@article{lan_ou_park_kelley_nepal_kwon_cai_yao_2021, title={Dynamic life-cycle carbon analysis for fast pyrolysis biofuel produced from pine residues: implications of carbon temporal effects}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1754-6834"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-02027-4}, DOI={10.1186/s13068-021-02027-4}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Woody biomass has been considered as a promising feedstock for biofuel production via thermochemical conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis. Extensive Life Cycle Assessment studies have been completed to evaluate the carbon intensity of woody biomass-derived biofuels via fast pyrolysis. However, most studies assumed that woody biomass such as forest residues is a carbon–neutral feedstock like annual crops, despite a distinctive timeframe it takes to grow woody biomass. Besides, few studies have investigated the impacts of forest dynamics and the temporal effects of carbon on the overall carbon intensity of woody-derived biofuels. This study addressed such gaps by developing a life-cycle carbon analysis framework integrating dynamic modeling for forest and biorefinery systems with a time-based discounted Global Warming Potential (GWP) method developed in this work. The framework analyzed dynamic carbon and energy flows of a supply chain for biofuel production from pine residues via fast pyrolysis. Results The mean carbon intensity of biofuel given by Monte Carlo simulation across three pine growth cases ranges from 40.8–41.2 g CO 2 e MJ −1 (static method) to 51.0–65.2 g CO 2 e MJ −1 (using the time-based discounted GWP method) when combusting biochar for energy recovery. If biochar is utilized as soil amendment, the carbon intensity reduces to 19.0–19.7 g CO 2 e MJ −1 (static method) and 29.6–43.4 g CO 2 e MJ −1 in the time-based method. Forest growth and yields (controlled by forest management strategies) show more significant impacts on biofuel carbon intensity when the temporal effect of carbon is taken into consideration. Variation in forest operations and management (e.g., energy consumption of thinning and harvesting), on the other hand, has little impact on the biofuel carbon intensity. Conclusions The carbon temporal effect, particularly the time lag of carbon sequestration during pine growth, has direct impacts on the carbon intensity of biofuels produced from pine residues from a stand-level pine growth and management point of view. The carbon implications are also significantly impacted by the assumptions of biochar end-of-life cases and forest management strategies.}, number={1}, journal={BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lan, Kai and Ou, Longwen and Park, Sunkyu and Kelley, Stephen S. and Nepal, Prakash and Kwon, Hoyoung and Cai, Hao and Yao, Yuan}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{korhonen_nepal_prestemon_cubbage_2021, title={Projecting global and regional outlooks for planted forests under the shared socio-economic pathways}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1573-5095"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11056-020-09789-z}, abstractNote={Abstract There is rising global interest in growing more trees in order to meet growing population, climate change, and wood energy needs. Using recently published data on planted forests by country, we estimated relationships between per capita income and planted forest area that are useful for understanding prospective planted forest area futures through 2100 under various United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-inspired Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Under all SSPs, projections indicate increasing global planted forest area trends for the next three to four decades and declining trends thereafter, commensurate with the quadratic functions employed. Our projections indicate somewhat less total future planted forest area than prior linear forecasts. Compared to 293 million ha (Mha) of planted forests globally in 2015, SSP5 (a vision of a wealthier world) projects the largest increase (to 334 Mha, a 14% gain) by 2055, followed by SSP2 (a continuation of historical socio-economic trends, to 327 Mha, or an 11% gain), and SSP3 (a vision of a poorer world, to 319 Mha, a 9% gain). The projected trends for major world regions differ from global trends, consistent with differing socio-economic development trajectories in those regions. Our projections based on empirical FAO data for the past 25 years, as well as those by other researchers, suggest that achieving the much more ambitious global planted forest targets proposed recently will require exceptional forest land and investment supply shifts.}, number={2}, journal={NEW FORESTS}, author={Korhonen, Jaana and Nepal, Prakash and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={197–216} }
