@article{schachar_bocage_nelson_early_mariani_olby_munana_2024, title={Clinical and imaging findings in dogs with nerve root signature associated with cervical intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16982}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16982}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Schachar, Jordan and Bocage, Alan and Nelson, Nathan C. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{colon_early_munana_olby_mariani_mancini_fefer_li_briley_bailey_et al._2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ketamine administration via the Omnipod® system in dogs}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13440}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Colon, Claudia and Early, Peter and Munana, Karen and Olby, Natasha and Mariani, Christopher and Mancini, Shelby and Fefer, Gilad and Li, Zhong and Briley, Jessica and Bailey, Kate and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kei_korff_porter_early_2023, title={Chronic, progressive paraparesis and acute paraplegia in an 8-year-old Australian Shepherd mixed-breed dog}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.11.0529}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kei, Tiffany G. and Korff, Courtney P. and Porter, Ian R. and Early, Peter J.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{piazza_mcanulty_early_guevar_2023, title={Craniectomies for Dogs With Skull Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma Using the Misonix Bone Scalpel: Cadaveric Evaluation and Retrospective Case Series}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1946-9837"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100772}, abstractNote={To evaluate the Misonix bone scalpel (MBS) for craniotomies in dogs and describe clinical findings and surgical experience in 3 dogs with large multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) of the skull. Cadaver evaluation and retrospective case series. One canine cadaver; 3 client-owned dogs. Craniotomies of different sizes and at different locations were performed with MBS. Dural tear and bone discoloration were recorded. Clinical, imaging, and surgical findings of dogs diagnosed with MLO and where MBS was used for craniectomies were retrospectively included. Cadaveric evaluation identified MBS as an efficient tool for rapid craniectomies (>5minutes) albeit dural tears and some small foci of bone discoloration were observed. Craniectomies could be performed without complications in 3 dogs with MLO without dural tear or bone discoloration. .Excision was in complete in all cases. The short-term outcome was good, and the long-term outcome was fair to good. Piezoelectric bone surgery with the Misonix bone scalpel is an alternative technology to perform craniectomies in dogs. It was not associated with complications in 3 dogs diagnosed and surgically treated for MLO. Dural tears and suspected bone necrosis can occur. Great care should be taken when using CT to establish disease free surgical osteotomy.}, journal={TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE}, author={Piazza, Alexander M. and McAnulty, Jonathan F. and Early, Peter and Guevar, Julien}, year={2023} }
 @article{bray_platt_kent_olby_early_mariani_munana_holmes_2023, title={Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of atlanto-axial subluxation in 42 dogs: Analysis of joint cavity size, subluxation distance, and craniocervical junction anomalies}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2218-6050"]}, DOI={10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.4}, abstractNote={Background: 
Atlanto-axial (AA) subluxation can be a complex syndrome in dogs. Accurate identification and assessment of this condition is key to providing treatment and resolution.  
Aim: 
The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of AA subluxation and associated neurologic deficits. 
Methods: 
A multicenter review of dogs with a diagnosis of AA subluxation was conducted, evaluating signalment, neurologic grade, duration of signs, and MRI characteristics. MRI characteristics included degree of spinal cord compression and joint subluxation, integrity of odontoid ligaments, presence of a dens, spinal cord signal intensity, and presence of syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation. A control population with normal AA joints was also evaluated. MR images of 42 dogs with AA subluxation were compared to 26 age and breed-matched control dogs. 
Results: 
Affected dogs had a median age of 27 months and median weight of 2.7 kg, and the most commonly affected breed was Yorkshire terrier (47.5%). Spinal cord signal hyperintensity, increased AA joint size, and cross-sectional cord compression at the level of the dens and mid-body C2 were associated with AA subluxation. No associations were found between cord compression, appearance of the dens, or cord signal intensity and neurologic grade. Affected dogs did not have a higher incidence of Chiari-like malformation, syringohydromyelia, or hydrocephalus than control dogs, and their neurologic grade was not associated with MRI findings. Lack of a dens and/or odontoid ligaments was associated with larger subluxations. 
