@article{hauser_smith_hashem_2024, title={Ionic crosslinking of cotton}, volume={24}, ISSN={["2300-0929"]}, DOI={10.1515/aut-2023-0051}, number={1}, journal={AUTEX RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hauser, Peter J. and Smith, C. Brent and Hashem, Mohamed M.}, year={2024}, month={Oct} }
 @article{altay_yildirim_gursoy_hauser_el-shafei_2022, title={Synthesis of a Novel and More Sustainable Cationic Bleach Activator,N-[4-(N,N,N)-Triethylammoniumchloride-butanoyl] Butyrolactam, for Cotton: Optimization and Theoretical Limitations br}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07233}, abstractNote={Activated bleach systems have the potential to produce more efficient kinetically potent bleaching systems through increased oxidation rates with reduced energy cost and less time, hence causing less cellulose polymer chain damage or degradation than conventional hot peroxide bleaching. This article presents a study at the molecular level of a novel and more sustainable cationic bleach activator for cotton than aromatic-based cationic bleach activators using combined experimental and first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In this study, a novel and aliphatic-based cationic bleach activator, N-[4-(N,N,N)-triethylammoniumchloride-butanoyl] butyrolactam (TBUCB), was synthesized and applied for hot peroxide-cotton bleaching to optimize the bleaching conditions at lower temperatures. To improve the bleaching efficiency in the presence of TBUCB, the limitations of TBUCB, namely, the limitations of peracid generation in situ, have been identified using DFT calculations. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism via identifying plausible transition state(s) of the nucleophilic attack of perhydroxyl anion (HOO–) at different carbonyl carbons and the advantages and limitations of the TBUCB activator for hydrogen peroxide bleaching for cotton. The results obtained showed that a whiteness index greater than 80 for cellulose can be achieved using an activated H2O2-TBUCB bleaching system at a lower temperature, providing reduced energy costs while maintaining the integrity of cellulose polymer chains.}, number={14}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Altay, Pelin and Yildirim, Erol and Gursoy, Nevin Cigdem and Hauser, Peter J. and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={4415–4424} }
 @article{rezaei_dickey_hauser_2019, title={Corrosion resistant coating based on thiol-ene polymeric system}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0300-9440"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.04.073}, abstractNote={This study presents a method of preparation of corrosion resistant thin organic coatings. This thin organic coating is designed to protect a stack of several thin inorganic (metallic and oxide) layers that have low infrared emissivity and are sputter deposited on top of a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. It is argued that, in contact with an acidic environment, the most sensitive material in this stack is indium tin oxide. The proposed protective organic coating consists of a crosslinkable thiol-ene network, a low surface energy fluorinated compound and a silane adhesion promoter cured under exposure to an ultra-violet light source. The results show that such the optimized organic precursor can lead to thin polymeric coating that can successfully protect the sensitive substrate yet does not have a detrimental interference with its low emissivity.}, journal={PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS}, author={Rezaei, Farzad and Dickey, Michael D. and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={350–356} }
 @article{basyigit_kut_hauser_2020, title={Development of multifunctional cotton fabric via chemical foam application method}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517519884121}, abstractNote={ Nowadays, the methods and techniques used in the textile industry are required to be environmentally friendly, and water and energy saving. In addition to these, they should transfer more than one functionality, in other words give multifunctionality to the textile material with reliable and sufficient results in terms of efficiency and permanence. With the increase in and diversification of today's industrial requirements, one functionality on the fabric may be insufficient to meet the requirements, and therefore the subject of multifunctionality holds an important place in the textile industry. Therefore, in this study flame retardant, antibacterial and water-repellent, single-layered multifunctional 100% cotton fabrics with different functionalities on different sides (back and face surfaces) of the fabric were obtained via a chemical foam application method, which has many advantages compared with conventional methods. In some of the experimental parts, impregnation and foam application methods were combined in the process in order to optimize the multifunctionality properties of the fabrics. In order to indicate the performance test of cotton fabric, vertical burning test, contact angle test, antibacterial test against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, color spectrum analysis and tearing strength test were carried out while, in terms of characterization tests, Fourier transform infrared (attenuated total reflectance) and scanning electron microscope analyses were performed. According to the test results, the flame retardancy effect of the samples was improved significantly while antibacterial results showed a 99% reduction of bacteria and the finished fabrics demonstrated improved water repellency with contact angles up to 125°. In addition, the functionalities were durable up to 50 washing and 50 drying cycles. }, number={9-10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Basyigit, Zeynep Omerogullari and Kut, Dilek and Hauser, Peter}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={991–1001} }
 @article{altay_hauser_gursoy_el-shafei_2019, title={Facile synthesis of a novel, highly effective, more sustainable and cost-effective cationic bleach activator for cotton: N-[4-(N,N,N)-triethylammoniumchloride-butyryl] caprolactam}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85060697399&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-018-02224-9}, number={4}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Altay, Pelin and Hauser, Peter J. and Gursoy, Nevin Cigdem and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={2849–2860} }
 @article{hauser_2018, title={Cationized Cotton: Opportunities and Challenges}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1532-8813"]}, DOI={10.14504/ar.18.3.3}, number={3}, journal={AATCC REVIEW}, author={Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2018}, pages={40–45} }
 @article{rezaei_talley_dickey_hauser_2018, title={Superhydrophobic/oleophobic coatings based on a catalyst driven thiol-epoxy-acrylate ternary system}, volume={135}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46710}, DOI={10.1002/app.46710}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTSuperhydrophobic surfaces have attracted much attention for their exceptional properties such as self‐cleaning, anti‐fouling, and anti‐fogging. This study presents a facile approach for creating superhydrophobic coatings that are also oleophobic by utilizing spray deposition of polymers mixed with silica particles as an easy and effective route to control the surface roughness of the coatings. The polymer precursors formulated here are based on a ternary thiol‐epoxy‐acrylate mixture that reacts in the presence of a strong base without a need for external initiation (such as light). This system employs tetrafunctional thiol monomers as hubs where both the acrylate and the epoxy components can covalently bond. The acrylate component contains a perfluorinated side chain offering low surface energy properties and the difunctional epoxy monomers crosslink the thiol hubs to provide strength. Addition of a strong base catalyst (1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene, or DBU) to the coating precursors initiates the polymerization reaction without the need for light. To identify the optimal formulation, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements quantified the kinetics of the polymerization, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy analysis revealed the surface composition, an optical goniometer evaluated the wetting behavior, and scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser the microscopy provided information about the surface topography of the coatings. Based on the results from FTIR, addition of 0.08 mol % of DBU effectively carries out the reaction within 10 min on the substrate while providing long solution shelf life for the spray coating process. The goniometer results showed that water contact angle of >150°, n‐dodecane contact angle of >110° and diiodomethane contact angle of >130° is achievable upon optimization of the coating precursors. This simple route to create superhydrophobic and oleophobic coatings by spraying may be useful for packaging, protective coatings, and other surface modifications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46710.}, number={45}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rezaei, Farzad and Talley, James N. and Dickey, Michael D. and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{cornelius_mccord_bourham_hauser_2017, title={Desizing of PVA sized pet/cotton fabrics with atmospheric pressure plasma}, volume={25}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1586-1}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-017-1586-1}, number={1}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Cornelius, Carrie and McCord, Marian and Bourham, Mohamed and Hauser, Peter}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={869–881} }
 @article{cornelius_mccord_bourham_hauser_2017, title={Desizing of starch sized cotton fabrics with atmospheric pressure plasma}, volume={24}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1509-1}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-017-1509-1}, number={12}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cornelius, Carrie and McCord, Marian and Bourham, Mohamed and Hauser, Peter}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={5685–5695} }
 @article{helmy_hauser_el-shafei_2017, title={Influence of atmospheric plasma-induced graft polymerization of DADMAC into cotton on dyeing with acid dyes}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85014755559&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2017.1298206}, abstractNote={Abstract The primary objective of this work was to generate dyes sites in cotton fiber for acid dyes via free radical graft polymerization of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), to confer cationized cotton, and evaluate the dyeability of the cationized cotton toward acid dyes, which is unprecedented. Plasma-induced graft polymerization of DADMAC on cotton, using different plasma conditions, followed by dyeing with different acid dyes was studied. The color yield of dyed cotton was evaluated using K/S. Light fastness, color change, and staining following accelerated washing cycles were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of cotton cationization. Cross-section dyed cotton was studied using scanning electron microscopy and showed deep dyeing of acid dyes into cotton fibers. This approach resulted in significant dye uptake into the fibers and considerably reduced the need for effluent treatment.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Helmy, Hany M. and Hauser, Peter and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2017}, pages={1871–1878} }
