@article{oh_pottorff_giongo_mainland_iorizzo_perkins-veazie_2024, title={Exploring shelf-life predictability of appearance traits and fruit texture in blueberry}, volume={208}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112643}, abstractNote={Improving the shelf-life of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) has become a crucial breeding priority for the industry. However, the breeders have sparse empirical data to select genotypes with extended shelf-life. In this study, a large set of cultivars was evaluated for mechanical texture and appearance characteristics at harvest and after storage to understand their relationship and test multiple statistical models to assess the predictability of shelf-life. Blueberries harvested from 61 cultivars with extensive phenotypic variation were stored at 2 oC and 80% relative humidity (RH) for six weeks. The results indicated that weight loss, texture change, and fruit wrinkling could be predicted using fruit characteristics measured at harvest (T0) or two weeks post-harvest (T2). The berry size at T0 was able to predict postharvest weight loss with high accuracy; the larger the initial berry size, the less weight loss. This trend plateaued with berries larger than 18 mm in diameter. For texture, the measurements at T0 and six weeks after storage (T6) were positively correlated in all mechanical texture parameters, indicating that the initial texture is highly related to the final texture after storage. The overall change of texture could be best predicted using the texture parameter ‘distance to maximum force’ (DFM) measured at T0. Although the prediction accuracy was relatively low (R2 = 0.34), the model still effectively predicted the cultivars with the most texture change and those with the least. Interestingly, the prediction power improved to a moderate level (R2 = 0.45–0.66) when using all the texture and appearance parameters measured at T0 and T2. Wrinkling was best predicted by either the initial fruit size or the texture parameter ‘force linear distance’ (FLD) with low accuracy (R2 = 0.35–0.37); the larger the berry or FLD at T0, the less wrinkle after storage. These findings provide empirical data that blueberry breeders could use to select for shelf-life in blueberry. Predicting the variation of shelf-life indicators in a germplasm can substantially reduce the cost and time required to phenotype shelf-life performance.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Oh, Heeduk and Pottorff, Marti and Giongo, Lara and Mainland, Charles M. and Iorizzo, Massimo and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{munoz_hayes_perkins-veazie_gillitt_munoz_kay_lila_ferruzzi_iorizzo_2024, title={Genotype and ripening method affect carotenoid content and bio-accessibility in banana}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2042-650X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1039/D3FO04632J}, DOI={10.1039/d3fo04632j}, abstractNote={This study concludes that the genotype, ripening methods (natural vs. exogenous ethylene application), and carotenoid bioaccessible content should be considered when setting a nutrition goal for vitamin A biofortification in banana-breeding programs.}, journal={FOOD & FUNCTION}, author={Munoz, Bryan and Hayes, Micaela and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Gillitt, Nicholas and Munoz, Miguel and Kay, Colin D. and Lila, Mary Ann and Ferruzzi, Mario G. and Iorizzo, Massimo}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{trandel-hayse_johanningsmeier_oh_iorizzo_perkins-veazie_2023, title={Blueberry Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Three Distinct Fruit Firmness Phenotypes}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2692-1944"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00284}, abstractNote={Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars vary in firmness, and these phenotypic differences may be associated with peel and pulp cell wall polysaccharides. Three blueberry cultivars of distinctive texture phenotypes, Indigocrisp (crisp), Emerald (firm, industry standard), and Jewel (soft), were evaluated for cell wall polysaccharide composition. Alcohol-insoluble residues (AIRs) from both peel and pulp were reduced, methylated, hydrolyzed, acetylated, and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monosaccharide composition (μg·mg–1 AIR) differed among cultivars, with “Indigocrisp” pulp highest in glucuronic acid (22.23), “Emerald” pulp highest in glucose (106.31), and “Jewel” peel highest in arabinose (38.73) and mannose (11.88). Forty-five cell wall polysaccharide linkages were identified, and specific linkages were associated with blueberry peel and pulp among the texture phenotypes. Polysaccharide classifications were then estimated from the 45 cell wall polysaccharide linkages. “Indigocrisp” and “Emerald” pulp were highest in arabinan and type II arabinogalactan, which are less susceptible to depolymerization. “Indigocrisp” pulp had a greater abundance of heteromannan, xyloglucan, and cellulose, while “Jewel” was highest in rhamnogalacturonan I, which typically depolymerizes first. The greater abundances of arabinan and type II arabinogalactan in the pulp of the firm and crisp cultivars likely contribute to the texture characteristics of these phenotypes.}, number={11}, journal={ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Trandel-Hayse, Marlee and Johanningsmeier, Suzanne and Oh, Heeduk and Iorizzo, Massimo and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={1920–1930} }
 @article{yow_laosuntisuk_young_doherty_gillitt_perkins-veazie_jenny xiang_iorizzo_2023, title={Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes for cold stress response and early flowering in pineapple}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-45722-y}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Yow, Ashley G. and Laosuntisuk, Kanjana and Young, Roberto A. and Doherty, Colleen J. and Gillitt, Nicholas and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Jenny Xiang, Qiu-Yun and Iorizzo, Massimo}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{yow_bostan_young_valacchi_gillitt_perkins-veazie_xiang_iorizzo_2023, title={Identification of bromelain subfamily proteases encoded in the pineapple genome}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-38907-y}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Yow, Ashley G. and Bostan, Hamed and Young, Roberto and Valacchi, Giuseppe and Gillitt, Nicholas and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Xiang, Qiu-Yun and Iorizzo, Massimo}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{larson_perkins-veazie_ma_kon_2023, title={Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae9020279}, abstractNote={Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carbohydrates throughout a growing season in two cultivars and evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict apple carbohydrate content throughout changes in fruit development. Carbohydrates were quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at five timepoints between early fruitlet growth and harvest in ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. NIR spectra was collected for freeze-dried fruit samples using a benchtop near infrared spectrometer. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate early in the growing season (~40% of total carbohydrates). However, the relative contribution of sorbitol to total carbohydrates rapidly decreased by 59 days after full bloom (<10%). The proportion of fructose to total carbohydrates increased throughout fruit development (40–50%). Three distinct periods of fruit development, early, mid-season, and late, were found over all sampling dates using principal component analysis. The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components accounted for 90% of the variation in the data, samples separated among sampling date along PC1. Partial least squares regression was used to build the models by calibrating carbohydrates quantified with HPLC and measured reflectance spectra. The NIR models reliably predicted the content of fructose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, and total soluble sugars for both ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’; r2 ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. These results show that NIR can accurately estimate carbohydrates throughout the growing season and offers an efficient alternative to liquid or gas chromatography.}, number={2}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Larson, James E. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Kon, Thomas M.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{ravichandran_silva_moncada_perkins-veazie_lila_greenlief_thomas_hoskin_krishnaswamy_2023, title={Spray drying to produce novel phytochemical-rich ingredients from juice and pomace of American elderberry}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2212-4306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102981}, abstractNote={The cultivation and commercialization of American elderberries (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis), rich in acylated anthocyanins, is nascent. In this study, American elderberry juice and pomace extract were spray dried using soy protein isolate (SPI) or tapioca starch (TS) as carriers to develop functional food ingredients. Physicochemical, morphological, and bioactive properties were analyzed, and an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model was used to study polyphenol bioaccessibility. An efficient spray drying process (solids recovery >60%) was established. Elderberry particles produced with SPI had higher solubility (60%–64%), lower porosity (69%–70%), and better flowability (22% Carr index, 1.29 Hausner ratio). Spray dried particles produced with tapioca starch showed significantly higher total polyphenol content (42–49 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample), proanthocyanidin content (0.76–2.86 mg proanthocyanidin-B2/g sample), and anthocyanins (7.86–33.80 mg/g sample) for both elderberry juice and pomace extract, compared to SPI-derived ones. Particles of encapsulated elderberry juice or pomace extract with SPI had higher bioaccessibility compared to non-encapsulated elderberry juice or TS-derived particles. Overall, spray drying American elderberry juice and pomace extract is an effective and sustainable strategy to create novel ingredients for multiple food applications. These findings offer an industry-friendly technological solution to develop value-added ingredients for the emerging American elderberry market.}, journal={FOOD BIOSCIENCE}, author={Ravichandran, K. S. and Silva, E. S. and Moncada, M. and Perkins-Veazie, P. and Lila, M. A. and Greenlief, C. M. and Thomas, Andrew L. and Hoskin, R. T. and Krishnaswamy, K.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_ma_schwickerath_meyer_chen_2023, title={The Absence of Malvidin-3-Glucoside in Petiole Tissue Predicts Rare Red-Type Flower of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis L.)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/3/598}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture13030598}, abstractNote={Eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis L., is a popular ornamental tree in the U.S. and has flower colors of purple-type, red-type, and white-type. Most redbuds cultivars have purple-type flowers. Red-types and white-types are much less common. These unusual flower colors have become an important trait for incorporation into novel redbud cultivars. Eastern redbud seedlings require 3–5 years before blooming, making flower color selection a slow and expensive process. The ability to select seedlings for flower color type would significantly increase the efficiency of the breeding process. Redbud flower color is dominated by anthocyanin content; leaf petioles often show visible pink to purple color, indicating the potential presence of anthocyanin. In this study, anthocyanin profiles of 14 cultivars and 25 progenies of ‘Appalachian Red’ (red-type) × ‘Oklahoma’ (purple-type) were determined using HPLC. The petiole anthocyanin profiles were strongly indicative of plant flower-color types. Both peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside were dominant in petioles from all purple-type plants. In contrast, malvidin-3-glucoside was absent from petioles of red-type plants, and neither peonidin-3-glucoside nor malvidin-3-glucoside was detected among white-type cultivars. These results indicate that the presence or absence of peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside in petioles can be a physiological marker for identifying redbud flower color types.}, number={3}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Schwickerath, Jack and Meyer, Elisabeth and Chen, Hsuan}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{willman_bushakra_bassil_finn_dossett_perkins-veazie_bradish_fernandez_weber_scheerens_et al._2022, title={Analysis of a Multi-Environment Trial for Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) Quality Traits}, volume={13}, ISSN={2073-4425}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030418}, DOI={10.3390/genes13030418}, abstractNote={U.S. black raspberry (BR) production is currently limited by narrowly adapted, elite germplasm. An improved understanding of genetic control and the stability of pomological traits will inform the development of improved BR germplasm and cultivars. To this end, the analysis of a multiple-environment trial of a BR mapping population derived from a cross that combines wild ancestors introgressed with commercial cultivars on both sides of its pedigree has provided insights into genetic variation, genotype-by-environment interactions, quantitative trait loci (QTL), and QTL-by-environment interactions (QEI) of fruit quality traits among diverse field environments. The genetic components and stability of four fruit size traits and six fruit biochemistry traits were characterized in this mapping population following their evaluation over three years at four distinct locations representative of current U.S. BR production. This revealed relatively stable genetic control of the four fruit size traits across the tested production environments and less stable genetic control of the fruit biochemistry traits. Of the fifteen total QTL, eleven exhibited significant QEI. Closely overlapping QTL revealed the linkage of several fruit size traits: fruit mass, drupelet count, and seed fraction. These and related findings are expected to guide further genetic characterization of BR fruit quality, management of breeding germplasm, and development of improved BR cultivars for U.S. production.}, number={3}, journal={Genes}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Willman, Matthew R. and Bushakra, Jill M. and Bassil, Nahla and Finn, Chad E. and Dossett, Michael and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Bradish, Christine M. and Fernandez, Gina E. and Weber, Courtney A. and Scheerens, Joseph C. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={418} }
