@article{meyer_harries_portell_2019, title={A first report of microtektites from the shell beds of southwestern Florida}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1945-5100"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13299}, DOI={10.1111/maps.13299}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meyer, Mike and Harries, Peter J. and Portell, Roger W.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={1594–1603} }
 @article{slattery_harries_sandness_2018, title={Do marine faunas track lithofacies? Faunal dynamics in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Western Interior, USA}, volume={496}, ISSN={["1872-616X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.038}, abstractNote={Most studies examining faunal assemblages use their sedimentary context as a critical element in constraining and reconstructing their underlying environmental controls. This has resulted in the assumption that an absence of lithofacies change in a section should be reflected in a lack of environmental variation. This inference, however, has been placed into question by evidence that marine species are influenced by a broader range of environmental dynamics than just change in lithofacies. In this study, we examine the sensitivity of marine faunas to broadly defined environmental change within lithologically homogenous strata by examining concretionary fossil assemblages of the Baculites eliasi through B. clinolobatus biozones in monotonous, clay-rich strata of the Campanian-Maastrichtian Pierre Shale in Wyoming. We recognize five biofacies, which reflect different environmental conditions related to benthic oxygenation, substrate firmness, and water depth. Analyses of abundance patterns, raw species richness trends, and life-habit patterns display recurrent switching, upsection, between low- and high-diversity intervals. Our data reveal that samples with lower diversity show a strong relationship with intervals when water conditions were deepest, whereas higher diversity samples are associated with periods when shallow-water conditions prevailed in the study area. The distribution of taxa and diversity of the assemblages most likely reflect migrating oxygen- and substrate-controlled biofacies that were responding to changes in depth. This study shows that substantial changes in biofacies, diversity, and life habits can arise in response to variations in water depth with limited to no apparent change in lithofacies supporting the hypothesis that fossil taxa are much more sensitive indicators of environmental change than lithofacies.}, journal={PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY}, author={Slattery, Joshua S. and Harries, Peter J. and Sandness, Ashley L.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={205–224} }
 @article{harries_2017, title={Molluscan Communities of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Areas: Their Ecology and Biodiversity. By Edward J. Petuch and Robert F. Myers. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). $119.95. xx + 300 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-4822-4918-7. 2014.}, volume={92}, ISSN={0033-5770 1539-7718}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694988}, DOI={10.1086/694988}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessZoologyMolluscan Communities of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Areas: Their Ecology and Biodiversity. By Edward J. Petuch and Robert F. Myers. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). $119.95. xx + 300 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-4822-4918-7. 2014.Peter J. HarriesPeter J. HarriesGraduate School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Search for more articles by this author Graduate School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 92, Number 4December 2017 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/694988 Views: 14Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={4}, journal={The Quarterly Review of Biology}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Harries, Peter J.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={482–483} }
 @article{harries_2017, title={Presentation of the 2014 Paleontological Society Medal to Erle G. Kauffman}, volume={91}, ISSN={0022-3360 1937-2337}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/JPA.2017.98}, DOI={10.1017/JPA.2017.98}, abstractNote={Good evening members of the Paleontological Society, friends of paleontology, and guests. It is both a distinct honor and pleasure for me to have nominated and be the citationist for Erle Galen Kauffman as a recipient of the Paleontological Society Medal. Put simply, he is one of the most influential paleontologists of his generation. Erle was born and grew up in Washington, DC and eventually found his way to the University of Michigan where he received his Bachelor’s, Master’s, and culminated with his Ph.D. in 1961. From there, he started his professional career at the Smithsonian Institution, and initiated a number of very fruitful collaborations with colleagues both at that institution, most notably with Norm Sohl, and with numerous colleagues both nationally and internationally that would characterize the rest of his career. From there, he relocated to his beloved Colorado and started teaching at the CU-Boulder in 1980. In his last relocation, he moved to Indiana University in 1996 where he is currently a Professor Emeritus.

In considering the qualities that make Erle such a worthy recipient of this distinguished medal, I think it is best to look at three components: his research, his mentorship of aspiring paleontologists, and his approach to life. But I think we also have to look beyond those aspects and consider his unwavering passion for the discipline, his ability to meld paleontology with a range of other disciplines, his emphasis on using field-based observations to delve into various pressing problems in the geosciences, his unceasing willingness to share his knowledge with all, and his mode of engaging all around him. As a scientist, Erle’s impact on the discipline reflects his interests in integrating paleontology into the broader spectrum of the Geosciences. This reflects the seemingly limitless range of his interests, knowledge base, and energy—an approach …}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Paleontology}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Harries, Peter}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={1322–1323} }
 @article{landman_slattery_harries_2016, title={Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior}, volume={66}, ISSN={["2300-1887"]}, DOI={10.1515/agp-2016-0034}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={ACTA GEOLOGICA POLONICA}, author={Landman, Neil H. and Slattery, Joshua S. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={645–662} }
 @article{robbins_knorr_wynn_hallock_harries_2016, title={Interpreting the role of pH on stable isotopes in large benthic foraminifera}, volume={74}, ISSN={1054-3139 1095-9289}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw056}, DOI={10.1093/icesjms/fsw056}, abstractNote={Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are prolific producers of calcium carbonate sediments in shallow, tropical environments that are being influenced by ocean acidification (OA). Two LBF species, Amphistegina gibbosa (Order Rotaliida) with low-Mg calcite tests and Archaias angulatus (Order Miliolida) with high-Mg calcite tests, were studied to assess the effects of pH 7.6 on oxygen and carbon isotopic fractionation between test calcite and ambient seawater. The δ18O and δ13C values of terminal chambers and of whole adult tests of both species after 6 weeks were not significantly different between pH treatments of 8.0 and 7.6. However, tests of juveniles produced during the 6-week treatments showed significant differences between δ18O and δ13C values from control (pH 8.0) when compared with the treatment (pH 7.6) for both species. Although each individual's growth was photographed and measured, difficulty in distinguishing and manually extracting newly precipitated calcite from adult specimens likely confounded any differences in isotopic signals. However, juvenile specimens that resulted from asexual reproduction that occurred during the experiments did not contain old carbonate that could confound the new isotopic signals. These data reveal a potential bias in the design of OA experiments if only adults are used to investigate changes in test chemistries. Furthermore, the results reaffirm that different calcification mechanisms in these two foraminiferal orders control the fractionation of stable isotopes in the tests and will reflect decreasing pH in seawater somewhat differently.}, number={4}, journal={ICES Journal of Marine Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Robbins, L. L. and Knorr, P. O. and Wynn, J. G. and Hallock, P. and Harries, P. J.}, editor={Sathyendranath, ShubhaEditor}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={955–964} }