 @article{fu_farrell_hauser_2017, title={Optimising the anionisation of cotton with 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulphonic acid sodium salt for dyeing with basic dyes}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1478-4408"]}, DOI={10.1111/cote.12267}, abstractNote={To enable the dyeing of cotton with basic dyes, cotton fabrics were anionised using 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulphonic acid sodium salt (CHPSAS). The anionisation efficiency of three typical textile processing application methods has been investigated, including cold pad‐batch, pad‐dry‐cure, and pad‐steam. To obtain the highest CHPSAS anionisation efficiency and dye uptake with basic dyes, the influence of CHPSAS concentration as well as molar ratio between CHPSAS and NaOH was evaluated. Additionally, various kinds of basic dye were applied to examine further the dyeability of the anionised cotton.}, number={3}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fu, Sha and Farrell, Matthew J. and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={194–199} }
 @article{dincmen_hauser_gursoy_2017, title={Plasma induced graft polymerization of a fluorocarbon monomer on polyamide 6,6 fabrics}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon}, author={Dincmen, M. G. and Hauser, P. J. and Gursoy, N. C.}, year={2017}, pages={38–45} }
 @article{fu_farrell_hauser_hinks_jasper_ankeny_2017, title={Real-time dyebath monitoring of reactive dyeing on cationized cotton for levelness control: part 2-effects of leveling agents and dye dosing}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-017-1291-0}, number={7}, journal={CELLULOSE}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Fu, Sha and Farrell, Matthew J. and Hauser, Peter J. and Hinks, David and Jasper, Warren J. and Ankeny, Mary A.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={3061–3071} }
 @article{dincmen_hauser_gursoy_2016, title={Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Nylon 6,6 and Polyester Fabrics for Enhancing Antistatic Properties}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2330-5517"]}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.3.4.4}, abstractNote={In this study, antistatic properties of nylon 6,6 and polyester fabrics were improved. Diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) monomer was used as an antistatic agent together with di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate crosslinker. Non-thermal, high density atmospheric pressure plasma was used to graft and polymerize the monomer/crosslinker layer on the fabric. Surface resistivity and electrostatic charge generation/dissipation of fabrics were measured after Soxhlet extraction with water and after home laundering. All fabrics were stained with C.I. Direct Red 80 to confirm the newly grafted polyDADMAC layer on the fabric and UV-Visible spectroscopic analyses were carried out on dye baths. Results showed that the grafted polyDADMAC layer was still present after water Soxhlet extraction and after home laundering. The antistatic performance of the fabrics was greatly improved with the treatment.}, number={4}, journal={AATCC JOURNAL OF RESEARCH}, author={Dincmen, Melek Gul and Hauser, Peter J. and Gursoy, Nevin Cigdem}, year={2016}, pages={36–46} }
 @article{jin_wang_xiao_lin_bian_hauser_2016, title={Improvement of coating durability, interfacial adhesion and compressive strength of UHMWPE fiber/epoxy composites through plasma pre-treatment and polypyrrole coating}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1879-1050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.03.026}, abstractNote={Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers have exceptionally higher specific strength and stiffness compared with other high-performance fibers. However, the interfacial adhesion and compressive performance of UHMWPE fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FPCs) are extremely low. The challenges are to achieve load transfer at the interface between the fiber and matrix at a molecular level. Here, we show that plasma pre-treatment of UHMWPE fibers followed by coating with polypyrrole (PPy) results in an 848% improvement in the interfacial adhesion and 54% enhancement in compressive performance. This method takes advantage of a toughening mechanism observed in spider silk and collagen, which the hydrogen bond power the load transfer. The results showed that these improvements of interfacial adhesion and compressive strength were attributed to hydrogen-bonding interactions between the plasma pre-treated UHMWPE and PPy, which improves the fiber–matrix–fiber load transfer process. In addition, the hydrogen-bonded PPy coatings also endowed durability electrical conductivity properties of the UHMWPE fiber.}, journal={COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jin, Xin and Wang, Wenyu and Xiao, Changfa and Lin, Tong and Bian, Lina and Hauser, Peter}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={169–175} }
 @article{fu_farrell_hauser_ankeny_2016, title={Influence of liquor ratio and amount of dyestuff in producing ultradeep black dyeing using mercerised and cationised cotton}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1478-4408"]}, DOI={10.1111/cote.12216}, abstractNote={Cationised cotton allows the dyeing of cotton fabrics without salt and up to 100% anionic dye utilisation. The employment of cationised cotton in the dyeing of high depths of shades with reactive dyes holds marked potential for sustainable improvements through less dye consumption, decreased water usage, and zero salt utilisation, all while obtaining shade depths darker than possible with conventional reactive dyeings. This work builds upon previous work in obtaining ultradeep dyeings of cotton utilising cationised and mercerised cotton by investigating the effects of liquor ratio in dyeing and amount of dye applied. Surprisingly, for mercerised only cotton fabric, it was found that nearly equivalent depths of shade, as indicated by L*, were obtained, irrespective of the liquor ratio and the amount of CI Reactive Black 5 applied from 7% to 10% owf. However, the strengths of the dyeings, indicated by the K/S sum, show slight increases with increasing amounts of dye, but not when the liquor ratio is lowered. Similarly, for mercerised‐cationised cotton, the liquor ratio had a negligible effect on the depth of shade obtained, but increasing the amount of CI Reactive Black 5 resulted in an increase in shade depth and colour strength. Very deep shades with high colour strength were obtained with mercerised‐cationised cotton that were not obtainable with uncationised cotton, even at a very low liquor ratio and with a drastic increase in the amount of CI Reactive Black 5.}, number={3}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fu, Sha and Farrell, Matthew and Hauser, Peter and Ankeny, Mary}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={232–237} }
 @article{ramamoorthy_helmy_rajbhandari_hauser_e-shafei_2016, title={Plasma Induced Graft Polymerization of Cationic and Fluorocarbon Monomers into Cotton: Enhanced Dyeability and Photostability}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84981346577&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01069}, abstractNote={The objective of this work was to increase color yield of direct dyes on cotton with the aid of grafted quaternary ammonium monomers. Plasma-induced graft polymerization of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (AOETMAC) on cotton followed by dyeing with direct dyes was studied using different concentrations of the monomers and plasma conditions, and the color yield was evaluated using K/S measurements. Colorfastness and staining after laundering were evaluated using the standard grayscale. A significant increase of 149% in color yield was achieved when 30 g/L of DADMAC was used. 100–300% increase in K/S was achieved when ∼20 g/L of AOETMAC was used. To enhance the wash and lightfastness of the direct dyes on cotton, plasma-induced graft polymerization of 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl acrylate was achieved on the dyed cotton and showed considerable enhancement in both the wash and lightfastness.}, number={31}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Ramamoorthy, Amsarani and Helmy, Hany M. and Rajbhandari, Rajeev and Hauser, Peter and E-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={8501–8508} }
 @article{dincmen_hauser_gursoy_2016, title={Plasma Induced Graft Polymerization of Three Hydrophilic Monomers on Nylon 6,6 Fabrics for Enhancing Antistatic Property}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1572-8986"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11090-016-9722-5}, number={5}, journal={PLASMA CHEMISTRY AND PLASMA PROCESSING}, author={Dincmen, Melek Gul and Hauser, Peter J. and Gursoy, Nevin Cigdem}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1377–1391} }
 @article{fu_farrell_hauser_hinks_jasper_ankeny_2016, title={Real-time dyebath monitoring of reactive dyeing on cationized cotton for levelness control: part 1-influence of dye structure, temperature, and addition of soda ash}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-016-1008-9}, number={5}, journal={CELLULOSE}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Fu, Sha and Farrell, Matthew J. and Hauser, Peter J. and Hinks, David and Jasper, Warren J. and Ankeny, Mary A.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={3319–3330} }
 @article{rezaei_dickey_bourham_hauser_2017, title={Surface modification of PET film via a large area atmospheric pressure plasma: An optical analysis of the plasma and surface characterization of the polymer film}, volume={309}, ISSN={0257-8972}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.11.072}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.11.072}, abstractNote={This paper presents a comprehensive study of surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate film substrates to improve its adhesion properties using a large area atmospheric plasma. Different aspects of this study includes (1) analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the plasma (2) as well as the substrates, and (3) evaluation of adhesion of an acrylate based hard coating onto PET substrates. PET is chemically inert to most coatings, but atmospheric plasmas can modify the surface in a manner that is compatible with high throughput manufacturing. First, optical emission spectroscopy was employed to analyze the plasma in terms of its chemical composition as well as physical characteristics such as electron temperature and density. This section estimates electron temperature of 0.2–0.4 eV and density in the order of 1014–1015 cm− 3 for the studied plasmas. Second, various plasma gas mixtures with helium as the seed gas mixed with fraction of oxygen and/or nitrogen (0.5–1.1 v%) were used to carry out the surface treatment of the substrates at different exposure doses between 15 and 75 J cm− 2. Post-treatment characterization by XPS, AFM, and a goniometer show that the surface becomes enriched with oxygen, rougher, and more wetting depends on the power and composition of the plasma. Lastly, standard adhesion 180° T-peel tests indicated improved adhesion after treatment.}, journal={Surface and Coatings Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rezaei, Farzad and Dickey, Michael D. and Bourham, Mohamed and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={371–381} }