 @article{giongo_ajelli_pottorff_perkins-veazie_iorizzo_2022, title={Comparative multi-parameters approach to dissect texture subcomponents of highbush blueberry cultivars at harvest and postharvest}, volume={183}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111696}, abstractNote={Fruit texture and firmness are important cues of blueberry quality for the fresh market. These attributes contribute to consumer acceptance, resistance to bruising during harvesting and transportation, and shelf-life. Thus, fruit firmness and texture are major priorities for blueberry breeders, producers and distributors. In this study, the discriminative power of texture analysis was examined using penetration tests with different probes and double compression for texture profile analysis (TPA). Mechanical parameters taken from the force deformation curves used to dissect texture subcomponents in blueberries that are associated with specific tissue layers. Principal component analysis (PCA) allows to filter and identify mechanical parameters that significantly discern the most variation amongst 24 blueberry genotypes and showed that texture in this crop is multi-trait and cultivar-dependent. Texture analysis was used also on blueberries stored over six weeks to identify mechanical parameters that could be used as predictors for long shelf life. Additionally, the mechanical parameters were correlated with dynamometer data to determine the utility and accuracy of a simple handheld device to measure fruit firmness in blueberries. This study provides a framework for the identification and characterization of the subcomponents of texture in highbush blueberry.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Giongo, Lara and Ajelli, Matteo and Pottorff, Marti and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Iorizzo, Massimo}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{duduit_kosentka_miller_blanco-ulate_lenucci_panthee_perkins-veazie_liu_2022, title={Coordinated transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid biosynthesis contributes to fruit lycopene content in high-lycopene tomato genotypes}, volume={9}, ISSN={2052-7276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac084}, DOI={10.1093/hr/uhac084}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Horticulture Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duduit, James R and Kosentka, Pawel Z and Miller, Morgan A and Blanco-Ulate, Barbara and Lenucci, Marcello S and Panthee, Dilip R and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Liu, Wusheng}, year={2022} }
 @article{edger_iorizzo_bassil_benevenuto_ferrao_giongo_hummer_lawas_leisner_li_et al._2022, title={There and back again; historical perspective and future directions for Vaccinium breeding and research studies}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2052-7276"]}, DOI={10.1093/hr/uhac083}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={HORTICULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Edger, Patrick P. and Iorizzo, Massimo and Bassil, Nahla V and Benevenuto, Juliana and Ferrao, Luis Felipe V and Giongo, Lara and Hummer, Kim and Lawas, Lovely Mae F. and Leisner, Courtney P. and Li, Changying and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{sorokina_mccaffrey_deaton_ma_ordovas_perkins-veazie_steinbeck_levi_parnell_2021, title={A Catalog of Natural Products Occurring in Watermelon-Citrullus lanatus}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2296-861X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fnut.2021.729822}, abstractNote={Graphical Abstract}, journal={FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION}, author={Sorokina, Maria and McCaffrey, Kira S. and Deaton, Erin E. and Ma, Guoying and Ordovas, Jose M. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope M. and Steinbeck, Christoph and Levi, Amnon and Parnell, Laurence D.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{trandel_johanningsmeier_schultheis_gunter_perkins-veazie_2021, title={Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted 'Liberty' Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2021.623723}, abstractNote={Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. Grafting “Liberty” watermelon to “Carnivor” (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. The CSF was lower in fruit with HH (24.5%) compared to those without HH (27.1%). AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg–1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg–1). Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Trandel, Marlee A. and Johanningsmeier, Suzanne and Schultheis, Jonathan and Gunter, Chris and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{trandel_perkins-veazie_schultheis_gunter_johannes_2021, title={Grafting watermelon onto interspecific hybrid squash reduces hollow heart disorder}, volume={1302}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1302.30}, journal={II INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VEGETABLE GRAFTING}, author={Trandel, M. A. and Perkins-Veazie, P. and Schultheis, J. R. and Gunter, C. C. and Johannes, E.}, year={2021}, pages={225–232} }
 @article{fernandez_pattison_perkins-veazie_ballington_clevinger_schiavone_gu_samtani_vinson_mcwhirt_et al._2020, title={'Liz' and 'Rocco' Strawberries}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI14516-19}, abstractNote={North Carolina Strawberry Association; North American Strawberry Growers Association; Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium; Golden Leaf Foundation; Virginia Strawberry Growers Association}, number={4}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Fernandez, Gina and Pattison, Jeremy and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ballington, James R. and Clevinger, Elizabeth and Schiavone, Rocco and Gu, Sanjun and Samtani, Jayesh and Vinson, Edgar and McWhirt, Amanda and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={597–600} }
 @article{veazie_cockson_henry_perkins-veazie_whipker_2020, title={Characterization of Nutrient Disorders and Impacts on Chlorophyll and Anthocyanin Concentration of Brassica rapa var. Chinensis}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture10100461}, abstractNote={Essential plant nutrients are needed at crop-specific concentrations to obtain optimal growth and yield. Foliar tissue analysis is the standard method for assessing nutrient levels in plants. Symptoms of nutrient deficiency or toxicity occur when the foliar tissue values become too low or high. Diagnostic nutrient deficiency criteria for Brassica rapa var. Chinensis (bok choy) is lacking in the current literature. In this study, green (‘Black Summer’) and purple (‘Red Pac’) bok choy plants were grown in silica sand culture, with control plants receiving a complete modified Hoagland’s all-nitrate solution, and nutrient-deficient plants induced by using a complete nutrient formula withholding a single nutrient. Tissue samples were collected at the first sign of visual disorder symptoms and analyzed for dry weight and nutrient concentrations of all plant essential elements. Six weeks into the experiment, the newest matured leaves were sampled for chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids concentrations for both cultivars, and total anthocyanin concentration in ‘Red Pac’. Compared to control plants, the dry weight of ‘Black Summer’ green bok choy was significantly lower for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), or boron (B) deficiency treatments, and nutrient concentrations were lower for all variables except iron (Fe) deficiency. Dry weight was less in ‘Red Pac’ plants grown without N, potassium (K), Ca, B, or molybdenum (Mo), and nutrient concentrations were lower for all except Mo-deficiency compared to controls. Total chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations were lower in leaves from N−, Fe-, and manganese- (Mn) deficient plants of both cultivars. Leaf anthocyanin concentration was lower only for K-, Ca-, and B-deficiencies in ‘Red Pac’. Our results indicate that visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency are well correlated with nutrient disorders. In contrast, changes in dry weight, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin did not show consistent changes across nutrient disorders.}, number={10}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, author={Veazie, Patrick and Cockson, Paul and Henry, Josh and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Whipker, Brian}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{attavar_tymon_perkins-veazie_miles_2020, title={Cucurbitaceae Germplasm Resistance to Verticillium Wilt and Grafting Compatibility with Watermelon}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI14631-19}, abstractNote={Grafting is used in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] production as a means to combat soilborne diseases. To support the development of new rootstock cultivars in the United States, we screened cucurbit germplasm accessions for resistance to verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) and for compatibility as watermelon rootstocks. Screening was done using a field naturally infested with V. dahliae [5 and 7.5 colony-forming units (cfu)·g−1 soil in 2017 and 2018, respectively], and plants were inoculated at transplanting (1.5 and 104 cfu of V. dahliae per plant in 2017 and 2018, respectively). In 2017, 56 germplasm accessions from three genera commonly used as rootstocks, Cucurbita, Lagenaria, and Benincasa, were sourced from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Plant Germplasm System and area under the verticillium wilt (disease) progress curve (AUDPC) values ranged from 16 to 397. The 14 accessions with the lowest AUDPC values and good germination (>40%) were used as rootstocks along with the commercial rootstock cv. Tetsukabuto (control), and all were grafted with watermelon cv. Secretariat as the scion in 2018. Grafted plant survival rate was greatest for ‘Tetsukabuto’ (90%) and the accession PI 381840 (L. siceraria) (89%), and ranged from 22% to 85% for all other accessions. All grafted treatments that produced mature fruit in 2018 tended to flower at the same time as nongrafted ‘Secretariat’, with first male and female flowers occurring in 45 to 50 days and 44 to 51 days after transplanting, respectively. There were no significant differences in AUDPC values due to grafting or when accessions were compared with ‘Tetsukabuto’. Only six accessions produced mature fruit when grafted with ‘Secretariat’, indicating they were compatible for watermelon grafting. Fruit weight and number as well as total soluble solids, pH, lycopene content, rind firmness and thickness, and dry matter content were similar for all accessions and ‘Tetsukabuto’ grafted on ‘Secretariat’. Only fruit flesh firmness differed and was highest for ‘Secretariat’ grafted on ‘PI 491316’ and lowest for ‘Secretariat’ grafted on ‘PI 49174’. The six verticillium wilt-tolerant accessions that were compatible with watermelon could potentially be used as rootstocks or as sources of genetic resistance in rootstock breeding programs.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Attavar, Abigail and Tymon, Lydia and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Miles, Carol A.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={141–148} }
 @article{shanely_zwetsloot_jurrissen_hannan_zwetsloot_needle_bishop_wu_perkins-veazie_2020, title={Daily watermelon consumption decreases plasma sVCAM-1 levels in overweight and obese postmenopausal women}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0271-5317"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.nutres.2020.02.005}, abstractNote={Postmenopausal status is associated with an increase in total and abdominal body fat as well as increased incidence of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if watermelon supplementation affects select systemic markers of atherosclerosis and measures of insulin resistance in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. We hypothesized that overweight and obese postmenopausal women consuming 100% watermelon puree daily for 6 weeks would have improved levels of select systemic markers connected with cardiovascular disease without changing markers of insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, overweight and obese postmenopausal women were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (no intervention) or the watermelon puree group (WM) for 6 weeks. Plasma concentration of markers connected with atherosclerosis and glycemic control were measured pre- and poststudy. A significant 6% decrease in soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 occurred pre- to poststudy in WM, P = .003. The pattern of change in fasting blood glucose (P = .633), insulin (P = .158), and homeostatic model assessment–estimated insulin resistance (P = .174) did not differ between groups. Pre- to poststudy increases were measured in the fasting plasma concentration of l-arginine (8%, P = .005), cis-lycopene (32%, P = .003), and trans-lycopene (42%, P = .003) in WM. We conclude that 6 weeks of watermelon supplementation improved soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels, a marker connected to atherogenesis, independent of changes in body composition or glycemic control.