@article{watkins_poole_youssef_moursi_vann_heiniger_2024, title={E FFECTS OF SHALLOW SURFACE DRAINAGE DITCHES W ITH CONTROLLED SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE M ANAGEMENT ON CROP YIELDS IN NORTH CAROLINA}, volume={67}, ISSN={["2769-3287"]}, DOI={10.13031/ja.15537}, abstractNote={Highlights Shallow surface ditches with controlled subsurface drainage (SD) increased corn and soybean yields in eight of nine growing seasons compared to conventional drainage. The SD system increased corn yields on average by 0.4 Mg/ha, or 4% (0.7 Mg/ha, or 6.6%, excluding 2016). The SD system increased soybean yields on average by 0.5 Mg/ha, or 14.3%. Abstract. Agricultural drainage in the coastal areas of North Carolina (NC) is commonly achieved through large trapezoidal-shaped ditches. The coastal region of NC has limited topographic relief (slopes < 1%) with poorly drained soils that can cause substantial issues with surface water ponding during high-intensity or long-duration precipitation events without some form of surface drainage. Installation of large free flowing surface ditches (FD) with field crowning improves the drainage intensity but can create negative consequences such as over drainage and side slope scouring within the ditch. Large open ditches remove tillable land from production and serve as a primary transport pathway for pollutants. An alternative drainage design (SD) has been implemented that decreases the size of the surface ditches, limiting their drainage effect to only surface water and potentially improving equipment trafficability. The smaller ditches, installed with precision grade equipment, are placed on a grade sufficient to direct surface flow while keeping soil movement to a minimum. Lateral subsurface drainage tiles are installed to provide subsurface drainage and are connected to a main tile line operated with an outlet control structure for controlled drainage (CD). This study evaluates the crop yield and water table effects of the SD system compared to FD over nine crop seasons from 2014-2022. The SD treatment increased yield in eight of the nine crop seasons overall, four of five corn (Zea mays L.) crops, and all four soybean (Glycine max L.) crops. Overall, SD increased corn yields by 0.4 Mg/ha or 4% (0.7 Mg/ha or 6.6% with the exclusion of 2016) and soybean yields by 0.5 Mg/ha (14.3%). The effects of SD on crop yield and water table show that the system can be utilized to improve crop health and provide better management of cropland for producers. Keywords: Corn Yield, Drainage Water Management, Soybean Yield, Surface Drainage, Water Table.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ASABE}, author={Watkins, Mitchell L. and Poole, Chad and Youssef, Mohamed A. and Moursi, Hossam and Vann, Rachel and Heiniger, Ron}, year={2024}, pages={349–361} }
 @article{alfaro-wisaquillo_ali_patino_oviedo-rondon_vann_joseph_2024, title={Variations in soybean nutritional and anti-nutritional quality based on location and planting dates}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1365-2621"]}, DOI={10.1111/ijfs.17241}, abstractNote={Summary Soybeans ( Glycine max ) are a preferred source of plant‐based proteins and oil in various applications in foods and feeds. When soybean is converted to soybean meal (SBM), the quality is determined by the protein content and its digestibility. Protein digestibility is reduced by anti‐nutritional factors like trypsin inhibitors (TI) and processing. The abundant genetic variations in soybean germplasm affect the quantitative trait of protein content. This study analysed the effect of location and planting dates on genetically identical soybeans grown in North Carolina (NC) and then compared the nutritional traits to similar commonly grown soybean varieties in other locations in the USA. The soybeans were analysed using NIRS and wet chemistry. It was found that soybean protein content ranged from 38.14% to 44.92% among the different varieties grown in three different locations in NC. Similarly, TI levels ranged between 28.22 and 33.11 mg g −1 among these varieties. The same varieties, when planted as either a full season or double crop, had different TI levels and were also impacted by planting location. However, there were no significant differences in the TI levels between the varieties and planting seasons. Furthermore, no significant difference in protein content among the varieties within the planting dates was found. Compared to soybeans grown in other parts of the USA, the average crude protein (CP) content was similar to those grown in Arkansas and Minnesota. The TI levels were significantly higher than those grown in Ohio, similar to that of Arkansas, and significantly lower than that of Minnesota.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Alfaro-Wisaquillo, Maria Camila and Ali, Muhammad and Patino, Danny and Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar Orlando and Vann, Rachel and Joseph, Michael}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{morales_gatiboni_osmond_vann_kulesza_crozier_hardy_2023, title={Critical soil test values of phosphorus and potassium for soybean and corn in three long-term trials in North Carolina}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20491}, DOI={10.1002/saj2.20491}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Morales, Nelida Agramont and Gatiboni, Luke and Osmond, Deanna and Vann, Rachel and Kulesza, Stephanie and Crozier, Carl and Hardy, David}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{tilley_jordan_vann_gatiboni_heiniger_stevens_ambrose_2023, title={Influence of planting pattern on corn response to sub-surface drip irrigation}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20247}, abstractNote={Core