@article{mielke_hussain_moisik_2023, title={Development of a new vowel feature from coarticulation: Biomechanical modeling of rhotic vowels in Kalasha}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1868-6354"]}, DOI={10.16995/labphon.9019}, abstractNote={Coarticulation is an important source of new phonological contrasts. When speakers interpret effects such as nasalization, glottalization, and rhoticization as an inherent property of a vowel, a new phonological contrast is born. Studying this process directly is challenging because most vowel systems are stable and phonological change likely follows along transitional period in which coarticulation is conventionalized beyond its mechanical basis. We examine the development of a new vowel feature by focusing on the emergence of rhotic vowels in Kalasha, an endangered Dardic (Indo-Aryan) language, using biomechanical and acoustic modeling to provide a baseline of pure rhotic coarticulation.Several features of the Kalasha rhotic vowel system are not predicted from combining muscle activation for non-rhotic vowels and bunched and retroflex approximants, including that rhotic back vowels are produced with tongue body fronting (shifting the backness contrast to principally a rounding contrast). We find that synthesized vowels that are about 30% plain vowel and 70% rhotic are optimal (i.e., they best approximate observed rhotic vowels and also balance the acoustic separation among rhotic vowels with the separation from their non-rhotic counterparts). Otherwise, dispersion is not generally observed, but the vowel that is most vulnerable to merger differs most from what would be expected from coarticulation alone.}, number={1}, journal={LABORATORY PHONOLOGY}, author={Mielke, Jeff and Hussain, Qandeel and Moisik, Scott R.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hussain_mielke_2023, title={Place typology and evolution of implosives in Indo-Aryan languages}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1613-415X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85146179316&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1515/lingty-2022-0040}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY}, author={Hussain, Qandeel and Mielke, Jeff}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hussain_mielke_2022, title={The emergence of bunched vowels from retroflex approximants in endangered Dardic languages}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2199-174X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85129890659&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1515/lingvan-2021-0022}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={LINGUISTICS VANGUARD}, author={Hussain, Qandeel and Mielke, Jeff}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hussain_mielke_2021, title={An acoustic and articulatory study of rhotic and rhotic-nasal vowels of Kalasha}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1095-8576"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85107133744&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.wocn.2020.101028}, abstractNote={Kalasha, an endangered Dardic language (Indo-Aryan), is described as having series of retroflex and retroflex-nasal vowels, each with five contrasting vowel qualities. This study provides the first articulatory description of these vowels using lingual ultrasound imaging, showing that the vowels described as retroflex are produced not with tongue tip retroflexion but with bunching of the tongue body. Relative to their non-rhotic counterparts, these rhotic vowels are produced with more retracted tongue root and tongue blade, and they exhibit tongue dorsum concavity, much like bunched rhotic vowels in other languages. The five-way quality contrast between rhotic vowels is achieved using lip rounding as well as differences in tongue dorsum height, backness, and tongue root retraction. The lingual differences are reduced in comparison to the non-rhotic vowels, as they are constrained by the articulatory gestures used to achieve rhoticity.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHONETICS}, author={Hussain, Qandeel and Mielke, Jeff}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hussain_2021, title={Fundamental Frequency and Phonation Differences in the Production of Stop Laryngeal Contrasts of Endangered Shina}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2226-471X"]}, DOI={10.3390/languages6030139}, abstractNote={Shina is an endangered Indo-Aryan (Dardic) language spoken in Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. The present study investigates the acoustic correlates of Shina’s three-way stop laryngeal contrast across five places of articulation. A wide range of acoustic correlates were measured including fundamental frequency (F0), spectral tilt (H1*-H2*, H1*-A1*, H1*-A2*, and H1*-A3*), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP). Voiceless aspirated stops were characterized by higher fundamental frequency, spectral tilt, and cepstral peak prominence, compared to voiceless unaspirated and voiced unaspirated stops. These results suggest that Shina is among those languages which have a raising effect of aspiration on the pitch and spectral tilt onsets of the following vowels. Positive correlations among fundamental frequency, spectral tilt, and cepstral peak prominence were observed. The findings of this study will contribute to the phonetic documentation of endangered Dardic languages.}, number={3}, journal={LANGUAGES}, author={Hussain, Qandeel}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hussain_2021, title={Phonetic correlates of laryngeal and place contrasts of Burushaski}, volume={126}, ISSN={["1872-7182"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.specom.2020.11.001}, abstractNote={Burushaski is an endangered language isolate spoken in Hunza, Nager, and Yasin valleys of Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. The present study investigates the acoustic correlates of Hunza Burushaski’s three-way stop laryngeal contrast (voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced unaspirated) across five places of articulation (bilabial, dental, retroflex, palatal, and velar). A wide range of acoustic correlates were measured, including Voice Onset Time (VOT), fundamental frequency (f0), first four formants (F1, F2, F3, and F4), spectral moments of stop release bursts (spectral center of gravity, spectral standard deviation, spectral skewness, and spectral kurtosis), and spectral tilt (H1*–H2*, H1*–A1*, H1*–A2*, and H1*–A3*). The data were collected from four Burushaski speakers. The findings indicated that voiceless aspirated consonants exhibited longer Voice Onset Time and higher spectral tilt onsets than their voiceless unaspirated and voiced unaspirated counterparts. The fundamental frequency was raised in both voiceless series. Some acoustic measures (e.g., Voice Onset Time and fundamental frequency) were better indicators of the laryngeal contrasts while others (spectral moments) more reliably distinguished the place contrasts. The results of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) showed that a combination of spectral tilt and Voice Onset Time are the best descriptors of the three laryngeal categories of Burushaski.}, journal={SPEECH COMMUNICATION}, author={Hussain, Qandeel}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={71–89} }