Conclusion: 
Dogs with clinical signs of AA subluxation were significantly more likely to have intramedullary hyperintensity at the level of compression (p=0.0004), an increased AA joint cavity size (p=0.0005), and increased spinal cord compression at the level of dens and mid-body C2 (p=<0.05). The authors suggest an AA joint cavity size >1.4mm and a subluxation distance >2.5mm as cutoffs for MRI diagnosis of AA subluxation in dogs. No differences were noted between dogs with AA subluxation and control dogs regarding syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation.}, number={9}, journal={OPEN VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Platt, Simon R. and Kent, Marc and Olby, Natasha J. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Holmes, Shannon P.}, year={2023}, pages={1091–1098} }
 @article{woelfel_mariani_nolan_keenihan_topulos_early_munana_musulin_olby_2023, title={Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16703}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16703}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Nolan, Michael W. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Topulos, Sophia P. and Early, Peter J. and Munana, Karen R. and Musulin, Sarah E. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{tammaro_early_bergman_petrovsky_kraus_2022, title={Diagnostic traction and dorsal locking plate stabilization of a fifth and sixth thoracic vertebral fracture/luxation in a golden retriever: Case report}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.1011983}, abstractNote={Traction was used to diagnose instability of a T5-T6 traumatic luxation that was stabilized with locking plates in the laminae and dorsal pedicles. A two-year-old, 27 kg, female spayed golden retriever was presented to a veterinary teaching hospital after being referred for possible mandibular and spinal fractures after being hit by a car. The dog presented non-ambulatory paraparetic with intact pain perception. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging showed a fifth and sixth thoracic vertebral fracture/luxation, with and without manual traction. Surgical stabilization of the spine was performed with bilateral dorsally placed locking plates (String-of-Pearls, Orthomed, UK) in the laminae and dorsal aspects of the vertebral pedicles. The dog recovered well, and neurologic status improved significantly overnight and continued to improve up until discharge, which was 6 days postoperatively. Upon recheck exam at 8 weeks postoperatively, the dog appeared neurologically normal with no obvious surgical complications. This case demonstrates that diagnostic traction—the process of pulling, during imaging, on the dog's pelvis while the forelimbs are secured in extension—demonstrated instability of the spine which was not readily apparent on initial CT imaging. Additionally, the dorsal locking plate stabilization is a viable fixation option that provided acceptable stabilization of the mid-thoracic vertebrae.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Tammaro, William J. and Early, Peter J. and Bergman, Robert and Petrovsky, Brian L. and Kraus, Karl H.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{mancini_early_slater_olby_mariani_munana_woelfel_schacher_zhong_messenger_2022, title={Novel subcutaneous cytarabine infusion with the Omnipod system in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0046}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mancini, Shelby L. and Early, Peter J. and Slater, Bailey M. and Olby, Natasha J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Woelfel, Christian W. and Schacher, Jordan A. and Zhong, Li and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{schmitt_early_bergman_riedesel_yuan_mochel_kraus_2021, title={Computed tomography evaluation of proposed implant corridors in canine thoracic vertebrae}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13680}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Schmitt, Elizabeth M. and Early, Peter and Bergman, Robert and Riedesel, Elizabeth A. and Yuan, Lingnan and Mochel, Jonathan P. and Kraus, Karl H.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{woelfel_robertson_mariani_munana_early_olby_2021, title={Outcomes and prognostic indicators in 59 paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural hemorrhage secondary to thoracolumbar disc extrusion}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13592}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Robertson, James B. and Mariani, Chris L. and Munana, Karen R. and Early, Peter J. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={527–536} }
 @article{woelfel_bray_early_mariani_olby_2021, title={Subaxial cervical articular process subluxation and dislocation: Cervical locked facet injuries in dogs}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13746}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Bray, Katherine Y. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{paushter_early_perkins_applegate_2021, title={Surgical Resection of a Parietal Osteoma in a Domestic Ferret Using Advanced Neurosurgical Techniques}, volume={57}, ISBN={1547-3317}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7053}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Paushter, Aaron and Early, Peter and Perkins, Tyler and Applegate, Jeffrey}, year={2021}, pages={91–95} }
 @article{wolf_early_pozzi_vigani_2021, title={Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural glucocorticoid injection for signs of refractory cervical pain associated with foraminal intervertebral disk protrusion in four dogs}, volume={258}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.258.9.999}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Wolf, Johanna K. and Early, Peter J. and Pozzi, Antonio and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={999–1006} }