Ideas}, number={2}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Tilley, M. Scott and Jordan, David L. and Vann, Rachel A. and Gatiboni, Luke and Heiniger, Ronnie W. and Stevens, Brian and Ambrose, Derek}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{almeida_correndo_ross_licht_casteel_singh_naeve_vann_bais_kandel_et al._2023, title={Soybean yield response to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in the United States: contribution of soil N and N fixation processes}, volume={145}, ISSN={["1873-7331"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.eja.2023.126791}, abstractNote={Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the most important legume grown worldwide. The effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on seed yield is commonly studied in the United States (US). However, soybean yield response to fertilization remains inconsistent, partly due to the lack of standardized field designs and a better understanding of the plant nutrition processes underpinning yield formation. The aims of this study were to assess the i) seed yield, (ii) plant N status (as N nutrition index, NNI), (iii) the contribution of N fixation, and (iv) the uncertainties on i), ii), and iii) in response to N-S fertilization using a uniform protocol across environments. Twenty-six trials in twelve US states tested five fertilization strategies that combined N and S at varying rates and timings. Using Bayesian statistics, seed yield response to fertilizer, NNI, and contribution of N fixation were analyzed at site and treatment levels providing both magnitude of responses and estimation of their uncertainties. From the significance of responses on seed yield, sites were split into two groups: non-responsive (18 sites) and responsive (8 sites). The NNI, ratio of the actual to the critical plant N concentration, was calculated to diagnose soybean N deficiency, and the N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa, %) as N fixation contribution were investigated to better understand the source of plant N across all sites. Roughly for three-fourths of the sites, fertilization resulted in an unlikely (non-responsive) yield effect, with uncertainties ranging from 0.09 to 2.62 Mg ha−1. The other one-third of the sites were mainly responsive to S or both N + S, with the yield responses ranging from − 0.42–1.1 Mg ha−1 and uncertainties varying from 0.47 to 1.36 Mg ha−1. For the yield responsive sites, NNI presented a high proportion of deficiency (NNI<1) for most of the treatments, except for the “Full” signaling to a potential for yield response. Likewise, only 6% of the changes in Ndfa were not related to the treatment “Full”, and regardless of the seed yield response to fertilization, within the same site, soil and N fixation showed similar contributions to plant N demand. Due to the high uncertainty in treatment response and contribution of N fixation, N fertilization is unlikely to increase yields, leading to non-profitable recommendations. Sulfur deficiency, on the other hand, should be explored under site-specific conditions. A decision support system should include appropriate diagnosis methods for identifying N and S deficiencies, such as NNI in soybean. Attainable maximum Ndfa did not appear to be affected by fertilization but largely varying depending on the site. Future research should assess the role of soil and meteorological variables underpinning N fixation and soil N, along with the impact on seed quality composition, as a critical trait for this crop.}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY}, author={Almeida, Luiz Felipe A. and Correndo, Adrian and Ross, Jeremy and Licht, Mark and Casteel, Shaun and Singh, Maninder and Naeve, Seth and Vann, Rachel and Bais, Jose and Kandel, Hans and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{burns_kulesza_vann_woodley_2022, title={Effects of Nitrogen Source and Rate on Soybean Yield and Quality}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.2118299}, DOI={10.1080/00103624.2022.2118299}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The poultry industry in North Carolina (NC) has increased substantially over the past few decades, which has led to widespread availability of poultry litter. While many grain producers in NC utilize litter in their fertilization programs, it is typically applied to the corn or wheat crops that are in the rotation with soybean, instead of directly prior to soybeans. However, there is interest in application to soybean. Therefore, three field sites were established across NC in both 2019 and 2020, with four replicates of 11 treatments: four litter rates (22.4, 44.8, 89.7 and 134.5 Mg/hectare), six inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (16.8, 33.6, 67.3, 134.5, 201.8, and 269.0 kg N/hectare), and a control. The impact of these treatments on biomass production, tissue N, plant population, yield, and grain quality were investigated. There was no significant effect on yield in 2019; however, there was a significant effect on yield in 2020, showing a negative correlation with inorganic N fertilizer in Plymouth and a 22% reduction in yield over the range of inorganic N treatments. It is possible there was an increased salt effect in these plots, as there was a negative response in plant population at five of six site years. While there was a positive correlation between grain protein and increasing inorganic N rate, growers are not paid based on grain quality. The results of this study suggest N application at planting is not beneficial for growers, but litter could be applied to meet soybean phosphorus or potassium demands.