 @article{mondal_harries_2016, title={Phanerozoic trends in ecospace utilization: The bivalve perspective}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1872-6828"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.005}, abstractNote={Ecologic diversity within marine invertebrates has typically been reconstructed by examining three components: mobility, feeding habit, and tiering. Based on various combinations of these three features, a wide range of hypothetical ecospaces or “cubes” (the agglomeration of which forms a “Bambachian cube”) can be delineated. Given the range of constraints on a specific clade's morphologic diversity, however, only a relatively limited proportion of these possible combinations are actualized. Previous studies investigating Phanerozoic trends have documented the general pattern of ecologic diversity – measured as the total number of filled cubes – of all metazoan groups which displays a major increase in the range of ecospace inhabited. However, detailed, clade-specific studies are limited. In this Phanerozoic-level study on the Class Bivalvia, a group with a very robust and virtually unparalleled fossil record, the clade's ecologic diversity is reconstructed based on a set of newly compiled taxonomic and ecologic databases that were initially derived from a combination of the Sepkoski Compendium and the Paleobiology Database. These data have been binned into 94 intervals, from the Fortunian up to the Piacenzian. The ecologic position of each genus was determined relative to the 140 ecologic cubes that reflect the hypothetical range of ecospace bivalves may have inhabited (i.e. fundamental cubes or ecospaces) and which are based on a substantially modified version of the earlier Bambachain cube (Bambach et al., 2007). The overall results show several features: (1) given the various morphologic constraints, bivalves have only occupied 44 of the total, hypothetically available cubes which represents the clade's realized ecospace; (2) the most significant and dramatic phase of increase in the range of ecologic types occurred during the Ordovician; following this event, new ecospace was exploited in a much more limited fashion; (3) most changes in ecospace utilization involved increased packing within a relatively limited suite of cubes; and (4) mass extinctions had a very limited impact on ecospace utilization despite their impacts on bivalve taxonomic richness; only the K-Pg extinction had significant effect on the overall ecologic diversity of bivalves, largely reflecting the demise of a novel reef-building group, the rudistids.}, journal={EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS}, author={Mondal, Subhronil and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={106–118} }
 @article{mondal_harries_2016, title={The Effect of Taxonomic Corrections on Phanerozoic Generic Richness Trends in Marine Bivalves with a Discussion on the Clade's Overall History}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-5331"]}, DOI={10.1017/pab.2015.35}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PALEOBIOLOGY}, author={Mondal, Subhronil and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={157–171} }
 @inproceedings{slattery_cobban_mckinney_harries_sandness_2015, title={Early Cretaceous to Paleocene paleogeography of the Western Interior Seaway: The interaction of eustasy and tectonism}, booktitle={Wyoming Geological Association 68th Annual Field Conference Guidebook}, author={Slattery, J.S. and Cobban, W.A. and McKinney, K.C. and Harries, P.J. and Sandness, A.L.}, year={2015}, pages={22–60} }
 @inbook{harries_2015, title={Index Fossil}, ISBN={9789400763036 9789400763043}, ISSN={1388-4360 1871-756X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_77}, DOI={10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_77}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Harries, Peter}, year={2015}, pages={353–354} }
 @article{knorr_robbins_harries_hallock_wynn_2015, title={Response of the Miliolid Archaias Angulatus to Simulated Ocean Acidification}, volume={45}, ISSN={0096-1191}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.45.2.109}, DOI={10.2113/gsjfr.45.2.109}, abstractNote={A common, but not universal, effect of ocean acidification on benthic foraminifera is a reduction in the growth rate. The miliolid Archaias angulatus is a high-Mg (>4 mole% MgCO3), symbiont-bearing, soritid benthic foraminifer that contributes to Caribbean reef carbonate sediments. A laboratory culture study assessed the effects of reduced pH on the growth of A. angulatus . We observed a statistically significant 50% reduction in the growth rate (p < 0.01), calculated from changes in maximum diameter, from 160 μm/28 days in the pH 8.0/pCO2 air 480 ppm control group to 80 μm/28 days at a treatment level of pH 7.6/pCO2 air 1328 ppm. Additionally, pseudopore area, δ18O values, and Mg/Ca ratio all increased, albeit slightly in the latter two variables. The reduction in growth rate indicates that under a high-CO2 setting, future A. angulatus populations will consist of smaller adults. A model using the results of this study estimates that at pH 7.6 A. angulatus carbonate production in the South Florida reef tract and Florida Bay decreases by 85%, from 0.27 Mt/yr to 0.04 Mt/yr, over an area of 9,000 km2.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Foraminiferal Research}, publisher={GeoScienceWorld}, author={Knorr, P. O. and Robbins, L. L. and Harries, P. J. and Hallock, P. and Wynn, J.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={109–127} }
 @article{mondal_harries_2015, title={Temporal patterns in successful and unsuccessful shell-breaking predatory attack strategies on Varicorbula in the Plio-Pleistocene of Florida}, volume={428}, ISSN={0031-0182}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.031}, DOI={10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.031}, abstractNote={Shell-breaking predators can employ multiple strategies when they attack their molluscan prey. Some of these attacks are highly effective and lead to the successful subjugation of prey and should be favored by natural selection, whereas other attacks are more likely to fail. Here, we use an analysis combining data from both the size and position of successful (unrepaired shell breaks) and failed attacks (repair scars) by shell-breaking predators on Varicorbula spp. to examine how the effectiveness of different attack strategies has changed through the Plio-Pleistocene of Florida. When data from these two types of attacks are studied in tandem, it suggests that predators, most likely crabs, preferentially attacked (both successfully and unsuccessfully) the posterior portions of the shell during the Plio-Pleistocene Pinecrest Beds and the latest Pleistocene Ft. Thompson, whereas during early Pleistocene Caloosahatchee and middle Pleistocene Bermont, they favored the ventral region of the shell. In terms of predatory success relative to the site and the length of shell damage, extensive breaks were almost always successful, and minor to medium attacks are the most common type of attack. Furthermore, the broader implications of this study suggest that interpretations based either on scars or breaks in isolation as an indicator of predation can lead to erroneous interpretations, and breaks and scars in association with size and location information should be used in tandem to better constrain potential ecological interpretations.}, journal={Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mondal, Subhronil and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{carter_altaba_anderson_campbell_fang_harries_skelton_2015, place={Lawrence, Kansas, USA}, title={The Paracladistic Approach to Phylogenetic Taxonomy}, volume={1}, ISSN={1946-0279}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/pc.1808.17551}, DOI={10.17161/pc.1808.17551}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The inclusion of some paraphyletic groups in a temporally and taxonomically comprehensive phylogenetic classification is inevitable because cladistic methodology is incapable of excluding the possibility that a structurally (i.e., based on the branching pattern of a given cladogram) monophyletic group contains the ancestor of another group, i.e., that it is historically paraphyletic. Paracladistics is proposed as a pragmatic synthesis of phylogenetic and evolutionary taxonomy in which true monophyly is distinguished from structural monophyly with historical paraphyly, some structurally paraphyletic groups are retained in the interest of nomenclatorial continuity and stability, and both unranked and suprageneric ranked taxon names are defined phylogenetically. Ancestral groups are structurally paraphyletic or structurally monophyletic but historically paraphyletic sets of species that are believed to contain the ancestor for the most recent common ancestor of a descendent group. Historical paraphyly is determined by considering evidence of nesting in cladistic analyses, timing of first appearances in the fossil record, polarity in character evolution, and taxa that are morphologically intermediate between groups of species. The decision to name an ancestral group is based on the same criteria as the decision to name a clade. Ancestral groups are defined in the same manner as clades, except that their descendent group(s) are designated as external specifiers. Recognizing that two supposedly monophyletic, cladistically defined sister taxa can represent ancestral and descendent groups has implications for inferring their times of origination. To illustrate the advantages of the paracladistic approach to phylogenetic taxonomy, alternative paracladistic and phylogenetic classifications of the crown group families of Nuculanoidea (Mollusca, Bivalvia) are presented.}, number={12}, journal={Paleontological Contributions}, publisher={The University of Kansas, Paleontological Institute}, author={Carter, J.G. and Altaba, C.R. and Anderson, L.C. and Campbell, D.C. and Fang, Z. and Harries, P.J. and Skelton, P.W.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{hart_leighton_smart_petit_medina-sanchez_harries_cardenas_hall-spencer_prol-ledesma_2014, title={Ocean Acidification in Modern seas and its Recognition in the Geological Record: The Cretaceous/Paleogene Boundary in Texas and Alabama}, volume={64}, journal={Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions}, author={Hart, M.B. and Leighton, A.D. and Smart, C.W. and Petit, L.R. and Medina-Sanchez, I.N. and Harries, P.J. and Cardenas, A.L. and Hall-Spencer, J.M. and Prol-Ledesma, R.M.}, year={2014}, pages={193–213} }
