@article{leon_creamer_reberg-horton_franzluebbers_2022, title={Eradication of Commelina benghalensis in a long-term experiment using a multistakeholder governance model: a case of regulatory concerns defeating ecological management success}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1939-747X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.23}, DOI={10.1017/inp.2022.23}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Leon, Ramon G. and Creamer, Nancy and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Franzluebbers, Alan J.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={152–159} }
 @article{ammons_blacklin_bloom_brown_cappellazzi_creamer_cruz_hynson_knight_lauffer_et al._2021, title={A collaborative approach to COVID-19 response: The Center for Environmental Farming Systems community-based food system initiatives}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2152-0801"]}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.004}, abstractNote={The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) has spent the past two decades developing local food systems to support communities and increase resilience. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown how existing structural inequities, primarily along racial lines, are exacerbated. It has also shown the value of community-based food systems work that helps communities network, sharing valuable resources and funding to respond to the ongoing crisis. In this article, we document how CEFS’ community-based food systems initiatives are responding to the pandemic. Some of CEFS programs are community-based, working with food policy councils, offering racial equity trainings, networking schools and early care and education sites, and supporting youth convenings and internships. Others are focused on production and supply chains for meat, seafood, and produce in order to develop stronger local food systems. Through­out the work of all of CEFS’ community-based food systems initiatives in response to the pandemic, we have learned that our past efforts have increased local food systems resilience. We also note the impor­tance of flexible funders who allowed grant dollars to be reallocated to community partners to address urgent needs. We have found that online programming has increased participation and access to resources. Finally, we have been inspired by the creativity, flexibility, and adaptability of our community partners, and we are energized to continue to support them while also offering the resources we have developed to a broader audience.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT}, author={Ammons, Shorlette and Blacklin, Sarah and Bloom, Dara and Brown, Shironda and Cappellazzi, Marcello and Creamer, Nancy and Cruz, Angel and Hynson, Janie and Knight, Gini and Lauffer, Laura and et al.}, year={2021}, pages={297–302} }
 @article{cruz_ammerman_creamer_nash_phillips_przysucha_hege_2021, title={Cultivating community resilience: How North Carolina's food council is facilitating an effective response during COVID-19}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2152-0801"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.010}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.010}, abstractNote={Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the North Carolina Local Food Council has strengthened its role as a cohesive and effective organization during a public-health crisis to share challenges, devise solutions, and build resilience across local food systems in North Carolina. The Council includes representatives from 21 organizations working across the state, as well as three representatives from regional local food councils. The Council’s response to the pandemic addressed three key areas of action: (1) Coordinate responses across multiple sectors; (2) Enhance collaboration across the food supply chain; and (3) Facilitate data collection and public messaging. This paper describes the positive impacts the Council has had across North Carolina on consumers and producers of local food as a result of this collaborative network and long-established relationships across the state. Now, more than ever, the relationships and collaborative efforts of statewide organizations and partners are needed. The Council’s crisis response has been strong because of the long-standing relationships of its members and its ability to share resources quickly, allowing it to work toward coordinated responses. The work of the North Carolina Local Food Council can serve as a model for other states that have state-level local food coun¬cils or want to develop them. In addition, the Council’s work demonstrates how collaborations among statewide partners can foster resilience within local food systems, particularly during a public health crisis.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Cruz, Angel Elisa and Ammerman, Alice S. and Creamer, Nancy G. and Nash, Barry and Phillips, Ethan J. and Przysucha, Martha M. and Hege, Amanda S.}, year={2021}, pages={291–295} }
 @article{franzluebbers_wendroth_creamer_feng_2020, title={Focusing the future of farming on agroecology}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2471-9625"]}, DOI={10.1002/ael2.20034}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS}, author={Franzluebbers, Alan J. and Wendroth, Ole and Creamer, Nancy G. and Feng, Gary G.}, year={2020} }
 @article{franzluebbers_reberg-horton_creamer_2020, title={Soil carbon and nitrogen fractions after 19 years of farming systems research in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.1002/saj2.20072}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Franzluebbers, Alan J. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Creamer, Nancy G.}, year={2020}, pages={856–876} }
