@article{wallis_barton_knappe_kotlarz_mcdonough_higgins_hoppin_adgate_2023, title={Source apportionment of serum PFASs in two highly exposed communities}, volume={855}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158842}, abstractNote={Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals that are ubiquitous in environmental and biological systems, including human serum. PFASs are used in many products and industrial processes and are tied to numerous health effects. Due to multiple sources and exposure pathways, methods are needed to identify PFAS sources in communities to develop targeted interventions. We assessed effectiveness of three source apportionment methods (UNMIX, positive matrix factorization [PMF], and principal component analysis - multiple linear regression [PCA-MLR]) for identifying contributors to human serum PFAS concentrations in two highly exposed populations in Colorado and North Carolina where drinking water was contaminated via upstream sources, including a Space Force base and a fluorochemical manufacturing plant. UNMIX and PMF models extracted three to four potential PFAS exposure sources in the Colorado and North Carolina cohorts while PCA-MLR classified two in each cohort. No sources were characterized in NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Study). Results suggest that these three methods can successfully identify sources in highly exposed populations. Future PFAS exposure research should focus on analyzing serum for an expanded PFAS panel, identifying cohorts with other distinct point source exposures, and combining biological and environmental data to better understand source apportionment results in the context of PFAS toxicokinetic behavior.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Wallis, Dylan J. and Barton, Kelsey E. and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Kotlarz, Nadine and McDonough, Carrie A. and Higgins, Christopher P. and Hoppin, Jane A. and Adgate, John L.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kotlarz_holcomb_pasha_reckling_kays_lai_daly_palani_bailey_guidry_et al._2023, title={Timing and Trends for Municipal Wastewater, Lab-Confirmed Case , and Syndromic Case Surveillance of COVID-19 in Raleigh, North Carolina}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1541-0048"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2022.307108}, abstractNote={Objectives. To compare 4 COVID-19 surveillance metrics in a major metropolitan area. Methods. We analyzed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater influent and primary solids in Raleigh, North Carolina, from April 10 through December 13, 2020. We compared wastewater results with lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases and syndromic COVID-like illness (CLI) cases to answer 3 questions: (1) Did they correlate? (2) What was the temporal alignment of the different surveillance systems? (3) Did periods of significant change (i.e., trends) align? Results. In the Raleigh sewershed, wastewater influent, wastewater primary solids, lab-confirmed cases, and CLI were strongly or moderately correlated. Trends in lab-confirmed cases and wastewater influent were observed earlier, followed by CLI and, lastly, wastewater primary solids. All 4 metrics showed sustained increases in COVID-19 in June, July, and November 2020 and sustained decreases in August and September 2020. Conclusions. In a major metropolitan area in 2020, the timing of and trends in municipal wastewater, lab-confirmed case, and syndromic case surveillance of COVID-19 were in general agreement. Public Health Implications. Our results provide evidence for investment in SARS-CoV-2 wastewater and CLI surveillance to complement information provided through lab-confirmed cases. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(1):79–88. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307108 )}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Kotlarz, Nadine and Holcomb, David A. and Pasha, Tanvir and Reckling, Stacie and Kays, Judith and Lai, Yi-Chun and Daly, Sean and Palani, Sivaranjani and Bailey, Erika and Guidry, Virginia T. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={79–88} }
 @article{rosen_kotlarz_knappe_lea_collier_richardson_hoppin_2022, title={Drinking Water-Associated PFAS and Fluoroethers and Lipid Outcomes in the GenX Exposure Study}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11033}, DOI={10.1289/EHP11033}, abstractNote={Residents of Wilmington, North, Carolina, were exposed to drinking water contaminated by fluoroethers and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with fluoroether exposure occurring from 1980 to 2017. PFOA and PFOS have previously been associated with metabolic dysfunction; however, few prior studies have examined associations between other PFAS and lipid levels.We measured the association between serum fluoroether and legacy PFAS levels and various cholesterol outcomes.Participants in the GenX Exposure Study contributed nonfasting blood samples in November 2017 and May 2018 that were analyzed for 20 PFAS (10 legacy, 10 fluoroethers) and serum lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides] and calculated non-HDL cholesterol. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations between quartiles of exposure to each of the PFAS measures (as well as the summed concentrations of legacy PFAS, fluoroethers, and all 10 targeted PFAS) and lipid outcomes by fitting inverse probability of treatment weighted linear regressions.In this cross-sectional study of 326 participants (age range 6-86 y), eight PFAS were detected in >50% of the population. For PFOS and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), non-HDL cholesterol was approximately 5mg/dL higher per exposure quartile increase: [PFOS: 4.