@article{dannemiller_ozawa_petritz_musulin_2024, title={Major crossmatch compatibility of rabbit blood with rabbit, canine, and feline blood}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13362}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13362}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the major crossmatch compatibility between rabbit recipients, rabbit donors, and the major canine and feline blood types.DesignProspective in vitro study in December 2021.SettingAcademic veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsWhole blood samples were collected from 11 healthy New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with no previous transfusion history. Three pigtail segments were acquired from dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA)‐1‐positive, DEA‐1‐negative, and feline type A blood units. Whole blood was collected from a healthy type B blood donor cat.InterventionsBlood from each rabbit recipient underwent a major crossmatch using standard tube crossmatch methodology with itself and the following donor blood types: rabbit, DEA‐1‐positive, DEA‐1‐negative, feline type A, and feline type B.Measurements and Main ResultsSelf‐crossmatches and crossmatches between rabbit recipients and conspecific donors were negative for hemolysis and agglutination. Crossmatches between rabbit recipients and canine and feline donors yielded no hemolysis but produced varying degrees of macroscopic and microscopic agglutination. Rabbit recipients had 1.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.8) times the risk of macroscopic agglutination when major crossmatched with canine blood compared to feline blood. No significant difference in agglutination was found between DEA‐1‐positive and DEA‐1‐negative or feline type A and type B donors.ConclusionsThese findings support allogeneic blood transfusions between rabbits being highly compatible and suggest rabbits have naturally occurring alloantibodies against both canine and feline red blood cells. However, feline red blood cells had a lower rate of in vitro incompatibility on major crossmatch, suggesting potentially higher in vivo compatibility if an emergency xenotransfusion is needed. Further prospective research is needed to determine if xenotransfusion is associated with a higher incidence of acute and delayed transfusion reactions in rabbits than allogeneic transfusions.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Dannemiller, Nicholas G. and Ozawa, Sarah M. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Musulin, Sarah E.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{tucker-retter_petritz_westermeyer_2024, title={Mydriasis in eastern box turtles (<i>Terrapene carolina carolina</i>) following topical administration of proparacaine, 10% phenylephrine, and rocuronium bromide}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13229}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13229}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To determine the mydriatic effect of topical 10% phenylephrine with 10 mg/mL rocuronium bromide and compare this protocol with and without pretreatment with proparacaine. Animals Studied Ten client‐owned pet adult eastern box turtles ( Terrapene carolina carolina ). Procedures All turtles were sedated with 8 mg/kg alfaxalone intramuscularly. One group of four turtles received four 20 μL drops of 10% phenylephrine and four 20 μL drops of rocuronium bromide in the right eye. Another group of four turtles received one standard drop of proparacaine followed by four 20 μL drops of 10% phenylephrine and four 20 μL drops of rocuronium bromide in the right eye. Two control group turtles received four 20 μL drops of saline in the right eye. The left eye was untreated in all turtles. Drops of the same type were separated by 2 min while drops of different types were separated by 5 min. Pupil size was recorded at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min after administration of the final drop. Results Treatment with 10% phenylephrine and rocuronium bromide resulted in pupil diameter changes from baseline that were statistically significant from zero at 60, 90, and 120 min in the non‐proparacaine group and 90 min in the proparacaine group. The time to peak effect was 90 min in the proparacaine group and 75 min in the non‐proparacaine group. Saline‐treated pupils in the control group decreased in diameter over the study period. Overall, the treated eyes of the proparacaine group and non‐proparacaine group were not different from each other, but both dilated more than the control group. Conclusions Rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine can produce effective and safe mydriasis in eastern box turtles, but there was wide interindividual variation in effectiveness. Proparacaine did not improve the mydriatic effect.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Tucker-Retter, Emily K. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{hastain_mumm_ozawa_petritz_gaudette_troan_stowe_2024, title={Osteosarcoma of the wing in a sulfur-crested cockatoo}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13322}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13322}, abstractNote={AbstractA 26‐year‐old female sulfur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) was evaluated for vocalizing through the night and extending her right wing. Physical examination revealed a large, firm mass extending from the humerus to the distal aspect of the elbow. Computed tomography confirmed a large aggressive mass of the right distal humerus with a large soft tissue component, severe osteolysis, and adjacent periosteal proliferation. Fine‐needle aspirates of the mass were most compatible with sarcoma, and osteosarcoma was prioritized. An unstained slide was treated with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl phosphate toluidine salt‐phosphatase (NBT/BCIP) substrate for ALP detection and was strongly positive, confirming a diagnosis of osteosarcoma. A month later, the patient underwent wing amputation and arrested during recovery from anesthesia. Post‐mortem examination and histopathology were consistent with osteosarcoma. This case report highlights a rare occurrence of osteosarcoma in a cockatoo as well as its cytologic and histologic features. Additionally, this report provides support for NBT/BCIP application in ALP‐expressing tumors, a cytochemical stain that has been minimally investigated in avian species.}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Hastain, Sydney A. and Mumm, Lauren and Ozawa, Sarah and Petritz, Olivia and Gaudette, Chris and Troan, Brigid V. and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{elliot_enomoto_petritz_crespo_yeatts_fricke_singleton_thomson_baynes_2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and trans-dermally administered fluralaner in healthy laying shaver hens: fluralaner in chickens}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.103362}, abstractNote={Ectoparasite infestations negatively affect both backyard and commercial chicken flocks in the US. Fluralaner is an isoxazoline shown to be efficacious in treating mite and bed bug infestations in poultry. Fluralaner is approved to treat fleas and ticks in dogs and cats in the US and to treat mite infestations of chickens in Europe and Australia; however, the use of fluralaner in poultry is not yet approved in the US. This study aimed to investigate the plasma fluralaner pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous and transdermal routes and apparent bioavailability of fluralaner administered trans-dermally in healthy shaver hens. A total of 12 individually housed healthy shaver hens received a single dose of either intravenous technical grade fluralaner at 0.5 mg/kg, or transdermal fluralaner (Bravecto® (fluralaner transdermal solution) for dogs, 280 mg/mL, Merck Animal Health) at mean 58.7 mg/kg. Plasma from each hen was collected from the jugular, ulnar or medial metatarsal vein at multiple intervals. Fluralaner concentrations in plasma were determined using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Non-compartmental analysis revealed that the geometric mean elimination half-life for intravenous and transdermal routes were 80.5 and 179.6 hours, respectively. The geometric mean apparent bioavailability of transdermal routes was estimated as 3.4 %. Prolonged fluralaner concentration in plasma above minimum inhibitory concentration of bed bugs following the single dose was observed in healthy shaver hens for both routes. It is important to understand the pharmacokinetic profile could be useful in determining the appropriate treatment strategy.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elliot, Baxter A. and Enomoto, Hiroko and Petritz, Olivia and Crespo, Rocio and Yeatts, James and Fricke, Isabel and Singleton, Abby and Thomson, Andrea and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{enomoto_elliot_petritz_crespo_yeatts_sheela_fricke_singleton_thomson_baynes_2024, title={Residue, distribution and depletion of fluralaner in egg following a single intravenous and transdermal administration in healthy shaver hens: fluralaner residue in egg}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103843}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2024.103843}, abstractNote={The demand for the use of fluralaner in an extra label manner is increasing due to lack of efficacious treatment to combat mites and bed bugs in the poultry industry in the United States. Fluralaner residue data in eggs is lacking and residues might cause risks to human health. The present study aimed to determine the depletion profiles of fluralaner in eggs and estimate the drug withdrawal interval in whole eggs by adopting the US Food and Drug administration tolerance limit method with single intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) or transdermal administration (average 58.7 mg/kg) in healthy shaver hens. Hens were treated intravenously or trans-dermally with fluralaner. The eggs were collected daily for 28 days for intravenous treated and for 40 days from the transdermal route group. Fluralaner concentrations in yolk and albumen were determined by mass spectrometry. The greater percentage of fluralaner was observed in yolk when compared to the albumen for both administration routes. Non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters in yolk, albumen and whole egg. The longest apparent half-life confirmed in yolk was 3.7 days for intravenous and 14.3 days for the transdermal route. The withdrawal intervals in whole egg for fluralaner following the intravenous and transdermal administration were 7 days and 81 days, respectively, with maximum residue limits (1.3 µg/g) at 13 days and 171 days, respectively, based on the limit of quantification (0.4 µg/g) from the analytical assay reported by EMA and APVMA.