Qianqian Cai

College of Engineering

Works (8)

Updated: January 21st, 2026 16:21

2026 article

Wearable Ultrasound Sensing With Dual Arrays and Machine Learning for Real-Time Tremor Characterization and Antagonist Muscle Monitoring

Xue, X., Moon, S., Ganesh, V., Cai, Q., Chu, Y., Schropp, E., … Jiang, X. (2026, January 1). IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 1.

By: X. Xue n, S. Moon n, V. Ganesh n, Q. Cai n, Y. Chu  n, E. Schropp n, D. Roque*, T. Garcia, N. Sharma , X. Jiang 

topics (OpenAlex): Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials; Neurological disorders and treatments; Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Sources: NC State University Libraries, NC State University Libraries, ORCID
Added: January 18, 2026

2024 article

Advancing Muscle Monitoring and Intervention: Wearable Ultrasound for Tremor Frequency Measurement and Real-Time Tissue Displacement Analysis

Xue, X., Moon, S., Ganesh, V., Cai, Q., Patel, A., Sharma, N., & Jiang, X. (2024, September 22). 2024 IEEE ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL JOINT SYMPOSIUM, UFFC-JS 2024.

By: X. Xue n, S. Moon n, V. Ganesh n, Q. Cai n, A. Patel n, N. Sharma n , X. Jiang n 

author keywords: ultrasound transducers; wearable transducers; muscle activities detection; functional electrical stimulation; tremor management; machine learning
topics (OpenAlex): Muscle activation and electromyography studies; Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: April 7, 2025

2024 article

Ultrasound-Compatible Electrode for Functional Electrical Stimulation

Moon, S., Xue, X., Ganesh, V., Shukla, D., Kreager, B. C., Cai, Q., … Jiang, X. (2024, August 2). Biomedicines, Vol. 12.

By: S. Moon n, X. Xue n, V. Ganesh n, D. Shukla n, B. Kreager n, Q. Cai n, H. Wu n, Y. Zhu n , N. Sharma n , X. Jiang n 

author keywords: body-conforming ultrasound-compatible electrode; functional electrical stimulation (FES); silver nanowire (AgNW) electrode; ultrasound (US); wearable ultrasound
topics (OpenAlex): Neurological disorders and treatments; Muscle activation and electromyography studies; Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries
Added: August 8, 2024

2023 article

Flexible Ultrasonic Transducers for Wearable Biomedical Applications: A Review on Advanced Materials, Structural Designs, and Future Prospects

Xue, X., Wu, H., Cai, Q., Chen, M., Moon, S., Huang, Z., … Jiang, X. (2023, November 16). IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol. 71, pp. 786–810.

By: X. Xue n, H. Wu n, Q. Cai n, M. Chen n, S. Moon n, Z. Huang *, T. Kim *, C. Peng * ...

author keywords: Transducers; Ultrasonic imaging; Biomedical imaging; Sensors; Acoustics; Piezoelectric materials; Biomedical monitoring; biomedical sensing; biomedical therapy; flexible electronics; flexible ultrasound; ultrasound transducers
MeSH headings : Transducers; Ultrasonography / methods; Ultrasonography / instrumentation; Humans; Wearable Electronic Devices; Equipment Design
topics (OpenAlex): Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials; Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies; Wireless Power Transfer Systems
TL;DR: This article comprehensively reviews the application of flexible ultrasound transducers in the field of biomedical imaging, sensing, and therapy and highlights some promising preliminary data with recent applications. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries
Added: January 28, 2024

2022 journal article

Inertial Measurement Unit-Assisted Ultrasonic Tracking System for Ultrasound Probe Localization

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 70(9), 920–929.

By: Q. Cai n, J. Hu*, M. Chen n, J. Prieto *, A. Rosenbaum *, J. Stringer *, X. Jiang n 

author keywords: Dynamic localization; inertial navigation; Kalman filters; motion measurement; ultrasonic tracking
topics (OpenAlex): Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies; Flow Measurement and Analysis; Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems
TL;DR: The proposed IMU-assisted US tracking system achieved centimeter-level positional tracking accuracy with the mean absolute error (MAE) of 12 mm and the MAE of orientational tracking was less than 1°. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries, Crossref
Added: October 2, 2023

2022 article

Recent Advances in Tracking Devices for Biomedical Ultrasound Imaging Applications

Peng, C., Cai, Q., Chen, M., & Jiang, X. (2022, October 29). Micromachines, Vol. 13.

By: C. Peng *, Q. Cai n, M. Chen n & X. Jiang n 

author keywords: tracking; ultrasound imaging; optical tracking; electromagnetic tracking; 3D ultrasound imaging; ultrasound-guided interventions; ultrasound image fusion
topics (OpenAlex): Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography; Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging; Surgical Simulation and Training
TL;DR: The basic tracking principles, system components, performance analyses, as well as the main sources of error for popular tracking technologies that are utilized in ultrasound imaging are discussed. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries
Added: November 28, 2022

2021 journal article

Performance Enhanced Ultrasound Probe Tracking With a Hemispherical Marker Rigid Body

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 68(6), 2155–2163.

By: Q. Cai n, C. Peng n, J. Lu *, J. Prieto *, A. Rosenbaum *, J. Stringer *, X. Jiang n 

author keywords: Three-dimensional displays; Cameras; Ultrasonic imaging; Target tracking; Probes; Imaging; Two dimensional displays; 3-D freehand ultrasound (US); marker configuration; occlusion; ultrasound probe tracking
MeSH headings : Motion; Phantoms, Imaging; Ultrasonography
topics (OpenAlex): Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography; Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis; Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies
TL;DR: A hemispherical marker rigid body to hold passive noncoplanar markers so that the markers could be identified by the camera, mitigating self-occlusion is proposed, and the enlarged rotational range provides greater freedom for sonographers while performing examinations. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, ORCID, NC State University Libraries, Crossref
Added: June 14, 2021

2021 article proceedings

Quantitative Study on Error Sensitivity in Ultrasound Probe Calibration with Hybrid Tracking

By: Q. Cai n, T. Wu n , J. Lu *, J. Prieto *, A. Rosenbaum*, J. Stringer *, X. Jiang n 

author keywords: 3D freehand ultrasound; spatial calibration; error sensitivity
topics (OpenAlex): Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography; Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments; Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging
TL;DR: A linear relationship was found between the perturbation in imaging plane motion estimation and the error caused in the calibration solution, which showed a good error tolerance for the hybrid tracking enabled US probe calibration. (via Semantic Scholar)
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Sources: Web Of Science, NC State University Libraries, Crossref
Added: August 15, 2022

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