 @article{johnson_bloom_dunning_gunter_boyette_creamer_2019, title={Farmer harvest decisions and vegetable loss in primary production}, volume={176}, ISSN={["1873-2267"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102672}, abstractNote={The topic of food loss and waste has risen in importance since the revelation that an estimated 40% of food in America is never consumed. Losses at the field level, however, are not well understood, and economic and growing conditions that dictate decisions made by fruit and vegetable growers can determine how much food is left unharvested. Many strategies have been suggested to reduce food loss and waste, but their development has been informed by concerns at the consumer level, and may not motivate growers to reduce losses. This study sought to understand how growers make decisions regarding when to end the harvest, and explores growers' perceptions of strategies that would incentivize them to reduce losses. The authors conducted seventeen semi-structured interviews with mid-sized to large commercial vegetable growers in North Carolina. The resulting findings clarify the primary decision-making drivers affecting food loss in the field, including whether growers have an interested buyer, the quality of the produce, the available price, the financial risk of product rejection, and the priority of another field becoming mature and ready to harvest. Growers did not perceive losses to be of high enough volume or value to measure crops that were left unharvested in the field, though research indicates that the volume is actually significant. We also asked growers about their perceptions of strategies for reducing farm level losses that have been promoted in industry reports on the subject. These strategies include facilitating donation and supporting emerging markets that focus on imperfect produce. Neither of these aligned well with strategies that growers perceived as important, such as increasing demand, providing processing infrastructure, and facilitating a consistent market and prices. While some growers donate produce or participate in gleaning, these activities can be limited by continued negative perceptions. Findings from this research suggest that, in order to effectively reduce the loss of edible food at the farm level, growers must be included in the development of strategies, and those strategies must incentivize their participation in order to be effective.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnson, Lisa K. and Bloom, J. Dara and Dunning, Rebecca D. and Gunter, Chris C. and Boyette, Michael D. and Creamer, Nancy G.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{chojnacki_creamer_2019, title={Governance and innovations in local food system development: A bottom-up approach in North Carolina}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2152-0801"]}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2019.091.034}, abstractNote={Presentation Abstract Governance is a collaborative and systemic approach to governing that fosters innovation and inclusiveness of a broad combination of actors, processes, and instruments (Jordan, Wurzel, & Zito, 2005). It draws from the energy, expertise, and resources of the collaborative to employ more sustainable, bottom-up policy solutions. The growth in popularity of local foods and community-based food systems as a pushback to the globalization of our food industry has given rise to a network of coalitions, institutions, and actors in North Carolina that are engaging in local food system development and governance to create a place-based local food economy in the state. The case reviews the Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS), a transdisciplinary, interinstitutional collaboration between the state’s two land-grant institutions, (North Carolina State University and North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University), and the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, as an active and prominent stakeholder in the process of local food system governance. The Farm to Fork Initiative, now over 10 years in operation, is reviewed to provide both insight into and reflection of a bottom-up approach to creating a local food economy through governance, innovation, and the implementation of community-based food system initiatives.}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT}, author={Chojnacki, Krystal M. and Creamer, Nancy}, year={2019}, pages={239–240} }
 @article{johnson_dunning_bloom_gunter_boyette_creamer_2018, title={Estimating on-farm food loss at the field level: A methodology and applied case study on a North Carolina farm}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1879-0658"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.017}, abstractNote={Current estimates of food loss at the farm level are either carried forward from decades-old estimates that rely on data from small farms using alternative agricultural practices, or they are based on grower estimates reported during interviews. A straightforward protocol adaptable to many crops is necessary to provide comparable data that can begin to fill gaps in knowledge on food loss in the US. Accurate estimation of on-farm losses for fruits and vegetables can inform ongoing national food loss and waste discussions and farm-level business decisions that hold potentially positive impacts for farm viability and resource-use efficiency. This paper describes a straightforward