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Enomoto, Hiroko and Elliot, Baxter A. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Crespo, Rocio and Yeatts, James and Sheela, Farha Ferdous and Fricke, Isabel and Singleton, Abby and Thomson, Andrea and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{rimbach_petritz_balko_pontzer_2024, title={Urban eastern gray squirrels (<i>sciurus carolinensis</i>) show little seasonal variation in biochemical and hematological parameters}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1573-1642"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-024-01566-6}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-024-01566-6}, abstractNote={Abstract Urban wildlife faces unique physiological and behavioral challenges compared to conspecifics which live in less altered natural habitats. Animals in urban habitats are also exposed to urban stressors and commonly make use of inappropriate food sources from trash bins and dumpsters, which may affect their heath status. The goals of this study were to evaluate overall health of an urban population of eastern gray squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) and to assess seasonal changes in several health parameters. Squirrels ( N = 45) were trapped in Durham, North Carolina, USA and briefly anesthetized with inhalant anesthetic for physical examination, body mass collection, and venipuncture via the femoral vein. Collected blood was analyzed for several health parameters via hematology and biochemistry analyses including assessment of lipids and kidney and liver values. Physical examinations were clinically unremarkable and similar across seasons. Females had higher cholesterol values and lower creatinine values compared to males. Seasonal differences occurred in few parameters and were detected only between summer and either fall or spring. Potassium and monocytes were higher in summer compared to spring, and creatinine, BUN and monocytes were higher in summer compared to fall. Overall, health parameters of urban eastern gray squirrels fell within published reference ranges for the species. Together, these results suggest that urban squirrels in this study population can maintain good health in an anthropogenic habitat.}, journal={URBAN ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Rimbach, Rebecca and Petritz, Olivia A. and Balko, Julie A. and Pontzer, Herman}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{heniff_petritz_carpenter_lewbart_balko_2024, title={Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles<i> (Terrapene</i><i> carolina</i><i> carolina)</i> is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.23.10.0226}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To compare dexmedetomidine-ketamine (DK; 0.1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) with midazolam (M; 1.0 mg/kg) or 0.9% sodium chloride (S; 0.2 mL/kg) administered IM in the forelimb (F) or hindlimb (H) in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina).


ANIMALS
20 clinically healthy, captive adult eastern box turtles.


METHODS
In a randomized, blinded, complete crossover study with 1-week washout periods, turtles were administered each of 3 treatments: F-DKS, F-DKM, or H-DKM. Palpebral reflex, muscle tone, and withdrawal responses were serially assessed and used to calculate cumulative sedation scores at each 5-minute time point. The ability to intubate was evaluated. At 60 minutes, atipamezole (1.0 mg/kg) and either flumazenil (F-DKM, H-DKM; 0.05 mg/kg) or 0.9% sodium chloride (F-DKS; 0.5 mL/kg) were administered IM.


RESULTS
All treatments resulted in clinically relevant anesthetic effects. F-DKM produced significantly higher sedation scores than H-DKM or F-DKS at all time points between 10 and 60 minutes (P < .05). Sedation score variability was observed with all treatments with significantly higher variability for H-DKM (P < .05). Intubation was successful in 32, 89, and 11% of turtles in F-DKS, F-DKM, and H-DKM, respectively. Median (range) recovery time was 10 (5–22), 16 (7–45), and 12 (4–28) minutes for F-DKS, F-DKM, and H-DKM, respectively.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In eastern box turtles, forelimb dexmedetomidine-ketamine resulted in clinically relevant anesthetic effects that were heightened with the addition of midazolam. Hindlimb administration of midazolam-dexmedetomidine-ketamine resulted in reduced and more variable anesthetic effects compared to forelimb administration, supporting a hepatic first-pass effect.
}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Carpenter, Rachel G. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Balko, Julie. A.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{sheats_petritz_robertson_2023, title={Investigation of a Questionnaire Used to Measure Self-Perception of Self-Regulated Learning in Veterinary Students}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2023-0046}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2023-0046}, abstractNote={ In the United States, the veterinary medical curriculum is 4 years, and at most institutions, no more than one-third of that time is devoted to clinical training, meaning that graduates must continue learning post-graduation. Additionally, practicing veterinarians must keep up with new discoveries and techniques in the veterinary medical field, and may also choose to pursue specific interests or specialties post-graduation. For these reasons, it is essential that veterinarians be competent, self-regulated, life-long learners. Despite agreement regarding the importance of self-regulated learning (SRL) for veterinary professionals, there is currently a paucity of data available on self-regulated learning in veterinary students. The Self-Regulated Learning Perception Scale (SRLPS) is a 41-item instrument that has been previously validated in other graduate student populations, including medical students. It addresses four domains of self-regulated learning including motivation and action to learning, planning and goal setting, strategies for learning, and assessment and self-directedness. For this project, we hypothesized that the SRLPS would have high reliability among veterinary students. As part of a larger online survey, 82 veterinary students (years 1–4) voluntarily completed the SRLPS. The instrument was generally internally consistent, with the dimensions “Motivation and action to learn,” “Planning and goal setting,” “Strategies for learning and assessment,” and “Lack of self-directedness” having Cronbach's alpha values of .73, .8, .87, and .63 respectively. The SRLPS could have broad applications in veterinary educational practices and research, including assessing impact of courses on professional development and/or coaching/mentoring programs and better understanding short- and long-term educational and career outcomes for veterinarians. }, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Sheats, M. Katie and Petritz, Olivia A. and Robertson, James B.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{petritz_enomoto_meyer_thomson_baynes_flammer_2023, title={Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim After Oral Administration of Single and Multiple Doses to Rhode Island Red Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/22-00020}, abstractNote={Abstract: Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP), a commonly prescribed antibiotic for backyard hens, is neither Food and Drug Administration approved nor prohibited in laying hens in the United States. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma concentrations above targeted minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint values for Enterobacteriaceae could be achieved with oral dosing. Five Rhode Island red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were administered a single dose of 96 mg/kg SMZ-TMP (80 mg/kg SMZ and 16 mg/kg TMP) IV followed by the same dose orally after a washout period. Following oral dosing, mean SMZ concentrations exceeded the target breakpoint for approximately 12 hours; however, TMP only briefly exceeded the target breakpoint. Bioavailability was 60.5% for SMZ and 82.0% for TMP. Ten naïve birds were allocated into control (n = 4) and treatment (n = 6) groups for a 7-day multi-dose study. Treatment birds received an oral suspension dosed at 16 mg/kg TMP and 80 mg/kg SMZ every 48 hours (on days 1, 3, 5, and 7); TMP tablets were additionally dosed at 25 mg/bird on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and 50 mg/bird on days 2, 4, and 6. Plasma SMZ-TMP concentrations were measured on a multiple time interval by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using a noncompartmental model. No accumulation for either drug was noted following repeated dosing, and no statistical differences in biochemical values, packed cell volumes, or weight were found between pre- and posttreatment in either the treatment or control groups. Sulfamethoxazole (80 mg/kg q48h PO) and TMP (24.1–28.0 mg/kg q24h PO) maintained therapeutic plasma concentrations at or exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint of Enterobacteriaceae for 72 and 24 hours for TMP and SMZ, respectively, without evidence of adverse effects or drug accumulation. Further studies are needed to refine this dosage regimen and evaluate adverse effects in ill birds.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Enomoto, Hiroko and Meyer, Emma G. and Thomson, Andrea and Baynes, Ronald E. and Flammer, Keven}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={1–12} }
 @article{gonzalez-morales_thomson_yeatts_enomoto_haija_santangelo_petritz_crespo_schal_baynes_2023, title={Pharmacokinetics of fluralaner as a systemic drug to control infestations of the common bed bug, <i>Cimex lectularius</i>, in poultry facilities}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1756-3305"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-05962-3}, DOI={10.1186/s13071-023-05962-3}, abstractNote={Abstract
                Background
                Bed bug infestations are re-emerging in the poultry industry throughout the USA. Although the impacts of bed bugs on birds’ health and welfare are poorly understood, adverse outcomes are expected, including stress, anemia, infections and lower production rates. Worker welfare is also an important consideration in commercial poultry farms. A limited number of insecticides are available for use in the complex spatial environment of commercial farms. Systemic drugs have the potential to overcome the limitations of existing pest management tactics. A recent study showed that fluralaner administered to chickens caused high levels of mortality in bed bugs.