 @misc{chiavaccini_schachar_early_bailey_2021, title={Ultrasound-guided perineural injections for the medical management of thoracic limb root signature in a dog}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2021.03.003}, abstractNote={Perineural injection of corticosteroids using fluoroscopy guidance has been proposed as part of the multimodal medical management of root-signature signs associated with cervical lateralized disc material in dogs ( Giambuzzi et al., 2016 Giambuzzi S. Pancotto T. Ruth J. Perineural injection for treatment of root-signature signs associated with lateralized disk material in five dogs (2009–2013). Front Vet Sci. 2016; 3: 1 Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar ). However, the technique requires specialized equipment, is time-consuming and carries the risk of radiation exposure.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Chiavaccini, Ludovica and Schachar, Jordan and Early, Peter J. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={480–482} }
 @article{mariani_niman_boozer_ruterbories_early_munana_olby_2021, title={Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with neoplastic or inflammatory central nervous system disorders}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16181}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16181}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Niman, Zachary E. and Boozer, Lindsay B. and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Early, Peter J. and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lewis_early_mariani_munana_olby_2020, title={Influence of Duration of Injury on Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Acute Canine Spinal Cord Injury}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1557-9042"]}, DOI={10.1089/neu.2019.6786}, abstractNote={Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) quantifies microstructural lesion characteristics but impact of the interval between spinal cord injury (SCI) and examination on imaging characteristics is unclear. Our objective was to investigate the impact of duration of injury on DTI indices in dogs with acute, spontaneous SCI due to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) and explore associations with clinical severity. Twenty-six dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH of variable severity who underwent DTI were included. Neurologic severity was graded using the Modified Frankel Score (0-V). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated on regions of interest within and adjacent to the lesion epicenter. Relationships between FA or MD and duration (injury to imaging interval) or neurologic severity were determined using regression analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum. Median age was 6.8 years (1-13), median duration was 1.5 days (1-9) and neurologic signs ranged from ambulatory paraparesis (MFS II) to paraplegia with absent pain perception (MFS V). Mean FA was 0.61+/-0.09 cranial to the lesion, 0.57+/-0.12 at the epicenter and 0.55+/-0.10 caudally. Mean MD was 1.18x10-3+/-0.0002 cranially, 1.09x10-3+/-0.0002 at the epicenter and 1.14x10-3+/-0.0002 caudally. Accounting for neurologic severity and age, FA caudal to the epicenter decreased with increasing duration of injury (p = 0.02). Lower MD within the lesion epicenter was associated with worse neurologic severity (p = 0.01). Duration of injury should be considered when interpreting DTI results in dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH. MD might differentiate injury severity in the acute setting and be worthy of development as an imaging biomarker.}, number={21}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA}, author={Lewis, Melissa J. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2261–2267} }
 @article{amengual-batle_jose-lopez_durand_czopowicz_beltran_guevar_lazzerini_de decker_munana_early_et al._2020, title={Traumatic skull fractures in dogs and cats: A comparative analysis of neurological and computed tomographic features}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15838}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Amengual-Batle, Pablo and Jose-Lopez, Roberto and Durand, Alexane and Czopowicz, Michal and Beltran, Elsa and Guevar, Julien and Lazzerini, Kali and De Decker, Steven and Munana, Karen and Early, Peter and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1975–1985} }
 @article{castel_olby_ru_mariani_muñana_early_2019, title={Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study}, volume={15}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2186-0}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-019-2186-0}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Castel, Aude and Olby, Natasha J. and Ru, Hongyu and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Early, Peter J.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{dixon_chen_rossmeisl_sturges_vernau_levine_otamendi_early_partnow_curtis_et al._2019, title={Surgical decompression, with or without adjunctive therapy, for palliative treatment of primary vertebral osteosarcoma in dogs}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12508}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Dixon, Alexandra and Chen, Annie and Rossmeisl, John H., Jr. and Sturges, Beverly and Vernau, Karen and Levine, Jonathan M. and Otamendi, Arturo and Early, Peter and Partnow, Alix and Curtis, Lara and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={472–478} }
 @article{zidan_sims_fenn_williams_griffith_early_mariani_munana_guevar_olby_et al._2018, title={A randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial of postoperative rehabilitation in dogs after surgical decompression of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={32}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15086}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15086}, abstractNote={BackgroundExperimental evidence shows benefit of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) but there are limited objective data on the effect of rehabilitation on recovery of dogs after surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL‐IVDH).}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zidan, Natalia and Sims, Cory and Fenn, Joe and Williams, Kim and Griffith, Emily and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Chris L. and Munana, Karen and Guevar, Julien and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={1133–1144} }