 @article{el-shafei_helmy_ramamoorthy_hauser_2015, title={Nanolayer atmospheric pressure plasma graft polymerization of durable repellent finishes on cotton}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1935-3804"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84933672111&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s11998-015-9665-4}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH}, author={El-Shafei, Ahmed and Helmy, Hany and Ramamoorthy, Amsarani and Hauser, Peter}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={681–691} }
 @article{wang_hauser_rojas_2015, title={Study on charge distribution of carboxymethylated cotton fabric by streaming potential/current measurements}, volume={2}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.2.2.2}, abstractNote={Carboxymethylated cotton might provide an eco-friendly novel approach to impart different functions to fabric by crosslinking or self-assembly deposition of nanolayers. The anionic content of carboxymethylated cotton was determined by acid-base titration. Two interrelated methods of surface electrochemistry for anionic cotton fabrics were investigated in this paper. Measurement of surface charge on carboxymethylated cotton was achieved by characterizing the zeta potential of the anionized fibers via streaming current (SC) and fiber-pad streaming potential (SP) measurements, which showed only a small percentage of total charges contributed to the surface charge. SC and SP methods were proven to be useful in studying the surface charge of ionic cellulose.}, number={2}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, author={Wang, Z. J. and Hauser, P. J. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2015}, pages={13–19} }
 @article{edwards_hauser_el-shafei_2015, title={Nonflammable cellulosic substrates by application of novel radiation-curable flame retardant monomers derived from cyclotriphosphazene}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84925506336&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-014-0497-7}, number={1}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Edwards, Brian and Hauser, Peter and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={275–287} }
 @article{vargantwar_mittal_hauser_smith_hashem_2014, title={Novel treatment route for preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose}, volume={1}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.1.1.1}, abstractNote={A novel route of partial carboxymethylation, termed pad-dry-pad-cure, was investigated using conventional fabric processing equipment. The effect of process parameters such as concentration of sodium hydroxide, curing time, and concentration of ammonium monochloroacetate on the carboxymethylation content was probed. The treatment was characterized for uniformity by laser scanning confocal microscopy and for changes in fiber cross-sectional geometry by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Confocal micrographs revealed the occurrence of treatment uniformly across the fiber cross sections, whereas SEM showed the resultant oval cross sections of the treated fibers.}, number={1}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, author={Vargantwar, P. H. and Mittal, K. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B. and Hashem, M.}, year={2014}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{farrell_ankeny_hauser_2014, title={Prediction of recipes for cotton cationisation and reactive dyeing to shade match conventionally dyed cotton}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1478-4408"]}, DOI={10.1111/cote.12101}, abstractNote={Cationisation allows cotton to be dyed with anionic dyestuffs (including anionic pigment dispersions) without the need for salt, and with decreased usage of dye, water, and energy. Appropriate cationisation levels play a part in dyeing properties such as fabric levelness, in fastness properties such as lightfastness, and in the overall cost of the cationisation treatment. The objective of this work is to assess whether it is possible simultaneously to predict a dye recipe and cationisation treatment level for cotton to yield a colourless or nearly colourless dyebath at the completion of the dyeing to match the shade of conventional fibre reactive dyeing of cotton. It has been shown that it is possible to model a cold pad batch cationisation process, relate the colour yield data and cationisation level for individual dyes, and finally predict a dyeing recipe and the required corresponding cationisation treatment to match the shade of conventional fibre reactive dyeing of cotton. The predicted dye recipe and cationisation amount yield colourless or nearly colourless dyebaths at the conclusion of the dyeing process.}, number={5}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Farrell, Matthew J. and Ankeny, Mary A. and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={363–367} }
 @article{edwards_rudolf_hauser_el-shafei_2015, title={Preparation, Polymerization, and Performance Evaluation of Halogen-Free Radiation Curable Flame Retardant Monomers for Cotton Substrates}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921675306&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ie502915t}, abstractNote={Three halogen-free, phosphorus-based flame retardant monomers were synthesized with good yields and characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR. Two of the monomers were novel phosphoramides and the third was derived from cyclotriphosphazene. Each monomer was coated onto cotton substrates with the aid of a UV flood curing system. The impacts of monomer concentration, photoinitiator concentration, UV exposure time and proximity of the specimen to the UV lamp on coating yield were evaluated by experiments designed with JMP Pro 10. Of the three monomers, the cyclotriphosphazene derivative was polymerized into a coating that was durable to Soxhlet extraction with acetone. Vertical burn testing showed that all three monomers are valuable flame retardants. These results agreed with thermogravimetric analysis findings that demonstrated quantitatively the effectiveness of each monomer at promoting char formation. For the cyclotriphosphazene derivative, the coating was easily visualized covering significant por...}, number={2}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edwards, Brian and Rudolf, Stacy and Hauser, Peter and El-Shafei, Ahmed}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={577–584} }
 @article{farrell_hauser_2013, title={Cationic cotton, reservations to reality}, volume={13}, number={5}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Farrell, M. J. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2013}, pages={56–63} }
 @article{farrell_hauser_2013, title={Cationic cotton, reservations to reality (vol 13, pg 56, 2013)}, volume={13}, number={6}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Farrell, M. J. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2013}, pages={19–19} }
 @article{mazloumpour_malshe_el-shafei_hauser_2013, title={Conferring durable antimicrobial properties on nonwoven polypropylene via plasma-assisted graft polymerization of DADMAC}, volume={224}, ISSN={["0257-8972"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876729566&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.02.022}, abstractNote={Spunbond nonwoven polypropylene (SB-PP), commonly used for hygienic products, was treated with diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) to confer antimicrobial properties. Atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma was used to induce free radical chain growth polymerization of DADMAC monomer onto the SB-PP in the presence of a crosslinker, which produced a graft polymerized network on the fabric with durable antimicrobial properties. The effects of different DADMAC concentrations and plasma operating condition parameters including the RF power (400–800 W) and the time of plasma exposure (0–120 s) were studied and the optimum treatment conditions were identified by determining the surface charge density on the treated fabrics. The presence of grafted poly-DADMAC on the polypropylene surface was confirmed using SEM, FT-IR and TOF-SIMS techniques. Antibacterial performance was investigated using the AATCC Test Method 100 for both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and the antimicrobial test results showed 6 log reductions in the number of bacterial activities of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus on the SB-PP samples, which is unprecedented.}, journal={SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Mazloumpour, Maryam and Malshe, Priya and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Hauser, Peter}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{cheema_el-shafei_hauser_2013, title={Conferring flame retardancy on cotton using novel halogen-free flame retardant bifunctional monomers: synthesis, characterizations and applications}, volume={92}, number={1}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, author={Cheema, H. A. and El-Shafei, A. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2013}, pages={885–893} }
 @article{fu_hinks_hauser_ankeny_2013, title={High efficiency ultra-deep dyeing of cotton via mercerization and cationization}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-013-0081-6}, number={6}, journal={Cellulose}, author={Fu, S. and Hinks, D. and Hauser, P. and Ankeny, M.}, year={2013}, pages={3101–3110} }
 @article{varan_gursoy_king_hauser_2013, title={Novel elastomeric fabrics for burn pressure garments using silver antimicrobial agents}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon}, author={Varan, N. Y. and Gursoy, N. C. and King, M. W. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2013}, pages={38–42} }
 @article{ramamoorthy_el-shafei_hauser_2013, title={Plasma Induced Graft Polymerization of C6 Fluorocarbons on Cotton Fabrics for Sustainable Finishing Applications}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1612-8869"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84877275449&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ppap.201200111}, abstractNote={AbstractThe main objective of this research is to achieve atmospheric plasma induced graft polymerization of non‐C8 fluorocarbons onto cotton fabrics to achieve a durable nanolayer fluorocarbon coating that is water, alcohol, and oil repellent through home launderings. The influence of process parameters on the performance of polyfluorocarbon was studied using water contact angle measurements, water/alcohol, and oil repellency tests, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. A design of experiments for different processing conditions was used. Plasma assisted‐graft polymerization of fluorocarbon in presence of the crosslinker di(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (10:1 molar ratio of monomer/crosslinker) resulted in a polyfluorocarbon nanolayer on cotton, which was hydrophobic and durable to five home launderings.magnified image
}, number={5}, journal={PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS}, author={Ramamoorthy, Amsarani and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Hauser, Peter}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={430–443} }