}, journal={NUTRITION RESEARCH}, author={Shanely, R. Andrew and Zwetsloot, Jennifer J. and Jurrissen, Thomas J. and Hannan, Lauren C. and Zwetsloot, Kevin A. and Needle, Alan R. and Bishop, Anna E. and Wu, Guoyao and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={9–19} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_bergmann_ma_perkins-veazie_2020, title={Extending Cut Paeonia Lactiflora Pall. Storage Duration Using Sub-Zero Storage Temperatures}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy10111694}, abstractNote={Cut peonies (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) have a relatively short vase life and limited availability due to seasonal production. Cultivars Festiva Maxima (FM), Monsieur Jules Elie (MJE), and Sarah Bernhardt (SB) stored at 0.7 °C had a longer flower open time at 12 weeks of storage compared to those held at −3.1 or 3.5 °C, while the flower bud time was unaffected. The flower open time of FM and MJE was no different for stems stored at a sub-zero temperature of −0.6 °C for 16 weeks compared to non-stored stems. Flower quality, opening, and lack of deformity was reduced at 16 weeks of storage in comparison to non-stored flowers, but higher for stems stored at −0.6 °C compared to 0.7 °C. Pre-treating stems before storage with pulses of a commercial hydrator solution or a 200 g·L−1 sucrose solution for 2 h at 4 °C had little commercial significance compared to non-pulsed control stems. The total phenolic content, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase were not effective indicators of open time or quality loss. This study is the first to demonstrate the successful use of a non-freezing, sub-zero storage temperature for peony, and the first to store cut peonies for 16 weeks, despite an increased risk of reduced flower quality.}, number={11}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Bergmann, Ben A. and Ma, Guoying and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{devi_perkins-veazie_miles_2020, title={Impact of Grafting on Watermelon Fruit Maturity and Quality}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae6040097}, abstractNote={Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) grafting has emerged as a promising biological management approach aimed at increasing tolerance to abiotic stressors, such as unfavorable environmental conditions. These conditions include environments that are too cold, wet, or dry, have soil nutrient deficiency or toxicity and soil or irrigation water salinity. Studies to date indicate that fruit yield and quality may be positively or negatively affected depending on rootstock-scion combination and growing environment. Growers need information regarding the general effect of rootstocks, as well as specific scion-rootstock interactions on fruit maturity and quality so they can select combinations best suited for their environment. This review summarizes the literature on watermelon grafting with a focus on abiotic stress tolerance and fruit maturity and quality with specific reference to hollow heart and hard seed formation, flesh firmness, total soluble solids, and lycopene content.}, number={4}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Devi, Pinki and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Miles, Carol}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{spalholz_perkins-veazie_hernandez_2020, title={Impact of sun-simulated white light and varied blue:red spectrums on the growth, morphology, development, and phytochemical content of green-and red-leaf lettuce at different growth stages}, volume={264}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109195}, abstractNote={Light drives photosynthesis and regulates plant morphology, physiology, and phytochemical content. Using light emitting diodes (LEDs), customized spectra can be created, including spectrum that simulates solar light. The aim of this study was to assess the growth, development, and phytochemical content at three marketable stages of lettuce (transplant, baby-leaf, and head-lettuce) under a sun-simulated spectrum and common light spectra used in indoor growing systems. Oakleaf red (Salanova® 'Red Oakleaf') and green (Salanova® 'Green Oakleaf') lettuce were grown under seven spectra. A sun-simulated light treatment (SUN) was created with 5 % ultraviolet-A (UV-A), 20 % blue (B), 26 % green (G), 26 % red (R), and 23 % far-red (FR) light as percent photon flux density (PFD). In addition, five treatments of differing blue:red (B:R) ratios were evaluated: 0B:100R (100R), 20B:80R, 50B:50R, 80B:20R, and 100B:0R (100B) and fluorescent white light was used as a control (6500 K). Plants were provided with 200 ± 0.7 μmol·m−2·s−1 biologically active radiation (300–800 nm) for 18 h and grown at 20.0 ± 0.2 °C temperature. Fresh mass of lettuce in the SUN treatment was not significantly different when compared to B:R light treatments in all harvest dates despite the 36 % greater photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in B:R treatments. Plant dry mass on day 17 of' Green Oakleaf' and 'Red Oakleaf' grown under 20B:80R was 15–39 % greater than those grown in 100B and SUN. When calculating total dry mass accumulation to cumulative yield photon flux density (YPFD), plants in SUN treatment accumulated the same dry mass per YPFD input (mg mol−1). Leaf area at day 42 of plants in 100B, SUN, and FL was 39–78 % greater than plants in B:R treatments. At final harvest (day 42), plant stem length in SUN was 2.1–4.4 times longer than in all other treatments, indicating bolting and flowering initiation. Both total phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations were greater in the B:R treatments than in SUN, 100R, and 100B treatments. This study presents baseline information for lettuce responses under LED-simulated SUN spectrum when compared to common B:R treatments and offers insights on lettuce growth and morphology under different spectra at multiple growth stages.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Spalholz, Hans and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Hernandez, Ricardo}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_gunter_trandel_2020, title={Postharvest handling of organically produced specialty crops}, volume={66}, ISBN={["978-1-78676-288-7"]}, ISSN={["2059-6944"]}, DOI={10.19103/AS.2019.0055.16}, journal={ADVANCES IN POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL PRODUCE}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Gunter, Chris and Trandel, Marlee}, year={2020}, pages={391–408} }
 @article{trandel_perkins-veazie_schultheis_2020, title={Predicting Hollow Heart Incidence in Triploid Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI15361-20}, abstractNote={In triploid (seedless) watermelon [Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb. Matsum. and Nakai)], hollow heart (HH) is a disorder that is expressed as a crack in the center of the fruit that expands to an open cavity. Although HH incidence and severity is part of a screening process for marketable watermelon fruit during cultigen evaluations, HH incidence is highly variable with growing season, even when the best cultural practices are used. Placental tissue firmness is also measured because firmness is related to the marketability of watermelon and may be related to HH. Genetic and environmental factors can influence watermelon HH development, including plant genetics, pollen amount and viability, pollinator activity, and temperature and rainfall fluctuations. We used seedless watermelon cultigen evaluation data collected over 3 years (2012–14) to determine the relationship between germplasm HH and tissue firmness. Transplanted watermelon representing 30 to 44 cultigens per year were grown at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, and interplanted with pollenizers ‘Ace’ and/or ‘SP-6’. Harvested fruit were cut length-wise and rated for HH incidence and severity. Flesh firmness was determined by a handheld penetrometer at five locations in the flesh (stem end, top side, ground spot, blossom end, and heart). A common cultigen subset, consisting of 13 cultigens that were grown in all three experiments, was used for analysis of HH severity and incidence, and placental firmness. The presence of HH was negatively correlated with tissue firmness in both the large multiyear cultigen set (R2 = −0.32; P = 0.0001) and the common cultigen set (R2 = −0.78; P = 0.0001). Cultigens with lower watermelon tissue firmness values had higher HH incidence and severity. By using multiyear cultigen studies and logistic regression, we were able to detect trends for cultigen susceptibility to this highly variable disorder. Using logistic regression, the probability of HH development was highest for ‘Bold Ruler’, ‘Liberty’, and ‘Affirmed’, and lowest for ‘Maxima’ and ‘Captivation’. The identification of cultigens with a tendency for higher or lower rates of HH will be useful for further research of the causes of HH. Measurements of placental flesh firmness may be useful indicators of susceptible cultigens.}, number={12}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Trandel, Marlee A. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Schultheis, Jonathan}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={1926-+} }
 @article{devi_perkins-veazie_miles_2020, title={Rootstock and Plastic Mulch Effect on Watermelon Flowering and Fruit Maturity in a Verticillium dahliae-Infested Field}, volume={55}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI15134-20}, abstractNote={Separately, grafting and the use of plastic mulch can increase yield, quality, and early harvest of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), especially when plants are under biotic and/or abiotic stress. A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the combination of four different rootstocks and two types of plastic mulch (black and clear) on date of watermelon first flowering, fruit ripening, yield, and fruit quality when plants were exposed to Verticillium dahliae. Seedless watermelon cv. Secretariat was grafted onto rootstocks Lagenaria siceraria cv. Pelop, Benincasa hispida cv. Round, and two interspecific hybrid squash rootstocks Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata cvs. Super Shintosa and Tetsukabuto, with nongrafted ‘Secretariat’ as the control. Fruit were harvested 0, 7, and 14 days after both the leaflet and tendril attached to the fruit pedicel were completely dry (fruit considered to be physiologically mature). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values for verticillium wilt were not different for mulch type in either year, although the overall AUDPC value was greatly reduced in the four grafted treatments (227) compared with nongrafted (743). There was no difference in days to male or female flowering due to mulch type or year, and rootstock did not affect first flowering of male flowers. Female flowering was 14 and 11 days later in 2018 and 2019, respectively, for ‘Secretariat’ grafted onto bottle gourd ‘Round’ compared with ‘Secretariat’ grafted onto ‘Tetsukabuto’. Female flowering of ‘Secretariat’ on ‘Round’ was also 7 days later compared with nongrafted ‘Secretariat’ both years. However, days to first harvest was not different with mulch or rootstock and was 92 days after transplanting (DAT) in 2018 and 114 DAT in 2019. There was no difference in yield (fruit number and weight) due to year, harvest date, or mulch, but there was a difference due to grafting. ‘Secretariat’ grafted onto ‘Super Shintosa’ had the greatest total number and weight of fruit per plant (3.7 and 14.8 kg, respectively), and nongrafted ‘Secretariat’ had the lowest (0.7 and 3.2 kg, respectively). Fruit quality attributes hollow heart formation (rating 3.2/5 on average), hard seed count (6 on average), total soluble solids (11% on average), and lycopene content were not different among mulch type, rootstock treatment, or harvest date; however, lycopene content did differ due to year (52.44 and 32.51 µg·g−1 in 2018 and 2019, respectively). Flesh firmness was highest for watermelon grafted onto ‘Super Shintosa’ rootstock (6.7 N) and lowest for nongrafted watermelon (4.3 N). Overall, rootstocks reduced verticillium wilt severity and increased fruit yield whereas mulch had no effects, and 5 V. dahliae colony forming units (cfu)/g of soil may be the minimum level for impact on watermelon fruit yield.}, number={9}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Devi, Pinki and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Miles, Carol A.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1438–1445} }
 @article{o'hara_ojo_emerson_simenson_peterson_perkins-veazie_payton_hermann_smith_lucas_2019, title={Acute Freeze-Dried Mango Consumption With a High-Fat Meal has Minimal Effects on Postprandial Metabolism, Inflammation and Antioxidant Enzymes}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1178-6388"]}, DOI={10.1177/1178638819869946}, abstractNote={Objective: Postprandial fluxes in oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, and lipids, particularly after a high-fat meal (HFM), have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study is to determine whether acute freeze-dried mango consumption modulates the postprandial response to an HFM. We hypothesized that the addition of mango, which is a rich source of many bioactive components, to an HFM would lower postprandial triglycerides, glucose, and inflammation, and increase antioxidant enzymes, compared to a standard HFM alone. }, journal={NUTRITION AND METABOLIC INSIGHTS}, author={O'Hara, Crystal and Ojo, Babajide and Emerson, Sam R. and Simenson, Ashley J. and Peterson, Sandra and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Payton, Mark E. and Hermann, Janice and Smith, Brenda J. and Lucas, Edralin A.}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hartman_perkins-veazie_wehner_2019, title={Citrulline and Arginine Are Moderately Heritable in Two Red-fleshed Watermelon Populations}, volume={54}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI13715-18}, abstractNote={Watermelon fruit [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsum & Nakai] is a natural source of phytonutrients, including lycopene, citrulline, and arginine. Two segregating, highly outcrossed North Carolina watermelon populations, NC High Yield (NCHYW) and NC Small Fruit (NCSFW), were evaluated for these traits and for indicators of ripeness (pH and soluble solids content). Parents tested in 2015 (NSF = 300, NHY = 300) were sampled for the above and offspring were tested in 2016 if the sampled fruit of the parents were of qualifying ripeness [soluble solids concentration (SSC) ≥8, pH 5.5–6.5], resulting in 251 families (NSF = 72, NHY = 175). Narrow-sense heritability was estimated in each of the populations using the methods of 1) parent-offspring regression and 2) variance of half-sibling family means. Heritability for citrulline in NCHYW was moderate in both parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations (38% and 43%), as was arginine (40% and 44%) and lycopene (46% and 47%, respectively). Estimates for these traits in NCSFW were considerably different, with parent-offspring and half-sibling estimations for citrulline (65% and 22%), arginine (9% and 20%), and lycopene (44% and 68%). In NCHYW, moderate phenotypic correlations were found between SSC and citrulline (0.40), arginine (0.40), their combination (0.45), and lycopene (0.30) all of which were significant, except lycopene. Lycopene was significantly and weakly correlated to citrulline (0.22), but was not correlated to arginine (0.06). Similar correlations were found in NCSFW; SSC was significantly correlated to citrulline (0.24), arginine (0.18), and their combination (0.23), whereas lycopene was slightly correlated to citrulline (0.15) and not significantly correlated to arginine. Based on these heritabilities and phenotypic correlations, tandem selection for high lycopene and citrulline content may be accomplished efficiently using progeny rows with minimal replication using the NCSFW population, whereas replication with multiple years, rows, and locations may be necessary for creating stable lines using the NCHYW population.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Hartman, Jordan L. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Wehner, Todd C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={200–205} }
