@article{carter_norin_swennes_2020, title={Gnotobiotics and the Microbiome}, ISBN={["978-0-12-814338-4"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-12-814338-4.00021-0}, abstractNote={This chapter provides an overview of germfree (GF), gnotobiotic (GN), and defined flora (DF) laboratory rats, relating their history, traditional and modern derivation procedures, the anatomy and physiology, and their use in the study of mammalian host–microbiome relationships. Extensive literature on the nutrition and physiology of GF rats and the expanding library of immunological reagents have increased the research utility of GF, GN, or DF rats. Such rats have been extensively used in metabolic experiments as nucleus seed stocks for the production of disease-free animals and as tools for infectious disease studies, among others. The chapter also presents research applications of GF rats that are particularly suitable for testing candidate viral carcinogens since they are uniquely free of all known viruses, for pathology studies in the distinguishing of primary mediation lesions from those associated with infections, and the study of the biological effects of radiation.}, journal={LABORATORY RAT, 3RD EDITION}, author={Carter, Philip B. and Norin, Elisabeth and Swennes, Alton G.}, year={2020}, pages={827–848} }
 @article{carter_carmichael_2003, title={Modern veterinary vaccines and the Shaman's apprentice}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1878-1667"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0147-9571(03)00022-5}, abstractNote={This paper is an overview and assessment of new, commercially available veterinary vaccines placed in a historical context. The authors critically evaluate the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines in both food and companion animals and the promises for future vaccine development. The authors maintain that there is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. It is proposed that establishment of an international vaccine advisory committee be supported which would function to apprise the veterinary profession of the current status of vaccines and their use.}, number={5-6}, journal={COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Carter, PB and Carmichael, LE}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={389–400} }
 @article{morgan_garland_carter_2003, title={Ontogenies in mice selected for high voluntary wheel-running activity. I. Mean ontogenies}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0014-3820"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01556.x}, abstractNote={Abstract The evolutionary importance of postnatal ontogenies has long been recognized, but most studies of ontogenetic trajectories have focused exclusively on morphological traits. For animals, this represents a major omission because behavioral traits and their ontogenies often have relatively direct relationships to fitness. Here four replicate lines of house mice artificially selected for high early‐age wheel running and their four replicate control lines were used to evaluate the effects of early‐age directional selection, genetic drift, and activity environment (presence or absence of a running wheel) on variation in the ontogenies of three traits known to be genetically correlated: voluntary wheel running, body mass, and food consumption. Early‐age selection significantly changed both the shape and position of the wheel‐running and food‐consumption ontogenies while influencing the position, but not the shape, of the body mass ontogeny. Genetic drift (as indicated by variation among replicate lines) produced significant changes in both the position and shape of all three ontogenies; however, its effect differed between the selection and control groups. For wheel running and food consumption, genetic drift only influenced the control ontogenies, whereas for body mass, genetic drift had a significant effect in both selection groups. Both body‐mass and food‐consumption ontogenies were significantly altered by activity environment, with the environment causing significant changes in the shape and position of both ontogenies. Overall the results demonstrate strong effects of early‐age selection, genetic drift, and environmental variation on the evolution and expression of behavioral and morphological ontogenies, with selection changing only the position of the morphological ontogeny but both the position and shape of the behavioral ontogenies.}, number={3}, journal={EVOLUTION}, author={Morgan, TJ and Garland, T and Carter, PA}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={646–657} }
 @article{carter_2003, title={The current state of veterinary vaccines: Is there hope for the future?}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.30.2.152}, abstractNote={ This article is an overview and assessment of available veterinary vaccines, placed in a historical context. A more complete presentation of the main tenets of the symposium talk at Agenda for Action: Veterinary Medicine’s Role in Biodefense and Public Health is published elsewhere. The symposium presentation contained a critical evaluation of the current state of the field of veterinary vaccines for both food and companion animals and of promises for future vaccine development. There is considerable variability in safety and sustained efficacy among veterinary vaccines, especially those developed for companion animals. Standardization of vaccines and vaccinal strains and detailed knowledge of their safety, efficacy, and potency and of the duration of immunity are needed before rational recommendations can truly be made. It is proposed that the establishment of an international vaccine advisory committee be supported, which would function to apprise the veterinary profession of the current status of vaccines and their use, and that a system for reporting vaccine adverse events, similar to that for humans, should be established. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Carter, PB}, year={2003}, pages={152–154} }
 @article{havell_beretich_carter_1999, title={The mucosal phase of Listeria infection}, volume={201}, ISSN={["0171-2985"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0171-2985(99)80056-4}, abstractNote={Listeria monocytogenes is an enteroinvasive bacterial pathogen of man and animals. Listeriae have been shown capable of infecting the host by translocating from the intestinal lumen through Peyer's Patches (PP), however, results of experiments now indicate that these facultative intracellular parasites may also translocate through PP-independent routes. With regards to this, on occasion we observed that listeriae were absent from the PP of mice inoculated intragastrically with L. monocytogenes, but were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes of these same mice. These observations suggested that PP were not necessary for listerial translocation from the intestinal lumen. Two experimental approaches were used to determine whether luminal listeriae could indeed infect the host through PP-independent routes. First, since it is known that: 1) following the intragastric inoculation of L. monocytogenes, listeriae rapidly transit the length of the gastrointestinal tract and reside in the colonic lumen for up to a week, 2) the colon lacks PP, and 3) the descending colon and rectum are drained exclusively by the caudal lymph node (CLN), it was determined whether colonic listeriae could access the CLN. Inoculation of listeriae into the rectum of mice resulted in the infection of the CLN which indicated that PP were not required for listerial translocation. Second, since germfree SCID mice lack PP, it was determined whether listeriae could translocate from the intestinal lumen and infect these immunoincompetent mice. Shortly after the intragastric inoculation of L. monocytogenes into germfree SCID mice, listeriae were found in the mesenteries, livers and spleens. These results also indicate that PP are not required for listerial translocation from the intestinal lumen. One possible route of translocation from the intestinal lumen might occur by listeriae entering enterocytes. Results were obtained showing that listeriae were capable of entering cultured mouse small intestine enterocytes. Internalized listeriae were observed to multiply and spread intracellularly between enterocytes.}, number={2}, journal={IMMUNOBIOLOGY}, author={Havell, EA and Beretich, GR and Carter, PB}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={164–177} }
 @article{beretich_carter_havell_1998, title={Roles for tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon in resistance to enteric listeriosis}, volume={66}, number={5}, journal={Infection and Immunity}, author={Beretich, G. R. and Carter, P. B. and Havell, E. A.}, year={1998}, pages={2368–2373} }