@article{gadsby_nipper_faircloth_m. d'annibale-tolhurst_chang_farin_sheldon_poole_2017, title={Toll-like receptor and related cytokine mRNA expression in bovine corpora lutea during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1439-0531"]}, DOI={10.1111/rda.12940}, abstractNote={Contents}, number={3}, journal={REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS}, author={Gadsby, J. E. and Nipper, A. M. Tyson and Faircloth, H. A. and M. D'Annibale-Tolhurst and Chang, J. and Farin, P. W. and Sheldon, I. M. and Poole, D. H.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={495–504} }
 @article{barnwell_farin_ashwell_farmer_galphin_farin_2016, title={Differences in mRNA populations of short and long bovine conceptuses on Day 15 of gestation}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1098-2795"]}, DOI={10.1002/mrd.22640}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={5}, journal={MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Barnwell, Callie V. and Farin, Peter W. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Farmer, William T. and Galphin, Samuel P., Jr. and Farin, Charlotte E.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={424–441} }
 @article{barnwell_farin_whisnant_alexander_farin_2015, title={Maternal serum progesterone concentration and early conceptus development of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1879-0054"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.03.004}, abstractNote={The hormone progesterone is essential for proper embryonic development. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between recipient serum concentrations of progesterone, at the time of embryo transfer and at conceptus recovery, on conceptus development from in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos. Embryos were produced in vivo by superovulation of Holstein cows (IVO; n = 17) or in vitro with either serum-containing (IVPS; n = 27) or serum-restricted medium (IVPSR; n = 34). Single grade I blastocysts from each embryo production system were transferred into heifers on day 7 of development. Conceptuses were recovered on day 17 of gestation and classified as complete, degenerated, or no conceptus. Compared with the IVO group, in vitro-produced embryos had more (P = 0.055) degenerated conceptuses (IVO, 0%; IVPS, 18.5%; and IVPSR, 20.6%). There were no differences in progesterone concentrations at the time of transfer when recipients received either male or female embryos (P > 0.05). Progesterone concentrations in recipients receiving in vivo-produced embryos were higher (P < 0.05; 3.74 ± 0.4 ng/mL; least-squares mean ± standard error of the mean) on day 7 compared with those receiving in vitro-produced embryos (IVPS, 2.4 ± 0.2; IVPSR, 2.58 ± 0.3 ng/mL). However, there was no difference in progesterone concentration on day 7 between treatment groups for heifers from which short conceptuses (≤194 mm) were recovered on day 17. In contrast, when longer (>194 mm) conceptuses were recovered on day 17, heifers receiving in vitro-produced embryos had lower (P = 0.05) serum concentrations of progesterone on day 7 compared with those receiving in vivo-produced embryos (IVPS, 2.2 ± 0.5; IVPSR, 2.3 ± 0.5; IVO, 3.9 ± 0.5 ng/mL). In conclusion, differences in autonomy may exist between in vitro- and in vivo-produced embryos during the period of conceptus elongation with in vitro-produced embryos relying more on intrinsic factors to influence elongation.}, journal={DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Barnwell, C. V. and Farin, P. W. and Whisnant, C. S. and Alexander, J. E. and Farin, C. E.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={75–81} }
 @article{rasmussen_block_seidel_brink_mcsweeney_farin_bonilla_hansen_2013, title={Pregnancy rates of lactating cows after transfer of in vitro produced embryos using X-sorted sperm}, volume={79}, number={3}, journal={Theriogenology}, author={Rasmussen, S. and Block, J. and Seidel, G. E. and Brink, Z. and McSweeney, K. and Farin, P. W. and Bonilla, L. and Hansen, P. J.}, year={2013}, pages={453–461} }
 @article{farin_alexander_farin_2010, title={Expression of messenger RNAs for insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in bovine fetuses at early gestation from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0093-691X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.035}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on physical development and levels of expression of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor (IGF) ligands (IGF1, IGF2), their receptors (IGF1R, IGF2R), and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) in bovine fetuses during early gestation. In vivo embryos were recovered from superovulated Holstein cows. For production of embryos in vitro, Holstein oocytes were matured, fertilized, and subsequently cultured in M199 with 10% serum to 168 hpi. On Day 70 of gestation, fetuses (in vivo, n = 14; in vitro, n = 13) were recovered, serum samples collected, and physical measurements recorded. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays were used to determine the levels of expression of mRNAs for IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, and IGF2R in fetal liver and skeletal muscle. Western blots were used to assess levels of IGFBP2 in fetal serum. Fetal body weight did not differ with treatment; however, production of embryos in vitro was associated with decreased crown-nose length and a tendency for increased paired kidney weight, which became significant when expressed on a per bodyweight basis. There was no effect of treatment on levels of IGFBP2 in fetal serum. Levels of IGF1 mRNA in fetal liver were decreased (P < 0.001) in the in vitro group. Levels of IGF2R mRNA in both liver and skeletal muscle were also decreased (P < 0.01) in fetuses from the in vitro group. In summary, fetuses at Day 70 of gestation from embryos produced in vitro had shortened crown-nose length and increased kidney weight on a per bodyweight basis, as well as decreased expression of mRNAs for IGF1 in liver and IGF2R in both liver and skeletal muscle, compared with fetuses from embryos produced in vivo. In conclusion, in vitro embryo culture was associated with subtle changes in fetal development as well as altered expression of both imprinted and non-imprinted genes.}, number={7}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Farin, C. E. and Alexander, J. E. and Farin, P. W.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={1288–1295} }
 @article{farin_farmer_farin_2010, title={Pregnancy recognition and abnormal offspring syndrome in cattle}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1448-5990"]}, DOI={10.1071/rd09217}, abstractNote={Development of the post-hatching conceptus in ruminants involves a period of morphological expansion that is driven by complex interactions between the conceptus and its intrauterine environment. As a result of these interactions, endometrial physiology is altered, leading to establishment of the pregnancy and continued development of the placenta. Disruption of normal fetal and placental development can occur when embryos are exposed to manipulations in vitro or when inappropriate endocrine sequencing occurs in vivo during the pre- and peri-implantation periods. The present review addresses the development of the post-hatching bovine conceptus, its interactions with the maternal system and changes in development that can occur as a result of in vivo and in vitro manipulations of the bovine embryo.}, number={1}, journal={REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Farin, C. E. and Farmer, W. T. and Farin, P. W.}, year={2010}, pages={75–87} }
 @article{farin_dowdall_hicks_farin_whisnant_2009, title={SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE FOR SUPEROVULATION OF HOLSTEIN COWS}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1031-3613"]}, DOI={10.1071/RDv21n1Ab293}, abstractNote={
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is usually administered in a series of intramuscular (IM) injections to induce multiple ovulations for embryo production in cattle and other species. The objective of this study was to determine the superovulatory response of dairy cows to subcutaneous (SC) administration of FSH using a reduced number of injections in combination with a progesterone-releasing device. Eighteen non-lactating Holstein cows initially received 25 mg Prostaglandin F2α IM (PGF; Lutalyse; Pfizer Animal Health, Groton, CT, USA) on Day –7. All cows then received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR-B, 1.38 mg progesterone; Pfizer Animal Health) on Day 0, and 100 μg GnRH IM (Cystorelin; Merial Ltd, USA) on Day 2. Cows were randomly assigned to receive a total of 400 mg (20 mL) of FSH (Folltropin-V; Bioniche Animal Health, USA) either by IM injection (IM Group, n = 9 cows) given at 12 h intervals on Days 4 (60 mg, 60 mg), 5 (55 mg, 55 mg), 6 (45 mg, 45 mg) and 7 (40 mg, 40 mg), or by SC injection (SC Group, n = 9 cows) given at 24 h intervals on Days 4 (140 mg), 5 (140 mg) and Day 6 (120 mg). On Day 7, CIDR-B inserts were removed and cows received two 25 mg PGF IM injections given 12 h apart. Cows were artificially inseminated at 12 and 24 h after standing estrus. Blood samples were obtained from all cows at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 h after the first FSH injection for determination of serum FSH concentrations. Ovarian follicles and CL were monitored using ultrasonography on Days 4, 7, and 16. Embryos were recovered non-surgically on Day 16 (7 days after estrus). The effects of treatment on follicular response and embryo yield were analyzed by Wilcoxon test, and the response of cows to treatment was analyzed by chi-square test. The effects of treatment on concentrations of serum FSH were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of route of FSH administration on the concentrations of serum FSH at any time point. The superovulatory response of cows to treatment, defined as greater than 2 CL per cow, did not differ (P > 0.05) between the IM (77.8%, 7/9 cows) and SC (88.9%, 8/9 cows) Groups. There was also no difference (P > 0.05) between the IM and SC Groups for the number of 5 to 10 mm follicles prior to FSH treatment (mean ± SEM; 0.6 ± 0.2 v. 0.9 ± 0.4), the total number of follicles after FSH treatment (12.4 ± 1.6 v. 12.7 ± 2.2) or the number of CL at embryo recovery (6.4 ± 1.5 v. 10.4 ± 2.1). Similarly, there were no differences (P > 0.05) between the IM and SC Groups for total number of oocytes/embryos (5.6 ± 2.6 v. 13.0 ± 4.3), transferable embryos (Grade 1, 2, 3; 3.0 ± 1.4 v. 6.1 ± 2.9) or Grade 1 embryos (2.9 ± 1.4 v. 4.3 ± 2.5). In conclusion, administration of FSH using 3 SC injections in combination with a progesterone-releasing device was an effective method for superovulation of Holstein cows.