              
                Methods
                To further understand the efficacy of this approach, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics of an oral solid formulation of fluralaner in 11 chickens and quantified its plasma concentration in chickens using UPLC/MS. We administered fluralaner to chickens with two doses of Bravecto® (each 0.5 mg/kg body mass) via gavage 1 week apart and evaluated its efficacy on bed bugs that fed on medicated chickens for up to 28 days post-treatment.
              
                Results
                Bed bugs that fed on fluralaner-treated chickens experienced > 50% mortality within 30 min of the administration of Bravecto and 100% mortality 2 days post-treatment. Mortality slowly declined to 66.6% by day 28. Fluralaner was quantifiable in the hens’ plasma for at least 28 days post-treatment. The treatment resulted in maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 106.4 ng/ml around day 9.0 (Tmax), substantially higher than the LC90, the concentration needed to kill 90% of the bed bugs.
              
                Conclusions
                Fluralaner appears to be a promising candidate for bed bug control in poultry farms, with a treatment effect lasting at least 28 days.
              
                Graphical Abstract
                
              }, number={1}, journal={PARASITES & VECTORS}, author={Gonzalez-Morales, Maria A. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Yeatts, James and Enomoto, Hiroko and Haija, Ahmed and Santangelo, Richard G. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Crespo, Rocio and Schal, Coby and Baynes, Ronald}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gonzalez_balko_sadar_alexander_sheldon_doss_keller_gardhouse_petritz_2023, title={Retrospective evaluation of wobbly hedgehog syndrome in 49 African pygmy hedgehogs (<i>Atelerix albiventris</i>): 2000-2020}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.03.0167}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To retrospectively evaluate the prevalence and clinical progression of wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS) and concurrent incidence of neoplasia in a cohort of African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris).


ANIMALS
49 hedgehogs.


CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROCEDURES
Medical records of hedgehogs from 7 institutions across the US over a 20-year period (2000 to 2020) were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were hedgehogs of any sex or age with postmortem CNS histopathology consistent with WHS. Collected data included sex, age at onset and euthanasia, major histopathologic findings, reported neurologic clinical signs, and treatments administered.


RESULTS
24 males and 25 females were included. Fifteen of 49 (31%) individuals had subclinical WHS with no reported antemortem neurologic clinical signs. In neurologically affected (clinical) hedgehogs (n = 34), the mean ± SD age at onset was 3.3 ± 1.5 years with a median (range) time from onset to euthanasia of 51 days (1 to 319 days). In neurologically affected hedgehogs, the most commonly reported clinical signs were ataxia (n = 21) and pelvic limb paresis (16) and the most commonly administered treatment was meloxicam (13). Overall, 31 of 49 (63%) hedgehogs had a concurrent histopathologic diagnosis of neoplasia outside of the CNS.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The prognosis for hedgehogs with WHS is poor. No treatment had a significant effect on survival time, and neoplasia was a common comorbidity in the current cohort. A small but clinically relevant subset of neurologically normal hedgehogs had a histopathologic diagnosis of WHS.
}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gonzalez, Gabriela A. and Balko, Julie A. and Sadar, Miranda J. and Alexander, Amy B. and Sheldon, Julie D. and Doss, Grayson A. and Keller, Krista A. and Gardhouse, Sara M. and Petritz, Olivia A.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{knutson_petritz_sadar_cohen_schachterle_chen_2022, title={Diagnosis and management of nasopharyngeal stenosis in four guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.006}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.006}, abstractNote={Respiratory disease is common in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). As obligate nasal breathers, disease of the upper airway can result in significant dyspnea. Nasopharyngeal stenosis is defined as a luminal narrowing of the nasopharynx, which extends from the choana to the caudal margin of the soft palate. This condition can be acquired or congenital and has been diagnosed in other species. However, nasopharyngeal stenosis has not been previously described in guinea pigs. Four guinea pigs were presented with chronic, recurrent upper respiratory signs including stertor, oculonasal discharge, tachypnea, and dyspnea. All four animals had signs suggestive of upper respiratory tract disease on examination. Nasopharyngeal stenosis was identified at the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx at the level of the choana via computed tomography (CT) in all cases. Otitis media was also present in three of the four cases. Antibiotic therapy was instituted for all animals. Two of the four guinea pigs were treated with prednisolone and two were treated with meloxicam to control associated inflammation. One animal died 2 months after diagnosis due to complications from severe otitis media. One individual was euthanized due to progressive disease after a year and a half of treatment. One guinea pig was lost to follow up after 6 months. The remaining guinea pig was alive at the time this case series was written (11 months after initial diagnosis) but continues to have signs of upper airway disease. Nasopharyngeal stenosis is an important differential diagnosis for persistent upper respiratory signs in guinea pigs. CT was diagnostic in all cases, identifying nasopharyngeal stenosis at the level of the choana, and allowed identification of comorbidities (otitis media and rhinitis). Medical management resulted in survival times from 2 months to a year and a half following diagnosis. Further investigation into minimally invasive interventions such as balloon dilation and stent placement are warranted for future cases.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Knutson, Kyra A. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Sadar, Miranda J. and Cohen, Eli B. and Schachterle, Karen and Chen, Sue}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={21–28} }
 @article{knutson_petritz_thomson_robertson_balko_2022, title={Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone and Midazolam Compared With Midazolam and Butorphanol in Rhode Island Red Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/20-00087}, abstractNote={Abstract: Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) often undergo veterinary procedures requiring sedation; however, there is little published research evaluating the efficacy of sedation protocols in this species. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of intramuscular alfaxalone and midazolam compared with intramuscular butorphanol and midazolam in chickens. In a complete crossover study, 11 healthy adult hens were randomly administered midazolam 2.5 mg/kg IM combined with either alfaxalone 15 mg/kg IM (AM, n = 11) or butorphanol 3 mg/kg IM (BM, n = 11), with a 35-day washout period between groups. Time to first effects, recumbency, standing, and recovery were recorded. Physiologic parameters and sedation scores were recorded every 5 minutes by 2 blinded investigators. Fifteen minutes after injection, positioning for sham whole body radiographs was attempted. At 30 minutes, flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg IM was administered to all hens. Peak total sedation score was significantly higher for AM compared with BM (P < 0.001). Mean ± SD or median (range) time to initial effects, recumbency, standing, and recovery in AM and BM were 1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.9 (P = 0.02), 3.5 (1.6–7.6) and 4.8 (2.2–13.0) (P = 0.10), 40.3 (28.0–77.8) and 33.2 (5.2–41.3) (P = 0.15), and 71.2 (45.7–202.3) and 39.9 (35.9–45.9) minutes (P = 0.05), respectively. Radiographic positioning was successful in 6 of 11 (54.5%) and 0 of 11 (0%) birds in the AM and BM groups at 15 minutes, respectively. Heart and respiratory rates remained within acceptable clinical limits for all birds. Intramuscular AM resulted in significantly faster onset of sedative effects, significantly longer duration of recumbency, significantly higher peak sedation, and improved success of radiographic positioning compared with intramuscular BM. Intramuscular AM produces clinically effective sedation in chickens without clinically significant cardiorespiratory effects.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Knutson, Kyra A. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Thomson, Andrea and Robertson, James and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={287–294} }
 @article{harrison_morello_royal_petritz_snyder_2022, title={Effects of gender on income and family planning for diplomates of the American College of Zoological Medicine}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.20.05.0250}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate income and family planning decisions of American College of Zoological Medicine (ACZM) diplomates.