 @article{hartman_wehner_ma_perkins-veazie_2019, title={Citrulline and Arginine Content of Taxa of Cucurbitaceae}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae5010022}, abstractNote={Watermelon is the most significant, natural plant source of L-citrulline, a non-proteinaceous amino acid that benefits cardiovascular health and increases vasodilation in many tissues of the body. Watermelon is a member of the Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, melon, pumpkin, and cucumber. It is possible that other cucurbits could be good sources of citrulline or of arginine, its direct precursor. Twenty-one cultigens were evaluated in triplicate at two locations in North Carolina to estimate citrulline and arginine amounts and variation due to cultigen, replication, and environment. Cultigens containing the highest amount of citrulline (based on LS means) in g/kg fresh weight were ’Crimson Sweet’ watermelon (2.85), ’Dixielee’ watermelon (2.43), casaba-type melon (0.86), mouse melon (0.64), and horned melon rind (0.45). Additionally, mouse melon, horned melon, and bitter gourd (arils) may be interesting sources of arginine-family amino acids, perhaps because of their large seed and aril content relative to mesocarp.}, number={1}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Hartman, Jordan L. and Wehner, Todd C. and Ma, Guoying and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{fall_perkins-veazie_ma_mcgregor_2019, title={QTLs associated with flesh quality traits in an elitexelite watermelon population}, volume={215}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-019-2356-y}, number={2}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Fall, Leigh Ann and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and McGregor, Cecilia}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{henry_perkins-veazie_mccall_whipker_2019, title={Restricted Phosphorus Fertilization Increases the Betacyanin Concentration and Red Foliage Coloration of Alternanthera}, volume={144}, ISSN={["2327-9788"]}, DOI={10.21273/JASHS04702-19}, abstractNote={Phosphorus (P) deficiency commonly results in the development of red-to-purple coloration in plant foliage, typically attributed to anthocyanins. Betacyanins are a red pigment found in some plant species that do not produce anthocyanins, including Alternanthera sp. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of P nutrition on the betacyanin concentration and subsequent foliar coloration of ‘Purple Prince’, ‘Brazilian Red Hots’, and ‘Little Ruby’ alternanthera (Alternanthera brasiliana). The purpose of this study was to determine whether P fertilization management could enhance the coloration and aesthetic appeal of alternanthera. Custom fertilizers provided P concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg·L−1 P. One-half of the plants from each P concentration were restricted to 0 mg·L−1 P 1 month after transplant to determine whether adequate size could be attained before withholding P. Differences in P response were observed among cultivars for hue, betacyanin content, and plant size. Concentrations ≤5 mg·L−1 P resulted in plants that were more compact in terms of plant height and diameter, had deeper red foliage coloration, and greater foliar betacyanins compared with plants grown with greater P concentrations. Plants initially grown with 5 or 10 mg·L−1 P attained marketable size before P restriction and developed more red pigmentation compared with plants grown with P for the remaining duration of the study. Regression analysis demonstrated height was maximized with 3 to 8 mg·L−1 P, diameter with 4.1 to 8.4 mg·L−1 P, and branching with 10.0 mg·L−1 P. Foliar betacyanin concentrations were greatest in plants grown without P, reaching 269 mg/100 g fresh weight, whereas plants grown with 10 or 20 mg·L−1 P were 95% less (averaged ≈13 mg/100 g fresh weight). This study demonstrates that P restriction can benefit the aesthetic appeal of alternanthera and provides the first confirmation that P nutrition is associated with betacyanin accumulation.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}, author={Henry, Josh B. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and McCall, Ingram and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={264–273} }
 @article{bertucci_jennings_monks_schultheis_perkins-veazie_louws_jordan_2018, title={Early Season Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Standard and Mini Watermelon Grafted onto Several Commercially Available Cucurbit Rootstocks}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04051-18}, abstractNote={Grafting watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a common practice in many parts of the world and has recently received increased interest in the United States. The present study was designed to evaluate early season growth, yield, and fruit quality of watermelon in response to grafting and in the absence of known disease pressure in a fumigated system. Field experiments were conducted using standard and mini watermelons (cv. Exclamation and Extazy, respectively) grafted onto 20 commercially available cucurbit rootstocks representing four species: giant pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), summer squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and interspecific hybrid squash [ISH (C. maxima × Cucurbita moschata)]. Nongrafted ‘Exclamation’ and ‘Extazy’ were included as controls. To determine early season growth, leaf area was measured at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT). At 1 WAT, nongrafted ‘Exclamation’ produced the smallest leaf area; however, at 3 WAT, nongrafted ‘Exclamation’ produced the largest leaf area in 2015, and no differences were observed in 2016. Leaf area was very similar among rootstocks in the ‘Extazy’ study, with minimal differences observed. Marketable yield included fruit weighing ≥9 and ≥3 lb for ‘Exclamation’ and ‘Extazy’, respectively. In the ‘Exclamation’ study, highest marketable yields were observed in nongrafted ‘Exclamation’, and ‘Exclamation’ grafted to ‘Pelops’, ‘TZ148’, and ‘Coloso’, and lowest marketable yields were observed when using ‘Marvel’ and ‘Kazako’ rootstocks, which produced 47% and 32% of nongrafted ‘Exclamation’ yield, respectively. In the ‘Extazy’ study, the highest marketable yield was observed in nongrafted ‘Extazy’, and ‘Kazako’ produced the lowest yields (48% of nongrafted ‘Extazy’). Fruit quality was determined by measuring fruit acidity (pH), soluble solids concentration (SSC), lycopene content, and flesh firmness from a sample of two fruit from each plot from the initial two harvests of each year. Across both studies, rootstock had no effect on SSC or lycopene content. As reported in previous studies, flesh firmness was increased as a result of grafting, and nongrafted ‘Exclamation’ and ‘Extazy’ had the lowest flesh firmness among standard and mini watermelons, respectively. The present study evaluated two scions with a selection of 20 cucurbit rootstocks and observed no benefits in early season growth, yield, or phytonutrient content. Only three of 20 rootstocks in each study produced marketable yields similar to the nongrafted treatments, and no grafted treatment produced higher yields than nongrafted ‘Exclamation’ or ‘Extazy’. Because grafted seedlings have an associated increase in cost and do not produce increased yields, grafting in these optimized farming systems and using fumigated soils does not offer an advantage in the absence of soilborne pathogens or other stressors that interfere with watermelon production.}, number={4}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Bertucci, Matthew B. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Louws, Frank J. and Jordan, David L.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={459–469} }
 @article{siddiq_dolan_perkins-veazie_collins_2018, title={Effect of pectinolytic and cellulytic enzymes on the physical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) juice}, volume={92}, ISSN={0023-6438}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2018.02.008}, DOI={10.1016/J.LWT.2018.02.008}, abstractNote={Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruit, rich in anthocyanins, polyphenolics and antioxidant activity, has not been exploited fully for processing into juice. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of commercial juice extraction enzymes (Cellubrix, Pectinex Ultra SPL, and Crystalzyme) on juice yield, total soluble solids (TSS), juice clarity, HPLC sugars profile, total anthocyanins (ACY), total phenolics (TPH), and antioxidant activity (assayed as FRAP). Enzyme treatments resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher juice yield (86.91–87.29 mL/100 g with Pectinex and Crystalzyme as compared to 79.45 mL/100 g from control), higher juice clarity, and titratable acidity, and lower extraction loss. However, enzymes treatment had no effect on total soluble solids (°Brix), fructose, glucose, and total sugars. Generally, juice Hunter color values (L, a, and b), Hue angle (h°) and Chroma (C*) were affected positively by the enzymes treatment. As compared to the control (9.69 mg/100 mL), total ACY were significantly higher (11.49–12.90 mg/100 mL) in juice from enzyme-treated macerates; whereas there was no effect on TPH, determined as gallic acid equivalent (96-89‒101.30 mg GAE/100 mL) and FRAP antioxidant activity (3.87–3.97 μmol TE/100 mL). Total ACY, TPH, and FRAP were several-fold higher in the pomace than the juice.}, journal={LWT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Siddiq, Muhammad and Dolan, Kirk D. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Collins, Julie K.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={127–132} }
 @article{suchoff_perkins-veazie_sederoff_schultheis_kleinhenz_louws_gunter_2018, title={Grafting the Indeterminate Tomato Cultivar Moneymaker onto Multifort Rootstock Improves Cold Tolerance}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85057832928&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI13311-18}, abstractNote={Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a warm-season, cold-sensitive crop that shows slower growth and development at temperatures below 18 °C. Improving suboptimal temperature tolerance would allow earlier planting of field-grown tomato and a reduction in energy inputs for heating greenhouses. Grafting tomato onto high-altitude Solanum habrochaites (S. Knapp and D.M. Spooner) accessions has proven effective at improving scion suboptimal temperature tolerance in limited experiments. This study was conducted to determine whether commercially available tomato rootstocks with differing parental backgrounds and root system morphologies can improve the tolerance of scion plants to suboptimal temperature. Two controlled environment growth chambers were used and maintained at either optimal (25 °C day/20 °C night) or suboptimal (15 °C day/15 °C night) temperatures. The cold-sensitive tomato cultivar Moneymaker was used as the nongrafted and self-grafted control as well as scion grafted on ‘Multifort’ (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites), ‘Shield’ (S. lycopersicum), and S. habrochaites LA1777 rootstocks. Plants were grown for 10 days in 3.8 L plastic containers filled with a mixture of calcined clay and sand. ‘Multifort’ rootstock significantly reduced the amount of cold-induced stress as observed by larger leaf area and higher levels of CO2 assimilation and photosystem II quantum efficiency. ‘Multifort’ had significantly longer roots, having 42% to 56% more fine root (diameter less than 0.5 mm) length compared with the other nongrafted and grafted treatments. Leaf starch concentration was significantly lower in ‘Multifort’-grafted plants at suboptimal temperatures compared with the self-grafted and nongrafted controls and the ‘Shield’-grafted plants at the same temperature. The ability for ‘Multifort’ to maintain root growth at suboptimal temperatures may improve root system sink strength, thereby promoting movement of photosynthate from leaf to root even under cold conditions. This work demonstrates that a commercially available rootstock can be used to improve suboptimal temperature tolerance in cold-sensitive ‘Moneymaker’ scions.}, number={11}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Suchoff, David H. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Sederoff, Heike W. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Kleinhenz, Matthew D. and Louws, Frank J. and Gunter, Christopher C.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1610–1617} }
 @article{basinger_jennings_monks_mitchem_perkins-veazie_chaudhari_2018, title={In-row Vegetation-free Strip Width Effect on Established 'Navaho' Blackberry}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2017.85}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Basinger, Nicholas T. and Jennings, Katherine M. and Monks, David W. and Mitchem, Wayne E. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope M. and Chaudhari, Sushila}, year={2018}, pages={85–89} }