Supported by USDA Animal Health Formula Funds and the State of North Carolina.

}, number={1}, journal={REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT}, author={Farin, P. W. and Dowdall, K. M. and Hicks, J. E. and Farin, C. E. and Whisnant, C. S.}, year={2009}, pages={243–244} }
 @article{farin_piedrahita_farin_2006, title={Errors in development of fetuses and placentas from in vitro-produced bovine embryos}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.09.022}, abstractNote={In vitro systems for oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo culture [in vitro production (IVP)] have the potential for more wide-spread use in creative breeding programs for dairy and beef cattle. However, one negative consequence of both IVP and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in cattle and other species is that embryos, fetuses, placentas, and offspring can differ significantly in morphology and developmental competence compared with those from embryos produced in vivo. Fetuses and placentas derived from IVP and SCNT embryos may fall within the normal range of development, may have obvious abnormalities such as increased fetal and placental weights, or may have subtle abnormalities such as aberrant development of fetal skeletal muscle, placental blood vessels, and altered metabolism. Failures in physiologic and/or genetic mechanisms essential for proper fetal growth and survival outside of the uterus contribute significantly to pregnancy and neonatal losses. Oversized fetuses are at increased risk of death during parturition and the adverse consequences of severe dystocia may compromise the dam. Collectively, these abnormalities have been referred to as ‘large offspring syndrome’ or ‘large calf syndrome’. Abnormal phenotypes resulting from IVP and SCNT embryos are stochastic in occurrence and they have not been consistently linked to aberrant expression of single genes or specific pathophysiology. Thus, reliable methods of early diagnosis of the condition are not yet available. The objective of this paper is to examine abnormal development of fetuses and placentas resulting from embryos produced using in vitro systems. The term ‘abnormal offspring syndrome (AOS)’ is introduced and a classification system of developmental outcomes is proposed to facilitate research efforts on the mechanisms of the various abnormal phenotypes. We also discuss potential genetic and physiologic mechanisms that may contribute to abnormal phenotypes following transfer of IVP and SCNT embryos.}, number={1}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Farin, PW and Piedrahita, JA and Farin, CE}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={178–191} }
 @article{miles_farin_rodriguez_alexander_farin_2005, title={Effects of embryo culture on angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas during early gestation}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.105.040808}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of undefined and semidefined culture systems for in vitro embryo production on angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas during early gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were recovered from superovulated Holstein cows and served as controls. Blastocysts produced in vitro were exposed to either serum-supplemented medium with cumulus cell coculture (in vitro-produced with serum; IVPS) or modified synthetic oviductal fluid medium without serum or coculture (mSOF). Single blastocysts from each production system were transferred into heifers. Fetuses and placentas were recovered on Day 70 of gestation. Cotyledonary tissues were obtained for quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) mRNA and protein. Samples of placentomes were prepared for immunocytochemistry and histological analysis. Placentas from the mSOF group were heavier and had the fewest placentomes, least placental fluid, and lowest placental efficiency (fetal weight/placental weight) compared with the in vivo and IVPS groups. There was no effect of embryo culture system on volume densities of fetal villi or maternal endometrium within placentomes. The volume density of fetal pyknotic cells was increased in placentomes in the mSOF group compared with the in vivo and IVPS groups. Placentomes in the mSOF group had decreased densities of blood vessels and decreased levels of VEGF mRNA in cotyledonary tissue. In conclusion, compared with placentas from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro using an undefined culture system, placentas from embryos produced in vitro using a semidefined culture system exhibited a greater degree of aberrant development of the placenta during early gestation.}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Miles, JR and Farin, CE and Rodriguez, KF and Alexander, JE and Farin, PW}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={663–671} }