methodology for field-level measurement and demonstrates its utility on six vegetable crops harvested in 13 fields of a 121-hectare North Carolina vegetable farm. In this case, results showed that on average, approximately 65% of the unharvested crop that remained in the field was of wholesome, edible quality, although the appearance may not meet buyers’ specifications for certain markets. The overall estimated average of vegetable crops that remained unharvested, yet were wholesome and available for recovery, was 8840 kg per hectare on the case study farm. The portion of the grower’s reported total marketed yield that remained unutilized in the field averaged 57%, a figure greatly exceeding current estimates of farm level loss. Developing strategies to utilize these losses could enable growers to increase the amount of fresh produce moving into the supply chain, and represent a path towards sustainable intensification of vegetable crop production.}, journal={RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnson, Lisa K. and Dunning, Rebecca D. and Bloom, J. Dara and Gunter, Chris C. and Boyette, Michael D. and Creamer, Nancy G.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={243–250} }
 @article{johnson_dunning_gunter_bloom_boyette_creamer_2018, title={Field measurement in vegetable crops indicates need for reevaluation of on-farm food loss estimates in North America}, volume={167}, ISSN={["1873-2267"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agsy.2018.09.008}, abstractNote={Food loss and waste in the US has been estimated at 40%, a figure that does not include losses at the agricultural level. Consumer food waste is expensive and environmentally damaging as it travels the length of the supply chain and largely ends up in the landfill. Most research and campaigns emphasize the consumer level, which has resulted in the omission of data collection and development of solutions for producers of fruit and vegetable crops. The available estimates of edible produce lost in the field are based on assumptions and estimates, rather than field data. Therefore, this project aimed to measure losses in the field in order to understand if estimates are accurate. Sixty-eight fields of eight vegetable crops were evaluated on nine North Carolina farms during the 2017 production season, using a sampling and scaling method. Combining the unharvested crops of marketable quality and edible but not marketable quality (produce that does not meet appearance quality standards), the average produce volume available after the primary harvest was 5114.59 kg per hectare. Totaling an average of 42% of the marketed yield for these crops, these high figures indicate the need for a reevaluation of the food loss estimates at the agricultural level in the US, and a focus on solutions.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnson, Lisa K. and Dunning, Rebecca D. and Gunter, Chris C. and Bloom, J. Dara and Boyette, Michael D. and Creamer, Nancy G.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={136–142} }
 @article{dunning_day_creamer_2017, title={Local sourcing and the military: Lessons learned through a university-based initiative to increase local procurement at a US military base}, volume={34}, ISSN={1742-1705 1742-1713}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S174217051700045X}, DOI={10.1017/s174217051700045x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, note={DOI:}, number={03}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Dunning, Rebecca and Day, John and Creamer, Nancy}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={250–258} }
 @article{beck_schroeder-moreno_fernandez_grossman_creamer_2016, title={Effects of Cover Crops, Compost, and Vermicompost on Strawberry Yields and Nitrogen Availability in North Carolina}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech03447-16}, abstractNote={Summer cover crop rotations, compost, and vermicompost additions can be important strategies for transition to organic production that can provide various benefits to crop yields, nitrogen (N) availability, and overall soil health, yet are underused in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) production in North Carolina. This study was aimed at evaluating six summer cover crop treatments including pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pearl millet/soybean combination, pearl millet/cowpea combination, and a no cover crop control, with and without vermicompost additions for their effects on strawberry growth, yields, nutrient uptake, weeds, and soil inorganic nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen in a 2-year field experiment. Compost was additionally applied before seeding cover crops and preplant N fertilizer was reduced by 67% to account for organic N additions. Although all cover crops (with compost) increased soil N levels during strawberry growth compared with the no cover crop treatment, cover crops did not impact strawberry yields in the first year of the study. In the 2nd year, pearl millet cover crop treatments reduced total and marketable strawberry yields, and soybean treatments reduced marketable strawberry yields when compared with the no cover crop treatment, whereas vermicompost additions increased strawberry biomass and yields. Results from this study suggest that vermicompost additions can be important sustainable soil management strategies for transitional and certified organic strawberry production. Summer cover crops integrated with composts can provide considerable soil N, reducing fertilizer needs, but have variable responses on strawberry depending on the specific cover crop species or combination. Moreover, these practices are suitable for both organic and conventional strawberry growers and will benefit from longer-term studies that assess these practices individually and in combination and other benefits in addition to yields.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Beck, John E. and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S. and Fernandez, Gina E. and Grossman, Julie M. and Creamer, Nancy G.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={604–613} }