 @article{mondal_harries_paul_herbert_2014, title={Paleoecological significance of coupling metrics of successful and unsuccessful shell-breaking predation: Examples using Neogene bivalve prey}, volume={399}, ISSN={0031-0182}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.02.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.02.010}, abstractNote={Traces of durophagous predation on molluscan prey have been used as proxies to reconstruct the nature and intensity of predator–prey interactions in both the fossil record and the modern oceans. Available metrics for the quantification of these interactions have focused either on failed/unsuccessful or successful attacks in isolation. Because predator–prey dynamics and subsequent adaptation depend on both the success as well as the failure of the predator, we propose to combine these two components to increase our ability to reconstruct the dynamics of these relationships in the past. In this study, two bivalve clades, Chione and Varicorbula, from Florida's Plio-Pleistocene fossil record are used to show how the combination of repair frequency and estimated crushing mortality serve as better constraints on interpreting changes in predator–prey interactions as compared to the more limited interpretations when these two metrics are used independently. When used in tandem, the two metrics document an overall predation intensity increase from the upper Pliocene Pinecrest Beds (upper Tamiami Formation to the overlying lower Pleistocene Caloosahatchee, and a decrease in successful attack frequency in the upper Pleistocene Bermont Formations. However, patterns were different in the upper Pleistocene Ft. Thompson Formation: successful attacks increased for Chione and decreased for Varicorbula. In detail, however, the overall dynamics for these two predator–prey systems varied, and they also changed differently throughout the studied interval.}, journal={Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mondal, Subhronil and Harries, Peter J. and Paul, Shubhabrata and Herbert, Gregory S.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={89–97} }
 @misc{harries_2013, title={Stratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of Fossil Taxa in Time and Space. By Mark E. Patzkowsky and Steven M. Holland. Chicago (Illinois): University of Chicago Press. $105.00 (hardcover); $35.00 (paper). xi + 259 p. + 1 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-0-226-64937-5 (hc); 978-0-226-64938-2 (pb). 2012.}, volume={88}, ISSN={0033-5770 1539-7718}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673774}, DOI={10.1086/673774}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessReviews and Brief NoticesStratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of Fossil Taxa in Time and Space. By Mark E. Patzkowsky and Steven M. Holland. Chicago (Illinois): University of Chicago Press. $105.00 (hardcover); $35.00 (paper). xi + 259 p. + 1 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-0-226-64937-5 (hc); 978-0-226-64938-2 (pb). 2012.Peter J. HarriesPeter J. HarriesGeology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 88, Number 4December 2013 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/673774 Views: 9Total views on this site Copyright © 2013 by The University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={4}, journal={The Quarterly Review of Biology}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Harries, Peter J.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={331–332} }
 @article{hart_harries_cardenas_2013, title={The Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary events in the Gulf Coast: Comparisons between Alabama and Texas}, volume={63}, journal={Gulf Coast Association of Geologic Societies Transactions}, author={Hart, M.B. and Harries, P.J. and Cardenas, A.L.}, year={2013}, pages={235–256} }
 @article{landman_cochran_larson_brezina_garb_harries_2012, title={Methane seeps as ammonite habitats in the U.S. Western Interior Seaway revealed by isotopic analyses of well-preserved shell material}, volume={40}, ISSN={1943-2682 0091-7613}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32782.1}, DOI={10.1130/g32782.1}, abstractNote={Methane seep deposits are common in the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of the U.S. Western Interior. They contain a rich fauna including ammonites, bivalves, gastropods, sponges, corals, echinoids, crinoids, and fish. In an effort to understand the role of ammonites in these ecosystems, we examined a seep from the upper Campanian Didymoceras cheyennense Zone in Custer County, South Dakota, that contains molluscs with well-preserved shell material permitting isotopic analyses. Values of δ13C of the micritic limestone at the seep range from −46.94‰ to −11.49‰, confirming the influence of anaerobic oxidation of methane on the isotopic composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon reservoir. The ammonites also consistently display light values of δ13C ranging from −13.71‰ to 0.68‰. These values are generally lighter than those in nonseep specimens from age-equivalent rocks elsewhere in the basin (–1.75‰ to 3.42‰). In a single specimen of Baculites corrugatus from the seep, light δ13C values occur throughout ontogeny. These data suggest that ammonites incorporated isotopically light methane-derived carbon in their shells and lived near the vent fluids and methane-oxidizing bacteria. Both juvenile and adult specimens are present, implying that these ammonites spent their entire lives at the seep and formed an integral part of an interwoven community. The values of 87Sr/86Sr in the limestone and well-preserved fossils at the seep (0.707690–0.707728) are higher than that of the open ocean at this time (0.707659). These elevated values suggest that the seep fluids were imprinted with a radiogenic Sr signature, perhaps derived from equilibration with granitic deposits at depth during the initial uplift of the Black Hills.}, number={6}, journal={Geology}, publisher={Geological Society of America}, author={Landman, Neil H. and Cochran, J. Kirk and Larson, Neal L. and Brezina, Jamie and Garb, Matthew P. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={507–510} }
 @article{carter_harries_malchus_sartori_anderson_bieler_bogan_coan_cope_cragg_et al._2012, title={Treatise Online no. 48: Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia}, volume={0}, ISSN={2153-4012}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/to.v0i0.4322}, DOI={10.17161/to.v0i0.4322}, abstractNote={abapical.Away from the apex (beak) of the shell.Opposite of adapical.abaxial.Away from a shell axis.Opposite of adaxial.abdominal sense organs.Small paired swellings situated lateral to the anus, either medial or lateral to the left and right ctenidial axes, on the ventral surface of the adductor muscle (thiele, 1889), e.g., in Pteriidae (Fig. 1), Malleidae, and Pinnidae.They receive innervation from the visceral ganglion.Function unknown, but showing characteristics of both chemo-and mechanoreceptors, so possibly serving to detect vibrations and/or excurrent water flow.Believed to be a symplesiomorphy for Pteriomorphia, but also present in Trigoniidae and Unionidae.Known to occur in some Arcidae, Glycymerididae, Limopsidae, Mytilidae, Pteriidae, Isognomonidae, Malleidae, Ostreidae, Gryphaeidae, Pinnidae, Limidae, Pectinidae, Propeamussiidae, Spondylidae, Dimyidae, Plicatulidae, Anomiidae, and Placunidae.Also called a pallial organ in Ostreidae, not to be confused with other definitions of pallial organ, which see. abduction.Movement away from the median axis, as in opening of the valves.Opposite of adduction.abductor.A muscle, such as a pedal protractor, that moves something outward.aboral.Pointing away from the mouth.Opposite of adoral.absolute tautonymy.The identical spelling of a genus and one of its species, e.g., Villosa villosa.In taxonomy, one of the possible ways a type species can be fixed for a genus (see ICZN, 1999, Art.68).acceleration.A type of peramorphosis caused by an increase in the rate of morphological development during ontogeny (E.Cope, 1887).accessory anterior adductor muscle.A separate, small anterior adductor muscle anterior to a larger, dorsally migrated anterior adductor muscle, e.g., in Pholadidae (see Fig. 24).accessory cavities.Cavities separating anterior and posterior myophore plates and teeth from the shell wall in caprotinid and caprinid hippuritoids.Developed chiefly in the free valve but also occurring in the attached valve of some genera.accessory denticle.A small, compressed or triangular prominence on the hinge plate anterior or posterior to a cardinal or pseudocardinal tooth, as in some Unionoidea.accessory foot.An elongated process on the foot used to clean the infrabranchial chamber, e.g., in Malleidae.accessory genital organ.A pendulous, glandular organ on the posteroventral surface of the posterior adductor muscle in male Pholadidae; secretions}, number={0}, journal={Treatise Online}, publisher={The University of Kansas}, author={Carter, Joseph G. and Harries, Peter and Malchus, Nikolaus and Sartori, Andre and Anderson, Laurie and Bieler, Rudiger and Bogan, Arthur and Coan, Eugene and Cope, John and Cragg, Simon and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Feb} }
 @article{carter_altaba_anderson_araujo_biakov_bogan_campbell_campbell_chen_cope_et al._2011, title={A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca)}, volume={4}, ISSN={1946-0279}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/pc.1808.8287}, DOI={10.17161/pc.1808.8287}, abstractNote={Preface This classification summarizes the suprageneric taxonomy of the Bivalvia for the upcoming revision of the Bivalvia volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N.}, journal={Paleontological Contributions}, publisher={The University of Kansas}, author={Carter, J.G. and Altaba, C.R. and Anderson, LC and Araujo, R and Biakov, AS and Bogan, AE and Campbell, D.C. and Campbell, M and Chen, J and Cope, JCW and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={2–47} }