 @article{johnston_buongiorno_nepal_prestemon_2019, title={From Source to Sink: Past Changes and Model Projections of Carbon Sequestration in the Global Forest Sector}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1618-1530"]}, DOI={10.1561/112.00000442}, abstractNote={From Source to Sink: Past Changes and Model Projections of Carbon Sequestration in the Global Forest Sector}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOREST ECONOMICS}, author={Johnston, Craig and Buongiorno, Joseph and Nepal, Prakash and Prestemon, Jeffrey P.}, year={2019}, pages={47–72} }
 @article{nepal_abt_skog_prestemon_abt_2019, title={Projected Market Competition for Wood Biomass between Traditional Products and Energy: A Simulated Interaction of US Regional, National, and Global Forest Product Markets}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.1093/forsci/fxy031}, abstractNote={Using a partial market equilibrium framework, this study evaluated the US regional timber and wood products market impacts of a projected national level expansion in wood biomass consumption for energy. By restricting logging residue use, we focus on the impacts on timber harvests and paper production from increased pulpwood consumption and focus on the impacts on lumber production from increased mill residue consumption. Analyses showed that increased consumption of wood for energy led to diversion of about 37 million m3 of pulpwood away from pulpwood-using traditional products (e.g., panels and paper), reducing production and net exports of paper and paperboard by up to 3 million tonnes. Increased wood energy consumption also led to increased timber harvests (up to 40 million m3 or 8 percent), increased prices (up to 31 percent), and increased lumber production and net exports by up to 9 million m3. The South was projected to supply the majority of the energy feedstock (47 m3 or 77 percent) and to experience the resultant effects on forests and wood products sectors. The findings highlight the importance of market linkages at local, national, and global levels in evaluating the impacts of increased wood energy consumption and the importance of identifying feedstock sources.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Abt, Karen L. and Skog, Kenneth E. and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={14–26} }
 @article{nepal_korhonen_prestemon_cubbage_2019, title={Projecting Global and Regional Forest Area under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Using an Updated Environmental Kuznets Curve Model}, volume={10}, ISSN={1999-4907}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050387}, DOI={10.3390/f10050387}, abstractNote={Forest resources are critical to environmental, economic, and social development, and there is substantial interest in understanding how global forest area will evolve in the future. Using an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model of total forest area that we updated using more recent data sets, we projected forest area through 2100 in 168 countries using variables including income, rural population density, and the size of the labor force under different world visions drawn from alternative Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Results provided support for the existence of an EKC for total forest area, with rural population density negatively affecting forest area and labor force size positively affecting forest area. The projections showed modest and continuous increases in global forest area in all the SSPs, but varying trends for major world regions, which is consistent with the projected trends from the explanatory variables in each country. Aggregate global forest area is projected to increase by 7% as of 2100 relative to 2015 levels in SSP3, which predicts a future with the lowest rate of economic growth, and by 36% in SSP5, which is a future with the highest rate of economic growth and greater economic equality across countries. The results show how projections driven only by income produce biased results compared to the projections made with an EKC that includes rural population density and labor force variables.}, number={5}, journal={Forests}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Nepal, P. and Korhonen, J. and Prestemon, J. and Cubbage, F.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={387} }
 @article{nepal_korhonen_prestemon_cubbage_2019, title={Projecting global planted forest area developments and the associated impacts on global forest product markets}, volume={240}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.126}, abstractNote={Planted forests are a rising share of total forests globally and an increasingly important source of timber product output, affecting national and global markets. We estimated econometric models of planted forest area by OECD and non-OECD country groups that control for economic, institutional and environmental policies likely to influence future changes in planted forest area. The models are then used to project planted forest area over next 55 years for 180 countries under five alternative scenarios of global socio-economic changes, represented in shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), adjunct products emerging