 @article{o'connell_grossman_hoyt_shi_bowen_marticorena_fager_creamer_2015, title={A survey of cover crop practices and perceptions of sustainable farmers in North Carolina and the surrounding region}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170514000398}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={O'Connell, S. and Grossman, J. M. and Hoyt, G. D. and Shi, Wei and Bowen, S. and Marticorena, D. C. and Fager, K. L. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2015}, pages={550–562} }
 @article{o’connell_shi_grossman_hoyt_fager_creamer_2015, title={Short-term nitrogen mineralization from warm-season cover crops in organic farming systems}, volume={396}, ISSN={0032-079X 1573-5036}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11104-015-2594-2}, DOI={10.1007/S11104-015-2594-2}, number={1-2}, journal={Plant and Soil}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={O’Connell, S. and Shi, W. and Grossman, J. M. and Hoyt, G. D. and Fager, K. L. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={353–367} }
 @article{dunning_bloom_creamer_2015, title={The local food movement, public-private partnerships, and food system resiliency}, volume={5}, ISSN={2190-6483 2190-6491}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13412-015-0295-Z}, DOI={10.1007/S13412-015-0295-Z}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dunning, Rebecca and Bloom, J. Dara and Creamer, Nancy}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={661–670} }
 @article{francis_miller_anderson_creamer_wander_park_greene_mccown_2013, title={Food Webs and Food Sovereignty: Research Agenda for Sustainability}, ISSN={2152-0801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2013.034.010}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2013.034.010}, abstractNote={Future food production will be constrained by the scarcity of fossil fuel and fresh water as well as increasing intensity and unpredictability of weather}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Francis, Charles and Miller, Michelle and Anderson, Molly and Creamer, Nancy and Wander, Michelle and Park, Jacob and Greene, Thomas and McCown, Brent}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{dunning_creamer_massey lelekacs_o'sullivan_thraves_wymore_2012, title={Educator and Institutional Entrepreneur: Cooperative Extension and the Building of Localized Food Systems}, ISSN={2152-0801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2012.031.010}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2012.031.010}, abstractNote={Cooperative Extension Service educators work within an established network of offices throughout the United States and have the potential to tap both structural and relationship networks to foster collaboration and catalyze institutional change in food systems. The prerequisites and processes to generate systemic change, however, challenge the established logic of information transfer that has dominated Extension Service practice. This paper considers the nature of Extension's engagement in food systems both conceptually and in practice, based on a two-year train-the-trainer professional development project in North Carolina designed to support the emergence of local food systems. Extension initiatives are examined in light of two social change models: diffusion of innovations, based on knowledge transfer and spatial diffusion; and institutional change, based on inter-organizational relationships and mutually held cultural understandings. We suggest that the work of food systems change is more usefully viewed through an institutional lens, with extension educators serving as "institutional entrepreneurs" to address and leverage the concerns of the communities in which they are embedded into lasting food system change.}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Dunning, Rebecca and Creamer, Nancy and Massey Lelekacs, Joanna and O'Sullivan, John and Thraves, Tes and Wymore, Teisha}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={99–112} }
 @article{creamer_dunning_2012, title={Local Food Systems for a Healthy Population}, volume={73}, number={4}, journal={North Carolina Medical Journal}, author={Creamer, N.G. and Dunning, R.D.}, year={2012}, pages={310–312} }
 @article{carr_mader_creamer_beeby_2012, title={Overview and comparison of conservation tillage practices and organic farming in Europe and North America}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Carr, P. M. and Mader, P. and Creamer, N. G. and Beeby, J. S.}, year={2012}, pages={2–6} }
 @article{reberg-horton_mueller_mellage_creamer_brownie_bell_burton_2011, title={Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1742-1705"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1742170510000451}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Mueller, J. P. and Mellage, S. J. and Creamer, N. G. and Brownie, C. and Bell, M. and Burton, M. G.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={127–136} }