 @article{malshe_mazloumpour_el-shafei_hauser_2013, title={Multi-functional military textile: Plasma-induced graft polymerization of a C6 fluorocarbon for repellent treatment on nylon-cotton blend fabric}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0257-8972"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873254605&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.11.081}, abstractNote={This paper reports preparation of a dual functional 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabric (NyCo) with an anti-bacterial bulk and repellent front surface using atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma. In this report, a C6 fluorocarbon monomer, 2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl acrylate was graft polymerized using plasma on the front surface of a nylon–cotton fabric which was already grafted with polyDADMAC for anti-bacterial properties. The surface was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The presence of fluorine on the surface was mapped and confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a uniform layer of fluorocarbon polymer on the fiber surface. High water contact angle of 144° was obtained on the surface. The surface also achieved a high American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 193 rating of 8 and AATCC Test Method 118 rating of 5 indicating that the surface could repel a fluid with surface tension as low as 25 dyn/cm.}, journal={SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Malshe, Priya and Mazloumpour, Maryam and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Hauser, Peter}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={112–118} }
 @article{hauser_2012, title={Sustainable Cotton Dyeing}, volume={441}, ISBN={["978-3-03785-343-6"]}, ISSN={["1022-6680"]}, DOI={10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.1}, abstractNote={Conventional methods of dyeing cotton with direct and fiber reactive dyes involve large amounts of water and salt and generate significant amounts of highly colored effluent that is difficult to treat in waste water treatment facilities. Cationization of cotton with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride allows dyeing with direct and fiber reactive dyes with less water and energy usage as well as the eliminating the need for salt. This paper summarizes work to date on the benefits of using cationized cotton.}, journal={ECO-DYEING, FINISHING AND GREEN CHEMISTRY}, author={Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2012}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{edwards_el-shafei_hauser_malshe_2012, title={Towards flame retardant cotton fabrics by atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization: Synthesis and application of novel phosphoramidate monomers}, volume={209}, ISSN={["0257-8972"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866846185&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.08.031}, abstractNote={The synthesis of two novel phosphoramidate flame retardant monomers for application to cotton textiles using atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was achieved and the molecular structures were characterized using +ESI-MS and FT-IR. The effects of plasma exposure time, monomer concentration, crosslinker chemistry, crosslinker concentration and photoinitiator concentration on grafting yield were investigated and the process was optimized for highest grafting yield. SEM images of the treated fabrics showed a grafted polymer layer covalently bonded to the polymer structure of cotton that survived a lengthy extraction process to remove ungrafted homopolymer and/or unreacted monomer. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that fabrics treated with the monomers demonstrated an increased thermal stability relative to untreated cotton. Vertical burn testing demonstrated the effectiveness of the grafted phosphorus-containing polymer at promoting char formation even though the fabrics were not self-extinguishing. Measurement of the amount of phosphorus present on the treated samples confirmed that the add-on using this application strategy was too low for self-extinguishing properties, but the rest of the evidence suggested that these compounds have the potential for use in generating flame retardant cotton substrates provided that a more suitable application strategy is developed to further improve grafting yield.}, journal={SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Edwards, Brian and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Hauser, Peter and Malshe, Priya}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={73–79} }
 @article{kale_palaskar_hauser_el-shafei_2011, title={Atmospheric pressure glow discharge of helium-oxygen plasma treatment on polyester/cotton blended fabric}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research}, author={Kale, K. and Palaskar, S. and Hauser, P. J. and El-Shafei, A.}, year={2011}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{hauser_el-shafei_2011, title={Atmospheric pressure plasma treatments for repellent textiles}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. J. and El-Shafei, A.}, year={2011}, pages={70–74} }
 @article{wang_hauser_laine_rojas_2011, title={Multilayers of Low Charge Density Polyelectrolytes on Thin Films of Carboxymethylated and Cationic Cellulose}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1568-5616"]}, DOI={10.1163/016942410x525876}, abstractNote={Multilayers with low charge density polyelectrolytes assembled on thin films of cellulose were studied by piezoelectric microgravimetry. The substrates were produced from colloidal suspensions of cotton fibers before and after modification with cationic and anionic groups via epoxy intermediates of quaternary ammonium and carboxymethylation, respectively. Two different levels of ionicity were used for each cellulosic substrate in order to investigate the role of the supporting surface in the buildup of the multilayer. It was found that while electrostatic interactions were leading factors in the assembly of high molecular weight, low charge density polyelectrolytes, other effects such as van der Waals and secondary cooperative forces played important roles. The charge properties of the substrate and the adsorbing polymer were relevant to the behavior of the self-assembled multilayers. Sequential additions of weak polyelectrolytes formed viscoelastic layers on all cellulose substrates. Adsorption of the first layer depended heavily on the charge characteristics of the substrate while the buildup of subsequent layers was mainly affected by the outermost adsorbed polymer. The polyelectrolyte multilayer formation with highest total adsorbed mass occurred on unmodified cellulose surfaces; therefore, in the case of the low charge density polyelectrolytes studied, substrate ionicity and functionalization may not be a requirement. Finally, the effect of anionic weak polyelectrolytes added after the first adsorbed polymer pair is highlighted in the context of reported observations for polyelectrolytes of high charge density.}, number={6-7}, journal={JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wang, Zhengjia and Hauser, Peter J. and Laine, Janne and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2011}, pages={643–660} }
 @article{davis_el-shafei_hauser_2011, title={Use of atmospheric pressure plasma to confer durable water repellent functionality and antimicrobial functionality on cotton/polyester blend}, volume={205}, ISSN={["0257-8972"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79957634922&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.04.035}, abstractNote={A non-thermal, high density atmospheric plasma glow discharge treatment was used to impart functionality to cotton/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric to furnish a surface that is water repellent and then antimicrobial only. In this work, cotton/PET (50/50%) blend fabric was treated with a water repellent treatment through activating the surface with plasma, depositing a vaporized fluorocarbon based monomers, 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate (THPFDA) and 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl acrylate (THPFDDA), then graft polymerizing the monomer with a second plasma exposure. Samples were then further treated with an antimicrobial agent, diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), a quaternary ammonium salt. Plasma treatment was used to induce free radical chain polymerization of the DADMAC, conferring a graft polymerized network on the fabric with potentially durable antimicrobial properties. It was shown that the water repellent treatment via plasma induced-graft polymerization was successful in yielding a highly hydrophobic fabric with a finish durable to laundering. The results of the antimicrobial tests showed that the treated fabric reduced the activity of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria by more than 99.994%, demonstrating that the antimicrobial agent can function effectively on the water repellent treated fabric. However, despite the evidence of the presence of fluorine containing compounds on the fabric following the antimicrobial treatment, which was confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis, the water repellency was lost, which was attributed to changes in the orientation of the fluorocarbon polymer chains.}, number={20}, journal={SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Davis, Rachel and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Hauser, Peter}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={4791–4797} }
 @article{gursoy_hauser_2010, title={An investigation of dyeing properties of bleached knitted coton fabrics using novel cationic bleaching activators}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon}, author={Gursoy, N. C. and Hauser, P.}, year={2010}, pages={155–161} }
 @article{wang_hauser_2010, title={Developing a novel UV protection process for cotton based on layer-by-layer self-assembly}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.008}, abstractNote={A new approach for UV protection of cotton fabrics based on electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) technique was studied in this paper. Three fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) were stepwisely fabricated on cationized cotton fabrics through direct layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique. Dyeing of the assembled cotton fabrics with anionic dyes shows regular and identifiable "odd–even" changes in color depth (K/S value), indicating the variation of surface polarities of the cotton substrates due to the alternate deposition of FBA and PDDA on them. The stepwise increases in UPF of treated cotton fabrics further revealed the growth of these LbL deposition multilayers. The assembled cotton fabrics could obtain excellent UV protection ratings of UPF > 40 after several bilayers of FBA/PDDA were fabricated, depending on the type of FBAs. Excellent durability to washing of the (FBA/PDDA)n multilayers was obtained, which indicates good adhesion between the multilayer coatings and the cotton surfaces.}, number={2}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Wang, Q. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={491–496} }
 @article{lee_hinks_lim_hauser_2010, title={Hydrolytic stability of a series of lactam-based cationic bleach activators and their impact on cellulose peroxide bleaching}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-009-9390-1}, number={3}, journal={Cellulose}, author={Lee, J. J. and Hinks, D. and Lim, S. H. and Hauser, P.}, year={2010}, pages={671–678} }