 @article{amah_van biljon_brown_perkins-veazie_swennen_labuschagne_2018, title={Recent advances in banana (musa spp.) biofortification to alleviate vitamin A deficiency}, volume={59}, ISSN={1040-8398 1549-7852}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1495175}, DOI={10.1080/10408398.2018.1495175}, abstractNote={Abstract Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies that disproportionately affects low income populations in developing countries. Traditional breeding and modern biotechnology have significant potential to enhance micronutrient bioavailability in crops through biofortification. Bananas (Musa spp.) are economically important fruit crops grown throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where VAD is most prevalent. Some banana genotypes are rich in provitamin A carotenoids (pVACs), providing an opportunity to use bananas as a readily available vehicle for provitamin A delivery. This review summarizes the progress made in carotenoid research in bananas relative to banana diversity and the use of conventional breeding and transgenic approaches aimed at banana biofortification to address vitamin A deficiency. Existing reports on sampling strategies, pVAC retention and bioavailability are also evaluated as essential components for a successful banana biofortification effort. The wide variability of pVACs reported in banana cultivars coupled with recent advances in unraveling the diversity and genetic improvement of this globally important but often-neglected staple fruit crop underscores their importance in biofortification schemes.}, number={21}, journal={Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Amah, Delphine and van Biljon, Angeline and Brown, Allan and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Swennen, Rony and Labuschagne, Maryke}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={3498–3510} }
 @article{wehner_naegele_perkins-veazie_2017, title={Heritability and Genetic Variance Components Associated with Citrulline, Arginine, and Lycopene Content in Diverse Watermelon Cultigens}, volume={52}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11255-16}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11255-16}, abstractNote={Citrulline, arginine, and lycopene are naturally occurring compounds found in watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Matsum & Nakai, with beneficial effects on plant growth and human health. This study evaluated seven commercial cultivars and one breeding line for citrulline, arginine, and lycopene content in mature fruit grown at two locations in North Carolina. Correlations among these compounds and fruit quality traits (percent soluble solids and flesh pH) were evaluated. Watermelon cultigens evaluated were chosen for their fruit trait diversity. ‘Yellow Doll’ and NC-517 possessed the highest citrulline and combined concentration of citrulline and arginine of all cultigens evaluated. Lycopene content was highest in ‘Dixielee’, followed by ‘Sugar Baby’, and ‘Allsweet’, each of which have different shades of red flesh color. Location and its interaction with genotype had no significant effect on arginine or lycopene concentration. Broad-sense heritability was estimated for each trait. Arginine content (89%) and lycopene content (99%) had very high heritability. Citrulline content (41%), percent soluble solids (46%), and flesh pH (61%) had moderate heritability. Lycopene was positively correlated with flesh pH (r = 0.517) and negatively correlated with percent soluble solids (r = −0.344). Arginine content had a weak negative correlation with flesh pH (r = −0.343) and was not correlated with percent soluble solids.}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Wehner, Todd C. and Naegele, Rachel P. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={936–940} }
 @article{evans_beebe_mahmood_janthachotikun_eldoumi_peterson_payton_perkins-veazie_smith_lucas_2017, title={Mango Supplementation Has No Effects on Inflammatory Mediators in Obese Adults}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1178-6388"]}, DOI={10.1177/1178638817731770}, abstractNote={ This pilot study examined the effects of freeze-dried mango ( Mangifera indica L.) supplementation on anthropometric measurements, lipid parameters, and inflammatory mediators in obese individuals. A total of 20 obese (body mass index [BMI]: 30-35 kg/m2) adults (11 men and 9 women), aged 20 to 50 years, received 10 g/d of ground freeze-dried mango pulp for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics, lipids, and inflammatory mediators were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of mango supplementation. There were no differences between baseline and final visits in inflammatory mediators, lipids, diet, physical activity, and anthropometrics. Relationships were present at baseline and final visits between adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and between leptin and fat mass. Correlations were found after 12 weeks of mango supplementation between leptin and the following variables: waist-to-height ratio, BMI, percent fat, and fat mass. Our findings demonstrate that 12-week consumption of freeze-dried mango by obese individuals has no impact on obesity-related inflammation. }, journal={NUTRITION AND METABOLIC INSIGHTS}, author={Evans, Shirley F. and Beebe, Maureen and Mahmood, Maryam and Janthachotikun, Sawanya and Eldoumi, Heba and Peterson, Sandra and Payton, Mark and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Smith, Brenda J. and Lucas, Edralin A.}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jiang_perkins-veazie_ma_gunter_2017, title={Muskmelon Fruit Quality in Response to Postharvest Essential Oil and Whey Protein Sprays}, volume={52}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11328-16}, abstractNote={The consumption of fresh muskmelons (Cucumis melo reticulatus L.) has been linked to severe illness outbreaks due to contamination with bacterial pathogens. Antimicrobial essential oils (EOs) were incorporated into wash water sprays and evaluated as potential agents for postharvest disinfection of ‘Athena’ muskmelons. Freshly harvested fruits were sprayed with 0.5% EOs from cinnamon leaf, thyme, or clove bud emulsified in a whey protein emulsion (WP) as potential washing disinfectants, together with deionized water, water with 200 µL·L−1 free chlorine (pH 7, free turbidity), or oil-free WP as controls. Melons were treated, stored at 4 °C and then evaluated weekly for weight loss, rind color, mesocarp firmness and the compositional quality traits soluble solids content (SSC), pH, β-carotene content, and total ascorbic acid (AsA) for up to 21 days. Essential oil–treated melons were not different from controls in fruit quality and composition with the exception of fruits treated with thyme oil, which were statistically lower in SSC (0.8 °Brix) than those treated with water or cinnamon oil treatment. Internal carbon dioxide was statistically higher (≈0.1% higher in value, equal to a 25% increase) in muskmelons receiving whey protein–based treatments after storage for at least 7 days. Overall, our results suggest that EOs as disinfectants have little effect on quality or composition of muskmelon fruit.}, number={6}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Jiang, Chen and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Gunter, Christopher}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={887–891} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_ma_fernandez_bradish_bushakra_bassil_weber_scheerens_robbins_finn_et al._2016, title={Black raspberry fruit composition over two years from seedling populations grown at four US geographic locations}, volume={1133}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.52}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.52}, number={1133}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Perkins-Veazie, P. and Ma, G. and Fernandez, G.E. and Bradish, C.M. and Bushakra, J.M. and Bassil, N.V. and Weber, C.A. and Scheerens, J.C. and Robbins, L. and Finn, C.E. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={335–338} }
 @article{shanely_nieman_perkins-veazie_henson_meaney_knab_cialdell-kam_2016, title={Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2072-6643"]}, DOI={10.3390/nu8080518}, abstractNote={Consuming carbohydrate- and antioxidant-rich fruits during exercise as a means of supporting and enhancing both performance and health is of interest to endurance athletes. Watermelon (WM) contains carbohydrate, lycopene, l-citrulline, and l-arginine. WM may support exercise performance, augment antioxidant capacity, and act as a countermeasure to exercise-induced inflammation and innate immune changes. Trained cyclists (n = 20, 48 ± 2 years) participated in a randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study. Subjects completed two 75 km cycling time trials after either 2 weeks ingestion of 980 mL/day WM puree or no treatment. Subjects drank either WM puree containing 0.2 gm/kg carbohydrate or a 6% carbohydrate beverage every 15 min during the time trials. Blood samples were taken pre-study and pre-, post-, 1 h post-exercise. WM ingestion versus no treatment for 2-weeks increased plasma l-citrulline and l-arginine concentrations (p < 0.0125). Exercise performance did not differ between WM puree or carbohydrate beverage trials (p > 0.05), however, the rating of perceived exertion was greater during the WM trial (p > 0.05). WM puree versus carbohydrate beverage resulted in a similar pattern of increase in blood glucose, and greater increases in post-exercise plasma antioxidant capacity, l-citrulline, l-arginine, and total nitrate (all p < 0.05), but without differences in systemic markers of inflammation or innate immune function. Daily WM puree consumption fully supported the energy demands of exercise, and increased post-exercise blood levels of WM nutritional components (l-citrulline and l-arginine), antioxidant capacity, and total nitrate, but without an influence on post-exercise inflammation and changes in innate immune function.}, number={8}, journal={NUTRIENTS}, author={Shanely, R. Andrew and Nieman, David C. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Henson, Dru A. and Meaney, Mary P. and Knab, Amy M. and Cialdell-Kam, Lynn}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_pattison_fernandez_ma_2016, title={Fruit Quality and Composition of Two Advanced North Carolina Strawberry Selections}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1553-8362"]}, DOI={10.1080/15538362.2016.1219289}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The advanced selections, NCS 10-038 and NCS 10-156, from the North Carolina breeding program were compared to the traditionally used cultivars, Camarosa and Chandler, for storage life and fruit composition in 2014 and 2015. Postharvest quality of NCS 10-038 was similar to that of ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ after 8 days storage at 4 °C. NCS 10-156 was significantly worse in overall appearance and had more fruit shrivel, calyx browning, and mold than the other genotypes. However, NCS 10-156 was highest in soluble solids content and was similar in total anthocyanin content and total phenolic content to ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’. Further analysis of flavonoids by high performance liquid chromatography showed that NCS 10-156 was much lower in total flavonols than the other genotypes and comparable in anthocyanin pigments to ‘Chandler’. NCS 10-038, while similar in pigment profile to ‘Camarosa’, had less total anthocyanin than the other genotypes. NCS 10-038 had a lighter red color than the other genotypes and was similar in postharvest quality to ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ and may be suitable for long-distance markets. NCS 10-156 is slightly softer than the other genotypes and more prone to mold while the higher soluble solids content may make it suitable for direct market sales. Both selections show postharvest promise for strawberry production in the humid mid-South region.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Pattison, Jeremy and Fernandez, Gina and Ma, Guoying}, year={2016}, pages={220–227} }
 @article{ojo_el-rassi_payton_perkins-veazie_clarke_smith_lucas_2016, title={Mango Supplementation Modulates Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production Independent of Body Weight Reduction in C57BL/6Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.3945/jn.115.226688}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity is associated with changes in the gut microbiota. Fiber and other bioactive compounds in plant-based foods are suggested to prevent gut dysbiosis brought on by HF feeding. Mango is high in fiber and has been reported to have anti-obesogenic, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties.


OBJECTIVES
We investigated the effects of freeze-dried mango pulp combined with an HF diet on the cecal microbial population and its relation to body composition, lipids, glucose parameters, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and gut inflammatory markers in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity.


METHODS
Six-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatment groups: control (AIN-93M, 10% fat kcal), HF (60% fat kcal), and HF + 1% or 10% mango (HF+1%M or HF+10%M, wt:wt) for 12 wk. The cecal microbial population was assessed by use of 16S rDNA sequencing. Body composition, plasma glucose and lipids, cecal and fecal SCFAs, and mRNA abundance of inflammatory markers in the ileum and colonic lamina propria were assessed.


RESULTS
Compared with the control group, HF feeding significantly reduced (P < 0.05) 1 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of the genus Bifidobacteria (64-fold) and 5 OTUs of the genus Akkermansia (≥16-fold). This reduction was prevented in the HF+10%M group, members of which had 10% higher final body weight compared with the HF group (P = 0.01) and similar fasting blood glucose concentrations (P = 0.24). The HF+10%M group had 135% (P = 0.004) and 133% (P < 0.0001) greater fecal acetic and n-butyric acids concentrations than the HF group, suggesting greater microbial fermentation. Furthermore, a 59% greater colonic interleukin 10 (Il10) gene expression was observed in the HF+10%M group than in the HF group (P = 0.048), indicating modulation of gut inflammation. The HF+1%M group generally did not differ from the HF group.