 @article{garland_schroeder-moreno_fernandez_creamer_2011, title={Influence of summer cover crops and mycorrhizal fungi on strawberry production in the Southeastern United States}, volume={46}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Garland, B. C. and Schroeder-Moreno, M. S. and Fernandez, G. E. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2011}, pages={985–992} }
 @article{vollmer_creamer_reberg-horton_hoyt_2010, title={Evaluating cover crop mulches for no-till organic production of onions}, volume={45}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Vollmer, E. R. and Creamer, N. and Reberg-Horton, C. and Hoyt, G.}, year={2010}, pages={61–70} }
 @book{curtis_creamer_thraves_2010, title={From Farm to Fork: a Guide to Building North Carolina’s Local Food Economy}, journal={Center for Environmental Farming Systems}, author={Curtis, Jennifer and Creamer, Nancy and Thraves, Eliza}, year={2010} }
 @article{sydorovych_raczkowski_wossink_mueller_creamer_hu_bell_tu_2009, title={A technique for assessing environmental impact risks of agricultural systems}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, DOI={10.1017/S174217050999010X}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Sydorovych, Olha and Raczkowski, Charles W. and Wossink, Ada and Mueller, J. Paul and Creamer, Nancy G. and Hu, Shuijin and Bell, Melissa and Tu, Cong}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={234–243} }
 @inbook{creamer_mueller_reberg-horton_schroeder-moreno_washburn_o'sullivan_francis_2009, place={Madison, WI}, series={Agronomy Monographs}, title={Center for Environmental Farming Systems: Designing and Institutionalizing an Integrated Sustainable and Organic Agriculture Program}, ISBN={9780891181897}, ISSN={2156-3276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr54.c12}, DOI={10.2134/agronmonogr54.c12}, abstractNote={The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) is a partnership among North Carolina State University (NCSU), North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and many nonprofit organizations and farmer groups. A survey of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences faculty with sustainable agriculture interests revealed that ability to focus on holistic, long-term, interdisciplinary work not driven by single commodity interests was very important. To increase students' global awareness of the challenges to organic and sustainable agriculture internationally, a study-abroad course, Sustainability of Tropical Agroecosystems, was developed in a partnership with the University of Georgia and NCSU in 2005. In 2007 a strategic planning process was initiated through a committee made up of CEFS faculty, staff, and board members. CEFS also received grant funding in 2008 to provide leadership in developing a statewide action plan for developing a local food economy in North Carolina.}, booktitle={Agronomy Monographs}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America}, author={Creamer, Nancy G. and Mueller, J. Paul and Reberg-Horton, Chris and Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle and Washburn, Steve and O'Sullivan, John and Francis, Charles}, editor={Francis, CharlesEditor}, year={2009}, pages={253–282}, collection={Agronomy Monographs} }
 @article{finney_creamer_schultheis_wagger_brownie_2009, title={Sorghum sudangrass as a summer cover and hay crop for organic fall cabbage production}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, DOI={10.1017/S174217050999007X}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Finney, Denise M. and Creamer, Nancy G. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Wagger, Michael G. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={225–233} }
 @article{robertson_allen_boody_boose_creamer_drinkwater_gosz_lynch_havlin_jackson_et al._2008, title={Long-term agricultural research: A research, education, and extension imperative}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0006-3568"]}, DOI={10.1641/B580711}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT For agriculture to meet goals that include profitability, environmental integrity, and the production of ecosystem services beyond food, fuel, and fiber requires a comprehensive, systems-level research approach that is long-term and geographically scalable. This approach is largely lacking from the US agricultural research portfolio. It is time to add it. A long-term agricultural research program would substantially improve the delivery of agricultural products and other ecosystem services to a society that calls for agriculture to be safe, environmentally sound, and socially responsible.}, number={7}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Robertson, G. Philip and Allen, Vivien G. and Boody, George and Boose, Emery R. and Creamer, Nancy G. and Drinkwater, Laurie E. and Gosz, James R. and Lynch, Lori and Havlin, John L. and Jackson, Louise E. and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={640–645} }
 @article{treadwell_creamer_hoyt_schultheis_2008, title={Nutrient management with cover crops and compost affects development and yield in organically managed sweetpotato systems}, volume={43}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Treadwell, D. D. and Creamer, N. G. and Hoyt, G. D. and Schultheis, J. R.}, year={2008}, pages={1423–1433} }