from the Fifth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). By embedding key features of the SSP projections into a global forest sector model, we evaluate how planted forests lead to different global forest product market outcomes for each SSP, compared to corresponding outcomes where planted forests are not considered separately. Projected global planted forest area in 2070 ranges from 379 million ha (Mha) for SSP3 (a relatively poor and unequal world) to 475 Mha under SSP5 (a relatively wealthier and more equal world), representing respective increases of 46% and 66% compared to 2015. SSPs with the highest planted forest area increases have the lowest product prices (down by 12% by 2070, compared to SSP5 without planted forests) and higher global forest products production and consumption quantities (by as much as 3.3% by 2070, compared to SSP5 without planted forests). However, production does not increase in all countries by similar amounts, due to changes in relative advantages in production brought about by reduced product prices.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Korhonen, Jaana and Prestemon, Jeffrey P. and Cubbage, Frederick W.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={421–430} }
 @inbook{stokes_rials_johnson_abt_nepal_skog_abt_he_english_2016, title={At the roadside: Forest resources}, booktitle={2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 1: Economic Availability of Feedstock}, publisher={Oak Ridge National Laboratory}, author={Stokes, B. and Rials, T.G. and Johnson, L.R. and Abt, K.L. and Nepal, P. and Skog, K.E. and Abt, R.C. and He, L. and English, B.C.}, year={2016} }
 @article{nepal_skog_mckeever_bergman_abt_abt_2016, title={Carbon Mitigation Impacts of Increased Softwood Lumber and Structural Panel Use for Nonresidential-Construction in the United States}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0015-7473"]}, DOI={10.13073/fpj-d-15-00019}, abstractNote={Abstract More wood use in the United States to construct low-rise nonresidential (NR) buildings would increase consumption and production of softwood (SW) lumber, engineered wood products, and structural and nonstructural wood panels. Using a consequential life-cycle analysis, we estimated the change in net CO2 emissions that would be caused by increased use of SW lumber and structural panels in NR construction. Carbon (C) storage and emissions were projected over 50 years for baseline and increased wood use scenarios using the US Forest Products Module operating within the Global Forest Products Model (USFPM/GFPM) and the Southern region timber supply model (SRTS). Increased wood use in NR construction (C content of 428 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent [tCO2e]) could provide an emissions reduction of 870 million tCO2e over 50 years or a net emissions reduction of 2.03 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood used in NR buildings over 50 years. The CO2 savings varied for products provided in the South, North, a...}, number={1-2}, journal={FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Skog, Kenneth E. and McKeever, David B. and Bergman, Richard D. and Abt, Karen L. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2016}, pages={77–87} }
 @article{nepal_wear_skog_2015, title={Net change in carbon emissions with increased wood energy use in the United States}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1757-1707"]}, DOI={10.1111/gcbb.12193}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY BIOENERGY}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Wear, David N. and Skog, Kenneth E.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={820–835} }
 @article{nepal_skog_2014, title={Estimating net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wood energy use: Issues and current state of knowledge}, ISBN={9781134655922}, journal={Wood energy in developed economies: Resource management, economics and policy}, publisher={Rutledge}, author={Nepal, P. and Skog, K.E.}, editor={F., AguilarEditor}, year={2014}, pages={223–252} }
 @article{nepal_ince_skog_chang_2013, title={Forest carbon benefits, costs and leakage effects of carbon reserve scenarios in the United States}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1618-1530"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfe.2013.06.001}, abstractNote={Abstract This study evaluated the potential effectiveness of future carbon reserve scenarios, where U.S. forest landowners would hypothetically be paid to sequester carbon on their timberland and forego timber harvests for 100 years. Scenarios featured direct payments to landowners of $0 (baseline), $5, $10, or $15 per metric ton of additional forest carbon sequestered on the set aside lands, with maximum annual expenditures of $3 billion. Results indicated that from 1513 to 6837 Tg (Teragrams) of additional carbon (as carbon dioxide equivalent, CO2e) would be sequestered on U.S. timberlands relative to the baseline case over the next 50 years (30–137 Tg CO2e annually). These projected