 @article{zidan_fenn_griffith_early_mariani_muñana_guevar_olby_2018, title={The Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Post-Operative Pain and Locomotor Recovery in Dogs with Acute, Severe Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial}, volume={35}, ISSN={0897-7151 1557-9042}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5485}, DOI={10.1089/neu.2017.5485}, abstractNote={Spinal cord injury (SCI) attributed to acute intervertebral disc extrusions (IVDEs) is common in dogs and is treated by surgical decompression. Dogs with sensorimotor complete injuries have an incomplete recovery. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) reduce post-operative pain through anti-inflammatory effects and there is growing evidence for neuroprotective effects. This randomized, controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of PEMF on post-operative pain and neurological recovery in dogs with surgically treated sensorimotor complete SCI attributed to acute IVDE. Sixteen dogs with surgically treated complete thoracolumbar SCI were randomized to receive PEMF (15 min every 2 h for 2 weeks then twice-daily for 4 weeks) or placebo starting immediately after diagnosis. The primary outcome was gait score at 2 weeks. Secondary measures of gait, pain perception, and proprioceptive function were evaluated at 2 and 6 weeks. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration was measured as an SCI biomarker. Post-operative pain was quantified by measuring mechanical sensory thresholds (MSTs) at control and surgical sites. There was no significant difference in demographics or GFAP concentration between the two groups at trial entry. There was no difference in primary outcome or in secondary measures of gait, but proprioceptive placing was significantly better at 6 weeks and GFAP concentrations were significantly lower at 2 weeks in the PEMF group. MSTs were significantly higher in the PEMF-treated group. We conclude that PEMF reduced incision-associated pain in dogs post-surgery for IVDE and may reduce extent of SCI and enhance proprioceptive placing. Larger clinical trials are warranted.}, number={15}, journal={Journal of Neurotrauma}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Zidan, Natalia and Fenn, Joe and Griffith, Emily and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Chris L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Guevar, Julien and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1726–1736} }
 @article{pastina_early_bergman_nettifee_maller_bray_waldron_castel_munana_papich_et al._2018, title={The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine administered subcutaneously, combined with prednisone, in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12667}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12667}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pastina, B. and Early, P.J. and Bergman, R.L. and Nettifee, J. and Maller, A. and Bray, K.Y. and Waldron, R.J. and Castel, A.M. and Munana, K.R. and Papich, M.G. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={638–643} }
 @article{fenn_laber_williams_rousse_early_mariani_munana_decker_volk_olby_et al._2017, title={Associations Between Anesthetic Variables and Functional Outcome in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion Undergoing Decompressive Hemilaminectomy}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14677}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14677}, abstractNote={BackgroundOutcome of acute experimental spinal cord injury is strongly associated with tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary depression could affect outcome in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE).}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fenn, J. and Laber, E. and Williams, K. and Rousse, C. A. and Early, P. J. and Mariani, C. L. and Munana, Karen and Decker, S. De and Volk, H. A. and Olby, N. J. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={814–824} }
 @article{castel_olby_mariani_muñana_early_2017, title={Clinical Characteristics of Dogs with Progressive Myelomalacia Following Acute Intervertebral Disc Extrusion}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14829}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14829}, abstractNote={BackgroundProgressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a catastrophic disease associated with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Published data on the clinical characteristics of this disease are limited.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Castel, A. and Olby, N.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1782–1789} }
 @article{early_crook_williams_davis_munana_papich_messenger_2017, title={Plasma and serum concentrations of cytarabine administered via continuous intravenous infusion to dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84988369300&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12360}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma and serum concentrations of cytarabine (CA) administered via constant rate infusion (CRI) in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE). Nineteen client‐owned dogs received a CRI of CA at a dose of 25 mg/m2/h for 8 h as treatment for MUE. Dogs were divided into four groups, those receiving CA alone and those receiving CA in conjunction with other drugs. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 8, and 12 h after initiating the CRI. Plasma (n = 13) and serum (n = 11) cytarabine concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The mean peak concentration (CMAX) and area under the curve (AUC) after CRI administration were 1.70 ± 0.66 μg/mL and 11.39 ± 3.37 h·μg/mL, respectively, for dogs receiving cytarabine alone, 2.36 ± 0.35 μg/mL and 16.91 + 3.60 h·μg/mL for dogs administered cytarabine and concurrently on other drugs. Mean concentrations for all dogs were above 1.0 μg/mL at both the 1‐ and 8‐h time points. The steady‐state achieved with cytarabine CRI produces a consistent and prolonged exposure in plasma and serum, which is likely to produce equilibrium between blood and the central nervous system in dogs with a clinical diagnosis of MUE. Other medications commonly used to treat MUE do not appear to alter CA concentrations in serum and plasma.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Early, P. J. and Crook, K. I. and Williams, L. M. and Davis, E. G. and Munana, K. R. and Papich, M. G. and Messenger, K. M.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={411–414} }