 @article{treadwell_creamer_schultheis_hoyt_2007, title={Cover crop management affects weeds and yield in organically managed sweetpotato systems}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-07-005.1}, abstractNote={A 3-yr field experiment was initiated in 2001 to evaluate weed suppression and sweetpotato productivity in three organic sweetpotato production systems. Organic systems were (1) compost and no cover crop with tillage (Org-NC), (2) compost and a cover crop mixture of hairy vetch and rye incorporated before transplanting (Org-CI), and (3) compost and the same cover crop mixture with reduced tillage (Org-RT). A conventional system with tillage and chemical controls (Conv) was included for comparison. Suppression of monocot and dicot weed density and biomass was similar between Org-NC and Org-CI each year, and were frequently similar to Conv. Org-RT was as effective as Org-NC in controlling dicot weed density and biomass each year, but did not suppress monocot weeds. At sweetpotato harvest, an increase in cover crop surface residue biomass in Org-RT was associated with a decrease in cumulative total weed density (R2= 0.43, P = 0.0001); however, the amount of that residue was insufficient to suppress late-emerging monocot weeds. Total sweetpotato yield in Org-RT was at least 45% lower than other systems in 2002 and was most likely due to an increase in monocot weed density and biomass concurrent with a decrease in sweetpotato vine biomass. Total sweetpotato yield was similar among all systems in 2001 and 2004; the exception was lowest yields obtained in the Org-RT system in 2002. Organically managed sweetpotato with or without an incorporated cover crop produced sweetpotato yields equal to conventionally managed systems despite difficulties controlling weeds that emerged later in the season.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Treadwell, Danielle D. and Creamer, Nancy G. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Hoyt, Greg D.}, year={2007}, pages={1039–1048} }
 @article{schroeder_creamer_linker_mueller_rzewnicki_2006, title={Interdisciplinary and multilevel approach to organic and sustainable agriculture education at North Carolina State University}, volume={16}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Schroeder, M. S. and Creamer, N. G. and Linker, H. M. and Mueller, J. P. and Rzewnicki, P.}, year={2006}, pages={418–426} }
 @article{tu_louws_creamer_mueller_brownie_fager_bell_hu_2006, title={Responses of soil microbial biomass and N availability to transition strategies from conventional to organic farming systems}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1873-2305"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013}, abstractNote={Abstract Organic farming can enhance soil biodiversity, alleviate environmental concerns and improve food safety through eliminating the applications of synthetic chemicals. However, yield reduction due to nutrient limitation and pest incidence in the early stages of transition from conventional to organic systems is a major concern for organic farmers, and is thus a barrier to implementing the practice of organic farming. Therefore, identifying transition strategies that minimize yield loss is critical for facilitating the implementation of organic practices. Soil microorganisms play a dominant role in nutrient cycling and pest control in organic farming systems, and their responses to changes in soil management practices may critically impact crop growth and yield. Here we examined soil microbial biomass and N supply in response to several strategies for transitioning from conventional to organic farming systems in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, NC, USA. The transitional strategies included one fully organic strategy (ORG) and four reduced-input strategies (withdrawal of each or gradual reduction of major conventional inputs—synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides/fungicides), and herbicides), with a conventional practice (CNV) serving as a control. Microbial biomass and respiration rate were more sensitive to changes in soil management practices than total C and N. In the first 2 years, the ORG was most effective in enhancing soil microbial biomass C and N among the transition strategies, but was accompanied with high yield losses. By the third year, soil microbial biomass C and N in the reduced-input transition strategies were statistically significantly greater than those in the CNV (averaging 32 and 35% higher, respectively), although they were slightly lower than those in the ORG (averaging 13 and 17% lower, respectively). Soil microbial respiration rate and net N mineralization in all transitional systems were statistically significantly higher than those in the CNV (averagely 83 and 66% greater, respectively), with no differences among the various transition strategies. These findings suggest that the transitional strategies that partially or gradually reduce conventional inputs can serve as alternatives that could potentially minimize economic hardships as well as benefit microbial growth during the early stages of transition to organic farming systems.}, number={1-4}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Tu, C and Louws, FJ and Creamer, NG and Mueller, JP and Brownie, C and Fager, K and Bell, M and Hu, SJ}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={206–215} }