 @article{hashem_ibrahim_el-shafei_refaie_hauser_2009, title={An eco-friendly - novel approach for attaining wrinkle - free/soft-hand cotton fabric}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.06.004}, abstractNote={A novel approach for upgrading both the wrinkle free and softness properties of cotton fabrics without adversely affecting their strength properties using an eco-friendly finishing regimes was investigated. Factors affecting the performance properties of the finished substrate such as pre-treatment, i.e., carboxymethylation (CMC) or ionic-crosslinking, post-treatment with amino functional silicone softener and its concentration, degree of carboxymethylation as well as thermofixation conditions were studied. The obtained results revealed that post-treatment with the amino based silicone micro emulsion (SiE) up to 30 g/L at pH 4 to a wet pickup of 100% followed by drying at 100 °C for 5 min and curing at 170 °C for 3 min results in a remarkable improvement in fabric resiliency (expressed as dry and wet wrinkle recovery angles), as well as in softness degree, without seriously affecting its retained strength. Improvement extent of the aforementioned properties is governed by the nature of the pre-treatment steps. Fixation of the amino-functional silicone softener onto/or within the modified cellulose structure is accompanied by a formation of semi-inter and/or intra-penetrated network (semi-IPN) thereby enhancing both the extent of crosslinking and networking as well as providing very high softness. FTIR analysis proved the formation of Si–O–Si–cellulose complex. Scanning electron micrograph shows that cotton, CMC and ionic crosslinked cotton fabrics treated with SiE shows higher surface smoothness and considerable reduction in protruding loose fibers, ditches and grooves compared with the untreated one.}, number={4}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Hashem, Mohamed and Ibrahim, Nabil A. and El-Shafei, Amira and Refaie, Rakia and Hauser, Peter}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={690–703} }
 @article{ceria_hauser_2010, title={Atmospheric plasma treatment to improve durability of a water and oil repellent finishing for acrylic fabrics}, volume={204}, ISSN={["0257-8972"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.077}, abstractNote={In this study, the influence of an atmospheric plasma treatment on the durability of a commercial water and oil repellent finish was tested. Acrylic fabrics were processed with a RF atmospheric pressure plasma generator and afterwards a fluorocarbon finish was applied through a traditional pad-dry-cure method. Two gas mixtures were tested (helium and helium/oxygen) with different plasma treatment times. The ageing of the finishing was simulated through repeated accelerated laundry cycles. The water and oil repellencies were measured through standard test methods. While the initial water and oil repellency did not change, the plasma treatment improved the durability of the finish after artificial ageing. Scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out to highlight morphological changes.}, number={9-10}, journal={SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY}, author={Ceria, Alberto and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={1535–1541} }
 @article{hashem_refaie_goli_smith_hauser_2009, title={Enhancement of Wrinkle Free Properties of Carboxymethylated Cotton Fabric via Ionic Crosslinking with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1530-8057"]}, DOI={10.1177/1528083709102934}, abstractNote={Incorporation of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the structure of cotton, carboxymethylated cotton (CMC) or ionically crosslinked cotton fabric induces besides ether crosslinking of cotton cellulose, strong columbic forces and weaker forces such as dipole—dipole, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, or hydrophobic interactions. The ether bonds are formed in the dry state (i.e., un-swelled state), whereas, the other interactions are formed in wet state (i.e., swelled state) of cotton fabrics. Both interactions greatly enhance wet and dry wrinkle recovery angle of cotton fabric without strength loss. Fixation of PVP onto cotton or CMC fabric was achieved thermally by curing the treated fabric at 140°C for 5 minutes. Higher wet and dry wrinkle recovery angles (WRA and DRA) were obtained with lower molecular weight PVP (3000 Da) compared with higher molecular weight one (8000 Da). The results obtained also show that a balance between WRA, DRA as high as 228° and 225°, respectively, could be obtained without loss in tensile strength and elongation at break by treatment CMC fabric having carboxyl content 115 meq/100 g fabric with 4% PVP then cured at 140°C for 5 minutes. Additionally, treatment of the ionically crosslinked fabric (having 115 meq/100 g fabric carboxyl content and 0.22% nitrogen content) with 4% aqueous PVP enhances the DRA and WRA to reach a value of 289° and 286°, respectively, without any loss in the strength properties of the fabrics. These values of WRA and DRA are much higher than those obtained with cotton fabric (blank) or carboxymethylated cotton. The existence of ionic interaction and ether bonds as well as functional groups introduced into cotton fabrics were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES}, author={Hashem, Mohamed and Refaie, Rakia and Goli, Kiral and Smith, Brent and Hauser, Peter}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={57–80} }
 @article{wang_hauser_2009, title={New characterization of layer-by-layer self-assembly deposition of polyelectrolytes on cotton fabric}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-009-9330-0}, number={6}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Wang, Qiang and Hauser, Peter J.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={1123–1131} }
 @article{sahin_gursoy_hauser_smith_2009, title={Optimization of ionic crosslinking process: An alternative to conventional durable press finishing}, volume={79}, DOI={10.1177/0040517508099920}, abstractNote={Cotton fiber has a natural tendency to wrinkle. In order to overcome this undesired property several durable press finishes were proposed and have been used for a long while. However, most of these chemical finishes release formaldehyde, a suspected human carcinogen, which causes fabric to lose strength and to yellow. Non-formaldehyde alternatives to these finishes are expensive. Thus, a non-formaldehyde finish prepared by using common and more available chemicals is required. In this study, we prepared anionic cotton fabric and further treated it with a novel crosslinker, namely cationic glycerin. We focused on optimizing an ionic crosslinking process in terms of the treated fabric's wrinkle recovery angle (WRA). Our results showed that high WRA results may be achieved and the strength of fabric may also be increased.}, number={8}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Sahin, U. K. and Gursoy, N. C. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B.}, year={2009}, pages={744–752} }
 @article{hauser_gudac_2008, title={Effects of alkaline treatments on physical and dyeing properties of cotton woven fabrics}, volume={8}, number={9}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Gudac, A. C.}, year={2008}, pages={45–48} }
 @misc{hauser_hinks_lee_lim_2007, title={Cationic bleach activator with enhanced hydrolytic stability}, volume={7,179,779}, number={2007 Feb. 20}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Hinks, D. and Lee, J. J. and Lim, S.-H.}, year={2007} }
 @article{saunders_hauser_hinks_2007, title={Efficient decolorization of dyebath wastewater using a novel cationic bleach activator/peroxide system}, volume={7}, number={10}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Saunders, P. and Hauser, P. and Hinks, D.}, year={2007}, pages={34–38} }
 @article{lavric_kovac_tavcer_hauser_hinks_2007, title={Enhanced PAA bleaching of cotton by incorporating a cationic bleach activator}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1478-4408"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2007.00088.x}, abstractNote={Peracetic acid is a well‐known alternative to hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent for cotton. In this study, a novel cationic bleach activator, N‐[4‐(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]butyrolactam chloride, was used in combination with peracetic acid to investigate the enhancement of cotton bleaching efficiency. The effects of temperature, pH and concentrations of activator and peracetic acid on the bleaching performance were studied using a statistical design of experiment. Adding activator to a peracetic acid bleaching bath improved the resultant whiteness of the substrate and at optimal conditions produced less fibre damage than when peracetic acid was used alone. In addition, the bleaching performance of both peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of activator was compared. In the absence of activator, the peracetic acid performance was considerably superior to a conventional hydrogen peroxide bleach system in which no bleach activator is present. However, addition of activator to the hydrogen peroxide bath increased the whiteness to a level comparable to peracetic acid.}, number={4}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lavric, Pavla Krizman and Kovac, Franci and Tavcer, Petra Forte and Hauser, Peter and Hinks, David}, year={2007}, pages={230–236} }
 @misc{smith_bilgen_hauser_2007, title={Ionic cross-linking of ionic cotton with small molecular weight anionic or cationic molecules}, volume={7,201,778}, number={2007 Apr. 10}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Bilgen, M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{vargantwar_smith_hauser_2007, title={Preparation of zwitterionic cotton fabrics and their wrinkle-resistant performance}, volume={7}, number={12}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Vargantwar, P. H. and Smith, B. and Hauser, P.}, year={2007}, pages={42–46} }
 @misc{smith_hashem_hauser_2007, title={Product and method for treating cotton}, volume={7,166,135}, number={2007 Jan. 23}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Smith, C. B. and Hashem, M. M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2007} }
 @inbook{hauser_2006, title={Effect of cationization on ink jet printing properties of cotton fabrics}, ISBN={9780849391002}, booktitle={Digital printing of textiles}, publisher={Boca Raton: CRC Press}, author={Hauser, P.J.}, year={2006} }
 @article{hauser_bilgen_smith_2006, title={Ionic crosslinking of cellulose}, volume={31}, number={3}, journal={Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Bilgen, M. and Smith, B.}, year={2006}, pages={363–368} }
 @article{hauser_2005, title={Advances and trends in textile wet processing chemicals}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Hauser, P.J.}, year={2005} }
 @article{lim_lee_hinks_hauser_2005, title={Bleaching of cotton with activated peroxide systems}, volume={121}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2005.tb00258.x}, abstractNote={The bleaching performance of a novel cationic bleach activator, N‐[4‐(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]‐caprolactam chloride, was compared to that of nonanoyloxybenzene sulphonate, a commercially available anionic bleach activator. The whiteness of bleached cotton fabric was used as a measure of the performance. Comparison of bleach performance and the effect of key variables were evaluated using a central composite experimental design. The performances of both activators increased with temperature and sodium hydroxide concentration. Also, the performance of the cationic bleach activator increased with activator concentration, while an increase in the concentration of nonanoyloxybenzene sulphonate gave an adverse effect on the performance. It was found that the cationic bleach activator was superior to the anionic activator in the hot bleaching of cotton under the conditions studied.}, number={2}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Lim, S. H. and Lee, J. J. and Hinks, D. and Hauser, P.}, year={2005}, pages={89–95} }
