14}, ISSN={0018-9286}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.1969.1099148}, DOI={10.1109/tac.1969.1099148}, abstractNote={A hybrid implementation for generalized digital filters in canonical form is presented, which uses analog elements for multiplication and summation and digital elements for storage (time delay). The hybrid controller is designed to realize virtually any compensation function up to three zeroes over three poles in the z domain with any sampling frequency up to several thousand hertz. Experimental results are presented for an example system.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Jones, J. and Carroll, C. and Nagle, H.}, year={1969}, month={Apr}, pages={202–203} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_1969, place={Huntsville, AL}, title={Quantization Error Bounds for Systems with Digital Filter}, booktitle={Record of the 1969 IEEE Region 3 Convention}, author={Nagle, H.T.}, year={1969} }
 @inproceedings{heath_carroll_nagle_1969, place={Minneapolis, MN}, title={Reducing Quantizer Deadband with a Range-Switching Digital Filter}, booktitle={1969 IEEE Computer Group Conference Digest}, author={Heath, J.R. and Carroll, C.C. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1969}, pages={68–81} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_carroll_1969, title={Signal Amplitude Quantization in Digital Filters}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Carroll, C.C.}, year={1969}, month={Jan}, pages={661–664} }
 @inproceedings{nagle_carroll_jones_1968, place={New Orleans, LA}, title={A Hybrid Analog-Digital Controller for Realizing Sampled-Data Control Functions}, booktitle={Record of the IEEE 1968 Region 3 Convention}, author={Nagle, H.T. and Carroll, C.C. and Jones, J.W.}, year={1968} }
 @inproceedings{hull_carroll_nagle_1968, place={New Orleans, LA}, title={On the Realization of a Generalized Second Order-Digital Compensator}, booktitle={Record of the 1968 Region 3 Convention}, author={Hull, H.H. and Carroll, C.C. and Nagle, H.T.}, year={1968}, pages={13.1.1,  5} }
 @article{nagle_carroll_1968, title={Organizing a special-purpose computer to realize digital filters for sampled-data systems}, volume={16}, ISSN={0018-9278}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tau.1968.1161997}, DOI={10.1109/tau.1968.1161997}, abstractNote={A special-purpose computer is organized to implement a programmable digital filter intended for use in sampled-data control systems. A canonical representation for the digital filter is selected and this form is implemented in functional blocks that are suitable for circuit integration. An analytical technique is discussed that helps determine acceptable quantization resolutions and round-off errors in the digital filter. Experimentation with the digital filter is performed in the pendulous integrating gyroscopic accelerometer control loop and in an analog computer simulation of the Saturn V thrust vector control system; the filter used as a digital compensator successfully stabilizes both sampled-data control systems. The performance of the digital filter is examined and organizational techniques to improve its characteristics are proposed.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Nagle, H. and Carroll, C.}, year={1968}, month={Sep}, pages={398–412} }