 @article{reberg-horton_burton_danehower_ma_monks_murphy_ranells_williamson_creamer_2005, title={Changes over time in the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye (Secale cereale L.)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-005-0983-3}, abstractNote={Published studies focused on characterizing the allelopathy-based weed suppression by rye cover crop mulch have provided varying and inconsistent estimates of weed suppression. Studies were initiated to examine several factors that could influence the weed suppressiveness of rye: kill date, cultivar, and soil fertility. Ten cultivars of rye were planted with four rates of nitrogen fertilization, and tissue from each of these treatment combinations was harvested three times during the growing season. Concentrations of a known rye allelochemical DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-(2H)benzoxazine-3-one) were quantified from the harvested rye tissue using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytotoxicity observed from aqueous extracts of the harvested rye tissue correlated with the levels of DIBOA recovered in harvested tissue. The amount of DIBOA in rye tissue varied depending on harvest date and rye cultivar, but was generally lower with all cultivars when rye was harvested later in the season. However, the late maturing variety 'Wheeler' retained greater concentrations of DIBOA in comparison to other rye cultivars when harvested later in the season. The decline in DIBOA concentrations as rye matures, and the fact that many rye cultivars mature at different rates may help explain why estimates of weed suppression from allelopathic agents in rye have varied so widely in the literature.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Reberg-Horton, SC and Burton, JD and Danehower, DA and Ma, GY and Monks, DW and Murphy, JP and Ranells, NN and Williamson, JD and Creamer, NG}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={179–193} }
 @article{zhang_rui_tu_diab_louws_mueller_creamer_bell_wagger_hu_2005, title={Responses of soil microbial community structure and diversity to agricultural deintensification}, volume={15}, number={4}, journal={Pedosphere}, author={Zhang, W. J. and Rui, W. Y. and Tu, C. and Diab, H. G. and Louws, F. J. and Mueller, J. P. and Creamer, N. and Bell, M. and Wagger, M. G. and Hu, S.}, year={2005}, pages={440–447} }
 @article{francis_lieblein_gliessman_breland_creamer_harwood_salomonsson_helenius_rickerl_salvador_et al._2003, title={Agroecology: The ecology of food systems}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1044-0046"]}, DOI={10.1300/J064v22n03_10}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT We present a compelling rationale for defining agroecology as the ecology of food systems. Our purpose is to provide a framework that will guide research, education, and action in the multiple and interacting facets of an increasingly complex global agriculture and food system. To accomplish such goals, it is essential to build bridges and connections among and beyond our disciplines in production agriculture, as well as beyond the farm gate into the rural landscape and community. Fields of sociology, anthropology, environmental sciences, ethics, and economics are crucial to the mix. They provide additional vantage points from which we can view the food system anew, as well as insights on how to establish valuation criteria beyond neoclassical economics. Examples from Mexico, California, and the Nordic Region are used to illustrate the successful implementation of this educational strategy in universities. Design of individual farms using principles of ecology is expanded to the levels of landscape, community, and bioregion, with emphasis on uniqueness of place and the people and other species that inhabit that place. We conclude that defining agroecology as the ecology of food systems will foster the development of broader interdisciplinary research teams and attractive systems-based courses for tomorrow's best students. In contrast to the narrow focus on crop-soil interactions, this definition will help us raise higher-level research questions whose solutions will advance the development of a sustainable agriculture and food system.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE}, author={Francis, C and Lieblein, G and Gliessman, S and Breland, TA and Creamer, N and Harwood, R and Salomonsson, L and Helenius, J and Rickerl, D and Salvador, R and et al.}, year={2003}, pages={99–118} }
 @article{seem_creamer_monks_2003, title={Critical weed-free period for 'Beauregard' sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT02-089}, abstractNote={Studies were initiated at two different planting dates and conducted at two different locations in 2001 to determine the critical weed-free period for certain populations of weeds in organically produced ‘Beauregard’ sweetpotato. Naturally occurring weed populations were used, and they included sicklepod, redroot pigweed, and yellow nutsedge. Treatments included allowing weeds to grow for 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk after transplanting (WAT) sweetpotato before weed removal and maintaining the sweetpotato weed-free for 2, 4, 6, or 8 WAT. Weedy and weed-free checks were also included in the study. These treatments were used to determine the length of time weeds can compete with sweetpotato without reducing yield and the length of time sweetpotato must grow before yield is no longer affected by newly emerging weeds. Yield of number one grade sweetpotato roots best fit a quadratic plateau curve for the grow-back treatments and a logistic curve for the removal treatments. Yields in weed-free plots of sweetpotato were higher at the early planting date, whereas yields in plots of weedy sweetpotato were higher at the late planting date. Weed biomass was lower in the grow-back treatments at the late planting date. Data indicate that sweetpotato may gain a competitive advantage over weeds when planted at a later date. At both planting dates, a critical weed-free period of 2 to 6 WAT was observed. Nomenclature: Redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. #3 AMARE; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ‘Beauregard’. Additional index words: Competition, interference, organic production, Brachiaria platyphylla, Eleusine indica, Mollugo verticillata, Sida spinosa, BRAPP, ELEIN, MOLVE, SIDSP. Abbreviations: WAT, weeks after transplanting.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Seem, JE and Creamer, NG and Monks, DW}, year={2003}, pages={686–695} }