}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Burns, Joseph and Kulesza, Stephanie and Vann, Rachel and Woodley, Alex}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{schug_reisig_huseth_thrash_vann_2022, title={Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Thresholds and Yield Compensation Between Soybeans with Determinate and Indeterminate Growth Habits}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac119}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toac119}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Schug, Hayden and Reisig, Dominic and Huseth, Anders and Thrash, Ben and Vann, Rachel}, editor={Jabbour, RandaEditor}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{brooks_mourtzinis_conley_reiter_gaska_holshouser_irby_kleinjan_knott_lee_et al._2022, title={Soybean yield response to sulfur and nitrogen additions across diverse US environments}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21216}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Brooks, Keren and Mourtzinis, Spyridon and Conley, Shawn P. and Reiter, Mark S. and Gaska, John and Holshouser, David Lee and Irby, Trent and Kleinjan, Jonathan and Knott, Carrie and Lee, Chad and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{gross_vann_woodley_jordan_2022, title={Winter crop effect on soybean production in the Southeast United States}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20950}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20950}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gross, MaKayla R. and Vann, Rachel Atwell and Woodley, Alex L. and Jordan, David}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{tilley_jordan_heiniger_vann_crozier_gatiboni_2021, title={A survey of twin-row cropping systems in North Carolina}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20099}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Tilley, M. Scott and Jordan, David L. and Heiniger, Ronnie W. and Vann, Rachel and Crozier, Carl R. and Gatiboni, Luke}, year={2021} }
 @article{gross_vann_brown_formella_gibbs_gurganus_heiniger_hurry_jordan_leary_et al._2021, title={Agronomic management of early maturing soybeans in North Carolina}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20122}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Gross, MaKayla Raquel and Vann, Rachel and Brown, Austin and Formella, Adam and Gibbs, Andrea and Gurganus, Rod and Heiniger, Ryan and Hurry, Jarette and Jordan, David and Leary, Matthew and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_castillo_murphy_martins_mirsky_saha_mcgee_2021, title={Differences among eighteen winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use in the southeastern United States}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20355}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Vann, Rachel A. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Castillo, Miguel S. and Murphy, J. Paul and Martins, Lais B. and Mirsky, Steven B. and Saha, Uttam and McGee, Rebecca J.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={947–965} }
 @article{matcham_vann_lindsey_gaska_lilley_ross_wright_knott_lee_moseley_et al._2021, title={Foliar fertilizers rarely increase yield in United States soybean}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20889}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Matcham, Emma G. and Vann, R. Atwell and Lindsey, Laura E. and Gaska, John M. and Lilley, Dylan T. and Ross, W. Jeremy and Wright, David L. and Knott, Carrie and Lee, Chad D. and Moseley, David and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{morris_vann_heitman_collins_heiniger_2021, title={Maximizing soybean yield by understanding planting date, maturity group, and seeding rate interactions in North Carolina}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20603}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Morris, Tristan C. and Vann, Rachel A. and Heitman, Josh and Collins, Guy D. and Heiniger, Ryan W.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{morris_vann_collins_heitman_kulesza_2021, title={Planting date and maturity group impact on soybean seed quality in the southeastern United States}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20913}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Morris, Tristan C. and Vann, Rachel A. and Collins, Guy D. and Heitman, Joshua and Kulesza, Stephanie B.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vann_drake-stowe_buol_dunphy_2021, title={Production practices that maximize soybean yield: What we have learned from the North Carolina soybean yield contest}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20728}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Vann, Rachel A. and Drake-Stowe, Katherine and Buol, Greg S. and Dunphy, E. Jim}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hare_jordan_edmisten_leon_post_vann_dunphy_heiniger_collins_washburn_2020, title={Response of agronomic crops to planting date and double-cropping with wheat}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20164}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20164}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hare, Andrew T. and Jordan, David L. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Leon, Ramon G. and Post, Angela R. and Vann, Rachel and Dunphy, E. James and Heiniger, Ronnie and Collins, Guy and Washburn, Derek}, year={2020}, pages={1972–1980} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_castillo_mcgee_mirsky_2019, title={Winter Pea, Crimson Clover, and Hairy Vetch Planted in Mixture with Small Grains in the Southeast United States}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2018.03.0202}, abstractNote={Core Ideas

Legume and small grain cover crops are combined in mixture to provide N fertility and weed suppression for the following cash crop.