 @inbook{hauser_2005, title={Chemical analysis of fabric finishes and performance related tests}, ISBN={9780849334832}, DOI={10.1533/9781845690694.107}, booktitle={Chemical testing of textiles}, publisher={Boca Raton: Crc Press}, author={Hauser, P.J.}, year={2005}, pages={107–125} }
 @article{mousavi_wang_grant_oxenham_hauser_2006, title={Effects of antioxidants on the thermal degradation of a polyol ester lubricant using GPC}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie050539b}, abstractNote={The thermal degradation of a polyol ester lubricant used as the main component of textile fiber finishes at high temperature (i.e., 220 °C) has been studied to model the real-world degradation of finishes on fiber manufacturing equipment. Chemical and physical analyses were performed on the thermally stressed lubricants using a combined analytical technique to measure the progress of degradation in the lubricant. The effects of two commonly used antioxidants in the fiber industry and two secondary arylamine antioxidants used in turbine engine oil on the thermal behavior of the lubricants were investigated. Phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PAN) shows a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the lubricant used in this study and could be considered as a potential fiber finish antioxidant for the textile industry.}, number={1}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Mousavi, P and Wang, DX and Grant, CS and Oxenham, W and Hauser, PJ}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={15–22} }
 @article{hauser_slopek_2005, title={Energy, water and pollution reductions with fiber reactive dyes and cationized cotton}, volume={52}, number={9}, journal={Colourage Annual}, author={Hauser, P.J and Slopek, R.P.}, year={2005}, pages={61–66} }
 @article{mousavi_wang_grant_oxenham_hauser_2005, title={Measuring thermal degradation of a polyol ester lubricant in liquid phase}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie049135u}, abstractNote={Thermal degradation of two polyol ester lubricants with the same base chemical structures from two different manufacturers at high temperature (i.e., 220 °C) has been studied. Gel permeation chromatography was used to identify the high molecular weight products formed during thermal stressing of these lubricants. The amount of high molecular weight products generated at different stages of the degradation (e.g., dimers, oligomers) was quantified. Several other techniques were utilized as a combined analytical approach to provide comprehensive measurement of lubricant degradation in the liquid phase. The mechanism of degradation and the formation of oxidation products have been presented. A significant difference in the extent of degradation of the two lubricants was observed using different analytical techniques.}, number={15}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Mousavi, P and Wang, DX and Grant, CS and Oxenham, W and Hauser, PJ}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={5455–5464} }
 @article{wang_mousavi_hauser_oxenham_grant_2005, title={Quartz crystal microbalance in elevated temperature viscous liquids: Temperature effect compensation and lubricant degradation monitoring}, volume={268}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.05.075}, abstractNote={The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was extended to investigate viscous liquids at elevated temperatures in both isothermal and non-isothermal systems. An analysis of the frequency–temperature behavior of the QCM resulted in a new approach to compensate for the effect of the rate of temperature rise on the theoretical QCM temperature coefficients. The temperature-dependent viscosities of a series of liquids were evaluated by measuring the damping voltage of QCM. Thermal degradation experiments on pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate based lubricants demonstrated the potential application of QCM as an in situ sensor to evaluate the thermal stability of lubricants or other viscous fluids. The solid residue deposition rates and liquid phase property changes (i.e., product of density and viscosity) were extensively investigated by monitoring variations in the QCM frequency and damping voltage during the lubricant thermally stressing over a temperature range of 150–220 °C.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Wang, DX and Mousavi, P and Hauser, PJ and Oxenham, W and Grant, CS}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={30–39} }
 @article{lee_lim_hauser_hinks_2005, title={Stability of a novel cationic bleach activator in aqueous solution}, volume={121}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2005.tb00246.x}, abstractNote={The hydrolytic stability of a novel cationic bleach activator, N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]capro-lactam chloride, in aqueous solution has been investigated. After treatment with a bleach system, the whiteness of cotton fabric was measured. Assessment of the available oxygen was used to assess the stability of the bleach activator in solution with respect to time, using a method which minimised the effect of hydrogen peroxide on total available oxygen. Whereas the N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl)benz-oyl]caprolactam chloride in solid form was found to be stable, in aqueous solution it was relatively easily hydrolysed. The effect of pH on its stability in solution was assessed. A good correlation was found between change in available oxygen on storage and bleaching performance.}, number={1}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Lee, J. J. and Lim, S. H. and Hauser, P. and Hinks, D.}, year={2005}, pages={37–40} }
 @article{gursoy_el-shafei_hauser_hinks_2004, title={Cationic bleach activators for improving cotton bleaching}, volume={4}, number={8}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Gursoy, N. C. and El-Shafei, A. and Hauser, P. and Hinks, D.}, year={2004}, pages={37–40} }
 @book{hauser_schindler_2004, title={Chemical finishing of textiles}, ISBN={9780849328251}, DOI={10.1201/9781439823477}, publisher={Boca Raton: CRC}, author={Hauser, P.J. and Schindler, W.D.}, year={2004} }
 @article{hauser_tariq_rajan_2004, title={Dye fixation properties of an antimicrobial finish}, volume={4}, number={4}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Tariq, M. and Rajan, J.}, year={2004}, pages={24–27} }
 @article{kanik_hauser_2004, title={Effect of cationization on ink jet printing properties of cotton}, volume={4}, number={6}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Kanik, M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2004}, pages={22–25} }
 @article{kanik_hauser_parrillo-chapman_donaldson_2004, title={Effect of cationization on inkjet printing properties of cotton fabrics}, volume={4}, number={6}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Kanik, M. and Hauser, P. J. and Parrillo-Chapman, L. and Donaldson, A.}, year={2004}, pages={22–25} }
 @article{lee_park_yoon_hauser_2004, title={Enhancement of the durability of linen-like property of low temperature mercerized cotton}, volume={74}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407400211}, abstractNote={ In order to develop durable linen-like cotton yam with low temperature mercerization, pretreatment methods ensuring efficient and uniform penetration of the low temperature alkali solution into cotton yarn are studied. Pretreatments consisting of an alkaline scouring at higher NaOH concentrations and of a cellulase treatment and subsequent alkaline scouring are evaluated for their efficiency in removing wax and enhancing absorptive properties. The cellulase treatment/alkaline scouring is more efficient at re moving wax than alkaline scouring at higher NaOH concentrations. The cellulase treat ment and subsequent alkaline scouring result in wax contents lower than 0.1%. The cellulase treatment appears to degrade the cellulose on the surface of the cotton fibers, making it more accessible to the scouring agent and making wax removal easier. Swelling and wetting times are compared to identify a pretreatment sufficient for developing linen-like cotton. In low temperature mercerization, the pretreatment consisting of cellu lase treatment and alkaline scouring yields a linen-like cotton yarn whose stiffness is durable to knitting, wet processing, and even ten laundering cycles. The durability appears to be sufficient for practical applications of the process for producing linen-like cotton. }, number={2}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Lee, M. H. and Park, H. S. and Yoon, K. J. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2004}, pages={146–154} }
 @article{gursoy_lim_hinks_hauser_2004, title={Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide bleaching with cationic bleach activators in a cold pad-batch process}, volume={74}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407401106}, abstractNote={ Bleach activators generate peracids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and alkali that are more potent oxidizing agents than hydrogen peroxide under comparable bleaching conditions. The effects of key bleaching parameters (activator concentration, hydrogen peroxide, chelant, and pH) on the performance of cold pad-batch bleaching on cotton are investigated. Optimized recipes are determined for two cationic activators, N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl) benzyl]ca prolactam chloride and 6-( N,N,N-trimethylammonio) hexanoyl caprolactam p-toluenesulfo nate, using a central composite experimental design. The laboratory optimized conditions are used for pilot plant scale bleaching of cotton knit fabric. CIE whiteness index values are calculated from measured reflectance data of the pilot scale bleaching and are in close agreement with those predicted by the experiment. A high level of whiteness ( CIE WI > 70) is achieved for both activators with 8-hour batching, and measurements of the degree of polymerization of the bleached and greige fabrics show little fiber damage in each case. }, number={11}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Gursoy, N. C. and Lim, S. and Hinks, D. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2004}, pages={970–976} }
 @article{mock_hauser_2004, title={ITMA 2003: Technology - dyeing, printing & finishing}, volume={154}, number={3}, journal={Textile World (New York, N.Y.)}, author={Mock, G.N. and Hauser, P.J.}, year={2004}, pages={24–34} }