 @article{morrow_harries_krivanek_2011, title={Reef Recovery Following the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) Mass Extinction: Evidence from the Dugway Range, West-Central Utah}, volume={26}, ISSN={0883-1351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2010.p10-135r}, DOI={10.2110/palo.2010.p10-135r}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The temporally extensive late Middle through Late Devonian biotic crisis involved at least three distinct peaks of elevated extinction intensity during an interval spanning ∼25 myr and resulted in the preferential elimination of certain shallow-marine, warm-water taxa, especially members of reef communities. By the end of the second peak, delimited by the Frasnian–Famennian (F–F) boundary, the stromatoporoids, members of the dominant constructor guild in mid-Paleozoic reefal ecosystems, had ceased building reefs in most parts of the world. The northern Dugway Range in west-central Utah, United States, however, represents one of the few locations globally where stromatoporoids continued reef building into the Famennian. Two measured sections there, which are constrained biostratigraphically using conodonts, indicate that the biohermal sequences occur within the middle Palmatolepis crepida biozone and are early Famennian in age. The post-F–F extinction Dugway reefal faunas are depauperate and dominated by labechiid and stylostromid stromatoporoids, as is characteristic of other early Famennian reefs. In this region, evidence for reefal development is episodic, with stromatoporoid-bearing units interbedded with peloidal and coated-grain carbonate units lacking evidence of reef construction. The stromatoporoid survivors, although fairly minor constituents of Frasnian reef communities, belong to long-ranging clades and may represent so-called extinction-resistant taxa that flourished, albeit locally in Laurentia, following the F–F mass extinction.}, number={10}, journal={PALAIOS}, publisher={Society for Sedimentary Geology}, author={Morrow, J. and Harries, P. J. and Krivanek, J. G.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={607–622} }
 @article{cochran_kallenberg_landman_harries_weinreb_turekian_beck_cobban_2010, title={Effect of diagenesis on the Sr, O, and C isotope composition of late Cretaceous mollusks from the Western Interior Seaway of North America}, volume={310}, ISSN={0002-9599}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/02.2010.01}, DOI={10.2475/02.2010.01}, abstractNote={Evaluating the effects of diagenesis on the isotopic compositions of Sr, O, and C in marine carbonates is critical to their use as proxies in reconstructing information on the salinity, temperature and dissolved inorganic carbon of ancient oceans. We have analyzed a series of samples of mollusk shells from the Baculites compressus zone (late Campanian) of the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Samples included outer shell material and septa of cephalopods collected inside and outside concretions. Preservation was evaluated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), trace element analysis and X-ray diffraction. All of the material consists of aragonite based on X-ray diffraction. An SEM preservation index (PI) was established based on comparison of the microstructure of the fossil material with that of modern Nautilus. Excellent preservation (PI = 5) was characterized by well-defined nacreous plates with discrete, angular boundaries. In contrast, samples showing fused nacreous plates with indistinct boundaries were rated poor (PI = 1). 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary with preservation and average 0.707648 ± .000021 (n = 10) for excellent preservation (PI ≈ 5), 0.707615 ± .000028 (n = 5) for good preservation (PI ≈ 3), 0.707404 ± .000074 (n=7) for fair preservation (PI ≈ 2), and 0.707261 ± .000053 (n=8) for poor preservation (PI ≈ 1). These data suggest that as the quality of the preservation declines, the mean 87Sr/86Sr ratio decreases and the standard error of the mean increases. Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of the same specimens also show decreases with preservation, and δ18O, δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr are well correlated, suggesting that these tracers are all altered as the PI decreases. The Sr/Ca ratio increases as preservation decreases, indicating that Sr is added to the shell material during diagenesis. In contrast, Mg/Ca shows no trend with preservation. If the increasing Sr concentration (and decreasing 87Sr/86Sr) of the shell material with decreasing preservation represents the addition of Sr to the shell during diagenesis, we calculate that the added Sr had 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.707582 to 0.707032. Potential sources of the added Sr include older marine carbonates and weathering of volcanic ash layers present in the shale. The mechanisms of alteration likely include epitaxial growth of strontianite on the original shell aragonite and isotopic exchange of C and O between alteration fluids and shell carbonate. We conclude that SEM preservation criteria are effective in screening shell material that records original isotopic values and that variations in Sr, O and C isotope composition in well-preserved material can be used to assess paleoenvironmental parameters, such as salinity and temperature. Our results also indicate that assessing preservation is a critical prerequisite to the determination of numerical ages of shell material using strontium isotope stratigraphy.}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Science}, publisher={American Journal of Science (AJS)}, author={Cochran, J. K. and Kallenberg, K. and Landman, N. H. and Harries, P. J. and Weinreb, D. and Turekian, K. K. and Beck, A. J. and Cobban, W. A.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={69–88} }
 @article{cárdenas_harries_2010, title={Effect of nutrient availability on marine origination rates throughout the Phanerozoic eon}, volume={3}, ISSN={1752-0894 1752-0908}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO869}, DOI={10.1038/ngeo869}, number={6}, journal={Nature Geoscience}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Cárdenas, Andrés L. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={430–434} }
 @article{harries_sorauf_2010, title={Epi- and Endobionts On and In Free-Living Colonies of Manicina Areolata (Cnidaria, Scleractinia): A Comparison of Two Pleistocene Communities from South Florida}, volume={25}, ISSN={0883-1351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2009.p09-137r}, DOI={10.2110/palo.2009.p09-137r}, abstractNote={Abstract The epi- and endobiont communities (EEBCs) found within an exquisitely preserved collection of 48 Manicina areolata specimens from two Pleistocene localities in southeastern Florida, United States, were examined in detail. The EEBCs include a broad taxonomic spectrum of encrusting and boring organisms, but differ markedly between the two localities. Specimens from the Canal locality generally show an equable distribution of EEBCs, with serpulids, spirorbids, and/or chamids numerically dominant and chamids dominating in average area, whereas the Palm Beach Aggregates (PBA) coralla have a much less even distribution of EEBC constituents and lithophagids numerically and spatially dominate virtually all bases. Given the relative proximity of the two localities and inferred distance from the Pleistocene shoreline, it seems unlikely that any of the EEBC components would have been substantially less available in one locality as compared to the other. Therefore, we favor an explanation focused on sedimentologic differences between the two areas. The Canal environment was shelly, carbonate mud, in contrast to the shelly, coarser-grained siliciclastic sediment present at PBA. The substrate at the Canal site was relatively soft, which resulted in corallum basal morphology commencing with a prominent apical cone, whereas the substrate at the PBA site was firmer and this support produced much flatter bases as well as allowing for a substantially greater number of lithophagid bivalves to bore into the coralla.}, number={6}, journal={Palaios}, publisher={Society for Sedimentary Geology}, author={Harries, P. J. and Sorauf, J. E.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={400–414} }
 @inbook{landman_saunders_winston_harries_2010, title={Incidence and Kinds of Epizoans on the Shells of Live Nautilus}, ISBN={9789048132980 9789048132997}, ISSN={0275-0120}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3299-7_10}, DOI={10.1007/978-90-481-3299-7_10}, abstractNote={Like the shells of other mollusks, the shells of Nautilus are subject to marine fouling. Seilacher (1982) observed epizoans on four live specimens of N. pompilius and N. macromphalus and one drift shell of N. pompilius. Landman (1983a) documented the occurrence of a large barnacle, Chirona tenuis, that grew on a juvenile specimen of N. pompilius while the Nautilus was still alive. Hamada (1964,1983) reported epizoans on drift shells and live specimens of N. pompilius.}, booktitle={Topics in Geobiology}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Landman, Neil H. and Saunders, W. Bruce and Winston, Judith E. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2010}, pages={163–177} }
