@article{morgado_2021, title={Cuzco: Incas, Spaniards, and the Making ofa Colonial City}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1527-1900"]}, DOI={10.1215/00182168-9051977}, abstractNote={Cuzco's carefully planned layout, featuring palaces and temples of superb stone masonry, astonished the city's first Spanish visitors and settlers. Despite their admiration, from its Spanish foundation in 1534 to the late 1580s Cuzco was reshaped into a colonial city. Several Inca walls and parts of the structures did survive. However, the lack of Indigenous and sixteenth-century Spanish visual representations hinders the reconstruction of the physiognomy of both the Inca and the early colonial city. Although more research is still needed, Inca Cuzco has been addressed in book chapters, articles, and more importantly, two monographs: Santiago Agurto Calvo's Cusco: La traza urbana de la ciudad inca (1980) and Ian Farrington's Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World (2013). Colonial Cuzco has been studied more extensively, particularly in Harold Wethey's Colonial Architecture and Sculpture in Peru (1949) and Graciela Maria Viñuales's El espacio urbano en el Cusco colonial: Uso y organización de las estructuras simbólicas (2004). Nonetheless, as Michael J. Schreffler points out in his introduction, these texts focus on the architecture produced after the devastating 1650 earthquake, leaving the city's transition from Inca to Spanish unexplored. In Cuzco: Incas, Spaniards, and the Making of a Colonial City, Schreffler takes on this challenging research. Rather than relying on archaeological records of material remains, he traces the making of the Inca city and the transformations that took place from 1534 to 1560 in the writings of firsthand witnesses of these events such as Juan de Betanzos, Pedro Cieza de León, and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, as well as official documents of the time. Additional primary sources as well as archaeological and scholarly research are used to confirm and complement each of the texts by the aforementioned authors.An engaging and well-documented account of the Incas and their heirs present at the time of the conquest threads the seven chapters together and introduces the reader to Inca history. Similarly, each of the sixteenth-century texts are accompanied by information on the author, the context in which they were written, and an interesting analysis of contemporary visual representations of the city. Chapter 1 focuses on Inca Cuzco, from its establishment circa 1000 to its transformation into the major city that the Spaniards encountered, a design and effort attributed to the ninth Inca, Pachacuti (r. 1438–ca. 1472). The chapter introduces the main public spaces and structures, among them the House of the Sun (commonly known as Coricancha), through which, in subsequent chapters, Schreffler demonstrates the city's transformation. The idealized images of a grand and wealthy Cuzco described by two of Francisco Pizarro's companions who never set foot in the city are explored in chapter 2 within the context of Inca Atahualpa's imprisonment and the conquest of Peru. Through two detailed official documents—Cuzco's foundation document and the city council records—chapters 3 and 4 analyze Cuzco's Spanish foundation in 1534 as well as the city's reordering during the year that followed. The yearlong siege of Cuzco (1536–37) led by Manco Inca (Inca Atahualpa's successor) and the subsequent damage to the city are examined in chapter 5. The civil wars that followed this Indigenous uprising and their effects on the city are the topic of chapter 6. The decades of the 1540s and 1550s, when the city saw more significant interventions—including the transformation of the House of the Sun into a Dominican convent, an emblematic example of the imposition of Spanish rule—are discussed in chapter 7.Considering that the author claims that his analysis is positioned “at the nexus of art history—understood here to include the history of architecture—and literary history,” what is missed in this otherwise interesting study are more detailed plans of the city and the House of the Sun (p. 16). Schreffler could have included in his plans of Inca and Spanish colonial Cuzco (on pp. 12 and 93, respectively) the existing Inca walls in order to help the reader understand the magnitude of the Inca capital's transformation into a Spanish city. Additionally, including topographical information would have allowed for a better understanding of the city's dramatic setting. Schreffler's plan for the House of the Sun (on p. 36) would have benefited from including a north arrow to show the structure's solar orientation, a critical aspect for the Incas; details of the niches and openings; and its immediate surroundings, specifically the terraced gardens and the plaza Intipampa, both discussed in the text. More importantly, this plan could have strengthened the book's treatment of its central topic by making a distinction between existing walls and hypothetical ones in place of those dismantled. The book would have further benefited from a second plan showing the transformation of this sacred Inca structure into the convent of Santo Domingo.Despite these shortcomings, however, Schreffler's book is exquisitely well written and rigorously researched. Cuzco: Incas, Spaniards, and the Making of a Colonial City is without doubt a significant contribution to the body of knowledge on this unique city.}, number={3}, journal={HAHR-HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW}, author={Morgado, Patricia}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={513–514} }
 @article{morgado_2017, title={Modern Architecture in Latin America: Art, Technology, and Utopia}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1470-9856"]}, DOI={10.1111/blar.12581}, abstractNote={Bulletin of Latin American ResearchVolume 36, Issue 1 p. 118-119 Book Review Modern Architecture in Latin America: Art, Technology, and Utopia - by Carranza, Luis E. and Luiz Lara, Fernando Patricia Morgado, Patricia Morgado North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Patricia Morgado, Patricia Morgado North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12581Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume36, Issue1Special Issue: Special Section: Social Movements and Social Emancipation in Latin AmericaJanuary 2017Pages 118-119 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH}, author={Morgado, Patricia}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={118-+} }