 @article{wang_mousavi_hauser_oxenham_grant_2004, title={Novel testing system for evaluating the thermal stability of polyol ester lubricants}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie030782f}, abstractNote={This paper reports the development of a novel testing system for evaluating the thermal stability of polyol ester lubricants. The thermal degradation of three pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate based lubricants in the temperature range of 180−220 °C was studied using the developed comprehensive system. The system includes (1) a high-temperature quartz crystal microbalance for the real-time, in situ measurement of the solid residual deposition on metal surfaces and the viscosity change of thermally stressed liquid phase; (2) an on-line gas chromatograph for monitoring the volatiles generation in real time; and (3) an off-line gel permeation chromatograph for determining the molecular weight distribution of the liquid-phase products. The results indicate that the strategy can provide an integrated picture of the thermal stability of lubricants by providing quantitative, real-time, in situ information on gas-, liquid-, and solid-phase products during the thermal decomposition of the lubricants.}, number={21}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Wang, DX and Mousavi, P and Hauser, PJ and Oxenham, W and Grant, CS}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={6638–6646} }
 @article{lim_gursoy_hauser_hinks_2004, title={Performance of a new cationic bleach activator on a hydrogen peroxide bleaching system}, volume={120}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2004.tb00216.x}, abstractNote={The performance of a cationic bleach activator, N‐[4‐(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]caprolactam chloride, was evaluated in a hot peroxide bleaching process. The effect of time, temperature and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and activator on the bleaching of cotton fabric was investigated using a central composite experimental design. Temperature was found to be the most significant parameter. By adding the cationic activator it was possible to achieve a level of whiteness comparable to a typical commercial bleaching system but under relatively mild conditions of time and temperature. As a consequence, chemical damage to the fabric could be reduced. The effect of the cationic bleach activator was compared to that of an anionic activator, nonanoyloxybenzene sulphonate. The cationic activator was superior to the anionic activator in bleaching the fabric under the optimised conditions used in the study. Received: 13 January 2004, Accepted: 10 March 2004}, number={3}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Lim, S. H. and Gursoy, N. C. and Hauser, P. and Hinks, D.}, year={2004}, pages={114–118} }
 @article{kanik_hauser_2004, title={Printing cationized cotton with direct dyes}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407400108}, abstractNote={This paper investigates improved direct dye printing of cotton by cationization. For the cationization, a 100% cotton woven fabric is pretreated with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride by a cold pad-batch method. All printing conditions are constant, and four different direct dyes are used to print both unmodified and cationized cotton fabrics. The effects of cationic reagent concentration, steaming time, dye concentration, color yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, staining of the white ground, and penetration behavior are evaluated. This research reveals that printing with direct dyes on cationic cotton is a very simple, cost effective printing method with high wet fastness properties.}, number={1}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Kanik, M and Hauser, PJ}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={43–50} }
 @article{el ola_kotek_white_reeve_hauser_kim_2004, title={Unusual polymerization of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride on PET substrates}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-2291"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.041}, abstractNote={3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (AEM 5700) is a trifunctional monomer that can be polymerized under acidic conditions at temperatures greater than 100 °C. Under such conditions, coatings based on AEM 5700 formed on PET substrates are relatively hydrophobic and exhibit rewetting times higher than 100 min. Hydrophilic coatings exhibiting a rewetting time of 2.8 min can be also formed when AEM 5700 is initially hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions and then polymerized under acidic conditions. This effect could be related to the accessibility of unreacted hydroxyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups for interaction with water. Excellent antimicrobial action was demonstrated for all coatings based on AEM 5700 on PET substrates. Polyester fabrics having AEM 5700 coating can be dyed with direct dyes. The loss of hydrophilic properties for AEM 5700 coatings is observed after dyeing with direct dyes.}, number={10}, journal={POLYMER}, author={El Ola, SMA and Kotek, R and White, WC and Reeve, JA and Hauser, P and Kim, JH}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={3215–3225} }
 @article{beck_draper_smith_hauser_2003, title={Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton using direct dyes}, volume={3}, number={8}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Beck, K. R. and Draper, S. L. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2003}, pages={51–55} }
 @article{draper_beck_smith_hauser_2003, title={Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton with acid dyes}, volume={3}, number={8}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Draper, S. L. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2003}, pages={51–55} }
 @article{schindler_hauser_2003, title={Chemical finishing of textiles: Hand builders}, volume={49}, number={2}, journal={International Textile Bulletin}, author={Schindler, W.D. and Hauser, P.J.}, year={2003}, pages={68–71} }
 @article{schindler_hauser_2003, title={Chemical finishing of textiles: Soft handle finish}, volume={49}, number={4}, journal={International Textile Bulletin}, author={Schindler, W.D. and Hauser, P.J.}, year={2003}, pages={72–79} }
 @article{cannon_hauser_2003, title={Color assessment of cationic cotton dyed with fiber reactive dyes}, volume={3}, number={5}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Cannon, K. M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2003}, pages={21–23} }
 @article{hauser_2003, title={ITMA 2003: Chemical finishing}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={2003} }
 @article{hauser_2003, title={ITMA 2003: Preparation}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={2003} }
 @article{kanik_hauser_2003, title={Ink-jet printing of cationised cotton using reactive inks}, volume={119}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2003.tb00177.x}, abstractNote={The ink‐jet printing properties of cotton cationised with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride have been studied. Cyan, magenta, yellow and black reactive inks were used to print untreated and cationised cotton fabrics. The effect of cationic reagent concentration, steaming time, ink (colour) and print resolution were investigated, together with possible differences between the behaviour of the four inks. Colour yields, staining of the white grounds, penetration behaviour, print quality and fastness properties were evaluated.}, number={4}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Kanik, M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2003}, pages={230–234} }
 @article{hauser_hashem_smith_2003, title={Ionic crosslinking of cotton}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1108/rjta-07-01-2003-b001}, abstractNote={Cellulose crosslinking is a very important textile chemical process, and is the basis for a vast array of durable press and crease-resistant finished textile products. Formaldehydecontaining N-methylol crosslinkers give fabrics desirable properties of mechanical stability (e.g., crease resistance, anti-curl, shrinkage resistance, durable-press), but also impart a loss of strength and the potential to release formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. Other systems, such as polycarboxylic acids, have been tested with varying degrees of success. We have developed methods of forming ionic crosslinks that provide outstanding performance in crease angle recovery while completely retaining the strength of treated goods, without the potential to release any reactive materials of low molecular weight, such as formaldehyde.
            Our work is based on the reactions of cellulose with materials that impart an ionic character to the cellulose; e.g., chloroacetic acid for negative charges or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride for positive charges. These reactions produce ionic celluloses that can then absorb a polyionic material of opposite charge to form crosslinks.
            Cellulose treated with cationized chitosan after carboxymethylation showed significant increases in crease recovery angles without a loss of strength.}, number={1}, journal={Research Journal of Textile & Apparel}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Hashem, M. and Smith, C. B.}, year={2003}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{hauser_kanik_2003, title={Printing of cationised cotton with acid dyes}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. and Kanik, M.}, year={2003}, pages={25–28} }
 @article{hauser_kanik_2003, title={Printing of cationized cotton with acid dyes}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Kanik, M.}, year={2003}, pages={25–28} }
 @article{hashem_hauser_smith_2003, title={Reaction efficiency for cellulose cationization using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307301113}, abstractNote={ A major cost factor of cationizing cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) is the reaction efficiency, which is less than perfect due to a competing hydrolysis reaction. The efficiency of the cationization reaction sequence is analyzed in terms of chemical kinetics, and experimental results are presented for several reaction methods including pad-batch, pad-steam, pad-dry-steam, exhaust, and pad-dry- cure. The effects of CHTAC and alkali concentrations, additives to the treatment bath, pretreatments, time, temperature, reaction method, and sequence of events are investigated in terms of percent fixation of CHTAC. In addition, data are presented for the reaction in non-aqueous solvents. }, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hashem, M and Hauser, P and Smith, B}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={1017–1023} }
 @article{morris_hauser_2003, title={The  effects of a cationic reagent on typical finishes}, volume={3}, number={11}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Morris, H. and Hauser, P.}, year={2003}, pages={17–19} }
 @article{hashem_hauser_smith_2003, title={Wrinkle recovery for cellulosic fabric by means of ionic crosslinking}, volume={73}, DOI={10.1177/004051750307300903}, abstractNote={ Methods are developed for imparting crease angle recovery performance to cellulosic fabrics based on durable ionic crosslinks. These methods, which avoid the formaldehyde release of conventional finishes, include treating cellulose with chloroacetic acid (or an other reactive anion) and cationized chitosan (or another polycation). Alternative methods include treating cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or another cationization reagent) and a polyanion, or with chloroacetic acid and 3-chloro- 2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. A method for producing highly cationic chitosan is also presented. Crease angle recovery and strength data are correlated to the amount of polyelectrolyte add-on. }, number={9}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Hashem, A. and Hauser, P. and Smith, B.}, year={2003}, pages={762–766} }