 @article{sorauf_harries_2010, title={Morphologic variation in Manicina areolata (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from the Pleistocene of South Florida}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-3360 1937-2337}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-073.1}, DOI={10.1666/09-073.1}, abstractNote={Environmental variability exerts a substantial control on massive, free-living, colonial corals such asManicina areolata, influencing their shape and size as well as other characters, such as base morphology and colline complexity in meandroid forms. This species is well adapted for life in shallow, wave-swept waters due to its self-righting capabilities. Two different ecophenotypes ofM. areolata, as defined by overall shape and base morphology, are present in two approximately coeval Pleistocene localities (PBA Quarry and Holey Land Canal) in southern Florida. These differences reflect adaptation to two depositional settings. Corallum size, shape, and oral complexity allow clear differentiation between these two environments. Greater corallum size, as primarily manifested by significantly greater height, tends to accompany increased grain size. The basal area and weight per cm2of the coralla appear to be primary limiting factors inM. areolata's growth by controlling the coral's ability to self-right after overturning or causing sinking into less cohesive substrates. Complexity of confluent corallites increases with increasing size and colony volume. Thus, complexity of valley and colline patterns on the oral surface increases as a function of base area, so that collines developed on smaller, soft-substrate-inhabiting colonies are characteristically less complex than are those of larger, higher colonies. These complexities and variation in shape are apparently related to environmental conditions, predominantly substrate, water depth, and physical energy, resulting in recognizable ecophenotypes.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Paleontology}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Sorauf, James E. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={505–517} }
 @article{mcgee_wynn_onac_harries_rothfus_2010, title={Tracing groundwater geochemistry using δ13C on San Salvador Island (southeastern Bahamas): implications for carbonate island hydrogeology and dissolution}, volume={25}, ISSN={0891-2556 1878-5212}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-010-0013-6}, DOI={10.1007/s13146-010-0013-6}, number={2}, journal={Carbonates and Evaporites}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={McGee, Dorien K. and Wynn, Jonathan G. and Onac, Bogdan P. and Harries, Peter J. and Rothfus, Erin A.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={91–105} }
 @article{sorauf_harries_2009, title={Rotary Colonies of the Corals Siderastraea Radians and Solenastraea ssp. (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). from the Pleistocene Bermont Formation, South Florida, USA}, volume={52}, ISSN={0031-0239 1475-4983}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00825.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00825.x}, abstractNote={Abstract: Study of corallum shape inSiderastreaandSolenastraeacolonies collected from Pleistocene Bermont strata in western Palm Beach County, Florida, indicates that the corals are rotatory, formed by rolling during growth on the Pleistocene sea floor. Growth of a radial and centrifugal nature away from the corallum centre suggests that rolling was sufficiently frequent and energetic to maintain the health of individual polyps along the skeleton’s entire spherical surface with no evidence of growth stoppage. Post‐mortem sponge boring accompanied by that of sipunculid worms and boring by the bivalvesGastrochaenaandLithophagaduring coral colony life is common. Colonization by cirripeds (barnacles) on some live colonies also occurred, but these are most commonly overgrown. Boring of rotatory coralla decreased the mass of the skeleton and probably increased the ease and frequency of rolling. Comparison with modern rotatory specimens ofS. radiansfrom Rodriguez Bank indicates that the Pleistocene corals were not greatly modified during diagenesis, given their comparable densities. Diameters of both groups of corals are utilised to calculate levels of shear velocities necessary to move them, based on hydrodynamics of rounded sediment of comparable size. The presence of these rotatory coralla, by analogy, strongly suggest that Bermont sediments in the study area accumulated on shallow shelf areas populated by numerous other free‐living corals along with fewer fixed corals, accompanying a diverse molluscan assemblage, all indicative of aThalassia(turtle‐grass) community. Nearshore, wave data recorded along Florida’s present‐day east coast, in contrast to conditions along the west coast, indicate that sufficient wave‐generated velocities are present to cause regular rotation ofSiderastreaandSolenastraea, and would likely have done so during the Pleistocene.}, number={1}, journal={Palaeontology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sorauf, James E. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={111–126} }
 @article{harries_knorr_2009, title={What does the ‘Lilliput Effect’ mean?}, volume={284}, ISSN={0031-0182}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.021}, DOI={10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.021}, abstractNote={The ‘Lilliput Effect’ represents a pronounced reduction in the size of the biota associated with the aftermath of mass extinctions. Although there is empirical evidence that suggests that it may be a common pattern during the recoveries from various mass extinction events, it remains to be analyzed in more detail to understand how pervasive the trend is from temporal, spatial, and taxonomic perspectives. The ‘Lilliput Effect’ could represent dynamics associated with or important diversions from a variety of biologic ‘rules’, such as Cope's and Bergmann's, governing size changes. Furthermore, there are a variety of possible patterns that could produce the ‘Lilliput Effect’ including: 1) the survival of small taxa; 2) the dwarfing of larger lineages; and 3) the evolutionary miniaturization from larger ancestral stocks. Finally, an interdisciplinary approach, involving stratigraphy, phylogenetics, and sclerochronology, is necessary to better understand the ecologic and evolutionary underpinnings of the ‘effect’. This approach needs to be more uniformly applied to different extinctions and taxonomic groups, allowing a more effective comparison and resulting in a more holistic perspective on the ‘Lilliput Effect’.}, number={1-2}, journal={Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harries, Peter J. and Knorr, Paul O.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={4–10} }
 @inbook{harries_2008, title={A Reappraisal of the Relationship between Sea Level and Species Richness}, ISBN={9781402014437 9781402090530}, ISSN={0275-0120}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0_7}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0_7}, abstractNote={The relationship between area and species richness was documented as early as the mid-17th century (see discussion in Rosenzweig, 1995), but it was not until the publication of MacArthur and Wilson’s (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography that the hypothesis became ingrained in ecological theory. Their work forcefully presented substantial empirical evidence that explained the nature of, and possibly the controls of, diversity, at least on oceanic islands. Their hypothesis that species-level diversity is dependent upon area raised the hopes of paleontologists that this relationship could readily be applied to the fossil record of marine organisms and hence to the history of life. The paleontologic application of this concept was founded on the belief that the species-area relationship should hold for benthic marine organisms responding to changes in shelf areas primarily affected by sealevel fluctuations. Therefore, diversity increases and declines chronicled in the fossil record would largely represent transgressions and regressions, respectively, as far as benthic organisms are concerned. These patterns are overprinted by plate tectonic, evolutionary, and mass-extinction events, but nevertheless sea-level changes should be a dominant control. A number of early studies pointed to the potential applicability of the species-area effect for various intervals of geologic time (e.g., Johnson, 1974; Schopf, 1974; Simberloff, 1974). In addition, building on earlier work by Newell (1967), there were attempts to relate Phanerozoic compilations of species-level diversity, such as that by Raup (1976a), to sea-level fluctuations (e.g., (Sepkoski, 1976); but see reinterpretation by (Flessa and Sepkoski, 1978). The species diversity reflected in these compilations were largely controlled by sampling vagaries, especially controlled by outcrop area and rock volume available for study (Raup, 1976b), and certain groups, intervals, and regions were and continue to be better studied than others. Furthermore, the fauna was treated in toto, rather than focusing on individual groups has been the case in neontologic work. More recent work focused on specific taxonomic groups and geologic intervals, however, has suggested otherwise. Valentine and Jablonski’s (1991) study of Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level fluctuations suggests that the rapid and substantial sealevel changes over the past 1 Myr had no effect upon diversity – the existing data show virtually no faunal differences between these sea-level highstands. McGhee (1991, 1992), based on species richness as well as evolutionary rates in Devonian brachiopod species as a response to sea-level change, concluded that sea level, as well as the rate of sea-level change, showed virtually no correlation with either variable. This pointed to a minimal control by sea level, hence changes in shelf area, in regulating benthic organisms and suggested that patterns documented in modern oceans may be a very recent phenomenon or simply fortuitous.}, booktitle={Topics in Geobiology}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Harries, Peter J.}, year={2008}, pages={227–261} }
 @book{libraries_2008, title={High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology}, ISBN={9781402014437 9781402090530}, ISSN={0275-0120}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0}, journal={Topics in Geobiology}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Libraries, NC State University}, editor={Harries, P. J.Editor}, year={2008} }