amounts of sequestered carbon on timberlands take into account projected increases in timber removal and forest carbon losses on other timberlands (carbon leakage effects). Net effectiveness of carbon reserve scenarios in terms of overall net gain in timberland carbon stocks from 2010 to 2060 ranged from 0.29 tCO2e net carbon increase for a payment of $5/tCO2e to the landowner (71% leakage), to 0.15 tCO2e net carbon increase for a payment of $15/tCO2e to the landowner (85% leakage). A policy or program to buy carbon credits from landowners would need to discount additions to the carbon reserve by the estimated amount of leakage. In the scenarios evaluated, the timber set-asides reduced timberland area available for harvest up to 35% and available timber inventory up to 55%, relative to the baseline scenario over the next 50 years, resulting in projected changes in timber prices, harvest levels, and forest product revenues for the forest products sector.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOREST ECONOMICS}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Ince, Peter J. and Skog, Kenneth E. and Chang, Sun J.}, year={2013}, pages={286–306} }
 @article{nepal_grala_grebner_abt_2013, title={Impact of Harvest-Level Changes on Carbon Accumulation and Timber Stumpage Prices in Mississippi}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0148-4419"]}, DOI={10.5849/sjaf.12-020}, abstractNote={increased demand for carbon offsets leading to higher carbon prices and, therefore, encourage forest landowners to enter into forest carbon offset contracts. As a result, qualifying forest tracts might be withdrawn from harvest during the contract leading to decreased timber supply in the short term. Timber markets will respond to such a situation with increased timber stumpage prices (Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). However, in the long term, timber harvests might increase as carbon contracts are completed allowing landowners to harvest their forests. Consequently, timber stumpage prices would then decrease (Sohngen et al. 2008) assuming that other factors related to timber supply remain unchanged. Potential impacts of implementing carbon policies and programs on timber supply and timber stumpage prices were demonstrated by several studies. Sohngen et al. (2008) analyzed the effect of carbon policy on carbon accumulation and timber supply at the global level using the Dynamic Timber Supply Model. They showed that carbon policy would induce owners of hardwood forests in the southern United States to withhold their forests from harvest in the short term, which would result in increased timber prices. However, they also showed that additional land supply, longer rotations, and improved forest management would increase timber supply in the long term, causing timber prices eventually to fall. In another study, Sohngen and Mendelsohn (2003) indicated that implementation of the least cost strategy (minimizing the present value of the total costs of greenhouse gas damage and its abatement) to control greenhouse gases would result in global carbon sequestration of 102 billion metric tons. During the same time, global timber supply would increase by up to 785 million cubic meters (m) resulting in lower global timber prices in the long term. Other studies indicated that payments for carbon sequestered by forests will lead to longer forest rotations (Nepal et al. 2009, Sohngen et al. 2008, Gutrich and Howarth 2007, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002, van Kooten et al. 1995) and reduced timber supply in the short term (Sohngen et al. 2008, Sohngen and Mendelsohn 2003, Stainback and Alavalapati 2002). Several studies have indicated that current US carbon prices do not pay enough to make forest-based carbon sequestration financially viable (Nepal et al. 2012, Latta et al. 2011, Malmsheimer et al. 2008). Consequently, under current carbon market conditions, landowners are more likely to retain their right to sell timber rather than enroll their forest stands into carbon contracts. However, if the United States implements a mandatory carbon policy, it is expected that demand for carbon will increase leading to higher carbon prices (Green Assets 2012, US EPA 2009) and improved financial viability of forestry-based carbon sequestration strategies (Malmsheimer et al. 2008). This study investigated how future carbon accumulation in Mississippi’s forests and harvested wood products will be impacted by changes in future harvest levels during 2006–2051. In addition, the study examined the impact of such changes in harvest levels on timber stumpage prices and quantified the resulting changes in timber and carbon revenues in Mississippi. Mississippi was selected as the study area because it is considered to have a great potential to increase carbon sequestration both in standing trees and harvested wood products due to its large area under timberland (8 million ha) and a large quantity of annual timber harvest (30 million m) (USDA Forest Service 2010). Other neighboring