CONCLUSIONS
The addition of mango to an HF diet modulated the gut microbiota and production of SCFAs in C57BL/6 mice; these changes may improve gut tolerance to the insult of an HF diet.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Ojo, Babajide and El-Rassi, Guadalupe Davila and Payton, Mark E. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Clarke, Stephen and Smith, Brenda J. and Lucas, Edralin A.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1483–1491} }
 @article{kim_perkins-veazie_fernandez_2016, title={Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of organically grown fresh market blackberries}, volume={1133}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.55}, journal={XI INTERNATIONAL RUBUS AND RIBES SYMPOSIUM}, author={Kim, Moo Jung and Perkins-Veazie, P. and Fernandez, G. E.}, year={2016}, pages={353–356} }
 @article{dia_wehner_perkins-veazie_hassell_price_boyhan_olson_king_davis_tolla_et al._2016, title={Stability of fruit quality traits in diverse watermelon cultivars tested in multiple environments}, volume={3}, ISSN={2052-7276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/HORTRES.2016.66}, DOI={10.1038/HORTRES.2016.66}, abstractNote={Lycopene is a naturally occurring red carotenoid compound that is found in watermelon. Lycopene has antioxidant properties. Lycopene content, sugar content and hollowheart resistance are subject to significant genotype×environment interaction (G×E), which makes breeding for these fruit quality traits difficult. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the influence of years and locations on lycopene content, sugar content and hollowheart resistance for a set of watermelon genotypes, and (ii) identify genotypes with high stability for lycopene, sugar, and hollowheart resistance. A diverse set of 40 genotypes was tested over 3 years and 8 locations across the southern United States in replicated, multi-harvest trials. Lycopene was tested in a subset of 10 genotypes. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate stability statistics (BLUP-GGE biplot) using SASGxE and RGxE programs. There were strong effects of environment as well as G×E interaction on watermelon quality traits. On the basis of stability measures, genotypes were classified as stable or unstable for each quality trait. 'Crimson Sweet' is an inbred line with high quality trait performance as well as trait stability. 'Stone Mountain', 'Tom Watson', 'Crimson Sweet' and 'Minilee' were among the best genotypes for lycopene content, sugar content and hollowheart resistance. We developed a stability chart based on marketable yield and average ranking generated from different stability measures for yield attributes and quality traits. The chart will assist in choosing parents for improvement of watermelon cultivars. See http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wmelon/wmelonmain.html.}, number={1}, journal={Horticulture Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dia, Mahendra and Wehner, Todd C and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Hassell, Richard and Price, Daniel S and Boyhan, George E and Olson, Stephen M and King, Stephen R and Davis, Angela R and Tolla, Gregory E and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec} }
 @article{bradish_yousef_ma_perkins-veazie_fernandez_2015, title={Anthocyanin, carotenoid, tocopherol, and ellagitannin content of red raspberry cultivars grown under field or high tunnel cultivation in the Southeastern United States}, volume={140}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Bradish, C. M. and Yousef, G. G. and Ma, G. Y. and Perkins-Veazie, P. and Fernandez, G. E.}, year={2015}, pages={163–171} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_thomas_byers_finn_2015, title={Fruit Composition of Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) Genotypes Grown in Oregon and Missouri, USA}, volume={1061}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1061.24}, abstractNote={Twelve Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis genotypes were grown at two Missouri and one Oregon (USA) locations to characterize fruit composition in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Fruit was also sampled from an additional 10 genotypes of subsp. canadensis and nigra grown in Oregon. Soluble solids content ranged from 8.9 to 12.5 °Brix, and titratable acid (as citric acid) was 0.4 to 1.7 g/100ml. Ferric ion reducing activity potential (FRAP) values were 15.6 to 30.7 μmol/g trolox equivalents. Total anthocyanin content ranged from 85 to 385 mg/100 g cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (C3GE) and total phenolic content was 421 to 719 mg/100 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Of the genotypes sampled in three locations, six genotypes were high (250-350), and four were very low in total anthocyanin (<150 mg/100 g C3GE), respectively. 'Barn' and 'Scotia' were highest, and 'Nova' lowest in total anthocyanin content among genotypes grown in Oregon. Of the total antioxidant tests used, total phenolics was the best quick test, as it is the easiest of the assays, showed the least change among years, and correlated highly with FRAP.}, journal={I INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELDERBERRY}, author={Perkins-Veazie, P. and Thomas, A. L. and Byers, P. L. and Finn, C. E.}, year={2015}, pages={219–224} }
 @article{jiang_perkins-veazie_blankenship_boyette_pesic-vanesbroeck_jennings_schultheis_2015, title={Occurrence, severity and initiation of internal necrosis in 'Covington' sweetpotato}, volume={25}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Jiang, C. and Perkins-Veazie, P. and Blankenship, S. M. and Boyette, M. D. and Pesic-VanEsbroeck, Z. and Jennings, K. M. and Schultheis, J. R.}, year={2015}, pages={340–348} }
 @article{kim_perkins-veazie_ma_fernandez_2015, title={Shelf life and changes in phenolic compounds of organically grown blackberries during refrigerated storage}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.08.020}, abstractNote={Fruit of organically grown fresh market blackberry cultivars ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ harvested at shiny black and dull black ripeness stages were stored at 1 °C for 15 d or at 1 °C for 13 d plus 20 °C for 2 d. Berries were subjectively rated and anthocyanins and phenolic compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine storage effects on berry postharvest quality and phenolic compounds. Berries harvested at the shiny black ripeness stage or those stored constantly at 1 °C had lower leakage, decay, and softness and a higher overall rating. ‘Navaho’ fruit had generally better storability compared to the other cultivars. Total anthocyanin content was generally higher in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Navaho’ than in ‘Ouachita’, and increased with storage at 20 °C for 2 d, while shiny black and dull black fruit were similar in anthocyanin content. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was found to represent 87–96% of the total anthocyanin content, and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-xyloside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were also detected. Total phenolic content increased during storage for all cultivars, especially when berries were stored at 20 °C for 2 d. Hydroxybenzoic acids were the primary phenolic compounds identified in fruit tissues of the three cultivars. Content and proportion of cyanidin 3-xyloside and vanillic acid in ‘Natchez’ were significantly lower than in ‘Ouachita’ or ‘Navaho’ fruit. Results indicate that the fruit of blackberry fruit of these cultivars, when grown organically, could be held with acceptable results when harvested at the shiny black stage of ripeness and stored at 1 °C. Transferring fruit to room temperature for as little as 2 d, even after cold storage, decreased marketability. In contrast, phenolic composition differed among cultivars and generally increased with storage.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kim, Moo Jung and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Fernandez, Gina}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={257–263} }
 @article{brown_yousef_guzman_chebrolu_werner_parker_gasic_perkins-veazie_2014, title={Variation of carotenoids and polyphenolics in peach and implications on breeding for modified phytochemical profiles}, volume={139}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Brown, A. F. and Yousef, G. G. and Guzman, I. and Chebrolu, K. K. and Werner, D. J. and Parker, M. and Gasic, K. and Perkins-Veazie, P.}, year={2014}, pages={676–686} }
 @article{fernandez_ballington_perkins-veazie_2013, title={'Von' Thornless Blackberry}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.5.654}, abstractNote={‘Von’ is a new floricane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) released by North Carolina State University. ‘Von’ is a productive plant with high yield, late harvest season, excellent postharvest attributes, and small seed size (Figs. 1 and 2). ‘Von’ offer growers a new cultivar for fruit production in the late harvest season in the southern United States. Furthermore, it is the first thornless blackberry released from the North Carolina State University Rubus breeding program. ‘Von’ is named in honor of Mr. Von Harvey Underwood, who worked in the fruit breeding programs at North Carolina State University for over 44 years.}, number={5}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Fernandez, Gina E. and Ballington, James R. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={654–656} }
 @article{panthee_perkins-veazie_randall_brown_2013, title={Lycopene Estimation in Tomato Lines Using Infrared Absorbance and Tomato Analyzer}, volume={19}, ISSN={1931-5260 1931-5279}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2012.715324}, DOI={10.1080/19315260.2012.715324}, abstractNote={The color of red tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is mostly from the carotenoid pigment lycopene, which is of interest to consumers and the tomato industry because of its purported protective effects against diabetes, cardiovascular events, and some cancers. Lycopene content was measured in at least 179 tomato lines with pink, red, and dark red fruit derived from a diverse genetic background to determine the level of variation for lycopene and to develop prediction models. Two methods (Tomato Analyzer or DigiEye) for quantifying total lycopene and to develop prediction models were tested on tomato fruit to find a high throughput lycopene measurement system suitable for screening hundreds of lines in a breeding program. The tomato lycopene content ranged from 28 to 133 mg•kg−1 of tomato sample, indicating a wide variation in the set of tomato lines. Using this variation, lycopene prediction models were developed. Though a single equation could not be developed using data from the DigiEye or Tomato Analyzer to predict lycopene content of tomato fruit, individual equations within color groups proved useful in predicting lycopene content (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). Our data indicate that rapid analysis of tomato fruit, kept relatively intact, can be done to accurately predict lycopene content in a wide range of fruit colors. Current address for Dan Randall: Shaw Industries Inc., 200 Industrial Blvd., Bainbridge, GA 39817.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Vegetable Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Panthee, Dilip R. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Randall, Dan and Brown, Allan F.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={240–255} }
 @article{davis_webber_liu_perkins-veazie_levi_king_2013, title={Watermelon Quality Traits as Affected by Ploidy}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1113}, abstractNote={High-quality, high-phytonutrient watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.), Matsum & Nakai] have strong market opportunities. To produce highly nutritious fruit in a seedless triploid market, the nature of phytonutrient accumulation as affected by ploidy must be understood. The present study performed on six field-grown watermelon diploid (2n) inbred lines, their induced autotetraploids (4n), and autotriploids (3n) determined the importance of ploidy on quality and nutritional content. Lycopene, total soluble solids (TSS), L-citrulline (hereafter referred to as citrulline), glutathione (GSH), weight, width, and length were measured in ripe fruit from one location. Our findings contradict some previous manuscripts, which did not use diploid inbred lines and their induced autoploidy relatives. Of the traits we analyzed that did not have a family-by-ploidy interaction (citrulline, GSH, weight, and width), we determined citrulline levels were not significantly affected by ploidy in five of six families nor was there a significant correlation when all family’s citrulline values were averaged. Previous studies on field-grown fruit that did not use autoploidy lines suggested triploid fruit had more citrulline than diploid fruit. GSH was higher in autotriploid than in diploid or autotetraploid (95.0 vs. 66.9 or 66.7 μg·g−1 GSH, respectively). Additionally, we found an association with higher GSH in larger fruit. Autotriploid fruit were, in general, heavier and wider than diploid and autotetraploid fruit, and autotetraploid fruit were generally smaller than diploid fruit. Of the traits we analyzed that had a family by ploidy interaction (lycopene, TSS, and length), we determined within four families, ploidy affected lycopene concentration, but whether this interaction is positive or negative was family-dependent. These data suggest the triploid state alone does not give fruit higher lycopene concentrations. The mean TSS was higher in autotetraploid than in autotriploid, which was again higher than in diploid fruit averaged across families (10.5%, 10.2%, and 9.5% TSS, respectively); there was a family × ploidy interaction so the significance of this increase is affected by the triploid’s parents. Lycopene and TSS had a slight positive correlation. Four of six families showed no statistical correlation between ploidy and length, and although mean length across family demonstrated smaller tetraploid fruit, the family-by-ploidy interaction demonstrates that this observation is family-dependent. Length and width correlate well with weight when combining data for all ploidy levels and when analyzing each ploidy separately. Length correlates more closely with width in autotriploid fruit than in diploid or autotetraploid fruit.}, number={9}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Davis, Angela R. and Webber, Charles L., III and Liu, Wenge and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Levi, Amnon and King, Stephen}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1113–1118} }
 @inproceedings{fernandez_perkins-veazie_2013, title={Yield and postharvest attributes of caneberries grown under high tunnels and in the open field in North Carolina}, volume={987}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.987.12}, booktitle={International symposium on high tunnel horticultural crop production}, author={Fernandez, Gina and Perkins-Veazie, P.}, year={2013}, pages={89–98} }