 @article{alroy_aberhan_bottjer_foote_fursich_harries_hendy_holland_ivany_kiessling_et al._2008, title={Phanerozoic Trends in the Global Diversity of Marine Invertebrates}, volume={321}, ISSN={0036-8075 1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1156963}, DOI={10.1126/science.1156963}, abstractNote={It has previously been thought that there was a steep Cretaceous and Cenozoic radiation of marine invertebrates. This pattern can be replicated with a new data set of fossil occurrences representing 3.5 million specimens, but only when older analytical protocols are used. Moreover, analyses that employ sampling standardization and more robust counting methods show a modest rise in diversity with no clear trend after the mid-Cretaceous. Globally, locally, and at both high and low latitudes, diversity was less than twice as high in the Neogene as in the mid-Paleozoic. The ratio of global to local richness has changed little, and a latitudinal diversity gradient was present in the early Paleozoic.}, number={5885}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Alroy, J. and Aberhan, M. and Bottjer, D. J. and Foote, M. and Fursich, F. T. and Harries, P. J. and Hendy, A. J. W. and Holland, S. M. and Ivany, L. C. and Kiessling, W. and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={97–100} }
 @inproceedings{mcgee_herbert_harries_2008, title={Testing the deep form of the ivory tree coral, Oculina varicose, as a proxy for intermediate/bottom water variation; Oculinia Banks, Florida, USA.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions}, author={McGee, D.K. and Herbert, G. and Harries, P.J.}, year={2008}, pages={77–88} }
 @article{harries_schopf_2007, title={Late Cretaceous gastropod drilling intensities: Data from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation, Western Interior Seaway}, volume={22}, ISSN={0883-1351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2005.p05-016r}, DOI={10.2110/palo.2005.p05-016r}, abstractNote={Abstract Drillholes interpreted as the products of gastropod predation have become the most widely applied proxy for predator-prey interactions in the fossil record. In a broader sense, they have also become accepted as reflecting the evolution of many aspects of predator-prey interactions; e.g., intensity, behavior, and efficiency. Because of the relative paucity of published studies, the generality of long-term trends revealed by recent compilations of drilling intensity data has not been widely tested. The present study examines predatory gastropod drilling intensity in bivalves from the late early to early late Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation within the Western Interior Seaway (WIS). These data allow a new comparison to be made to drilling intensity values reported previously from coeval United States Coastal Plain collections. 6,910 valves and 4,343 articulated specimens representing 53 bivalve species were examined for evidence of drilling predation. Although the approach employed was designed to maximize the number of drillholes recorded, only 236 unequivocal drillholes, 20 possible drillholes, 11 partial drillholes, and a single specimen with multiple drillholes were found, resulting in a maximum drilling intensity of 3.3%. These drillholes are thought to have been largely produced by naticids, which are abundant in these deposits. When compared to other published studies of Maastrichtian gastropod drilling, these data document that drilling intensities in the latest Cretaceous varied considerably both spatially and temporally, and that the WIS record provides a lower baseline for Cretaceous drilling than that derived from coeval Coastal Plain localities.}, number={1}, journal={PALAIOS}, publisher={Society for Sedimentary Geology}, author={Harries, P. J. and Schopf, K. M.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={35–46} }
 @article{kauffman_harries_meyer_villamil_arango_jaecks_2007, title={Paleoecology of giant Inoceramidae (Platyceramus) on a Santonian (Cretaceous) seafloor in Colorado}, volume={81}, ISSN={0022-3360 1937-2337}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[64:pogipo]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[64:pogipo]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Giant Middle Coniacian to Lower Campanian Platyceramus Seitz is among the largest Cretaceous bivalves, commonly reaching an axial length of over 1 m, and occasionally over 2–3 m in size. The genus is characterized by its large size, very low convexity, normal inflation limited mostly to the umbonal area, and flattened flanks. It is especially common in moderately deep calcareous shale facies, as well as in chalks and limestones of the Niobrara Formation and equivalents. Preferred facies contain abundant pyrite, elevated total organic carbon (TOC), and very low biotic diversity. The genus maintains its giant size in these facies, and becomes more abundant. It clearly prefers dysoxic facies. As such, it probably is chemosymbiotic; photosymbiosis is almost ruled out because of inferred water depths of 200–350 m. It is also found more sparsely, and of smaller size, in oxygenated facies, including shoreface sandstone. The study area contains over 81 giant-sized Platyceramus platinus (Logan, 1898) on a single bedding plane; there are very few small ones. This allows spacing, orientation, and size analysis to be performed on an adult population.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Paleontology}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Kauffman, Erle G. and Harries, Peter J. and Meyer, Christian and Villamil, Tomas and Arango, Claudia and Jaecks, Glenn}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={64–81} }
 @article{ozanne_harries_2007, title={Role of predation and parasitism in the extinction of the inoceramid bivalves: an evaluation}, volume={35}, ISSN={0024-1164}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00062.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00062.x}, abstractNote={The inoceramid bivalves were dominant constituents of marine, epifaunal communities throughout the Late Mesozoic. They experienced a rapid decline in the Early Maastrichtian and virtually all taxa disappeared 1.5 Myr prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. The ultimate cause for their demise is still controversial. This study evaluates the role predation, parasitism and/or disease played in the evolution and extinction of Early Maastrichtian inoceramids from the Western Interior Seaway of North America (WIS). Escalation - the ‘evolutionary arms race’ between predators and prey - is said to be one of the most influential selective agents in evolution. Evidence of predation, parasitism, and disease in inoceramids is virtually undocumented prior to the Turonian. However, populations of inoceramids from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale show a marked increase in the number of individuals in which evidence for attempted predation and/or parasitism is preserved. The percentage of predation and/or parasitism steadily increases between the Baculites baculus and the B. grandis ammonite biozones (uppermost Campanian through Lower Maastrichtian) from 2.6% to values as high as 44.6%. The dramatic increase in shell deformities among inoceramids corresponds to a rapid radiation of shell-crushing brachyuran crabs and may be related to their activity. The introduction of new, efficient predators, such as brachyuran crabs, combined with parasitism and disease could have stressed inoceramid populations. Thus, they may have been more susceptible to environmental perturbations than under normal ‘background’ conditions. The disappearance of the inoceramids, at least from the WIS, may be one of the few cases where virtually an entire family lost the ‘evolutionary arms race’.}, number={1}, journal={Lethaia}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ozanne, Colin R. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={1–19} }
 @inbook{harries_kauffman_2005, title={Patterns of survival and recovery following the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction in the Western Interior Basin, United States}, ISBN={3540526056}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0011152}, DOI={10.1007/bfb0011152}, booktitle={Extinction Events in Earth History}, publisher={Springer-Verlag}, author={Harries, Peter J. and Kauffman, Erle G.}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={277–298} }
 @inbook{harries_2003, place={Dubuque}, title={Great Dyings: Biodiversity Crises Now and Then}, volume={2}, booktitle={Science That Matters}, publisher={Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co}, author={Harries, P.J.}, editor={Potter, R.L. and Meisels, G.G.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={89–126} }
 @article{harries_schopf_2003, title={The first evidence of drilling predation in inoceramids}, volume={77}, ISSN={0022-3360 1937-2337}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<1011:tfeodp>2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<1011:tfeodp>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={The inoceramid bivalves first appeared in the Permian of Australia (Browne and Newell, 1966; Waterhouse, 1970), thrived during certain intervals in the Jurassic (e.g., the Toarcian; Harries and Little, 1999), and dominated many benthic marine communities globally from the late Early through the Late Cretaceous. Despite excellent preservation (the prismatic, outer calcitic layer is retained in many cases), ubiquitous presence in Late Mesozoic marine deposits, and intense study (e.g., Troger, 1967; Kauffman et al., 1977; Crampton, 1996; Walaszczyk and Cobban, 2000; Walaszczyk et al., 2001), no evidence of predatory drilling in inoceramids has been reported to date. Indeed, evidence of predation of any sort on inoceramids throughout their evolutionary history is limited (Harries and Ozanne, 1998; though see Ozanne and Harries, 2002, for an exception to this). There have been several documented examples of non-predatory borings in inoceramids likely made post mortem by organisms such as bryozoans (Morris, 1990) and acrothoracian barnacles. Rare instances of potential nondrilling predatory attacks on inoceramids by fish (Speden, 1971) and ptychodid sharks (Kauffman, 1972), also have been described (see summary in Harries and Ozanne, 1998).