 @article{miles_farin_rodriguez_alexander_farin_2004, title={Angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas in late gestation from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.104.031427}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on angiogenesis and morphometry of the bovine placenta during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were recovered from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained after culture of in vitro-matured and -fertilized Holstein oocytes. Single blastocysts from each production system were transferred into heifers. Fetuses and placentas were recovered on Day 222 of gestation (in vivo, n = 12; in vitro, n = 12). Cotyledonary and caruncular tissues were obtained for quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) mRNA and protein. Tissue sections of placentomes were prepared for morphometric analysis. Fetuses and placentas were heavier from embryos produced in vitro than from embryos produced in vivo. More placentas from embryos produced in vitro had an excessive volume of placental fluid. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNA for VEGF and PPARγ in either cotyledonary or caruncular tissues. The expression of VEGF protein in cotyledons and caruncles as well as the expression of PPARγ protein in cotyledons were not different between the in vitro and in vivo groups. However, caruncles from the in vitro group had increased expression of PPARγ protein. The total surface area of endometrium was greater for the in vitro group compared with controls. In contrast, the percentage placentome surface area was decreased in the in vitro group. Fetal villi and binucleate cell volume densities were decreased in placentomes from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional tissue volume of blood vessels in the maternal caruncles was increased in the in vitro group. Furthermore, the ratios of blood vessel volume density-to-placentome surface area were increased in the in vitro group. In conclusion, these findings are consistent with the concept that compensatory mechanisms exist in the vascular beds of placentas from bovine embryos produced in vitro.}, number={6}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Miles, JR and Farin, CE and Rodriguez, KF and Alexander, JE and Farin, PW}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1919–1926} }
 @article{dindot_farin_farin_romano_walker_long_piedrahita_2004, title={Epigenetic and genomic imprinting analysis in nuclear transfer derived Bos gaurus/Bos taurus hybrid fetuses}, volume={71}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod.103.025775}, abstractNote={Abstract Somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) in cattle is an inefficient process, whereby the production of calves is hindered by low pregnancy rates as well as fetal and placental abnormalities. Interspecies models have been previously used to facilitate the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within coding regions of genes to discriminate between parental alleles in the offspring. Here we report the use of a bovine interspecies model (Bos gaurus × Bos taurus) for the assessment and characterization of epigenetic modifications and genomic imprinting in Day 40-old female NT-derived fetuses and placenta. Analysis of NT and control pregnancies indicated disruption of genomic imprinting at the X inactivation-specific transcript (XIST) locus in the chorion, but not the fetus of clones, whereas proper allelic expression of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) and gene trap locus 2 (GTL2) loci was maintained in both the fetus and placenta. Analysis of the XIST differentially methylated region (DMR) in clones indicated normal patterns of methylation; however, bisulfite sequencing of the satellite I repeat element and epidermal cytokeratin promoter indicated hypermethylation in the chorion of clones when compared with controls. No differences were detected in methylation levels in the fetus proper. These results indicate that the nuclear transfer process affects gene expression patterns in the trophectoderm- and inner cell mass-derived tissues to different extents.}, number={2}, journal={Biology of Reproduction}, author={Dindot, S. V. and Farin, P. W. and Farin, C. E. and Romano, J. and Walker, S. and Long, C. and Piedrahita, J. A.}, year={2004}, pages={470–478} }
 @article{farin_miles_farin_2004, title={Pregnancy loss associated with embryo technologies in cattle}, volume={34}, ISBN={0225-9591}, number={1}, journal={Medecin Veterinaire du Quebec}, author={Farin, P. W. and Miles, J. R. and Farin, C. E.}, year={2004}, pages={62} }
 @article{crosier_farin_rodriguez_blondin_alexander_farin_2002, title={Development of skeletal muscle and expression of candidate genes in bovine fetuses from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0006-3363"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod67.2.401}, abstractNote={Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of in vitro embryo production on histological development and gene expression in the skeletal muscle of bovine fetuses during late gestation. Blastocysts produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Blastocysts produced in vitro were obtained from oocytes of Holstein cows that were matured and fertilized in vitro. Single blastocysts were transferred into heifers at a synchronized estrous and fetuses were recovered at Day 222 of gestation (n = 12 each for in vivo and in vitro). Samples of semitendinosus muscle were obtained for histological analysis and assessment of gene expression. Individual muscle sections were stained for the assessment of primary muscle fibers, secondary muscle fibers, or total muscle fibers. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for 5 different candidate genes. The ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber number was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro compared with fetuses from embryos produced in vivo. Similarly, the ratio of secondary-to-primary fiber volume density tended to be greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The proportional volume of tissue present between myofibrils was greater in fetuses from embryos produced in vitro. The expression of mRNA for myostatin was decreased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro group compared with controls. The expression of mRNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tended to be increased in skeletal muscle of fetuses in the in vitro treatment group. There was no effect of treatment on the expression of mRNAs for myf-5, myoD, or myogenin. In conclusion, in vitro production of embryos resulted in fetuses with altered development of skeletal muscle fibers. Myostatin was identified as the candidate gene whose expression may contribute to the observed changes in muscle development of these fetuses.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Crosier, AE and Farin, CE and Rodriguez, KF and Blondin, P and Alexander, JE and Farin, PW}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={401–408} }
 @article{farin_crosier_farin_2001, title={Influence of in vitro systems on embryo survival and fetal development in cattle}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00452-0}, abstractNote={In vitro systems are commonly used for the production of bovine embryos. Comparisons between in vivo and in vitro produced embryos illustrate that the morphology of preimplantation-stage embryos differ significantly, the survival of embryos and fetuses is decreased, the size distributions of the populations of conceptuses and fetuses are altered throughout gestation, and placental development is significantly changed. Taken together these findings indicate that exposure to some in vitro environments during the first 7 days of life can profoundly influence fetal and placental development in cattle. An understanding of how in vitro oocyte maturation, in vitro fertilization, and embryo culture systems influence both fetal and placental development should result in systems that consistently produce normal embryos, fetuses, and calves.}, number={1}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Farin, PW and Crosier, AE and Farin, CE}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={151–170} }
 @article{cavalieri_farin_kinder_van camp_whitacre_washburn_britt_2001, title={Ovarian follicular development following administration of progesterone or aspiration of ovarian follicles in Holstein cows}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00445-9}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to compare the effects of administration of a single injection of progesterone (P4) and follicle aspiration on Day 7 of the estrous cycle on the timing and synchrony of follicular wave emergence, time of ovulation, and concentrations of P4, estradiol and FSH in Holstein cows. Twenty cows were assigned to 4 groups (n=5 cows per group) in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement. Cows were treated on Day 7 (Day 0 = estrus) of the estrous cycle with either sham follicular aspiration and an oil vehicle administered intramuscularly (control), aspiration of ovarian follicles (aspiration), 200 mg of P4 im, or aspiration and 200 mg of P4 im (aspiration + P4). On Day 11, PGF(2alpha)(25mg) was administered to all groups. Synchrony of ovulation was less variable in each of the treatment groups compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas ovulation was delayed in cows in the P4 group (P<0.05). Day of follicular wave emergence was delayed in the cows of the P4 group compared with cows in the aspiration and aspiration + P4 groups (P<0.01), whereas variability in wave emergence was less among both groups of aspirated cows compared with the cows in the control group (P<0.01). More follicles 4 to 7 mm in diameter were detected in the 2 aspiration groups compared with the cows in the control and P4 group (P<0.05). No difference was detected among groups in the maximum concentration of FSH associated with follicular wave emergence. We conclude that both the administration of P4 and the aspiration of follicles on Day 7 of the estrous cycle improves the synchrony of ovulation when luteolysis is induced on Day 11 and results in similar concentrations of FSH at the time of follicular wave emergence, but the timing of wave emergence and the number of follicles post-emergence differ.}, number={3}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Cavalieri, J and Farin, PW and Kinder, JE and Van Camp, SD and Whitacre, MD and Washburn, SP and Britt, JH}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={805–821} }
 @article{crosier_farin_dykstra_alexander_farin_2001, title={Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0006-3363"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod64.5.1375}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro by using morphometric analysis. Blastocysts produced in vivo (multiple ovulations, MO) were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. For blastocysts produced in vitro, cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into one of three culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi, followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 168 hpi; and 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): mSOF + 0.6% BSA. At 168 hpi, six or seven grade 1 blastocysts from each of the four treatments (MO, IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF) were fixed and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Random