 @article{olby_muguet-chanoit_lim_davidian_mariani_freeman_platt_humphrey_kent_giovanella_et al._2016, title={A Placebo-Controlled, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Polyethylene Glycol and Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate in Dogs with Intervertebral Disk Herniation}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84956678975&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13657}, abstractNote={BackgroundAcute intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) is a common cause of spinal cord injury in dogs and currently there is no proven medical treatment to counter secondary injury effects. Use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as neuroprotectants is advocated but controversial because neither treatment has been tested in placebo‐controlled, randomized, blinded trials in dogs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Olby, N. J. and Muguet-Chanoit, A. C. and Lim, J. -H. and Davidian, M. and Mariani, C. L. and Freeman, A. C. and Platt, S. R. and Humphrey, J. and Kent, M. and Giovanella, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={206–214} }
 @article{lewis_olby_early_mariani_muñana_seiler_griffith_2016, title={Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats}, volume={30}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14526}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14526}, abstractNote={BackgroundQuantification of brain herniation on MRI and its immediate clinical implications are poorly described.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lewis, M.J. and Olby, N.J. and Early, P.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Seiler, G.S. and Griffith, E.H.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1672–1680} }
 @article{olby_vaden_williams_griffith_harris_mariani_muñana_early_platt_boozer_et al._2016, title={Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14613}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14613}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, N.J. and Vaden, S.L. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E.H. and Harris, T. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J. and Platt, S.R. and Boozer, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{moore_early_hettlich_2016, title={Practice patterns in the management of acute intervertebral disc herniation in dogs}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1748-5827"]}, DOI={10.1111/jsap.12496}, abstractNote={Objectives
Acute intervertebral disc herniation is commonly managed by veterinary neurologists and surgeons. Anecdote suggests that patterns of management vary considerably and there is controversy surrounding many aspects of treatment. The goal of this study was to document patterns in management of acute spinal cord injury caused by acute intervertebral disc herniation among these two groups to aid in future discussions on best practices.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Moore, S. A. and Early, P. J. and Hettlich, B. F.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={409–415} }
 @article{rousse_olby_williams_harris_griffith_mariani_muñana_early_2016, title={Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={213}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, abstractNote={Prospective data on the recovery of coordination in dogs suffering acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH) are limited. The purpose of this study was to use treadmill based and open field scores (OFS) to quantify recovery of stepping ability and forelimb, hindlimb coordination in the 6 weeks following surgical decompression of dogs with TL-IVDH. Sixty-three dogs were grouped at presentation as grades 3 (non-ambulatory paraparetic), 4 (paraplegic) or 5 (paraplegic without pain sensation) and were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-operatively. Stepping scores and Regularity Index (RI), a measure of coordination, were calculated from treadmill walking, and an OFS incorporating supported and unsupported walking was assigned. Outcomes for the three measures were compared between groups and correlation between scoring methods was assessed. Grade 3 and 4 dogs recovered ambulation by 2 weeks, reaching median stepping scores of 96 and 90% by 6 weeks, respectively. Recovery of coordination differed between groups 3 and 4 with median RI scores of 93.9% and 63%, respectively, by 6 weeks. Eight grade 5 dogs failed to recover independent ambulation by 6 weeks. Nine dogs recovered with scores that were significantly worse than the grade 3 and 4 dogs at 6 weeks for stepping score (P < 0.001) and RI (P < 0.001). OFS correlated closely with stepping and RI scores and each group was significantly different using this ordinal scale. In conclusion, recovery of coordination was incomplete in dogs that showed good recovery of stepping. The data generated could be used for clinical trial design.}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rousse, C.A. and Olby, N.J. and Williams, K. and Harris, T.L. and Griffith, E.H. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={59–63} }
 @article{early_mente_dillard_roe_2015, title={In vitro biomechanical evaluation of internal fixation techniques on the canine lumbosacral junction}, volume={3}, journal={PeerJ}, author={Early, P. and Mente, P. and Dillard, S. and Roe, S.}, year={2015} }