In environments where winter pea growth is not restricted by cold, winter pea can produce as much biomass in mixture with small grains as crimson clover and hairy vetch.
Hairy vetch was the most competitive legume with the small grains across environments and restricted small grain biomass production.
The variability in total biomass composition across environments in this study demonstrates the importance of site specific cover crop species selection and mixture seeding rate recommendations.
}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Vann, R. A. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Castillo, M. S. and McGee, R. J. and Mirsky, S. B.}, year={2019}, pages={805–815} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_crozier_place_2018, title={Effect of Soybean Maturity, Crimson Clover Seeding Method, and Seeding Rate on Clover Biomass and Nitrogen Content}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2018.02.0118}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Crimson clover seeding following the last cultivation of soybeans in July into MG3 to MG5 soybeans did not result in any substantial crimson clover growth in both years.
After harvest seeding into MG3 and MG4 soybean and aerial seeding into MG4 and MG5, soybean produced substantial clover N content ranging from 76 to 107 kg ha−1.
After harvest seeding behind MG5 soybeans reduced clover N content because late cover crop establishment restricted biomass production.
Seeding rate had no effect on clover biomass, clover N content, or corn yield for both drilled and aerially‐seeded crimson clover.
}, number={5}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Vann, R. A. and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Crozier, C. R. and Place, G. T.}, year={2018}, pages={1829–1835} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_edmisten_york_2018, title={Implications of cereal rye/crimson clover management for conventional and organic cotton producers}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.06.0246}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Cereal rye/crimson clover cover crop mixtures can be used for weed suppression and soil moisture conservation in cotton production.Cover crop management at cotton planting can influence cotton emergence, weed suppression, and soil moisture dynamics.Cotton emergence declined when cotton was planted directly into standing cover crop and without row cleaners engaged, but this reduction did not affect cotton lint yield.Soil temperature was reduced and soil moisture was increased by the presence of a cover crop mulch regardless of cover crop residue management strategy at cotton planting.Cover crop residue management did not affect cotton lint yield when herbicides were used, indicating that conventional producers have flexibility in terminating cover crops and residue management at cotton planting.