micrographs of each blastocyst were used to determine the volume density of cellular components. Overall, as blastocysts progressed in development, the volume densities of cytoplasm and intercellular space decreased (P < 0.05) and the volume densities of mature mitochondria, nuclei, blastocoele, and apoptotic bodies increased (P < 0.05). Across treatments, the proportional volumes of nuclei and inclusion bodies were increased in inner cell mass cells compared with trophectoderm cells for mid- and expanded blastocysts. For blastocysts produced in vitro, the volume density of mitochondria was decreased (P < 0.05) as compared with that of blastocycts produced in vivo. The proportional volume of vacuoles was increased (P < 0.05) in blastocysts from the mSOF treatment as compared with blastocysts produced in vivo. For mid- and expanded blastocysts from all three in vitro treatments, the volume density of lipid increased (P < 0.05) and the volume density of nuclei decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those of blastocysts produced in vivo. In conclusion, blastocysts produced in vitro possessed deviations in volume densities of organelles associated with cellular metabolism as well as deviations associated with altered embryonic differentiation. However, the specific nature of these deviations varied with the type of culture conditions used for in vitro embryo production.}, number={5}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Crosier, AE and Farin, PW and Dykstra, MJ and Alexander, JE and Farin, CE}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={1375–1385} }
 @article{blondin_farin_crosier_alexander_farin_2000, title={In vitro production of embryos alters levels of insulin-like growth factor-II messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine fetuses 63 days after transfer}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0006-3363"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod62.2.384}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of embryo production systems on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II mRNA in fetal bovine tissues at Day 70 of gestation (63 days after transfer). Oocytes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. Zygotes were cultured in either tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS; in vitro-produced with serum [IVPS]) or TCM-199 + 1% BSA (in vitro-produced with serum restriction [IVPSR]). At 72 h postinsemination, IVPSR embryos were transferred into fresh TCM-199 + 10% ECS whereas IVPS embryos had fresh medium replaced. All embryos were cultured for an additional 96 h. In vivo-produced embryos were harvested from superovulated Holstein cows (multiple ovulations [MO]). Grade 1 blastocysts from all groups were transferred singly into Angus heifers. At Day 70 of gestation, fetuses (n = 14, 13, and 11 for MO, IVPS, and IVPSR, respectively) were collected; liver and skeletal muscle samples were snap frozen, and whole-cell RNA (wcRNA) was extracted. Levels of IGF-II mRNA were determined by RNase protection assay and quantified relative to 18S rRNA (mean arbitrary units ± SEM). WcRNA from adult and Day 90 fetal bovine liver were used as controls. Adult liver contained 9-fold less IGF-II mRNA than liver from Day 90 fetuses (P < 0.05). Fetal livers of males originating from IVPS and IVPSR groups possessed approximately 2-fold greater levels of mRNA for IGF-II than those from MO males (0.25 ± 0.07, 0.33 ± 0.04, and 0.14 ± 0.03, respectively; P < 0.05). Levels of mRNA for IGF-II tended to be lower (P = 0.07) in skeletal muscle of fetuses originating from the IVPSR group (0.043 ± 0.005) compared to MO controls (0.070 ± 0.008). In conclusion, at Day 70 of gestation, fetuses originating from in vitro production systems possessed altered levels of IGF-II mRNA in both liver and skeletal muscle.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Blondin, P and Farin, PW and Crosier, AE and Alexander, JE and Farin, CE}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={384–389} }
 @article{crosier_farin_dykstra_alexander_farin_2000, title={Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1459}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro using morphometric analysis. Compact morulae produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Compact morulae produced in vitro were obtained from cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows. The complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into 1 of 3 culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 144 hpi; 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): SOF + 0.6% BSA. At 144 hpi, five grade 1 compact morulae from each of the four treatments were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The volume density occupied by cellular components was determined by the point-count method using a sampling of seven to nine random micrographs from each compact morula. The volume density of lipid was greater (P < 0.05) in compact morulae from IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF treatments compared with those produced in vivo. There was a reduced proportional volume of total mitochondria in compact morulae from the IVPS treatment compared with those produced in vivo (P < 0.05). For compact morulae from the IVPS culture treatment, the volume density of vacuoles was greater than that for compact morulae produced in vivo (P < 0.05). The cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio for compact morulae from the IVPS treatment was increased (P < 0.05) compared with the ratio for those produced in vivo. In conclusion, compact morulae produced in vitro differed ultrastructurally from those produced in vivo. Compact morulae produced in IVPS culture medium possessed the greatest deviations in cellular ultrastructure.}, number={5}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Crosier, AE and Farin, PW and Dykstra, MJ and Alexander, JE and Farin, CE}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={1459–1465} }