 @article{early_mente_dillard_roe_2013, title={In vitro biomechanical comparison of the flexion/extension mobility of the canine lumbosacral junction before and after dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy}, volume={196}, ISSN={["1090-0233"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.006}, abstractNote={The purpose of this canine cadaver study was to evaluate the range of flexion and extension of the canine lumbosacral spine before and after dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy. Using a cantilever biomechanical system, a 3 Nm bending moment was applied to flex and extend the lumbosacral segment. Motion in L7 (total range of motion [ROM] and neutral zone motion [NZ]) was recorded via a rotational potentiometer. There was a significant increase in NZ and ROM after the decompressive procedures (NZ before decompression 6.0 ± 1.2°; NZ after decompression 7.6 ± 2.1°; ROM before decompression 32.8 ± 6.4°; ROM after decompression 40.2 ± 5.6°). It is unknown whether dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy will induce the same increased motion in clinical cases. Dogs with lumbosacral subluxation, active dogs with little radiographic degenerative changes and working dogs could benefit from lumbosacral stabilization. This cadaver study demonstrated that dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy at the lumbosacral junction does lead to significant spinal instability.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Early, P. and Mente, P. and Dillard, S. and Roe, S.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={533–535} }
 @article{lewis_olby_sharp_early_2013, title={Long-Term Effect of Cervical Distraction and Stabilization on Neurological Status and Imaging Findings in Giant Breed Dogs With Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy}, volume={42}, ISSN={0161-3499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2013.12034.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12034.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lewis, Melissa and Olby, Natasha J and Sharp, Nick JH. and Early, Peter}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={701–709} }
 @article{crook_early_messenger_munana_gallagher_papich_2013, title={The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in dogs when administered via subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusion routes}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880035701&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12008}, abstractNote={This crossover study compared the pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in six healthy dogs following intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) and subcutaneous (SC) administrations, as these are two routes of administration commonly employed in the treatment of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. Each dog received a SC cytarabine injection of 50 mg/m2 or an 8 h CRI of 25 mg/m2 per hour, with a 7‐day washout before receiving the alternative treatment. Blood samples were collected for 16 h after CRI initiation and for 8 h after SC injection. Plasma concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using the best‐fit compartmental analysis for both CRI and SC routes. Terminal half‐life (T½) of cytarabine was 1.35 ± 0.3 and 1.15 ± 0.13 h after SC administration and CRI, respectively. Mean peak concentration (Cmax) was 2.88 and 2.80 μg/mL for SC and CRI administration, respectively. Volume of distribution was 0.66 ± 0.07 l/kg. The 8‐h CRI produced steady‐state plasma concentrations as determined by consecutive measurement that did not decline until the end of the infusion. The SC administration did not achieve steady‐state concentrations because cytarabine administered by this route was rapidly absorbed and eliminated quickly. The steady state achieved with the cytarabine CRI may produce a more prolonged exposure of cytarabine at cytotoxic levels in plasma compared to the concentrations after SC administration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Crook, K. I. and Early, P. J. and Messenger, K. M. and Munana, K. R. and Gallagher, R. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={408–411} }
 @article{munana_thomas_inzana_nettifee-osborne_mclucas_olby_mariani_early_2012, title={Evaluation of Levetiracetam as Adjunctive Treatment for Refractory Canine Epilepsy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858746170&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00866.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundThere is little evidence‐based information available to guide treatment of refractory epilepsy in dogs. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) is administered to dogs, although its safety and efficacy are unknown.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Munana, K. R. and Thomas, W. B. and Inzana, K. D. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. and McLucas, K. J. and Olby, N. J. and Mariani, C. J. and Early, P. J.}, year={2012}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{muguet-chanoit_olby_lim_gallagher_niman_dillard_campbell_early_mariani_muñana_et al._2011, title={The Cutaneous Trunci Muscle Reflex: A Predictor of Recovery in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Myelopathies Caused by Intervertebral Disc Extrusions}, volume={41}, ISSN={0161-3499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00921.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00921.x}, abstractNote={ObjectiveTo determine whether changes in the cutaneous trunci muscle (CTM) reflex are an early predictor of outcome in dogs with severe acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE).}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muguet-Chanoit, Audrey C. and Olby, Natasha J. and Lim, Ji-Hey and Gallagher, Ryan and Niman, Zachary and Dillard, Stacy and Campbell, James and Early, Peter and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={200–206} }
 @article{jaeger_early_munana_hardie_2004, title={Lumbosacral disc disease in a cat}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1636482}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Jaeger, G. H. and Early, P. J. and Munana, K. R. and Hardie, E. M.}, year={2004}, pages={104–106} }