 @article{bradish_perkins-veazie_fernandez_xie_jia_2012, title={Comparison of Flavonoid Composition of Red Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) Grown in the Southern United States}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862185617&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/jf203474e}, abstractNote={Raspberry flavonoid compounds have significant antioxidant activities, and regular consumption may help prevent and/or moderate chronic diseases. Targeted metabolite profiling is useful to identify compounds contributing to these antioxidant properties and health benefits and for tailored breeding for functional foods. In this study, metabolomic variation was determined among three fall-fruiting red raspberry cultivars ('Autumn Britten', 'Caroline', 'Nantahala') grown at three North Carolina locations differing in elevation and average day/night temperatures. 'Nantahala' was specifically bred for the mountainous regions of the southern United States. Ten flavonoid compounds were detected by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Of those, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and quercetin-3-glucoside were quantified against external standards. Variation in flavonoid composition was primarily attributed to genotype and associated with night temperature and hours exposed to temperatures over 29 °C. 'Nantahala' had particularly high levels of cyanidin-3-sambubioside, indicative of its purple raspberry lineage. Quercetin-3-glucoside levels increased the most with elevated temperatures.}, number={23}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Bradish, Christine M. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Fernandez, Gina E. and Xie, Guoxiang and Jia, Wei}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={5779–5786} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_davis_collins_2012, title={Watermelon: From dessert to functional food}, volume={60}, number={4}, journal={Israel Journal of Plant Sciences}, author={Perkins-Veazie, P. and Davis, A. and Collins, J. K.}, year={2012}, pages={395–402} }
 @article{clark_perkins-veazie_2011, title={'APF-45' Primocane-fruiting Blackberry}, volume={46}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.46.4.670}, abstractNote={‘APF-45’ was introduced to broaden the choices of this innovative, primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) type. This is the third in the University of Arkansas Prime-Ark Brand Primocane Fruiting Blackberry cultivar line and will be marketed as Prime-Ark 45. It follows the release of ‘APF-8’ and ‘APF-12’ (marketed as Prime-Jan and Prime-Jim , respectively) in 2004 (Clark et al., 2005). This unique type of blackberry fruits on current-season canes (primocanes) and second-season canes (floricanes). Traditional blackberry cultivars fruit on floricanes, requiring canes to be overwintered to produce a crop. This fruiting habit has the potential to expand blackberry production much like that which has occurred for primocane-fruiting red raspberries (Rubus ideaus L.). These first two primocane-fruiting cultivars were intended primarily for home-garden production and for limited commercial trial evaluations. ‘APF-45’ is the first primocanefruiting cultivar with commercial-quality fruit characteristics with postharvest potential for shipping. It may broaden production both seasonally and geographically to strengthen blackberry growing and marketing.}, number={4}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Clark, John R. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={670–673} }
 @article{figueroa_sanchez-gonzalez_perkins-veazie_arjmandi_2011, title={Effects of Watermelon Supplementation on Aortic Blood Pressure and Wave Reflection in Individuals With Prehypertension: A Pilot Study}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0895-7061"]}, DOI={10.1038/ajh.2010.142}, abstractNote={Oral L-citrulline is efficiently converted to L-arginine, the precursor for endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Oral L-arginine supplementation reduces brachial blood pressure (BP). We evaluated the effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic BP and arterial function in individuals with prehypertension.Heart rate (HR), brachial systolic BP (bSBP), brachial pulse pressure (bPP), aortic SBP (aSBP), aortic PP (aPP), augmentation index (AIx), AIx adjusted for HR of 75 beats/min (AIx@75), amplitude of the first (P1) and second (P2) systolic peaks, reflection time (Tr), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were evaluated in the supine position in nine subjects (four men/five women, age 54 ± 3 years) with prehypertension (134/77 ± 5/3 mm Hg). Subjects were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of watermelon supplementation (L-citrulline/L arginine, 2.7 g/1.3 g/day) or placebo followed by a 4-week washout period and then crossover.There was a significant treatment effect (change in the value of watermelon minus placebo from baseline to 6 weeks) on bPP (-8 ± 3 mm Hg, P < 0.05), aSBP (-7 ± 2 mm Hg, P < 0.05), aPP (-6 ± 2 mm Hg, P < 0.01), AIx (-6 ± 3%, P < 0.05), AIx@75 (-4 ± 2%, P < 0.05), and P2 (-2 ± 1 mm Hg, P < 0.05). There was no significant treatment effect (P > 0.05) on bSBP, brachial diastolic BP (DBP), aortic DBP, Tr, P1, HR, and carotid-femoral PWV.This pilot study shows that watermelon supplementation improves aortic hemodynamics through a decrease in the amplitude of the reflected wave in individuals with prehypertension.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION}, author={Figueroa, Arturo and Sanchez-Gonzalez, Marcos A. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope M. and Arjmandi, Bahram H.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={40–44} }
 @article{davis_webber_fish_wehner_king_perkins-veazie_2011, title={L-Citrulline Levels in Watermelon Cultigens Tested in Two Environments}, volume={46}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1572}, abstractNote={Producers of fresh fruits and vegetables face increasing production costs and international market competition. Growers who can offer high-quality watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai] that are also highly nutritious will have better market opportunities. To accomplish that, germplasm must be identified that has enhanced phytonutrient levels. Surprisingly, there is little information on the genetics of nutritional quality in watermelon. The present study was performed on 56 watermelon cultivars, breeding lines, and PI accessions (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) to determine the importance of genotype and environmental effects on L-citrulline concentration in fruit, an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Our results demonstrated that L-citrulline concentration was affected by environment and the amount of environmental effect varies among cultigens. The mean of fruit tested in Lane, OK, was 3.10 mg·g−1 fresh weight and in College Station, TX, it was 1.67 mg·g−1 fresh weight. All cultigens had a higher mean L-citrulline concentration when grown in Lane, OK, instead of College Station, TX. Additionally, the L-citrulline concentration varied considerably within cultigens; i.e., ‘Congo’ had a 1.26 to 7.21 mg·g−1 fresh sample deviation. The cultigen ‘AU-Jubilant’ had the most stable L-citrulline concentration (2.23 to 4.03 mg·g−1 fresh deviation) when tested from one location. Environment did not significantly increase within-genotype variation (average se of 10 cultigens tested at each location was ± 35.3% for College Station, TX, and ± 32.9% for Lane, OK). L-citrulline concentration did not correlate with watermelon type (open-pollinated or F1 hybrid) or flesh color (red, orange, salmon yellow, or white). Differences among cultigens for L-citrulline were large (1.09 to 4.52 mg·g−1 fresh sample). The cultigens with the highest L-citrulline concentration were ‘Tom Watson’, PI 306364, and ‘Jubilee’. These could be used to develop cultivars having a high concentration of L-citrulline.}, number={12}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Davis, Angela R. and Webber, Charles L., III and Fish, Wayne W. and Wehner, Todd C. and King, Stephen and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1572–1575} }
 @article{lucas_li_peterson_brown_kuvibidila_perkins-veazie_clarke_smith_2011, title={Mango modulates body fat and plasma glucose and lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet}, volume={106}, ISSN={0007-1145 1475-2662}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002066}, DOI={10.1017/S0007114511002066}, abstractNote={Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been investigated for their role in the prevention of many chronic conditions. Among the fruits, mango provides numerous bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, vitamin C and phenolic compounds, which have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of freeze-dried mango pulp, in comparison with the hypolipidaemic drug, fenofibrate, and the hypoglycaemic drug, rosiglitazone, in reducing adiposity and alterations in glucose metabolism and lipid profile in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six treatment groups (eight to nine/group): control (10 % energy from fat); HF (60 % energy from fat); HF+1 or 10 % freeze-dried mango (w/w); HF+fenofibrate (500 mg/kg diet); HF+rosiglitazone (50 mg/kg diet). After 8 weeks of treatment, mice receiving the HF diet had a higher percentage body fat (P = 0·0205) and epididymal fat mass (P = 0·0037) compared with the other treatment groups. Both doses of freeze-dried mango, similar to fenofibrate and rosiglitazone, prevented the increase in epididymal fat mass and the percentage of body fat. Freeze-dried mango supplementation at the 1 % dose improved glucose tolerance as shown by approximately 35 % lower blood glucose area under the curve compared with the HF group. Moreover, freeze-dried mango lowered insulin resistance, as indicated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, to a similar extent as rosiglitazone and modulated NEFA. The present findings demonstrate that incorporation of freeze-dried mango in the diet of mice improved glucose tolerance and lipid profile and reduced adiposity associated with a HF diet.}, number={10}, journal={British Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Lucas, Edralin A. and Li, Wenjia and Peterson, Sandra K. and Brown, Angela and Kuvibidila, Solo and Perkins-Veazie, Penny and Clarke, Stephen L. and Smith, Brenda J.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={1495–1505} }
 @article{vinson_woods_kemble_perkins-veazie_davis_kessler_2010, title={Use of External Indicators to Predict Maturity of Mini-watermelon Fruit}, volume={45}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.45.7.1034}, abstractNote={Mini-watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)] cultivars Valdoria and Vanessa were evaluated at 20, 30, 40, or 50 days after anthesis to determine maturity at harvest. Fruit circumference, weight, ground spot color, and number of senescent tendrils were measured as external indicators for each watermelon. Soluble solids content (SS), pH, and SS:total acid ratio (SS:TA) of each watermelon were determined to provide an indication of internal maturity. Regression and Akaike Information Criterion fit statistics analyses were performed to determine significant relationships and best predictors for external indicators of internal maturity factors. In this study, external predictors were most closely linked to fruit pH rather than to SS or SS/TA. Of the external indicators tested, fruit weight, circumference, number of senescent tendrils, and International Commission on Illumination (CIE) b* color coordinate values of the ground spot were best related to fruit pH. According to the regression models, two completely senesced tendrils, a circumference of 53 cm, weight of 3 kg, and CIE b* coordinate ground spot value of 40 are each sufficient to predict maturity when pH is used as the internal indicator of maturity under the conditions of this experiment.}, number={7}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Vinson, Edgar L., III and Woods, Floyd M. and Kemble, Joseph M. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Davis, Angela and Kessler, J. Raymond}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={1034–1037} }
 @article{manthey_perkins-veazie_2009, title={Influences of Harvest Date and Location on the Levels of β-Carotene, Ascorbic Acid, Total Phenols, the in Vitro Antioxidant Capacity, and Phenolic Profiles of Five Commercial Varieties of Mango (Mangifera indicaL.)}, volume={57}, ISSN={0021-8561 1520-5118}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf902606h}, DOI={10.1021/jf902606h}, abstractNote={Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit grown worldwide with excellent nutritional value and widely attributed health-promoting properties. Extensive studies have been made of the high concentrations of phenolic antioxidants in mango peels, seeds, and leaves, yet less is known about the phenolic antioxidants of mango fruit pulp. Five varieties of mangoes from four countries were evaluated with multiple harvests over 1 year to compare the beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of the fruit pulp and to compare the phenolic profiles of the individual varieties. To minimize ripeness variability, only soft fruit (0.5-1 N compression) with a minimum of 10% soluble solids were used for these measurements. Ascorbic acid ranged from 11 to 134 mg/100 g of pulp puree, and beta-carotene varied from 5 to 30 mg/kg among the five varieties. Total phenolic content ranged from 19.5 to 166.7 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of puree. The varieties Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt, and Haden had similar total phenolic contents, averaging 31.2+/-7.8 mg GAE/100 g of puree, whereas the variety Ataulfo contained substantially higher values. Similar trends were observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activities among the five varieties. In contrast, the country of origin and harvest dates had far less influence on these parameters. Ataulfo mangoes contained significantly higher amounts of mangiferin and ellagic acid than the other four varieties. Large fruit-to-fruit variations in the concentrations of these compounds occurred within sets of mangoes of the same cultivar with the same harvest location and date.}, number={22}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Manthey, John A. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={10825–10830} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_collins_howard_2008, title={Blueberry fruit response to postharvest application of ultraviolet radiation}, volume={47}, ISSN={0925-5214}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.08.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.08.002}, abstractNote={Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum, cvs. Collins, Bluecrop) were exposed to ultraviolet light-C (UV-C) radiation treatments from 0 to 4 kJ/m2 prior to 7 days storage at 5 °C plus 2 days at 20 °C, 90% RH. Weight loss and firmness were not affected by light treatment. Decay incidence from ripe rot (Colletotrichum acutatum, syn. C. gloeosporioides) on fruit was decreased by 10% with 1–4 kJ/m2 UV-C light treatments. Antioxidants as measured by total anthocyanin, total phenolics, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were higher in ‘Collins’ fruit given 0 or 1 kJ/m2 UV-C compared to unstored fruit. In ‘Bluecrop’, total anthocyanin content and FRAP values increased with treatment intensity, with highest values seen in fruit given 2 or 4 kJ/m2 UV-C, but no clear treatment effects were seen in total phenolic content. These results indicate that postharvest application of UV-C radiation can decrease decay caused by ripe rot in blueberries and may enhance antioxidant levels.}, number={3}, journal={Postharvest Biology and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Collins, Julie K. and Howard, Luke}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={280–285} }