SAMPLE
98 ACZM diplomates.


PROCEDURES
An online survey was sent to 201 ACZM diplomates. Participation was voluntary.


RESULTS
98 (49%) diplomates responded to the survey. The most commonly reported income categories were $90,000 to $94,999, $100,000 to $104,999, and $110,000 to $114,999. Overall, the mean of the salary-category midpoint responses was $105,357 but was $122,917 for those in academia and $94,508 for those working in zoos and aquaria. When incomes of males and females were matched (24 pairs matched for gender and age), no difference in income was observed. There were no significant differences in income between males and females with and without children. Diplomates who did not complete a residency had significantly higher incomes than diplomates who did. Sixteen of 21 (76%) females and 9 of 19 (47%) males reported delaying having children because of their career. Additionally, a higher percentage of females with children (13/20 [65%]) than males with children (3/19 [16%]) felt that having children had had a negative effect on their career. Thirty-five of 41 (85%) females without children and 4 of 9 (44%) males without children thought having children would have negatively affected their careers.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Although substantial differences in income between female and male ACZM diplomates were not identified, differences in family planning and perceptions of the impact of having children on their careers did exist.
}, number={2}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Harrison, Tara M. and Morello, Samantha and Royal, Kenneth and Petritz, Olivia and Snyder, Amy}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={251–256} }
 @article{knutson_petritz_womble_lewbart_balko_2021, title={Evaluation of euthanasia methods using injectable agents in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius)}, url={https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00006}, DOI={10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00006}, abstractNote={Abstract Reptile euthanasia techniques are poorly described. This nonblinded randomized study compared pentobarbital, lidocaine, and potassium chloride (KCl) for leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) euthanasia at 20°C (68°F) and evaluated for postmortem artifacts. Fifty-three clinically healthy adult leopard gecko were scheduled for euthanasia due to Cryptosporidium varanii exposure. Based on pilot-study results, geckos randomly received one of six treatments: intracoelomic (ICo) pentobarbital 400 mg/kg (ICo-P4, n = 9) or 800 mg/kg (ICo-P8, n = 9), intramuscular (IM) alfaxalone 20 mg/kg followed by intracardiac (ICa) pentobarbital 800 mg/kg (ICa-P, n = 9), KCl 10 mEq/kg (ICa-K, n = 9), or lidocaine 100 mg/kg (ICa-L, n = 9) or IM alfaxalone 20mg/kg (IM-A, n = 8, control). Serial Doppler heart rate assessments were performed until cardiac arrest, 30 min (ICa groups), or 60 min (ICo groups) posttreatment. Cardiac arrest occurred in 7/9, 9/9, 9/9, 8/9, and 8/9 geckos in ICo-P4, ICo-P8, ICa-P, ICa-K, and ICa-L, respectively, with median (range) times of 35 (25–45), 30 (15–60), 0 (0–6.33), 0 (0–0.05), and 0 (0–0.03) min. Side effects were noted in a subset of ICo-P (arched posture) and ICa-K (muscle spasms) geckos. Six geckos in ICa-L had Doppler sound resumption several hours following cessation, with three displaying spontaneous movement. All geckos in IM-A recovered. Intracardiac pentobarbital following IM alfaxalone caused rapid, permanent loss of heartbeat in all tested geckos. Intracoelomic pentobarbital was also effective, but had a prolonged time to cardiac arrest. Intracardiac lidocaine is not recommended for leopard gecko euthanasia.}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Knutson, Kyra and Petritz, Olivia A. and Womble, Mandy and Lewbart, Gregory A and Balko, Julie A}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{knutson_petritz_thomson_balko_2022, title={Intramuscular Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Compared with Ketamine-Butorphanol- Midazolam in New Zealand White Rabbits}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1559-6109"]}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-22-000038}, abstractNote={Rabbits are a common companion animal and research subject and frequently require sedation to facilitate procedures. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of intramuscular butorphanol and midazolam combined with either alfaxalone or ketamine in rabbits. In a complete
 crossover study, healthy New Zealand white rabbits (n = 9; age, 6 mo) randomly received midazolam (1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (1 mg/kg IM) combined with either alfaxalone (2 mg/kg IM; ABM) or ketamine (5 mg/kg IM; KBM). Time to first effects, recumbency, and standing (recovery) were
 recorded. Every 5 min during recumbency, an investigator who was blind to treatment group collected serial physiologic parameters and sedation scores. At 5 min after rabbits became recumbent, manipulations were performed to mimic 2-view radiography and a cephalic intravenous catheter was placed.
 At 30 min after drug injection, flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg IM) was administered for reversal. Food consumption and fecal output were measured for 3 d after each study day. Time to standing and duration of recumbency differed significantly between groups. The median (range) of the total sedation
 score for ABM was 10 (8 to 10) and for KBM was 10 (6 to 10). Sham radiographs were successful in all rabbits in both groups. Physiologic parameters were not significantly different between groups over time. At 24 h after drug treatment, KBM-treated rabbits showed reduced food intake and both
 groups showed reduced fecal output. Total sedation scores decreased significantly over time in KBM rabbits ( P < 0.001) but not in ABM rabbits (P = 1). The duration of recumbency was significantly longer in ABM rabbits than in KBM rabbits. Both protocols produced sufficient
 sedation for radiograph acquisition without clinically significant adverse effects.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Knutson, Kyra A. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={475–481} }
 @article{rasche_parker_lewbart_petritz_watanabe_2022, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.21.07.0328}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Rasche, Brittany L. and Parker, Maryanna and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={305–307} }
 @article{mones_petritz_knych_sadar_thomson_guzman_2022, title={Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate in Rhode Island Red chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) following subcutaneous administration}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13082}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13082}, abstractNote={AbstractMaropitant citrate is a synthetic neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist and substance P inhibitor used for control of emesis in dogs in cats. Maropitant citrate is used empirically in birds, despite a lack of pharmacokinetic data in avian species. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of maropitant citrate 1 and 2 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) in eight Rhode Island Red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A crossover study design was used with 1‐week washout between trials. Blood samples were collected over 36 h after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via non‐compartmental analysis. The mean maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and elimination half‐life following 1 and 2 mg/kg SC were 915.6 ± 312.8 ng/ml and 1195.2 ± 320.2 ng/ml, 0.49 ± 0.21 h and 1.6 ± 2.6 h, and 8.47 ± 2.24 h and 8.58 ± 2.6 h, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data suggests doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg SC may be administered every 12–24 h to maintain above target plasma concentration similar to dogs (90 ng/ml). These data provide a basis for further investigation of maropitant citrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in birds.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Knych, Heather K. and Sadar, Miranda J. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{ozawa_thomson_petritz_2022, title={Safety and efficacy of oral mirtazapine in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.003}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2021.10.003}, abstractNote={One of the most common presenting complaints in rabbits is decreased food intake and/or fecal output. This can occur as a clinical consequence of pain, anesthesia and systemic or gastrointestinal disease. In conjunction with diagnosing and treating the underlying condition, veterinary care should aim to normalize food intake and fecal output. Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant that has appetite stimulating effects in other species. However, studies in rabbits are currently lacking. Nine six-month old, intact (4 male, 5 female) New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used in a randomized, blinded, controlled, complete cross-over experiment. Each rabbit received a low-dose of mirtazapine (1 mg/kg), high-dose (3 mg/kg) and control treatment orally once a day for a total of 2 sequential days with a 5- day washout period between treatment groups. Fecal output, food intake and body weight were measured before, during and after treatment. Fecal output was 25% higher (95% CI: 6.3%–46.9%, P= 0.01) on treatment days following high-dose mirtazapine treatment. Body weight was 1.5% higher (95% CI: 0. 5% to 2.6%, P= 0.006) for all groups on the 2 days following treatment compared to baseline. Body weight was reduced by 2.1% (95% CI: -3.6% to -0.6%, P= 0.011) the week following high-dose mirtazapine treatment. Mirtazapine did not have a statistically significant effect on food intake. Oral administration of mirtazapine at 3 mg/kg once a day resulted in increased fecal output but not a concurrent increase in food intake. Overall, mirtazapine is well tolerated and may be a useful treatment to increase fecal output in rabbits. However, due to a mild reduction in weight following treatment, clinical monitoring is warranted.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ozawa, Sarah and Thomson, Andrea and Petritz, Olivia}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={16–20} }