 @article{draper_beck_smith_hauser_2002, title={Characterization of the dyeing behavior of cationic cotton with direct dyes}, volume={2}, number={10}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Draper, S. L. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2002}, pages={24–27} }
 @article{hauser_tabba_2002, title={Dyeing cationic cotton with fiber reactive dyes: Effect of reactive chemistries}, volume={2}, number={5}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Tabba, A. H.}, year={2002}, pages={36–39} }
 @article{hauser_tabba_2002, title={Dyeing cotton with fiber reactive dyes: Effect of reactive chemistries}, volume={2}, number={5}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Hauser, P. and Tabba, A. H.}, year={2002}, pages={53–56} }
 @inproceedings{wang_mousavi_grant_hauser_oxenham_martin_davis_2002, title={Evaluating thermal degradation of textile finishing aids using GC and QCM}, ISBN={9781574771381}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2002 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology : Greensboro, North Carolina, September 8-10, 2002}, publisher={Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press}, author={Wang, D. and Mousavi, P. and Grant, S. C. and Hauser, P. J. and Oxenham, W. and Martin, T. and Davis, R.}, year={2002}, pages={243–251} }
 @article{mccord_hwang_hauser_qiu_cuomo_hankins_bourham_canup_2002, title={Modifying nylon and polypropylene fabrics with atmospheric pressure plasmas}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750207200605}, abstractNote={ Polypropylene and nylon 66 fabrics are subjected to atmospheric pressure He and He-O2 plasmas for selected exposure time intervals. Scanning electron microscopy anal ysis of the fabrics shows no apparent changes in the plasma-treated nylon fiber surfaces, but significant surface morphological changes for the polypropylene. Surface analyses of the nylon filaments reveal small differences in the surface carbon and oxygen contents between the treated and control groups. The surface oxygen and nitrogen content of the polypropylene fabric increases significantly after treatment in both He and He-O2 plasmas. There is a slight decrease in nylon fabric tensile strength after treatment in He plasma for 3 minutes, while. there is no significant change in tensile strength of the nylon fabric treated with He-O2 after exposure times of up to 8 minutes. }, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={McCord, MG and Hwang, YJ and Hauser, PJ and Qiu, Y and Cuomo, JJ and Hankins, OE and Bourham, MA and Canup, LK}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={491–498} }
 @inproceedings{wang_mousavi_grant_hauser_oxenham_2002, title={Monitoring thermal stability of textile processing aids using a quartz crystal microbalance}, ISBN={9780816908912}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Topical Conference on Sensor Technology : 2002 AICHE Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Nov. 3 - 8}, publisher={New York, NY: AIChE}, author={Wang, D. and Mousavi, P. and Grant, S. C. and Hauser, P. J. and Oxenham, W.}, editor={C.C. Liu and Martin, H.B.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={74–79} }
 @article{hauser_2002, title={Plasma treatment of textiles: Changing fiber surfaces}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={2002} }
 @article{kanik_hauser_2002, title={Printing of cationised cotton with reactive dyes}, volume={118}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2002.tb00114.x}, abstractNote={The printing properties of cationised cotton that had been pretreated with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride were examined. Fixation (steaming) time, colour yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, staining of the white grounds and penetration behaviour were evaluated for a number of reactive dyes with cationised cotton fabrics. The cationisation of cotton was found to be very effective in reducing steaming times and washing off processes, and in increasing colour yield. Fastness and other properties of the printings are also discussed.}, number={6}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Kanik, M. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2002}, pages={300–306} }
 @article{merritt_beck_smith_hauser_jasper_2001, title={Determination of indigo in dyebaths by flow injection analysis and redox titrations}, volume={1}, number={4}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Merritt, J. T. and Beck, K. R. and Smith, C. B. and Hauser, P. J. and Jasper, W. J.}, year={2001}, pages={41–45} }
 @article{mock_hauser_2001, title={Finishing first}, volume={30}, number={6}, journal={Textile Industries (Atlanta, Ga. : 2001)}, author={Mock, G. N. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={2001}, pages={62, 64–69} }
 @article{hauser_tabba_2001, title={Improving the environmental and econmic aspects of dyeing cotton}, volume={117}, number={5}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Hauser, P. and Tabba, A. H.}, year={2001}, pages={282–288} }
 @article{hauser_tabba_2001, title={Improving the environmental and economic aspects of cotton dyeing using a cationised cotton}, volume={117}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2001.tb00076.x}, abstractNote={One approach to improve the affinity of anionic dyes for cotton is to add cationic dye sites to the fibre. The dyeing behaviour of cotton that had been rendered cationic by reaction with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride was examined. Dye yields and fastness properties are reported for a number of direct, reactive and acid dyes with the modified fibre. Excellent dye yields and colour fastness properties were obtained without the use of electrolytes, multiple rinsings or fixation agents which are normally employed in cotton dyeing.}, number={5}, journal={Coloration Technology}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Tabba, A. H.}, year={2001}, pages={282–288} }
 @inproceedings{kotek_abo el ola_white_hauser_2001, title={Polymerization of silane quaternary ammonium salts on fibers}, volume={42}, number={1}, booktitle={Papers presented at the San Diego, California, meeting.}, publisher={Newark, NJ: Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society}, author={Kotek, R. and Abo El Ola, S. M. and White, W. C. and Hauser, P.}, year={2001}, pages={106} }
 @article{hauser_2001, title={Quick turns: Finishing trends}, volume={30}, number={9}, journal={Textile Industries (Atlanta, Ga. : 2001)}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={2001}, pages={48–50} }
 @article{hauser_2000, title={Cationic pretreatment of cotton}, volume={29}, number={10}, journal={America's Textile Industries}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={2000}, pages={42–46} }
 @article{hauser_2000, title={Critical review of textile finishing equipment at ITMA '99}, volume={30}, number={1/2}, journal={Textile Progress}, author={Hauser, P. J.}, year={2000}, pages={84–89} }
 @article{tabba_hauser_2000, title={Effect of cationic pretreatment on pigment printing of cotton fabric}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist & American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Tabba, A. H. and Hauser, P.}, year={2000}, pages={30–33} }
 @article{hauser_2000, title={ITMA-99 finishing review}, volume={30}, number={1/2}, journal={Textile Progress}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={2000}, pages={84–89} }
 @article{hauser_merritt_2000, title={Improved determination of indigo on fibers or fabrics}, volume={32}, number={12}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist & American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Merritt, J. T.}, year={2000}, pages={33–35} }
 @article{hauser_2000, title={Reducing pollution and energy requirements in cotton dyeing}, volume={32}, number={6}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist & American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Hauser, P. J.}, year={2000}, pages={44–48} }
 @inproceedings{merritt_beck_smith c.b._p._jasper_1999, title={Determination of indigo in dyebaths by flow injection analysis and redox titrations}, booktitle={Book of Papers, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. International Conference & Exhibition}, author={Merritt, J.T. and Beck, K.R. and Smith C.B., Hauser and P. and Jasper, W.J.}, year={1999}, pages={505–513} }
 @article{hauser_1999, title={ITMA '99: innovative wet processing solutions}, volume={28}, number={1}, journal={America's Textiles International}, author={Hauser, P. J.}, year={1999}, pages={66–67} }
 @article{hauser_1999, title={Innovative wet processing solutions}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={America's Textiles International}, author={Hauser, P.}, year={1999}, pages={66–67} }
 @inproceedings{hauser_1999, title={Reducing pollution and energy requirements in cotton dyeing}, number={1999 July}, booktitle={II Conferencia Internacional Textil/Confeccao: 21/23 julho 1999, Rio de Janeiro = 2nd International Textile and Apparel Conference: 21/23 July 1999, Rio de Janeiro}, publisher={Rio de Janeiro: SENAI/CETIQT}, author={Hauser, P. J.}, year={1999} }
 @article{hauser_montagnino_1998, title={Alkalinity studies of commercial denim fabrics}, volume={87}, number={5}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Montagnino, J. C.}, year={1998}, pages={24–29} }
 @misc{hauser_helfrich_1997, title={Heather dyed fabric and method of producing same}, volume={5,667,533}, number={1997 Sep. 16}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Helfrich, S. G.}, year={1997} }
 @article{hauser_etters_1997, title={Saponification of polyester fiber: optimizing process parameters for denier reduction}, volume={86}, number={9}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Etters, J. N.}, year={1997}, pages={15–18} }
 @article{hauser_bairathi_1996, title={New system for improved denim dyeing}, volume={85}, number={8}, journal={American Dyestuff Reporter}, author={Hauser, P. and Bairathi, A.}, year={1996}, pages={55} }
 @misc{riggins_hauser_1990, title={Exhaust process for simultaneously dyeing and improving the flame resistance of aramid fibers}, volume={4,898,596}, number={1990 Feb. 6}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Riggins, P. H. and Hauser, P. J.}, year={1990} }
 @misc{hauser_triplett_sujarit_1988, title={Flame-resistant cotton blend fabrics}, volume={4,732,789}, number={1988 Mar. 22}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Triplett, B. L. and Sujarit, C.}, year={1988} }
 @misc{hauser_marco_1979, title={Textile materials having durable soil release and moisture transport characteristics and process for producing same}, volume={4,164,392}, number={1979 Aug. 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P. J. and Marco, M. W.}, year={1979} }
 @misc{hauser_hendrix_kuhn_1979, title={Tint compositions for nylon having improved fugitivity properties}, volume={4,144,028}, number={1979 March 13}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P.J. and Hendrix, J.E. and Kuhn, H.H.}, year={1979} }
 @misc{hauser_hendrix_kuhn_1978, title={Tint compositions for nylon having improved fugitivity properties}, volume={4,102,644}, number={1978 July 8}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P.J. and Hendrix, J.E. and Kuhn, H.H.}, year={1978} }
 @misc{hauser_kuhn_1978, title={Water-soluble, non-polar solvent-soluble ethyleneoxy-propyleneoxy containing fugitial tints}, volume={4,113,721}, number={1978 Sep. 12}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hauser, P.J. and Kuhn, H.H.}, year={1978} }