 @article{davis_perkins-veazie_sakata_lópez-galarza_maroto_lee_huh_sun_miguel_king_et al._2008, title={Cucurbit Grafting}, volume={27}, ISSN={0735-2689 1549-7836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680802053940}, DOI={10.1080/07352680802053940}, abstractNote={Due to limited availability of arable land and high market demand for off-season vegetables, cucurbits (plants in the family Cucurbitaceae) are continuously cultivated under unfavorable conditions in some countries. These conditions include environments that are too cold, wet, or dry, or are cool low-light winter greenhouses. Successive cropping can increase salinity, the incidence of cucurbit pests, and soilborne diseases like fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium spp. These conditions cause various physiological and pathological disorders leading to severe crop loss. Chemical pest control is expensive, not always effective, and can harm the environment. Grafting can overcome many of these problems. In fact, in many parts of the world, grafting is a routine technique in continuous cropping systems. It was first commonly used in Japan during the late 1920s by grafting watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] onto pumpkin [Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex. Poir] rootstocks. Soon after, watermelons were grafted onto bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] rootstocks. This practice helped control declining yield due to soilborne diseases. China produces more than half the world's watermelons and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), and approximately 20% of these are grafted. Use of rootstocks can enhance plant vigor through vigorous attainment of soil nutrients, avoidance of soil pathogens and tolerance of low soil temperatures, salinity, and wet-soil conditions. The type of rootstock affects cucurbit plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Cucurbit grafting is rare in the United States, but with continued loss of quality disease-free farmland along with the phase-out of methyl bromide, the U.S. cucurbit industry sees grafting as an attractive option. Some seed companies now offer watermelon transplants grafted onto squash or bottle gourd rootstocks, and some transplant facilities offer grafting services. There have been thorough analyses of cucurbit grafting in other countries, but the literature in English is limited. This review summarizes the state of the cucurbit grafting industry on a global level, translating work published in many languages.}, number={1}, journal={Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Davis, Angela R. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Sakata, Yoshiteru and López-Galarza, Salvador and Maroto, Jose Vicente and Lee, Sang-Gyu and Huh, Yun-Chan and Sun, Zhanyong and Miguel, Alfredo and King, Stephen R. and et al.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={50–74} }
 @article{collins_wu_perkins-veazie_spears_claypool_baker_clevidence_2007, title={Watermelon consumption increases plasma arginine concentrations in adults}, volume={23}, ISSN={0899-9007}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.01.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.nut.2007.01.005}, abstractNote={Watermelon is a rich source of citrulline, an amino acid that can be metabolized to arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid for humans. Arginine is the nitrogenous substrate used in the synthesis of nitric oxide and plays an essential role in cardiovascular and immune functions. No detailed studies have been conducted to evaluate plasma arginine response in humans after long-term feeding of citrulline from natural plant sources. This study investigated if watermelon juice consumption increases fasting concentrations of plasma arginine, ornithine, and citrulline in healthy adult humans. Subjects (n = 12–23/treatment) consumed a controlled diet and 0 (control), 780, or 1560 g of watermelon juice per day for 3 wk in a crossover design. The treatments provided 1 and 2 g of citrulline per day. Treatment periods were preceded by washout periods of 2 to 4 wk. Compared with the baseline, fasting plasma arginine concentrations increased 12% after 3 wk of the lower-dose watermelon treatment; arginine and ornithine concentrations increased 22% and 18%, respectively, after 3 wk of the higher-dose watermelon treatment. Fasting citrulline concentrations did not increase relative to the control but remained stable throughout the study. The increased fasting plasma concentrations of arginine and ornithine and stable concentrations of plasma citrulline in response to watermelon juice consumption indicated that the citrulline from this plant origin was effectively converted into arginine. These results demonstrate that plasma concentration of arginine can be increased through intake of citrulline from watermelon.}, number={3}, journal={Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Collins, Julie K. and Wu, Guoyao and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Spears, Karen and Claypool, P. Larry and Baker, Robert A. and Clevidence, Beverly A.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={261–266} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_collins_2006, title={Carotenoid Changes of Intact Watermelons after Storage}, volume={54}, ISSN={0021-8561 1520-5118}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0532664}, DOI={10.1021/jf0532664}, abstractNote={Watermelon contains lycopene, a red carotenoid pigment that has strong antioxidant properties. The lycopene content of watermelon is substantial, contributing 8-20 mg per 180 g serving. There are no reports on carotenoid changes in whole watermelon during storage. Three types of watermelon, open-pollinated seeded, hybrid seeded, and seedless types, were stored at 5, 13, and 21 degrees C for 14 days and flesh color, composition, and carotenoid content were compared to those of fruit not stored. Watermelons stored at 21 degrees C had increased pH, chroma, and carotenoid content compared to fresh fruit. Compared to fresh fruit, watermelons stored at 21 degrees C gained 11-40% in lycopene and 50-139% in beta-carotene, whereas fruit held at 13 degrees C changed little in carotenoid content. These results indicate that carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelons can be affected by temperature and storage.}, number={16}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Collins, Julie K.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={5868–5874} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_collins_davis_roberts_2006, title={Carotenoid Content of 50 Watermelon Cultivars}, volume={54}, ISSN={0021-8561 1520-5118}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf052066p}, DOI={10.1021/jf052066p}, abstractNote={The lycopene content of 50 commercial cultivars of seeded and seedless red-fleshed watermelons was determined. Scanning colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays of total lycopene were used to separate watermelon cultivars into low (<50 mg/kg fw), average (50-70 mg/kg fw), high (70-90 mg/kg fw), and very high (>90 mg/kg fw). Cultivars varied greatly in lycopene content, ranging from 33 to 100 mg/kg. Most of the seeded hybrid cultivars had average lycopene contents. Sixteen of the 33 seedless types had lycopene contents in the high and very high ranges. All-trans-lycopene was the predominant carotenoid (84-97%) in all watermelon cultivars measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, but the germplasm differed in the relative amounts of cis-lycopene, beta-carotene, and phytofluene. Red-fleshed watermelon genotypes vary extensively in carotenoid content and offer opportunities for developing watermelons with specifically enhanced carotenoids.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Collins, Julie K. and Davis, Angela R. and Roberts, Warren}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={2593–2597} }
 @article{collins_davis_adams_manness_perkins-veazie_2006, title={Consumer acceptability of low-sugar watermelon sweetened with non-calorie sweetener by a Native American community}, volume={57}, ISSN={0963-7486 1465-3478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480600807628}, DOI={10.1080/09637480600807628}, abstractNote={Watermelons are a good source of lycopene, a carotenoid that exhibits antioxidant activity and may protect against some cancers. However, intake of watermelon may be restricted for individuals who have diabetes or those who limit carbohydrate intake. A low-sugar watermelon was developed at Lane, Oklahoma using traditional plant breeding techniques. The objective of this study was to determine whether the artificially sweetened low-sugar watermelon was acceptable with Native Americans, a group with a high incidence of diabetes. The red flesh from a low-sugar watermelon and a commercial variety of watermelon was removed and cut into cubes. Low and high levels of artificial sweetener were added to the low-sugar watermelon. Students at a Native American school (Grades 1–12) and adults at a Native American Feeding Center were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked the watermelon using a seven-point hedonic scale. Sugar composition, pH, lycopene and other carotenoids were analyzed from samples using established methods. The pH, lycopene, β-carotene and total carotenoid levels were similar among fruit. Artificially sweetened fruit were rated slightly more acceptable in taste than the commercial control watermelons by both age groups. The low-sugar watermelons were lower in sugar composition but were comparable with conventional melons in all other quality factors and were found acceptable in taste by a broad age group of Native American consumers.}, number={5-6}, journal={International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Collins, Julie K. and Davis, Angela R. and Adams, Arin and Manness, Niels and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope M.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={363–368} }
 @article{rimando_perkins-veazie_2005, title={Determination of citrulline in watermelon rind}, volume={1078}, ISSN={0021-9673}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.009}, abstractNote={Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) is a natural and rich source of the non-essential amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is used in the nitric oxide system in humans and has potential antioxidant and vasodilatation roles. A method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to separate citrulline from glutamic acid, which co-elute when analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Watermelons were analyzed by GC-MS to determine the citrulline content among varieties, types, flesh colors, and tissues. Citrulline content ranged from 3.9 to 28.5 mg/g dry weight (dwt) and was similar between seeded and seedless types (16.6 and 20.3 mg/g dwt, respectively). Red flesh watermelons had slightly less citrulline than the yellow or orange flesh watermelons (7.4, 28.5 and 14.2 mg/g dwt, respectively). Rind contained more citrulline than flesh on a dry weight basis (24.7 and 16.7 mg/g dwt, respectively) but a little less on a fresh weight (fwt) basis (1.3 and 1.9 mg/g fwt, respectively). These results indicate that watermelon rind, an underutilized agricultural waste, offers a source of natural citrulline.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Chromatography A}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rimando, Agnes M. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope M.}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={196–200} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_collins_2004, title={Flesh quality and lycopene stability of fresh-cut watermelon}, volume={31}, ISSN={0925-5214}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2003.08.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2003.08.005}, abstractNote={Red fleshed watermelons are an excellent source of the phytochemical lycopene. However, little is known about the stability of lycopene in cut watermelon. In this study, lycopene stability and other quality factors were evaluated in fresh-cut watermelon. Twenty melons each of a seeded (Summer Flavor 800) and a seedless (Sugar Shack) variety were cut into 5 cm cubes and placed in unvented polystyrene containers, sealed, and stored at 2 °C for 2, 7, or 10 days. At each storage interval, melons were evaluated for juice leakage, changes in carotenoid composition, color, soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity. Headspace carbon dioxide and ethylene were monitored during storage intervals. Juice leakage after 10 days of storage averaged 13 and 11% for the seeded and seedless melons, respectively. Lycopene content decreased 6 and 11% after 7 days of storage for Summer Flavor 800 and Sugar Shack melons, respectively. β-Carotene and cis lycopene contents were 2 and 6 mg kg−1 for Summer Flavor 800 and Sugar Shack, respectively, and did not change with storage. After 10 days of storage, CIE L∗ values increased while chroma values decreased, indicating a lightening in color and loss of color saturation in melon pieces. Symptoms of chilling injury, such as greatly increased juice leakage, or lesions on cubes, were not seen on the fresh-cut cut watermelon after 10 days storage at 2 °C. Puree pH increased and SSC decreased slightly after storage. Carbon dioxide levels increased and oxygen levels decreased linearly during storage, creating a modified atmosphere of 10 kPa each of CO2 and O2 after 10 days. Fresh-cut cut watermelon held for 7 or more days at 2 °C had a slight loss of SSC, color saturation, and lycopene, most likely caused by senescence.}, number={2}, journal={Postharvest Biology and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Perkins-Veazie, P and Collins, J.K}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={159–166} }