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10, 9.68 and PFNA: 5.25 (95% CI: 0.39, 10.1)], whereas total cholesterol was approximately 6mg/dL higher per quartile [PFOS: 5.71 (95% CI: 0.38, 11.0), PFNA: 5.92 (95% CI: 0.19, 11.7)]. In age-stratified analyses, associations were strongest among the oldest participants. Two fluoroethers were associated with higher HDL, whereas other fluoroether compounds were not associated with serum lipid levels.PFNA and PFOS were associated with higher levels of total and non-HDL cholesterol, with associations larger in magnitude among older adults. In the presence of these legacy PFAS, fluoroethers appeared to be associated with HDL but not non-HDL lipid measures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11033.}, number={9}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Rosen, Emma M. and Kotlarz, Nadine and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Lea, C. Suzanne and Collier, David N. and Richardson, David B. and Hoppin, Jane A.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{guillette_mccord_guillette_polera_rachels_morgeson_kotlarz_knappe_reading_strynar_et al._2020, title={Elevated levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Cape Fear River Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) are associated with biomarkers of altered immune and liver function}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1873-6750"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85079172705&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.envint.2019.105358}, abstractNote={Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals of concern that persist in the environment. Environmental monitoring revealed high concentrations of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) and other novel PFAS in the lower Cape Fear River; however, there is limited information on PFAS exposures and effects of this contamination on aquatic biota. Serum concentrations of 23 PFAS in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) from the Cape Fear River (n = 58) and a reference population from an aquaculture laboratory on the Pamlico/Tar watershed (n = 29) were quantified using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and correlations between PFAS concentrations and health-related serum biomarkers were evaluated. Perfluorooctane sulfonate, the predominant PFAS in Cape Fear River Striped Bass serum, was detectable in every sample with serum concentrations reaching 977 ng/mL. Perfluorononanoic and perfluorodecanoic acid were also detected in all samples, with perfluorohexanesulfonic acid present in >98% of the samples. HFPO-DA (range <0.24-5.85 ng/mL) and Nafion byproduct 2 (range <0.2-1.03 ng/mL) were detected in 48% and 78% of samples, respectively. The mean total PFAS concentration found in domestic Striped Bass raised in well-water under controlled aquaculture conditions was 40 times lower, with HPFO-DA detected in 10% of the samples, and Nafion byproduct 2 was not detected. The elevated PFAS concentrations found in the Cape Fear River Striped Bass were associated with biomarkers of alterations in the liver and immune system.}, journal={ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Guillette, T. C. and McCord, James and Guillette, Matthew and Polera, M. E. and Rachels, Kyle T. and Morgeson, Clint and Kotlarz, Nadine and Knappe, Detlef R. U. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Strynar, Mark and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{haig_kotlarz_kalikin_chen_guikema_lipuma_raskin_2020, title={Emerging investigator series: bacterial opportunistic pathogen gene markers in municipal drinking water are associated with distribution system and household plumbing characteristics}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2053-1419"]}, DOI={10.1039/d0ew00723d}, abstractNote={Municipally-treated drinking water (DW) is a potential source of exposure to bacterial opportunistic pathogens (OPs), which can cause infection in susceptible individuals.}, number={11}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Haig, Sarah-Jane and Kotlarz, Nadine and Kalikin, Linda M. and Chen, Thomas and Guikema, Seth and LiPuma, John J. and Raskin, Lutgarde}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={3032–3043} }
 @article{kotlarz_mccord_collier_lea_strynar_lindstrom_wilkie_islam_matney_tarte_et al._2020, title={Measurement of Novel, Drinking Water-Associated PFAS in Blood from Adults and Children in Wilmington, North Carolina}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1552-9924"]}, DOI={10.1289/EHP6837}, abstractNote={Background: From 1980 to 2017, a fluorochemical manufacturing facility discharged wastewater containing poorly understood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the Cape Fear River, the prim...}, number={7}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES}, author={Kotlarz, Nadine and McCord, James and Collier, David and Lea, C. Suzanne and Strynar, Mark and Lindstrom, Andrew B. and Wilkie, Adrien A. and Islam, Jessica Y. and Matney, Katelyn and Tarte, Phillip and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kotlarz_raskin_zimbric_errickson_lipuma_caverly_2019, title={Retrospective Analysis of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection and Monochloramine Disinfection of Municipal Drinking Water in Michigan}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2379-5042"]}, DOI={10.1128/mSphere.00160-19}, abstractNote={Infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) result in significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. NTM are primarily acquired from environmental sources, including exposure to municipally treated drinking water. Higher levels of NTM have been reported in drinking water disinfected with monochloramine than in drinking water disinfected with chlorine. Our results suggest that municipal drinking water disinfection with monochloramine compared to chlorine is not associated with higher risk of NTM infection. This is important given that regulations that limit drinking water concentrations of disinfection by-products, which are formed primarily when chlorine disinfection is used, incentivize drinking water utilities to change from chlorine disinfection to monochloramine disinfection.}, number={4}, journal={MSPHERE}, author={Kotlarz, Nadine and Raskin, Lutgarde and Zimbric, Madsen and Errickson, Josh and LiPuma, John J. and Caverly, Lindsay J.}, year={2019} }