A number of factors may account for the absence of predatory drilling in inoceramids, including: 1) in most instances inoceramids favored oxygen-deficient habitats that excluded at least some drilling predators; 2) the flexibility of the inoceramid prismato-nacreous valves may have made them difficult to puncture or pierce; and 3) in the U.S. Western Interior Seaway (WIS), the region from which these specimens were collected, the paucity of drilled inoceramid specimens also coincides with the delayed onset of all drilling predation as compared to published global patterns. Here, we document the only known examples of predatory drilling on inoceramids preserved in the fossil record.

 The specimens in this study were collected in …}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Paleontology}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Harries, Peter J. and Schopf, Kenneth M.}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={1011–1015} }
 @inbook{harries_2002, place={Oxford, UK}, title={Epeiric seas: A continental extension of shelf biotas}, ISBN={9780954298906 9780954298913 9780954298920 9780954298937 9789231038549 9789231038594 9789231038600 9789231038617}, booktitle={Knowledge for sustainable development : an insight into the encyclopedia of life support systems}, publisher={EOLSS Publishers}, author={Harries, P.J.}, editor={Cilek, V.Editor}, year={2002} }
 @article{harries_johnson_cobban_nichols_2002, title={Marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary section in southwestern South Dakota: Comment and Reply}, volume={30}, ISSN={0091-7613}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0955:mctbsi>2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0955:mctbsi>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={In a similar vein to what Dana posited for Hall's geosynclinal theory for the origin of mountain belts—that it presented “a theory for the origin of mountains with the origin of mountains left out” (p. 55, King, 1977)—[Terry et al. (2001)][1] promote the presence of a Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-}, number={10}, journal={Geology}, publisher={Geological Society of America}, author={Harries, Peter J. and Johnson, Kirk R. and Cobban, William A. and Nichols, Douglas J.}, year={2002}, pages={954} }
 @inbook{harries_2002, place={Oxford, UK}, title={Shelf seas}, number={Theme 1.1, The Earth System – History and Natural Variability}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems}, publisher={EOLSS Publishers}, author={Harries, P.J.}, editor={Cilek, V.Editor}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{harries_landman_2002, title={The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary}, booktitle={Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution}, author={Harries, P.J. and Landman, N.H.}, editor={Eldredge, N.Editor}, year={2002}, pages={259–263} }
 @article{walaszczyk_cobban_harries_2001, title={Inoceramids and inoceramid biostratigraphy on the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the United States Western Interior Basin}, volume={20}, number={1}, journal={Revue de Palèobiologie}, author={Walaszczyk, I. and Cobban, W.A. and Harries, P.J.}, year={2001}, pages={117–234} }
 @article{kauffman_herm_johnson_harries_höfling_2000, title={The ecology of Cenomanian lithistid sponge frameworks, Regensburg area, Germany}, volume={33}, ISSN={0024-1164}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00241160025100071}, DOI={10.1080/00241160025100071}, abstractNote={Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sponge biostromes and bafflestone mounds were common and widespread in European temperate to tropical marine environments. They declined markedly during the Late Cretaceous. Most sponge frameworks were paucispecific and ecologically simple, with only basic levels of succession or tiering. The occurrence of ecologically complex, lithistid sponge biostromes and mounds in the Cenomanian Quadersandstein Member, Regensburger Grunsandstein of the Saal Quarry, Bavaria, is therefore of special significance. These are ecologically the most complex sponge frameworks yet reported from the Cretaceous. Their size, morphology and ecological organization compare favorably with shallow-water, sponge-dominated frameworks in modern seas. The Saal Quarry sponge frameworks are generally associated with firmgrounds and condensed intervals in the transgressive systems tract of the Cenomanian-Turonian, tectonoeustatic supercycle UZA-2. The lowest sponge frameworks are up to 1 m high bafflestone mounds consisting of large, irregular, sheet- and mound-like recumbent sponges overlain by diverse, cylindrical, pyriform, upward-branching forms of Jerea and Siphonia. These biostromes overlie a condensed interval or firmground which locally contains small, in situ pyriform sponges (Jerea pyriformis Lamouroux) as well as Middle Cenomanian Inoceramus etheridgei Woods. The upper sponge frameworks consist of bafflestone mounds up to 4.4 m wide and 1.3 m high, composed of six lithistid sponge morphotypes, possibly representing several species of Jerea and Siphonia. The occurrence of Rotalipora cushmanni in strata overlying the upper sponge framework indicates a Late Cenomanian age. Morphotypes preserve internal sponge morphologies and partially dissolved spicules surrounded by a diagenetic halo of silicified, pelletoid grainstone and/or packstone. Silica cements were derived from spicule dissolution. Different combinations of these morphotypes dominate three to four successional stages of sponge framework growth, and show vertical ecological tiering within communities. This ecological zonation is consistent among frameworks, and is partially or wholly repeated between storm-related disturbance events.}, number={3}, journal={Lethaia}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kauffman, E.G. and Herm, D. and Johnson, C.C. and Harries, P.J. and Höfling, R}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={214–235} }
 @article{harries_ozanne_1999, title={General Patterns in predation and parasitism upon inoceramids}, volume={48}, journal={Acta Geologica Polonica}, author={Harries, P.J. and Ozanne, C.}, year={1999}, pages={377–386} }
 @inbook{harries_1999, title={Repopulations from Cretaceous mass extinctions: Environmental and/or evolutionary controls?}, ISBN={0813723329}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2332-9.345}, DOI={10.1130/0-8137-2332-9.345}, booktitle={Special Paper 332: Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System}, publisher={Geological Society of America}, author={Harries, Peter J.}, year={1999}, pages={345–364} }
 @article{harries_little_1999, title={The early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) and the Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinctions: similarities and contrasts}, volume={154}, ISSN={0031-0182}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(99)00086-3}, DOI={10.1016/s0031-0182(99)00086-3}, abstractNote={The early Toarcian (eTo) and Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) mass extinctions are comparable from a wide range of scales and perspectives. From a broad standpoint, their similarities include: virtually identical extinction intensity at the familial and generic levels, widespread basinal facies deposited during sea-level highstands, an overall greenhouse climate, and anoxia as an important causal mechanism. The high-resolution, macroinvertebrate data analyzed here, consisting of stratigraphic ranges, diversity and abundance, point to smaller-scale similarities. The two events resulted in significant ecological disruption and, in both cases, the biotic responses were very similar. Taxa inhabiting the upper water column were unaffected by anoxia and included ammonites and, in the eTo, belemnites. In addition, epifaunal taxa adapted to low-oxygen conditions, such as the buchiids, posidoniids and inoceramids, flourished in the post-extinction environment during the survival interval. As conditions ameliorated, the biota became more diverse and gradually began to resemble pre-extinction biotas. Furthermore, the δ13C curves predict the end of the survival interval and suggest that the period characterized by carbon isotope excursions represent disrupted environmental conditions. This points to the potential application of δ13C as a tool for determining the repopulation modes and timing for other mass extinctions.}, number={1-2}, journal={Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harries, Peter J and Little, Crispin T.S}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={39–66} }
 @article{hiss_kaplan_harries_1998, title={Albian-Turonian of Rüthen}, volume={48}, journal={Bochumer Geologische und Geotechnische Arbeiten}, author={Hiss, M. and Kaplan, U. and Harries, P.J.}, year={1998}, pages={175–181} }
 @article{harries_ozanne_1998, title={General trends in predation and parasitism upon inoceramids}, volume={48}, number={4}, journal={Acta Geologica Polonica}, author={Harries, P.J. and Ozanne, C.}, year={1998}, pages={377–386} }