 @article{gonzalez-morales_thomson_petritz_crespo_haija_santangelo_schal_2022, title={Systemic veterinary drugs for control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, in poultry farms}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1756-3305"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13071-022-05555-6}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundThe common bed bug,CimexlectulariusL., is a hematophagous ectoparasite that was a common pest in poultry farms through the 1960s. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and organophosphates eradicated most infestations, but concurrent with their global resurgence as human ectoparasites, infestations of bed bugs have been reappearing in poultry farms. Although the impact of bed bugs on chicken health has not been quantified, frequent biting and blood-feeding are expected to cause stress, infections and even anemia in birds. Bed bug control options are limited due to the sensitive nature of the poultry environment, limited products labeled for bed bug control and resistance of bed bug populations to a broad spectrum of active ingredients. Veterinary drugs are commonly used to control endo- and ectoparasites in animals. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two common veterinary drugs on bed bugs by treating the host with systemic antiparasitic drugs.MethodsWe conducted dose–response studies of ivermectin and fluralaner against several bed bug strains using a membrane feeding system. Also, different doses of these drugs were given to chickens and two delivery methods (topical treatment and ingestion) were used to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin and fluralaner on bed bug mortality.ResultsUsing an artificial feeding system, both ivermectin and fluralaner caused high mortality in insecticide-susceptible bed bugs, and fluralaner was found to be effective on pyrethroid- and fipronil-resistant bed bugs. Ivermectin was ineffective in chickens either by the topical treatment or ingestion, whereas bed bugs that fed on chickens which had ingested fluralaner suffered high mortality when feeding on these chickens for up to 28 days post treatment.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that systemic ectoparasitic drugs have great potential for practical use to control bed bug infestations in poultry farms. These findings also demonstrate the efficacy of fluralaner (and potentially other isoxazolines) as a potent new active ingredient for bed bug control.Graphical Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PARASITES & VECTORS}, author={Gonzalez-Morales, Maria A. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Crespo, Rocio and Haija, Ahmed and Santangelo, Richard G. and Schal, Coby}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{enomoto_petritz_thomson_flammer_ferdous_meyer_tell_baynes_2021, title={Egg residue and depletion in Rhode Island Red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) following multiple oral doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1096-0295"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104941}, DOI={10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104941}, abstractNote={Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim residues in eggs can cause risks to human health. The most common cause of residues in eggs results from failure to meet an appropriate withdrawal interval. The aim of this study was to determine the quantity and duration of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim residues in eggs and evaluate the drug elimination parameters in egg components and whole egg to better estimate the withdrawal interval of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim following oral administration for 7 days at a purposed dosage regimen (time average 46 mg kg-1 day-1 for sulfamethoxazole, time average 25 mg kg-1 day-1 for trimethoprim). Residues of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in albumen and yolk were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. A greater percentage of sulfamethoxazole was distributed into the albumen (91.53-96.74%) and a greater percentage of trimethoprim was distributed into yolk (63.92-77.36%) during treatment. The residues levels in whole egg declined below or reached the limit of quantification until 13 days for SMZ and TMP respectively. The withdrawal interval for SMZ and TMP were 43 days and 17 days respectively using the FDA tolerance method.}, journal={REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Enomoto, Hiroko and Petritz, Olivia A. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Flammer, Keven and Ferdous, Farha and Meyer, Emma and Tell, Lisa A. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{whitehead_petritz_doerr_stoskopf_harrison_2020, title={Biochemical Effects of Routine Gonadectomy on Blood of Domestic Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1559-6109"]}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000173}, abstractNote={We studied domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to evaluate the physiologic effects of routine surgery. Standard plasma biochemistry panels and 1H-NMR spectroscopy of heparinized whole blood were performed on samples taken 24 h prior to and immediately after surgery
 from female and male ferrets undergoing routine gonadectomy. Increases in plasma glucose, phosphorus, potassium, and creatine kinase concentrations associated with the duration of surgery were identified on plasma biochemistry panels. Whole-blood NMR spectra allowed us to identify 42 metabolites
 and one drug residue. Variations between pre- and postoperative metabolite concentrations were most pronounced for female ferrets, which underwent more prolonged surgery than males. Affected metabolites included organic acids and osmolytes (betaine, methylmalonate, <small>D</small>-lactate),
 fatty acids and lipids (2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid), and amino acid groups (acetylglycine, alloisoleucine, leucine, and isoleucine). These findings indicate that 1H-NMR spectroscopy of whole blood provides insight into metabolic perturbations in domestic ferrets undergoing surgery
 that are not detected in routine clinical chemistry panels.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Whitehead, Michelle C. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Doerr, Mary and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={567–574} }
 @article{louis_cerreta_griffioen_mehalick_lewbart_petritz_2020, title={Homologous whole blood transfusion for treatment of severe anemia in five Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2020.05.013}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The Eastern box turtle (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) is an iconic North American species and the state reptile of North Carolina. In recent decades its numbers have been threatened by various anthropogenic factors including habitat loss, vehicular trauma, domestic pet predation, climate change, and collection for both the legal and illegal pet trade. Since 1997 the NC State College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (NC State TRT) has been treating and rehabilitating EBTs. In some cases, injury or disease result in extremely low packed cell volumes (PCVs). In such cases, and when an appropriate donor is available, a whole blood transfusion is performed. Methods Homologous whole blood transfusions were performed to treat severe anemia in four wild EBTs and one client-owned EBT. The PCV of each patient was measured at between 1% and 3% and the donor PCV's were over 15%. No more than 1% total body weight of blood was removed from each donor. This amounts to approximately 3.0 mL of whole blood from a donor. Prior to the transfusion, a macroagglutination cross-match was performed. Blood was either collected from the jugular vein or postoccipital sinus and administered via these same two routes with the exception of one case which received whole blood via the subcarapacial sinus. Results All wild turtles survived to release, and the client-owned turtle has survived at least 18 months post transfusion. None of the patients or donors were observed to have any reaction or problem with the procedure. Conclusions and case series relevance The jugular vein was the preferred route for both blood extraction and transfusion. A one-time homologous whole blood transfusion is likely a safe, emergency intervention to treat severe anemia in the EBT.}, number={C}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Cerreta, Anthony J. and Griffioen, John A. and Mehalick, Michelle L. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia A.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={27–33} }
 @article{petritz_westermeyer_whitehead_christiansen_lohmann_lohmann_lewbart_2020, title={Effective mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) following topical administration of rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12681}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo determine the combined mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide and phenylephrine in juvenile loggerhead turtles and identify any adverse effects associated with treatment.Animals studiedEleven juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta).ProceduresFour 20 μL drops of rocuronium bromide and four 20 μL drops of 10% phenylephrine were placed into the right eye at 2‐minute intervals of 5 turtles, while the same volume of saline was administered to six control turtles. A pupilometer recorded pupil measurements at rest and following a light stimulus at 2, 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 minutes following delivery of the final drop to the ocular surface. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured at similar time points.ResultsThe nonilluminated and light‐stimulated pupillary diameter of the right eye of treated turtles was significantly greater than baseline starting at 120 and 15 minutes, respectively. Light‐stimulated pupillary diameter of treated eyes was greater than that of control eyes from time 15 minutes until the end of the treatment period. No systemic side effects were noted over a 24 hours period following treatment and all turtles showed normal behavior and appetite. No mydriasis was noted in either eye at 24 hours and the anterior segment was normal.ConclusionsA combination of topical ophthalmic rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine is safe and effective for mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Whitehead, Michelle C. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lohmann, Catherine M. F. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={37–43} }
 @inbook{petritz_son_2019, title={Emergency and Critical Care}, ISBN={9780323482530}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00087-8}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00087-8}, booktitle={Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Son, Tolina Tina}, year={2019}, pages={967–976.e2} }
 @article{keller_guzman_boothe_visser_de matos_petritz_kass_paul-murphy_2019, title={Pharmacokinetics and safety of zonisamide after oral administration of single and multiple doses to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)}, volume={80}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.2.195}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.80.2.195}, abstractNote={Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics after oral administration of single and multiple doses and to assess the safety of zonisamide in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
ANIMALS 12 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
PROCEDURES Zonisamide (30 mg/kg, PO) was administered once to 6 parrots in a single-dose trial. Six months later, a multiple-dose trial was performed in which 8 parrots received zonisamide (20 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 10 days) and 4 parrots served as control birds. Safety was assessed through monitoring of body weight, attitude, and urofeces and comparison of those variables and results of CBC and biochemical analyses between control and treatment groups.
RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration of zonisamide for the single- and multiple-dose trials was 21.19 ± 3.42 μg/mL at 4.75 hours and 25.11 ± 1.81 μg/mL at 2.25 hours after administration, respectively. Mean plasma elimination half-life for the single- and multiple-dose trials was 13.34 ± 2.10 hours and 9.76 ± 0.93 hours, respectively. Pharmacokinetic values supported accumulation in the multiple-dose trial. There were no significant differences in body weight, appearance of urofeces, or appetite between treated and control birds. Although treated birds had several significant differences in hematologic and biochemical variables, all variables remained within reference values for this species.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Twice-daily oral administration of zonisamide to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots resulted in plasma concentrations known to be therapeutic in dogs without evidence of adverse effects on body weight, attitude, and urofeces or clinically relevant changes to hematologic and biochemical variables.}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Keller, Krista A. and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Boothe, Dawn M. and Visser, Marike and de Matos, Ricardo E. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Kass, Philip H. and Paul-Murphy, Joanne R.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{houck_cohen_womble_lewbart_petritz_2019, title={Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12792}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12792}, abstractNote={AbstractGastrointestinal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in box turtles (Terrapene carolina Carolina), however published information is currently lacking on the normal radiographic anatomy, transit, and emptying times of the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 15 healthy box turtles were recruited for this prospective, anatomic, reference interval study. Three‐view radiographic series (vertical beam dorsoventral, horizontal beam latero‐lateral, and horizontal beam rostrocaudal views) were acquired prior to contrast administration, and following contrast administration at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post administration, and every 24 h thereafter until all contrast was eliminated (15 mL/kg barium sulfate diluted to 30% weight per volume was administered via orogastric gavage). Vertical beam dorsoventral and horizontal beam latero‐lateral views were of excellent quality to identify gastrointestinal structures. The horizontal beam rostrocaudal view immediately postcontrast administration provided gastric and pyloric identification but had lesser diagnostic use at later time points due to anatomical superimposition. The gastrointestinal tract was composed of a tubular stomach, a pyloric sphincter near midline, a duodenum with a cranial flexure in the right cranial coelomic cavity, small intestines within the right coelom, a small cecal bulb, and a transverse and descending colon. Contrast media entered the large intestine by 24 h in all turtles, and a pyloro‐colic indentation was noted at the proximal descending colon. The large intestinal emptying was highly variable due to the interindividual variability of contrast sequestration within the cecal bulb. Findings from the current study serve as a reference on the gastrointestinal anatomy, transit, and emptying times in healthy eastern box turtles; and introduce a novel, horizontal beam, rostrocaudal view for gastrointestinal contrast studies in chelonians.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Houck, Emma L. and Cohen, Eli B. and Womble, Mandy and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia A.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={473–484} }
 @article{petritz_chen_2018, title={Therapeutic Contraindications in Exotic Pets}, volume={21}, ISSN={1094-9194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.004}, abstractNote={The selection and dosing of medications for exotic pets are often challenging because most drugs are used in an extralabel manner without pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. Doses are often extrapolated from common domestic animals and safety data are often lacking in exotic species. Just as the bioavailability and therapeutic levels are different for each species, what may be a safe and commonly used medication in one species can be deadly in another. Various drugs with documented contraindications in certain exotic pet species are outlined in this review and the pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment options are described when applicable.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Chen, Sue}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={327–340} }
 @inbook{petritz_lierz_samour_2016, title={Advancements in methods for decreasing reproductive success}, booktitle={Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Petritz, O. and Lierz, M. and Samour, J.}, editor={Speer, B.Editor}, year={2016}, pages={446–454} }
 @article{gardhouse_guzman_petritz_mok_mohr_tong_sadar_salinger_steffey_2016, title={Diagnosis and Treatment of Sialectasis in a Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)}, volume={25}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2015.12.006}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2015.12.006}, abstractNote={Abstract An approximately 10-year-old female spayed rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) was presented with a subcutaneous mass of the ventral submandibular and cervical region. Initial culture results from fine-needle aspirates revealed Gram-positive cocci; cultures following antibiotic therapy identified Cryptococcus spp. (not Cryptococcus neoformans ), Actinomyce s spp., unidentified yeast, and alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. The mass did not resolve following antibiotic treatment and the rabbit was referred for further evaluation. A computed tomography scan revealed a large (9 × 5 × 5cm 3 ) fluid-filled rim-enhancing mass in the left submandibular and intermandibular region that extended caudally into the cervical region. The mass and attached skin were surgically excised, and the tissue was submitted for histopathology and culture. The histopathologic diagnosis of the mass was severe, cystic, heterophilic, lymphoplasmacytic dochitis, and cellulitis consistent with sialectasis. Enrichment broth culture grew Candida albicans . The rabbit made a rapid postoperative recovery. No signs of recurrence were noted at multiple examinations until 1 year following the surgical procedure, when a small (0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5cm 3 ) mass was identified at the previous location and contained fluid consistent with saliva. Culture of this fluid was negative. About 1 year following the initial surgery, computed tomography images were consistent with mild fluid dilation of the remaining tract of the salivary duct; surgical exploration and complete excision of the duct and salivary gland were recommended but declined by the owner.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gardhouse, Sara and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Petritz, Olivia A. and Mok, Mai Yee and Mohr, Frederick Charles and Tong, Nathan and Sadar, Miranda and Salinger, Elaine D. and Steffey, Michele A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={72–79} }
 @article{petritz_guzman_gustavsen_wiggans_kass_houck_murphy_paul-murphy_2016, title={Evaluation of the mydriatic effects of topical administration of rocuronium bromide in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)}, volume={248}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.248.1.67}, DOI={10.2460/javma.248.1.67}, abstractNote={Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) and to identify any adverse effects associated with treatment.
DESIGN Randomized crossover study.
ANIMALS 8 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
PROCEDURES Rocuronium bromide (20 μL/eye; 10 mg/mL) or saline (20 μL/eye; 0.9% NaCl) solution was administered in both eyes of each bird with a 26-day washout period. The birds were manually restrained in lateral recumbency with the apex of the cornea positioned upward for 2 minutes following administration in each eye. Infrared pupillometry and direct pupillary light reflex measurements were used to evaluate the mydriatic effects. Pupillary measurements were recorded prior to administration and every 20 minutes for 2 hours after administration, then hourly for a total of 7 hours. A brief physical examination was performed, direct pupillary light reflex was tested, and fluorescein staining was performed on each eye of each bird 24 hours after administration.