 @article{haig_kotlarz_lipuma_raskin_2018, title={A High-Throughput Approach for Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water Reveals Relationship between Water Age and Mycobacterium avium}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2150-7511"]}, DOI={10.1128/mbio.02354-17}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) frequently detected in drinking water (DW) include species associated with human infections, as well as species rarely linked to disease. Methods for improved the recovery of NTM DNA and high-throughput identification of NTM are needed for risk assessment of NTM infection through DW exposure. In this study, different methods of recovering bacterial DNA from DW were compared, revealing that a phenol-chloroform DNA extraction method yielded two to four times as much total DNA and eight times as much NTM DNA as two commercial DNA extraction kits. This method, combined with high-throughput, single-molecule real-time sequencing of NTM rpoB genes, allowed the identification of NTM to the species, subspecies, and (in some cases) strain levels. This approach was applied to DW samples collected from 15 households serviced by a chloraminated distribution system, with homes located in areas representing short (<24 h) and long (>24 h) distribution system residence times. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that greater water age (i.e., combined distribution system residence time and home plumbing stagnation time) was associated with a greater relative abundance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium , one of the most prevalent NTM causing infections in humans. DW from homes closer to the treatment plant (with a shorter water age) contained more diverse NTM species, including Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae . Overall, our approach allows NTM identification to the species and subspecies levels and can be used in future studies to assess the risk of waterborne infection by providing insight into the similarity between environmental and infection-associated NTM. IMPORTANCE An extraction method for improved recovery of DNA from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), combined with single-molecule real-time sequencing (PacBio) of NTM rpoB genes, was used for high-throughput characterization of NTM species and in some cases strains in drinking water (DW). The extraction procedure recovered, on average, eight times as much NTM DNA and three times as much total DNA from DW as two widely used commercial DNA extraction kits. The combined DNA extraction and sequencing approach allowed high-throughput screening of DW samples to identify NTM, revealing that the relative abundance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium increased with water age. Furthermore, the two-step barcoding approach developed as part of the PacBio sequencing method makes this procedure highly adaptable, allowing it to be used for other target genes and species.}, number={1}, journal={MBIO}, author={Haig, Sarah-Jane and Kotlarz, Nadine and LiPuma, John J. and Raskin, Lutgarde}, year={2018} }
 @article{kotlarz_rockey_olson_haig_sanford_lipuma_raskin_2018, title={Biofilms in Full-Scale Drinking Water Ozone Contactors Contribute Viable Bacteria to Ozonated Water}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.7b04212}, abstractNote={Concentrations of viable microbial cells were monitored using culture-based and culture-independent methods across multichamber ozone contactors in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. Membrane-intact and culturable cell concentrations in ozone contactor effluents ranged from 1200 to 3750 cells/mL and from 200 to 3850 colony forming units/mL, respectively. Viable cell concentrations decreased significantly in the first ozone contact chamber, but rose, even as ozone exposure increased, in subsequent chambers. Our results implicate microbial detachment from biofilms on contactor surfaces, and from biomass present within lime softening sediments in a hydraulic dead zone, as a possible reason for increasing cell concentrations in water samples from sequential ozone chambers. Biofilm community structures on baffle walls upstream and downstream from the dead zone were significantly different from each other ( p = 0.017). The biofilms downstream of the dead zone contained a significantly ( p = 0.036) higher relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Mycobacterium and Legionella than the upstream biofilms. These results have important implications as the effluent from ozone contactors is often treated further in biologically active filters and bacteria in ozonated water continuously seed filter microbial communities.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kotlarz, Nadine and Rockey, Nicole and Olson, Terese M. and Haig, Sarah-Jane and Sanford, Larry and LiPuma, John J. and Raskin, Lutgarde}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={2618–2628} }