 @article{morgado_2014, title={Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World.}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1527-1900"]}, DOI={10.1215/00182168-2641343}, abstractNote={Unlike most of its contemporary cities in the Western world, Cuzco, the capital of Tawantinsuyu (the Inca Empire), was carefully designed as the seat of the government and residence for the Inca elite. From ca. 1438, when Inca Pachacutec began planning the city, to 1533, when the first Spaniards visited the area, the site was transformed into a grid city featuring plazas, palaces, temples, and over 4,000 residential units. While the city's scale and design, as well as the quality of its constructions, astonished its conquerors, by the 1590s Cuzco had been stripped and remodeled into a Spanish city to accommodate the spatial needs of its new inhabitants. Only a number of walls survived, making the reconstruction of its original physiognomy virtually impossible. Despite its archaeological relevance, research on Inca Cuzco has been customarily embedded in academic texts, such as Graziano Gasparini and Luise Margolies's Inca Architecture (1980), or in UNESCO-sponsored reports regarding the city's conservation, such as Santiago Agurto Calvo's Cusco: La traza urbana de la ciudad inca (1980). Thanks to the various archaeological excavations that since the late 1980s began uncovering building foundations, it is now possible for scholars to envision the spatial organization of the Inca capital. In this context, Ian Farrington's Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World is the first comprehensive scholarly text that uses archaeological data and historical descriptions to analyze the making, development, and urban life of Cuzco during the Inca period (AD 1000–1534). Additionally, it is an excellent complement to Brian Bauer's Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca (2004), a text that studies the city within a broader area (the Cuzco Valley) and a larger historical period (10,000 BC–AD 1880).Farrington begins by introducing the readers to Cuzco's physical and historical context (pre-Inca and Inca urban precedents, and Inca urban architecture) and to the methodology he will deploy (chapters 1–4). Following this introduction, chapter 5 is dedicated to the analysis of Cuzco's urban historical topography from its origins to the twentieth century. Unfortunately, the urban historical topography specific to the Inca period is absent, while Farrington's interesting account of the city's planning — a task that required canalizing rivers, terracing land, and identifying qualified labor and sources for building material — is introduced earlier, in chapter 3. Chapters 6–8 are dedicated to the study of the city's form and address aspects that range from the general (the plan, the size and orientation of streets, and the arrangement of public spaces) to the specific (for example, the use of Inca urban components, particularly the kancha — a walled compound of units organized around a courtyard — and the Inca linear measuring system of waska, rikra, and sikya). By classifying excavation finds into three groups — domestic, craft, and funerary artifacts — Farrington proposes a hypothesis of urban (and suburban) life in chapters 9–11. The urban symbolism of Cuzco, an important topic when discussing Inca culture, is discussed in chapter 12. Finally, the author offers his conclusions in chapter 13.While the book provides the general reader interested in Inca culture a comprehensive and well-organized study, it lacks basic general references (i.e., a list of the Inca rulers and a timeline of the Inca period) that could be very useful, particularly to those less familiar with pre-Hispanic Peru. More worrisome is the inconsistency between the author's claim to have applied “town plan analysis” — a methodology that uses cartography to understand the changes of a city over time as well as the impact on (and from) social forms — and the cartography included in the book. There is no doubt that the city's urban historical topography is presented in textual form, but the incompleteness and irregularity of the maps and building plans make it difficult to visualize for Cuzco connoisseurs and nonexperts alike. In most of, if not all, the maps, several streets, block numbers, buildings, and neighborhoods referenced in the text are not labeled. Additionally, these maps do not include hydrographic and topographic information that can help the reader understand the dramatic landscape surrounding the city. This becomes particularly critical due to the fact that the author frequently alludes to structures by their address, block number, or current business or institutional name. Consequently, to complete the missing information, the reader is obliged to resort to other sources that range from city maps to academic texts such as those previously mentioned by Gasparini and Margolies and by Bauer. As for building plans, architectural conventions are improperly applied, creating a discrepancy between images and texts. Such is the case in chapter 10, where Farrington discusses the trapezoidal fenestration to the south of the main structure in the neighborhood of Qolqampata and the plan conveys a solid wall (p. 256). Correcting these observations in a revised edition of the book would help the quality of the text even further.While Farrington might not demonstrate the use of the methodology he claims, the rich analysis presented in this first edition will reward those readers interested in Inca Cuzco.}, number={2}, journal={HAHR-HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW}, author={Morgado, Patricia}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={311–313} }