 @article{treadwell_mckinney_creamer_2003, title={From philosophy to science: A brief history of organic horticulture in the United States}, volume={38}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Treadwell, D. D. and McKinney, D. E. and Creamer, N. G.}, year={2003}, pages={1009–1014} }
 @article{mueller_barbercheck_bell_brownie_creamer_hitt_hu_king_linker_louws_et al._2002, title={Development and implementation of a long-term agricultural systems study: Challenges and opportunities}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Mueller, J. P. and Barbercheck, M. E. and Bell, M. and Brownie, C. and Creamer, N. G. and Hitt, A. and Hu, S. and King, L. and Linker, H. M. and Louws, F. J. and et al.}, year={2002}, pages={362–368} }
 @article{creamer_dabney_2002, title={Killing cover crops mechanically: Review of recent literature and assessment of new research results}, volume={17}, ISBN={0889-1893}, DOI={10.1079/ajaa200204}, abstractNote={Cover-crop residues left on the soil surface as a mulch in no-till crop production systems protect the soil from erosion, increase water infiltration and suppress weeds. Because many growers using cover crops want to reduce chemical inputs, non-chemical methods of killing or suppressing cover crops are needed. In the first part of this paper we review the current literature and discuss advantages and disadvantages of five mechanical methods for killing cover crops, i.e., mowing, rolling, roll-chopping, undercutting and partial rototilling. We also report on three new studies that broaden the current literature, including planting into freshly killed residue. In the first study, the use of planter attachments to remove surface residues from the planter row improved stands when cotton was no-till planted 2-7 days after mowing cover crops in Mississippi. In the second study, 100% of a rye/vetch cover crop in Missouri was killed by mowing, and greater than 90% was killed by roll-chopping. Cotton stands were reduced by the use of row cleaners that clogged when the cover crop was roll-chopped or mowed on the same day that the crop was planted. The third study evaluated three methods of mechanically killing summer cover crops in North Carolina. Undercutting provided greater than 95% kill for five of six broadleaf species, and two of five grass species. Mowing effectively killed all six broadleaf cover crops, but re-growth occurred with three of five grasses, with the exception of nearly mature German foxtail millet and mature Japanese millet. In general, rolling did not effectively kill broadleaf or grass cover crops, with the exception of nearly mature German foxtail millet, mature Japanese millet and mature buckwheat.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Alternative Agriculture}, author={Creamer, N. G. and Dabney, S. M.}, year={2002}, pages={32} }
 @article{creamer_baldwin_2000, title={An evaluation of summer cover crops for use in vegetable production systems in North Carolina}, volume={35}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Creamer, N. G. and Baldwin, K. R.}, year={2000}, pages={600–603} }
 @article{crozier_creamer_cubeta_2000, title={Fertilizer management impacts on stand establishment, disease, and yield of Irish potato}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1871-4528"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02358513}, number={1}, journal={POTATO RESEARCH}, author={Crozier, CR and Creamer, NG and Cubeta, MA}, year={2000}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{creamer_crozier_cubeta_1999, title={Influence of seedpiece spacing and population on yield, internal quality, and economic performance of Atlantic, Superior, and Snowden potato varieties in eastern North Carolina}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0003-0589"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02853623}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH}, author={Creamer, NG and Crozier, CR and Cubeta, MA}, year={1999}, pages={257–261} }
 @article{mundy_creamer_crozier_wilson_1999, title={Potato production on wide beds: Impact on held and selected soil physical characteristics}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1874-9380"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02910004}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH}, author={Mundy, C and Creamer, NG and Crozier, CR and Wilson, LG}, year={1999}, pages={323–330} }
 @article{creamer_bennett_stinner_1997, title={Evaluation of cover crop mixtures for use in vegetable production systems}, volume={32}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Creamer, N. G. and Bennett, M. A. and Stinner, B. R.}, year={1997}, pages={866–870} }
 @article{creamer_plassman_bennett_wood_stinner_cardina_1995, title={A method for mechanically killing cover crops to optimize weed suppression}, volume={10}, ISSN={0889-1893 1478-5498}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300006408}, DOI={10.1017/S0889189300006408}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Alternative Agriculture}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Creamer, N.G. and Plassman, B. and Bennett, M.A. and Wood, R.K. and Stinner, B.R. and Cardina, J.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={157–162} }