states in the southern United States, including Alabama, Arkansas, and Louisiana, share similar forest sector characteristics such as timberland area and ownership, timber inventory, harvest levels, and timber products output (Smith et al. 2009). Therefore, we expect that our analysis of statewide impacts of harvest-level changes in Mississippi can provide useful benchmark information, not only for Mississippi, but also for these neighboring states as well as other states in the southern United States. Methods and Materials The Model The Subregional Timber Supply (SRTS) model (Abt et al. 2009) was used to examine a business-as-usual (BAU) and four alternative timber-harvest scenarios in terms of carbon accumulation, timber stumpage prices, and timber and carbon revenues in Mississippi during 2006–2051. The year 2006 was selected as a starting point for the analysis because it was the most recent year for which forest inventory data were available for Mississippi, whereas the year 2051 represents the end of harvest projection available for the BAU scenario. The SRTS is a partial market equilibrium model that combines economic and forest inventory information to determine impacts of changes in timber demand and supply on timber inventory and timber stumpage markets (Abt et al. 2009). The original version of the model was designed to simulate market for only one single product of two species groups and estimating the total timber volume for softwoods and hardwoods. The model has been updated and can be used to project timber supply for multiple products and subregions (Abt et al. 2009). The earlier versions of this timber market model were used to project timber supply in the US South and Northeast (e.g., Bingham et al. 2003, Sendak et al. 2003, Prestemon and Abt 2002, Abt et al. 2000, Pacheco et al. 1997, Abt et al. 1993). The model has also been used to project impacts of climate change on timber supply in the US South (Abt and Murray 2001) and analyze impacts of nonmarket forest values on timber supply decisions of nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) landowners (Pattanayak et al. 2002). Modeling Timber Demand and Supply Demand for timber was modeled as a function of stumpage price and a demand shifter, whereas supply of timber was modeled as a function of stumpage price, forest inventory, and a supply shifter using the SRTS market module. The statewide equilibrium harvest in year t was determined by interaction of the following timber demand and supply functions (Abt et al. 2000):}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Grala, Robert K. and Grebner, Donald L. and Abt, Robert C.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={160–168} }
 @article{nepal_ince_skog_chang_2013, title={Projected US timber and primary forest product market impacts of climate change mitigation through timber set-asides}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2012-0331}, abstractNote={ Whereas climate change mitigation involving payments to forest landowners for accumulating carbon on their land may increase carbon stored in forests, it will also affect timber supply and prices. This study estimated the effect on US timber and primary forest product markets of hypothetical timber set-aside scenarios where US forest landowners would be paid to forego timber harvests for 100 years to increase carbon storage on US timberland. The scenarios featured payments to landowners of $0 (business-as-usual (BAU)), $10, and $15 per each additional metric ton (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) sequestered on the set-aside timberlands, with maximum annual expenditures of $3 billion. For the set-aside scenarios, reduction in timberland available for harvest resulted in increased timber prices and changes in US domestic production, consumption, net export, and timber market welfare. Economic analyses indicated that the scenario with more area set aside and the largest carbon mitigation benefit (lower carbon price, $10/t CO2e) would result in the largest decrease in market welfare, suggesting that climate change mitigation policies and programs would need to consider such impacts when evaluating the costs and benefits of climate change mitigation strategies in the forest sector. }, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Ince, Peter J. and Skog, Kenneth E. and Chang, Sun J.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={245–255} }