RESULTS A significant difference in pupillary diameter for the active versus control treatment group was noted from 20 to 360 minutes after drug administration, but not at 420 minutes. Minimal adverse effects were noted. Three birds had transient inferior eyelid paresis noted in both eyes after receiving rocuronium; 24 hours after the treatment, no differences in ocular measurements existed between the active and control treatments.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that topical rocuronium bromide administration may be safely used for pupillary dilation in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots and could be used for clinical evaluation, fundus imaging, and surgical interventions involving the lens and posterior segment in this species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Gustavsen, Kate and Wiggans, K. Tomo and Kass, Philip H. and Houck, Emma and Murphy, Christopher J. and Paul-Murphy, Joanne}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={67–71} }
 @article{petritz_sanchez-migallon guzman_hawkins_kass_coneley_paul-murphy_2015, title={Comparison of two 4.7-milligram to one 9.4-milligram deslorelin acetate Implants on egg production and plasma progesterone concentrations in Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1638/2014-0210.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Reproductive disease in captive avian species is common, and medical management is often chosen over surgical removal of the reproductive tract. In a previous study with Japanese quail, a single 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant reversibly decreased egg production in 6 out 10 birds for 70 days. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of two 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants versus one 9.4-mg implant on egg production and plasma progesterone concentrations in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Following a 10-day period of consistent egg laying, 30 adult female Japanese quail were anesthetized and received two 4.7-mg deslorelin implants (n = 10), one 9.4-mg deslorelin implant (n = 10), or a single, identical placebo implant (n = 10) s.c. between the scapulae. Egg production was monitored daily, and plasma progesterone concentrations were measured on days 0, 14, 29, 120, 148, and 182 via enzyme-linked immunoassay. All birds were weighed periodically and euthanized at day 182, after which their reproductive tracts were evaluated at gross necropsy. Seven out of 10 birds treated with two 4.7-mg implants ceased egg laying 1 wk after implantation and remained nonovulatory for approximately 100 days. Cessation of egg laying for the 9.4-mg treatment group occurred in 7 out of 10 birds; onset was variable (weeks 5–12) and continued for the remainder of the study period. Plasma progesterone concentrations for deslorelin treatment groups were not significantly different compared to the placebo group at any time point. In conclusion, the two 4.7-mg and the one 9.4-mg implant treatments ceased egg laying in a similar number of birds, but the 9.4-mg implant had a slower onset of action and the effects on egg laying were inconsistent throughout the study period. Further studies evaluating use of deslorelin acetate in other avian species are needed.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Petritz, O. and Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, D. and Hawkins, M. and Kass, P.H. and Coneley, A. and Paul-Murphy, J.}, year={2015}, pages={789–797} }
 @article{sladakovic_guzman_petritz_mohr_mcgraw_2015, title={Unilateral Cervical and Segmental Uterine Horn Aplasia With Endometrial Hyperplasia, Mucometra, and Endometritis in a Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/J.JEPM.2014.11.004}, DOI={10.1053/J.JEPM.2014.11.004}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult female rabbit was presented for routine ovariohysterectomy. The preanesthetic evaluation was unremarkable. During surgery, it was noted that the right uterine horn was distended and discontinuous with the vagina owing to the absence of the right cervix. The left uterine horn was enlarged and both ovaries appeared normal. The ovariohysterectomy was performed, and the reproductive tract was submitted for histopathology. The rabbit recovered uneventfully from surgery and was still doing well 6 months after surgery. A diagnosis of cervical and segmental uterine aplasia with mucometra was made in the right uterine horn, with endometrial hyperplasia and mild endometritis present in both uterine horns. Segmental uterine aplasia is a rare developmental disorder resulting from a defect in the formation of paramesonephric ducts during embryological development. Segmental uterine aplasia can be an incidental finding at presentation, as is in this case. However, associated complications and concurrent developmental defects can result in overt clinical signs.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sladakovic, Izidora and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Petritz, Olivia A. and Mohr, Frederick Charles and McGraw, Sabrina N.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={98–104} }
 @article{jayson_guzman_petritz_freeman_maggs_2014, title={Medical Management of Acute Ocular Hypertension in a Western Screech Owl (Megascops kennicottii)}, volume={28}, ISSN={1082-6742 1938-2871}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2012-079}, DOI={10.1647/2012-079}, abstractNote={Abstract A wild young adult western screech owl (Megascops kennicottii) of unknown sex was presented for evaluation of an abnormal left eye (OS). Ophthalmic examination OS revealed raised intraocular pressure (37 mm Hg; reference interval 7–16 mm Hg), mydriasis, conjunctival and episcleral hyperemia, shallow anterior chamber due to anterior displacement of the lens and iris, rubeosis iridis, and engorgement of the pecten. The intraocular pressure in the right eye (OD) was 11 mm Hg. Multifocal pale, variably translucent, curvilinear to vermiform opacities were observed in the medial and ventral peripheral regions of the retina OD, consistent with focal retinitis. Mannitol (0.46 g/kg IV) was administered over 10 minutes. Forty minutes later, the intraocular pressure was 27 mm Hg OS and 13 mm Hg OD. Dorzolamide (one drop OS q12h), diclofenac (one drop OU q8–12h), and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg PO q24h) were administered for 3 days. The intraocular pressure OS was within normal limits 1 day (11 mm Hg), 7 days (13 mm Hg), and 4 weeks (14 mm Hg) after this treatment. Complications arising during hospitalization and rehabilitation included superficial corneal ulceration of both eyes presumed secondary to trauma on being caught and superficial damage to a talon. The owl was released after a period of rehabilitation. Characteristic presenting signs as well as response to therapy suggest aqueous misdirection was the cause of ocular hypertension in this owl. To our knowledge, this is the first report of suspected aqueous misdirection and its medical management in a raptor.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV)}, author={Jayson, Stephanie and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Petritz, Olivia and Freeman, Kate and Maggs, David J.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={38–44} }
 @article{gustavsen_guzman_knych_petritz_olsen_paul-murphy_2014, title={Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius)}, volume={75}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.8.711}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.8.711}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride after IM and IV administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
Animals—13 healthy 3-year-old captive-bred American kestrels.
Procedures—Buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.6 mg/kg) was administered IM to all birds. Blood samples were collected at 9 times, ranging from 5 minutes to 9 hours after drug administration. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured by use of tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by use of least squares linear regression and noncompartmental analysis of naïve pooled data. After a washout period of 2 weeks, the same dose of buprenorphine was administered IV to all birds and blood samples were collected at the same times after drug administration.
Results—Maximum plasma buprenorphine concentration was achieved within 5 minutes after IM administration. For IM administration, bioavailability was 94.8% and elimination half-life was 92.1 minutes. For IV administration, steady-state volume of distribution was 4,023.8 mL/kg, plasma clearance was 49.2 mL/min/kg, and elimination half-life was 105.5 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Buprenorphine was rapidly absorbed, and bioavailability was good after IM administration to American kestrels. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were > 1 ng/mL for 9 hours after both IM and IV administration. These results, in combination with those of a pharmacodynamic study, suggested that the analgesic effects of buprenorphine could last at least 6 to 9 hours in this species. Further investigations of the duration of analgesic effects, multiple-dose protocols, and potential adverse effects of buprenorphine are warranted in American kestrels and other raptors.}, number={8}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Gustavsen, Kate A. and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Knych, Heather K. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Olsen, Glenn H. and Paul-Murphy, Joanne R.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={711–715} }
 @article{petritz_antinoff_pfent_corapi_pool_fabiani_chen_2013, title={Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Trachea in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={22}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2013.08.009}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2013.08.009}, abstractNote={Abstract A 4-year-old, castrated, male domestic ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ) was evaluated for a possible upper respiratory tract infection and wheezing for approximately 3 weeks. Supportive care for a suspected upper respiratory tract infection was initiated; however, the patient became progressively more dyspneic over the next 48 hours. A possible tracheal mass was identified upon thoracic radiographic imaging of the ferret. Tracheoscopy and a computed tomography scan of the neck and thorax confirmed the presence of a tracheal mass approximately 3cm from the larynx obstructing 80% of the tracheal lumen. Rather than pursuing surgical resection, the owners elected humane euthanasia. An adenosquamous carcinoma of the trachea was diagnosed after histologic analysis. This tumor type has been diagnosed in the lungs of ferrets that were experimentally exposed to carcinogens found in cigarette smoke; however, there are no previous reports of this or any other tumor type associated with the ferret trachea. A tracheal mass causing a partial upper airway obstruction should be considered within the differential disease diagnosis list when a ferret is presented with dyspnea.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Antinoff, Natalie and Pfent, Catherine and Corapi, Wayne and Pool, Roy R. and Fabiani, Michelle and Chen, Sue}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={287–292} }
 @article{petritz_antinoff_chen_kass_paul-murphy_2013, title={Evaluation of portable blood glucose meters for measurement of blood glucose concentration in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={242}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.3.350}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.3.350}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate agreement of 3 models of portable blood glucose meters (PBGMs; 2 designed for use with human samples and 1 designed for veterinary use) with a laboratory analyzer for measurement of blood glucose concentrations in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).
Design—Evaluation study.