 @article{cavalieri_farin_1999, title={Birth of a Holstein freemartin calf co-twinned to a schistosomus reflexus fetus}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0093-691X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00174-0}, abstractNote={An unusual case of a live Holstein freemartin calf co-twinned with schistosomus reflexus fetus is presented here. Delivery of the schistosomus reflexus was achieved by fetotomy 24 h after manual delivery of a live heifer calf. The dam subsequently experienced concurrent metritis and left displacement of the abomasum; however, she conceived following insemination 85 d post partum. Cytogenetic examination of the live heifer using lymphocyte culture and cutaneous fibroblast cell culture failed to demonstrate chromosomal chimerism, whereas polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the presence of the bovine Y-chromosome marker BRY-1. Low concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone at 3, 6, 24 and 48 h after administration of hCG were detected in the serum of the freemartin heifer. Genetic, hormonal, histological and clinical findings established the live female co-twin calf was a freemartin, an abnormality of phenotypic sex. Failure to detect any significant peripheral concentrations of androgen supports the hypothesis that masculinization of the freemartin reproductive tract arises from diffusion of androgen and possibly other substances from the male co-twin rather than from endogenous production of androgen within the freemartin. This report documents that the freemartin condition can be induced by a male fetus with severe developmental abnormalities.}, number={5}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Cavalieri, J and Farin, PW}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={815–826} }
 @article{blondin_farin_crosier_alexander_farin_1999, title={Does in vitro culture affect the expression of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) messenger RNA in fetal bovine liver?}, volume={60}, number={1999}, journal={Biology of Reproduction}, author={Blondin, P. and Farin, P. W. and Crosier, A. E. and Alexander, J. E. and Farin, C. E.}, year={1999}, pages={248–249} }
 @article{farin_slenning_britt_1999, title={Estimates of pregnancy outcomes based on selection of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0093-691X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00160-0}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to estimate the degree of variation among experienced evaluators selecting in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos for transfer and to determine how this affects both the proportion of recipients becoming pregnant after transfer, and the number of embryo transfers required per pregnancy. Data from 6 experienced evaluators who graded Day 7 embryos produced either in vivo (n = 15) or in vitro (n = 15) were used to estimate these effects. The evaluators viewed video recorded images of the embryos and classified each embryo for stage of development and quality grade (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = degenerated and nontransferable). The statistical model considered transfer of embryos of the following individual or combined grades: Grade 1 only, Grade 2 only, Grade 3 only, Grades 1 and 2, Grades 2 and 3, and Grades 1, 2 and 3. Probabilities of pregnancy after embryo transfer were based on pregnancy rates of recipients at the facility of 1 of the 6 evaluators where the percentages of heifers pregnant after the transfer of Grade 1, 2 and 3 embryos, by embryo source, were 76, 65 and 54% (in vivo), and 59, 45 and 30% (in vitro). Within most grades, the proportion of embryos selected for transfer differed (P < 0.05) among the 6 evaluators. Although no significant differences (P > 0.10) were found among evaluators in the proportion of recipients pregnant after transfer within any embryo grade, there was substantial variation among evaluators in the proportion of recipients becoming pregnant, especially for embryos produced in vitro. Estimated percentages of heifers becoming pregnant for embryos classified as Grade 1, 2 or 3 were 66 to 76, 62 to 69, and 54 to 60%, respectively, for in vivo-produced embryos; and, 39 to 59, 15 to 45, and 24 to 32%, respectively, for in vitro-produced embryos. Approximately twice as many transfers were needed per pregnancy for embryos produced in vitro as for those produced in vivo regardless of the grade.}, number={4}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Farin, PW and Slenning, BD and Britt, JH}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={659–670} }