 @article{hussain_mielke_2020, title={An acoustic and articulatory study of laryngeal and place contrasts of Kalasha (Indo-Aryan, Dardic)}, volume={147}, ISSN={["1520-8524"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85097354967&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1121/10.0000999}, abstractNote={The Northwestern group of Indo-Aryan (Dardic) languages is generally known to have undergone consonantal shift, which resulted in the loss of voiced aspirated (VDA) stops and affricates of Sanskrit. Kalasha, an endangered Dardic language spoken in Chitral (Northern Pakistan), still preserves the Old Indo-Aryan four-way laryngeal system. The current study examines acoustic and articulatory correlates of Kalasha's four-way laryngeal contrast across places and manners of articulation, using lingual ultrasound-imaging and several acoustic measures. The analysis included the standard acoustic [voice onset time (VOT), after prevoicing interval (API), fundamental frequency onset, first four spectral moments] and articulatory (smoothing spline analysis of variance) measures, which capture laryngeal, place, and manner differences in consonants. The results showed that VOT reliably differentiated the four-way laryngeal contrast of Kalasha. VDA stops and affricates are characterized by shorter voicing lead VOT, higher API, and lower fundamental frequency onset than their voiced unaspirated (VDUA) counterparts. However, the first four spectral moments did not distinguish the two VDUA and VDA stop series. The tongue root retraction distinguishes the voiceless stops and affricates from the voiced ones.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Hussain, Qandeel and Mielke, Jeff}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={2873–2890} }
 @article{hussain_proctor_harvey_demuth_2020, title={Punjabi (Lyallpuri variety)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1475-3502"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0025100319000021}, abstractNote={Punjabi (Western, ISO-639-3 pnb) is an Indo-Aryan language (Indo-European, Indo-Iranian) spoken in Pakistan and India, and in immigrant communities in the UK, Canada, USA, and elsewhere. In terms of number of native speakers, it is ranked 10th among the world’s languages, with more than 100 million speakers (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016). Aspects of the phonology of different varieties of Punjabi have been described in Jain (1934), Arun (1961), Gill & Gleason (1962), Singh (1971), Dulai & Koul (1980), Bhatia (1993), Malik (1995), Shackle (2003), and Dhillon (2010). Much of this literature is focused on Eastern varieties, and the phonology of Western Punjabi dialects has received relatively less attention (e.g. Bahri 1962, Baart 2003, 2014).}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION}, author={Hussain, Qandeel and Proctor, Michael and Harvey, Mark and Demuth, Katherine}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={282–297} }
 @article{hussain_shinohara_2019, title={Partial devoicing of voiced geminate stops in Tokyo Japanese}, volume={145}, ISSN={["1520-8524"]}, DOI={10.1121/1.5078605}, abstractNote={Tokyo Japanese has a constraint against voiced geminate stops in its native lexicon. The present study investigates whether recently introduced word-medial voiced geminate stops [C1V1C(C)2V2] are differentiated from voiceless geminates and voiced singletons in terms of duration, voicing during closure, and spectral moments of stop release bursts. The findings suggest that the voiceless and voiced singleton stops were clearly differentiated by C2 duration. In contrast, C2 duration of the voiceless and voiced geminate stops was not significantly different. The devoicing of the word-medial stops was not only observed in voiced geminates, but voiced singletons also showed devoicing. The duration of the preceding vowel (V1) distinguished the voicing contrast in both singleton and geminate stops. The first four spectral moments of C2 stop release bursts did not distinguish the length and voicing contrasts in stops. These results indicate that, although word-medial voiced geminate stops are fully or partially devoiced, the Tokyo Japanese speakers lengthen the preceding vowels (V1) to maintain a voicing contrast. Production patterns of the voiced geminates are considered in relation to marginal or intermediate phonological contrast.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Hussain, Qandeel and Shinohara, Shigeko}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={149–163} }
 @article{hussain_2018, title={A typological study of Voice Onset Time (VOT) in Indo-Iranian languages}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1095-8576"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wocn.2018.09.011}, abstractNote={The stop consonants of Indo-Iranian languages are categorized into two to maximum five laryngeal categories. The present study investigates whether Voice Onset Time (VOT) reliably differentiates the word-initial stop laryngeal categories and how it covaries with different places of articulation in ten languages (two Iranian: Pashto and Wakhi; seven Indo-Aryan: Dawoodi, Punjabi, Shina, Jangli, Urdu, Sindhi, and Siraiki; and one Isolate: Burushaski). The results indicated that there was a clear VOT distinction between the voiceless unaspirated and voiceless aspirated stops. The voiceless unaspirated stops showed shorter voicing lag VOTs than voiceless aspirated stops. Voiced unaspirated, voiced aspirated, and voiced implosive stops were characterized by voicing lead VOTs. In the voiceless unaspirated and aspirated categories, palatal affricates showed the longest voicing lag VOT due to the frication interval of this stop type. In contrast, voiceless unaspirated retroflex stops were characterized by the shortest voicing lag VOT. There were no clear place differences in the voiceless aspirated, voiced unaspirated, voiced aspirated, and voiced implosive categories. The findings of the current study suggest that VOT reliably differentiates the stop consonants of all the languages that contrast two (voiceless unaspirated vs. voiced unaspirated: Pashto and Wakhi) or three (voiceless unaspirated vs. voiceless aspirated vs. voiced unaspirated: Burushaski, Dawoodi, Punjabi, and Shina) laryngeal categories. However, VOT does not consistently distinguish the stop consonants of languages (Jangli, Urdu, Sindhi, and Siraiki) with contrastive voiced unaspirated, voiced aspirated, and voiced implosive categories.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHONETICS}, author={Hussain, Qandeel}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={284–305} }