Animals—52 ferrets.
Procedures—Samples were analyzed with 4 PBGMs (whole blood) and a laboratory analyzer (plasma). Two PBGMs of the model designed for veterinary use were tested; each was set to a code corresponding to canine or feline sample analysis throughout the study. Agreement and bias between measurements obtained with the PBGMs and the laboratory analyzer were assessed with Bland-Altman plots. Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations with venipuncture site by comparison of central (jugular) and peripheral (lateral saphenous or cephalic) venous blood samples.
Results—Plasma glucose concentrations measured with the laboratory analyzer ranged from 41 to 160 mg/dL. Results from the PBGM for veterinary use coded to test a canine blood sample had the greatest agreement with the laboratory analyzer (mean bias, 1.9 mg/dL); all other PBGMs significantly underestimated blood glucose concentrations. A PBGM designed for use with human samples had the least agreement with the laboratory analyzer (mean bias, −34.0 mg/dL). Blood glucose concentration was not significantly different between central and peripheral venous blood samples for any analyzer used.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Significant underestimation of blood glucose concentrations as detected for 3 of the 4 PBGMs used in the study could have a substantial impact on clinical decision making. Verification of blood glucose concentrations in ferrets with a laboratory analyzer is highly recommended.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Antinoff, Natalie and Chen, Sue and Kass, Philip H. and Paul-Murphy, Joanne R.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={350–354} }
 @article{petritz_sanchez-migallon guzman_paul-murphy_fecteau_mete_kass_hawkins_2013, title={Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of single administration of 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants on egg production and plasma sex hormones in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)}, volume={74}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.2.316}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.74.2.316}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants on egg production and plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol and androstenedione in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) over 180 days and assess safety of the implants in quail via gross and histologic examination.
Animals—20 female Japanese quail.
Procedures—Following a 7-day period of consistent egg laying, quail were anesthetized and received a 4.7-mg deslorelin implant (treatment group; n = 10) or identical placebo implant (control group; 10) SC between the scapulae. Egg production was monitored daily. Plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol and androstenedione were measured on days 0 (immediately prior to implant injection), 14, 29, 62, 90, 120, 150, and 180 via radioimmunoassay. Birds were weighed periodically and euthanized at day 180 for complete necropsy.
Results—Egg production was significantly decreased in the treatment group, compared with the control group, from 2 to 12 weeks after implant injection. Egg production ceased in 6 of 10 quail in the treatment group (mean duration of cessation, 70 days). Plasma androstenedione and 17β-estradiol concentrations were significantly lower on day 29 in the treatment group than in the control group. Plama androstenedione and 17β-estradiol concentrations were significantly lower on day 29 in the treatment group then in the control group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implants reversibly decreased egg laying for approximately 70 days in most of the Japanese quail evaluated. Further studies evaluating implants containing different concentrations of the drug are needed in quail and other avian species.}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, David and Paul-Murphy, Joanne and Fecteau, Kellie and Mete, Aslı and Kass, Philip H. and Hawkins, Michelle G.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={316–323} }
 @article{laing_weber_yabsley_shock_grosset_petritz_barr_reilly_lowenstine_2013, title={Fatal hepatic tetratrichomoniasis in a juvenile Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita)}, volume={25}, ISSN={1040-6387 1943-4936}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638713476711}, DOI={10.1177/1040638713476711}, abstractNote={ Waldrapp ibis ( Geronticus eremita) are a critically endangered species, and there are currently more birds in captivity than in the wild. A juvenile, male Waldrapp ibis housed in a mixed-species exhibit was found dead with no premonitory signs. Necropsy revealed extensive necrotizing hepatitis associated with numerous pleomorphic protozoa that were immunohistochemically reactive with antibodies raised against Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasite of cattle. Electron microscopy confirmed the organisms as members of family Trichomonadidae, and sequence analysis of the first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1), 5.8S ribosomal RNA, and ITS2 regions indicated high genetic similarity (96–97%) to members of the Tetratrichomonas gallinarum complex. The animal was born in captivity, and no introductions in this exhibit had occurred since 2009. Other Waldrapp ibis that had contact with the infected male were negative for flagellate infections by fecal examination, thus cross-species transmission is proposed as the source of infection. The host range of the T. gallinarum complex is very large and although the pathogenicity of its members, especially for wild birds, is controversial, these parasites should be considered as a possible cause of acute mortality in Waldrapp ibis. In addition, immunohistochemistry with T. foetus antibodies and molecular diagnostics may be useful tools for preventative veterinary care of endangered bird populations. A greater understanding of the ecology and pathogenesis of this pathogen may also be vital for screening subclinical captive populations and existing wild populations prior to reintroduction efforts. }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Laing, Steven T. and Weber, E. Scott, III and Yabsley, Michael J. and Shock, Barbara C. and Grosset, Claire and Petritz, Olivia A. and Barr, Bradd and Reilly, Christopher M. and Lowenstine, Linda J.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={277–281} }
 @article{petritz_guzman_wiebe_papich_2013, title={Stability of three commonly compounded extemporaneous enrofloxacin suspensions for oral administration to exotic animals}, volume={243}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.243.1.85}, DOI={10.2460/javma.243.1.85}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the stability of 3 extemporaneous oral suspensions of enrofloxacin mixed with readily available flavoring vehicles when stored at room temperature (approx 22°C).
Design—Evaluation study.
Samples—3 commonly compounded oral suspensions of enrofloxacin.
Procedures—On day 0, commercially available enrofloxacin tablets were compounded with a mixture of distilled water and corn syrup (formulation A) or cherry syrup (formulation B) flavoring vehicles to create suspensions with a nominal enrofloxacin concentration of 22.95 mg/mL, and 2.27% enrofloxacin injectable solution was compounded with a liquid sweetener (formulation C) to create a suspension with a nominal enrofloxacin concentration of 11.35 mg/mL. Preparations were stored in amber-colored vials at room temperature for 56 days. For each preparation, the enrofloxacin concentration was evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography at prespecified intervals during the study. The pH, odor, and consistency for all suspensions were recorded at the start and completion of the study.
Results—Relative to the nominal enrofloxacin concentration, the enrofloxacin concentration strength ranged from 95.80% to 100.69% for formulation A, 108.44% to 111.06% for formulation B, and 100.99% to 103.28% for formulation C. A mild pH increase was detected in all 3 suspensions during the study.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that, when stored in amber-colored vials at room temperature for 56 days, the enrofloxacin concentration strength in all 3 formulations was retained within acceptance criteria of 90% to 110%. Subjectively, cherry syrup flavoring was better at masking the smell and taste of enrofloxacin than were the other mixing vehicles.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Wiebe, Valerie J. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={85–90} }
 @article{petritz_guzman_gandolfi_steffey_2012, title={Inguinal-Scrotal Urinary Bladder Hernia in an Intact Male Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)}, volume={21}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2012.06.002}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2012.06.002}, abstractNote={Abstract An 8-year-old intact male dwarf rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) was presented with a 2-month history of unilateral scrotal swelling. The external physical examination of the rabbit patient confirmed the severe, unilateral, fluid-filled scrotal distention. Radiographic images of the effected scrotum revealed a soft tissue swelling in the area of the left testicle, and the absence of the urinary bladder in the caudal abdomen. Ultrasonography verified the presence of a fluid-filled mass in the scrotum, enveloping the left testicle. A fine-needle aspiration of the scrotal mass yielded urine, thus a diagnosis of a nonreducible herniation of the urinary bladder into the scrotum was made. An inguinal herniorrhaphy was performed, and the bladder was successfully reduced into the abdominal cavity. A bilateral routine castration and left scrotal ablation were also performed. Two months after surgery no recurrence was noted, and the patient had normal urinary function. Inguino-scrotal bladder herniation is rare in both humans and animals. Male rabbits are predisposed to inguinal and scrotal hernias because their inguinal rings remain open throughout life. Herniation of the urinary bladder should be considered as a differential diagnosis when intact male rabbits are presented with unilateral scrotal swelling.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Guzman, David Sanchez-Migallon and Gandolfi, Rene C. and Steffey, Michele A.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={248–254} }