 @article{nepal_grala_grebner_2012, title={Financial Implications of Enrolling Mississippi Forest Landowners in Carbon Offset Programs}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0148-4419"]}, DOI={10.5849/sjaf.09-067}, abstractNote={This study examined the financial viability of managing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands for increased carbon sequestration by Mississippi nonindustrial private forest landowners under three Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) forestry carbon offset programs: afforestation, managed forests, and long-lived wood products.At carbon prices of $4.25 per metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO 2 e) and $10/t CO 2 e, a forest management regime that provided the largest net present value (NPV) from timber production also provided the largest NPV when the stand was jointly managed for timber and increased carbon sequestration, regardless of the number of contracts.At a carbon price of $4.25/t CO 2 e, joint management for timber and increased carbon sequestration generated an additional NPV of up to $937/ha compared with the best management regime for timber only.Carbon prices of $10/t CO 2 e and $20/t CO 2 e increased NPV by $2,406/ha and $5,335/ha, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Grala, Robert K. and Grebner, Donald L.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={5–10} }
 @article{nepal_grala_grebner_2012, title={Financial feasibility of increasing carbon sequestration in harvested wood products in Mississippi}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.005}, abstractNote={Abstract Longer forest rotation ages can potentially increase accumulation of carbon in harvested wood products due to a larger proportion of sawlogs that can be used for manufacturing durable wood products such as lumber and plywood. This study quantified amounts of carbon accumulated in wood products harvested from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands grown in Mississippi by extending rotation ages traditionally used to manage these stands for timber. The financial viability of this approach was examined based on carbon payments received by landowners for sequestering carbon in standing trees and harvested wood products. Results indicated a potential to increase carbon accumulated in wood products by 16.11 metric tons (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per hectare (ha) for a rotation increase of 5 years and 67.07 tCO2e/ha for a rotation increase of 65 years. Carbon prices of $50/tCO2e and $110/tCO2e would be required to provide a sufficient incentive to forest landowners to extend rotations by 5 and 10 years, respectively. With 2.8 million ha of loblolly pine stands in Mississippi, this translates to a possible increase in wood products carbon of 45 million tCO2e and 80 million tCO2e for harvest ages increased by 5 and 10 years, respectively. Higher carbon prices lengthened rotation ages modestly due to low present values of carbon accumulated with long rotations.}, number={1}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Grala, Robert K. and Grebner, Donald L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{nepal_ince_skog_chang_2012, title={Projection of US forest sector carbon sequestration under US and global timber market and wood energy consumption scenarios, 2010-2060}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-2909"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.011}, abstractNote={This study provides a modeling framework to examine change over time in U.S. forest sector carbon inventory (in U.S. timberland tree biomass and harvested wood products) for alternative projections of U.S. and global timber markets, including wood energy consumption, based on established IPCC/RPA scenarios. Results indicated that the U.S. forest sector's projected capacities for carbon sequestration could be notably altered by use of forest resources for energy. A scenario with large expansion in U.S. wood energy consumption (16-fold increase by 2060) coupled with high global growth in gross domestic product would convert U.S. timberlands to a substantial carbon emission source by 2050, as timber growing stock inventories would be depleted because of increased biomass energy production. In contrast, the same high growth in the economy coupled with much smaller expansion of U.S. wood biomass energy consumption (less than two-fold increase by 2060) would result in a projected increase in average annual additions to U.S. forest sector carbon by up to four-fold by 2060. Results also indicated that higher cumulative carbon emissions from increased use of wood for energy could be partially offset—over time—by increased forest plantations and more intensive forest management that could be stimulated by the increased use of wood for energy. The modeling framework will enable future use of the USFPM/GFPM market modeling system to evaluate the impacts of forest carbon offset policies on forest carbon and forest products markets, by allowing carbon offset payments to compete in the model with forest products or wood energy for the control and use of available timber resources.}, journal={BIOMASS & BIOENERGY}, author={Nepal, Prakash and Ince, Peter J. and Skog, Kenneth E. and Chang, Sun J.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={251–264} }
 @article{nepal_r.k. grala_grebner_2010, title={Carbon sequestration potential and financial trade-offs associated with loblolly pine and cherrybark oak management in Mississippi}, volume={3}, journal={Forum on Public Policy}, author={Nepal, P. and R.K. Grala and Grebner, D.L.}, year={2010}, pages={1–19} }