 @article{farin_britt_shaw_slenning_1995, title={AGREEMENT AMONG EVALUATORS OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN-VIVO OR IN-VITRO}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0093-691X"]}, DOI={10.1016/0093-691X(95)00189-F}, abstractNote={Six experienced individuals evaluated 40 embryos on videotape for stage of development and quality grade. These 40 observations comprised 15 embryos produced in vivo, 15 embryos produced in vitro, and 10 embryos that were repeated throughout the videotape. Embryos produced in vivo were recovered from uterine flushings of superovulated heifers 7 d after estrus, and embryos produced in vitro were harvested 7 d after insemination of in vitromatured oocytes. Embryos of various stages (morulae, blastocysts, or degenerated) and quality grades (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = degenerated) were recorded on videotape for evaluation. After video microscopy, the embryos were stained and the number of nuclei per embryo was counted. Six evaluators reviewed the videotape and the percentage of agreement and kappa (k; agreement beyond chance) among evaluators were determined for classifications of stage and grade. Consistency of each evaluator's responses was estimated using the 10 repeated embryos. Agreement within evaluators was higher for stage of embryo development (89.2%) than quality grade (68.5%). Agreement among evaluators for stage was slightly higher with embryos produced in vivo (85.0%, k = 0.74) than in vitro (72.3%, k = 0.48). Agreement among evaluators for grade was similar with embryos from in vivo (61.0%, k = 0.46) and in vitro (57.7%, k = 0.42) production. For both sources of embryos, agreement was substantially better for Grades 1 and 4 than for Grades 2 and 3. The results of this study suggest that good to excellent agreement exists for classifying Day 7 bovine embryos by stage and by extremes of quality grade (Grades 1 and 4) but not by degree of abnormal morphology (Grades 2 and 3). Simple grading criteria of Grade 1 (highest quality), Grade 2 (morphologic defects), and Grade 3 (degenerated) maximized agreement among evaluators.}, number={3}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={FARIN, PW and BRITT, JH and SHAW, DW and SLENNING, BD}, year={1995}, month={Aug}, pages={339–349} }
 @article{farin_farin_1995, title={TRANSFER OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN-VIVO OR IN-VITRO - SURVIVAL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod52.3.676}, abstractNote={The objectives of the present experiment were to compare survival after transfer of bovine embryos produced in vivo with those produced in vitro and to examine the physical characteristics of fetuses produced from these transfers. Embryos produced in vivo (Holstein x Angus) were recovered from uterine flushings of superovulated heifers 7 days after first artificial insemination, and embryos produced in vitro (Holstein x beef breeds) were collected 7 days after insemination. Embryos were paired by source (in vivo, in vitro), stage (compact morula, blastocyst), and quality grade (excellent = 1, good = 2), and transferred nonsurgically to recipient heifers on Day 7 (+/- 1 day) of the estrous cycle. Pregnancy status was monitored by determination of serum progesterone concentrations, ultrasonography, and palpation through 7 mo of gestation, at which time fetuses were recovered. In comparison with grade 1 embryos produced in vivo, the risk of embryonic death after transfer was similar for grade 2 embryos produced in vivo (p = 0.56) and for grade 1 embryos produced in vitro (p = 0.88). By contrast, grade 2 embryos produced in vitro were at greater (p = 0.04) risk of embryonic death. Embryo loss was associated (p = 0.01) with increased serum concentrations of progesterone in recipients at the time of transfer. At 7 mo of gestation, fetuses from embryos produced in vitro were heavier (p = 0.02) than fetuses from embryos produced in vivo and had skeletal measurements that were disproportionate (p < or = 0.04) to body weight.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={FARIN, PW and FARIN, CE}, year={1995}, month={Mar}, pages={676–682} }
 @article{farin_slenning_correa_brit_1994, title={Effects of calving season and milk yield on pregnancy risk and income in North Carolina Holstein cows}, volume={77}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77126-5}, abstractNote={Effects of season of calving and milk yield and their potential interaction on days from calving to last breeding were investigated using survival analysis and an economic model in 2000 Holstein cows that calved during 1989 and 1990. The final Cox proportional hazards model included lactation number, calving season, and herdmate deviation FCM. The interval from calving to last breeding ranged from 40 to 570 d. Compared with cows that calved in fall, cows that calved in summer were two-thirds as likely to become pregnant. Conversely, cows calving in winter or spring were more likely to become pregnant. Milk yields beyond approximately 8025 kg lowered the risk of pregnancy. The interaction of season and yield was nonsignificant, suggesting that these factors may act independently to affect reproduction. Lower pregnancy rates associated with high yield were detected earlier postpartum than were lower rates associated with calving in summer. Within each season, higher yield offset the lower income over feed costs associated with poorer reproductive performance. Nevertheless, summer calving lowered income over feed costs per cow per year by $98, $2, $176, and $68 for low, medium to low, medium to high, and high yielding cows, respectively.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, author={Farin, P. W. and Slenning, B. D. and Correa, M. T. and Brit, J. H.}, year={1994}, pages={1848} }