 @article{fatherree_harries_quinn_1998, title={Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic "Dissection" of Baculites compressus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from the Pierre Shale (Upper Campanian) of South Dakota: Implications for Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions}, volume={13}, ISSN={0883-1351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3515325}, DOI={10.2307/3515325}, number={4}, journal={PALAIOS}, publisher={Society for Sedimentary Geology}, author={Fatherree, James W. and Harries, Peter J. and Quinn, Terrence M.}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={376} }
 @article{harries_crampton_1998, title={The inoceramids}, volume={6}, journal={American Paleontologist}, author={Harries, P.J. and Crampton, J.S.}, year={1998}, pages={1–6} }
 @inbook{sageman_kauffman_harries_elder_1997, place={New York}, title={Cenomanian/Turonian bioevents and ecostratigraphy in the Western Interior Basin : contrasting scales of local, regional, and global events}, booktitle={Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications}, publisher={Columbia Univ. Press}, author={Sageman, B.B. and Kauffman, E.G. and Harries, P.J. and Elder, W.P.}, editor={Brett, C. and Baird, G.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={520–570} }
 @inbook{kauffman_harries_1996, place={Barcelona}, edition={1st}, series={Metatemas}, title={Las consecuencias de la extinción en masa: prediciones para la supervivencia y regeneración en ecosistemas antiguos y modernos}, ISBN={9788472239456}, booktitle={La Lógica De Las Extinciones: Colección dirigida por Jorge Wagensberg, Museu de la Ciència de la Fundació "la Caixa}, publisher={Tusquets Editores}, author={Kauffman, E.G. and Harries, P.J.}, editor={Benton, M.J. and Agustí, J.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={17–64}, collection={Metatemas} }
 @inproceedings{harries_kauffman_crampton_bengtson_cech_crame_wood_1996, series={Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg}, title={Lower Turonian Euramerica Inoceramidae; a morphologic, taxonomic, and
biostratigraphic overview; a report from the First workshop on Early Turonian
inoceramids (Oct. 5-8, 1992) in Hamburg, Germany}, booktitle={Jost Wiedmann Memorial Volume: New developments in cretaceous research topics. Proceedings of the 4th international cretaceous symposium, Hamburg 1992}, author={Harries, P.J. and Kauffman, E.G. and Crampton, J.S. and Bengtson, P. and Cech, S. and Crame, J.A. and Wood, C.J.}, year={1996}, pages={641–671}, collection={Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg} }
 @article{harries_kauffman_hansen_1996, title={Models for biotic survival following mass extinction}, volume={102}, ISSN={0305-8719 2041-4927}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.001.01.03}, DOI={10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.001.01.03}, abstractNote={Abstract Mass extinction intervals are characterized by three dynamic processes: extinction, survival, and recovery. It has been assumed that the taxa surviving a mass extinction are composed predominantly of eurytopic groups and opportunistic/disaster species. However, high-resolution stratigraphic and palaeontological analyses of several mass extinction intervals show that the repopulation of the global ecosystem takes place among ecologically and genetically diverse and complex taxa and occurs far too rapidly to be solely attributed to rapid radiation from a few ecological generalists. We suggest a number of potential survival mechanisms or strategies (sensu Fryxell 1983) which have evolved in diverse taxa and which could have allowed them to survive mass extinction intervals. These mechanisms consist of: rapid evolution, preadaptation, neoteny/progenesis, protected and/or unperturbed habitat, refugia species, disaster species, opportunism, broad adaptive ranges, persistent trophic resources, widespread and rapid dispersion, dormancy, bacterial-chemosymbioses, skeletonization requirements, reproductive mechanisms, larval characteristics and chance. Because of the wide variety of potential survival mechanisms, the range of survivors may be far higher than previously hypothesized. This would account, in part, for the diversity and evolutionary state of Lazarus taxa and for the rapid re-establishment of some complex ecosystems following many mass extinction intervals, without calling on “explosive” radiation from generalist/opportunist stocks following a mass extinction interval.}, number={1}, journal={Geological Society, London, Special Publications}, publisher={Geological Society of London}, author={Harries, Peter J. and Kauffman, Erle G. and Hansen, Thor A.}, year={1996}, pages={41–60} }
 @article{kauffman_harries_1996, title={The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction}, volume={102}, ISSN={0305-8719 2041-4927}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.001.01.02}, DOI={10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.001.01.02}, abstractNote={Abstract Progenitor taxa are defined as species or lineages which arise, commonly through punctuated or macroevolutionary processes, during the main phases of a mass extinction interval, and which then survive to seed the evolution of dominant groups during ensuing radiation and ecosystem recovery. Their success in surviving the severe environmental perturbations commonly associated with mass extinctions and their immediate aftermath lies in the fact that they are initially adapted in their evolution to these dynamically changing environments. This differentiates them from other surviving clades of ecological generalists, opportunists, disaster taxa, taxa with specialized survival mechanisms, etc., all of which may have a long pre-extinction evolutionary history. Progenitor taxa characterize those ecosystems which are most severely affected by mass extinction processes (perturbations and feedback loops), e.g. those of tropical to warm temperate climate zones. Progenitor taxa are rarer in those ecosystems with relatively minor response to environmental perturbations of mass extinction intervals (deep sea and more poleward areas), where many established pre-extinction lineages survive the extinction event(s) with little change. In several published records of ‘explosive radiation’ among new lineages following mass extinctions, high-resolution stratigraphic sampling has shown that many of these ‘new’ recovery taxa actually had their origins as small, relatively rare progenitor taxa during the preceding mass extinction intervals. Examples from Cretaceous mass extinction intervals are presented (Cenomanian-Turonian, Cretaceous-Tertiary).}, number={1}, journal={Geological Society, London, Special Publications}, publisher={Geological Society of London}, author={Kauffman, Erle G. and Harries, Peter J.}, year={1996}, pages={15–39} }
 @article{harries_1995, title={Recovery from Mass Extinction}, volume={10}, ISSN={0883-1351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3515156}, DOI={10.2307/3515156}, number={4}, journal={PALAIOS}, publisher={Society for Sedimentary Geology}, author={Harries, Peter J.}, year={1995}, month={Aug}, pages={289} }
 @article{harries_1993, title={Dynamics of survival following the Cenomanian-Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) mass extinction event}, volume={14}, ISSN={0195-6671}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cres.1993.1040}, DOI={10.1006/cres.1993.1040}, abstractNote={Abstract High-resolution stratigraphic data across the Cenomanian-Turonian (C-T) boundary suggest that the rate and the diverse ways repopulation occurred following the C-T mass extinction is far too rapid to be accommodated solely by the evolution of new species from ecological generalist or opportunistic stocks. Therefore, the degree of survivorship of more specialized species and lineages, including advanced ones, was far more pervasive than commonly believed. This may have been largely accomplished through various survival mechanisms and/or reflect diverse refugia in many common habitats. An attempt is made to utilize the stratigraphic and biogeographic range patterns and distributions of various C-T macroinvertebrate lineages (primarily molluscan) to determine which survival mechanisms may have been employed. These mechanisms span a variety of taxonomic groups and allowed the survival through and/or seeded the evolution of new taxa following the perturbations associated with the C-T mass extinction event.}, number={4-5}, journal={Cretaceous Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harries, Peter J.}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={563–583} }
 @inbook{kauffman_sageman_kirkland_elder_harries_villamil_1993, place={St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada}, series={Geological Association of Canada special paper}, title={Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Western Interior Cretaceous Basin, North America}, booktitle={Evolution of the Western Interior Basin}, publisher={Geological Association of Canada}, author={Kauffman, E.G. and Sageman, B.B. and Kirkland, J.I. and Elder, W.P. and Harries, P.J. and Villamil, T.}, editor={Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={397–434}, collection={Geological Association of Canada special paper} }