}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Edmisten, K.L. and York, A.C.}, year={2018}, pages={621–631} }
 @article{saha_vann_reberg-horton_castillo_mirsky_mcgee_sonon_2018, title={Near-infrared spectroscopic models for analysis of winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) quality constituents}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1097-0010"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85049802740&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/jsfa.8947}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE}, author={Saha, Uttam and Vann, Rachel A. and Reberg-Horton, S. Chris and Castillo, Miguel S. and Mirsky, Steven B. and McGee, Rebecca J. and Sonon, Leticia}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={4253–4267} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_castillo_mirsky_mcgee_2018, title={Winter pea genotype screening for grain crop production in the southeastern USA}, volume={110}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Castillo, M.S. and Mirsky, S.B. and McGee, R.J.}, year={2018}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{wallace_williams_liebert_ackroyd_vann_curran_keene_vangessel_ryan_mirsky_2017, title={Cover crop-based, organic rotational no-till corn and soybean production systems in the mid-Atlantic United States}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture7040034}, abstractNote={Cover crop-based, organic rotational no-till (CCORNT) corn and soybean production is becoming a viable strategy for reducing tillage in organic annual grain systems in the mid-Atlantic, United States. This strategy relies on mechanical termination of cover crops with a roller-crimper and no-till planting corn and soybean into cover crop mulches. Here, we report on recent research that focuses on integrated approaches for crop, nutrient and pest management in CCORNT systems that consider system and regional constraints for adoption in the mid-Atlantic. Our research suggests that no-till planting soybean into roller-crimped cereal rye can produce consistent yields. However, constraints to fertility management have produced less consistent no-till corn yields. Our research shows that grass-legume mixtures can improve N-release synchrony with corn demand and also improve weed suppression. Integration of high-residue inter-row cultivation improves weed control consistency and may reduce reliance on optimizing cover crop biomass accumulation for weed suppression. System-specific strategies are needed to address volunteer cover crops in later rotational phases, which result from incomplete cover crop termination with the roller crimper. The paucity of adequate machinery for optimizing establishment of cash crops into thick residue mulch remains a major constraint on CCORNT adoption. Similarly, breeding efforts are needed to improve cover crop germplasm and develop regionally-adapted varieties.}, journal={Agriculture}, author={Wallace, J.M. and Williams, A. and Liebert, J.A. and Ackroyd, V.J. and Vann, R.A. and Curran, W.S. and Keene, C.L. and VanGessel, M.J. and Ryan, M.R. and Mirsky, S.B.}, year={2017} }
 @article{vann_york_cahoon_buck_askew_seagroves_2017, title={Effect of delayed dicamba plus glufosinate application on Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control and XtendFlexTM cotton yield}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2017.71}, abstractNote={Glufosinate controls glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, but growers struggle to make timely applications. XtendFlexTMcotton, resistant to dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate, may provide growers an option to control larger weeds. Palmer amaranth control and cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality were evaluated in a rescue situation created by delaying the first POST herbicide application. Treatments consisted of two POST applications of dicamba plus glufosinate, separated by 14 d, with the first application timely (0-d delay) or delayed 7, 14, 21, or 28 d. All treatments included a layby application of diuron plus MSMA. Palmer amaranth, 14 d after first POST, was controlled 99, 96, 89, 75, and 73% with 0-, 7-, 14-, 21-, or 28-d delays, respectively. Control increased following the second application, and the weed was controlled at least 94% following layby. Cotton yield decreased linearly as first POST application was delayed, with yield reductions ranging from 8 to 42% with 7- to 28-d delays. Delays in first POST application delayed cotton maturity but did not affect fiber quality.}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Vann, R.A. and York, A.C. and Cahoon, C.W., Jr. and Buck, T.B. and Askew, M.C. and Seagroves, R.W.}, year={2017}, pages={633–640} }
 @article{vann_york_cahoon_buck_askew_seagroves_2017, title={Glufosinate plus dicamba for rescue Palmer amaranth control in XtendFlexTM cotton}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2017.68}, abstractNote={Cotton growers commonly use glufosinate-based programs to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth must be small (≤7.5 cm) for consistent control by glufosinate, and growers often miss the optimum application timing. XtendFlex™cotton may provide growers a tool to control larger Palmer amaranth. Glufosinate, dicamba, and glufosinate plus dicamba were compared for Palmer amaranth control in a rescue situation. Herbicides were applied to 16- to 23-cm weeds (POST-1) followed by a second application (POST-2) 12 d later. Glufosinate-ammonium at 590 g ai ha−1plus dicamba diglycolamine salt at 560 g ae ha−1POST-1 followed by glufosinate plus dicamba POST-2 was more effective than glufosinate at 880 g ha−1POST-1 followed by glufosinate at 590 g ha−1POST-2 or dicamba alone applied twice. Following a directed layby application of glyphosate, diuron, andS-metolachlor 14 d after POST-2, Palmer amaranth was controlled 99% by any system containing dicamba or glufosinate plus dicamba POST-1 followed by dicamba, glufosinate, or glufosinate plus dicamba POST-2 compared with 87% to 91% control by glufosinate alone applied twice. Cotton height and number of main stem nodes at layby were reduced in systems with dicamba only POST-1 followed by dicamba or glufosinate plus dicamba POST-2, presumably due to competition from the slowly dying Palmer amaranth with dicamba only POST-1. These treatments also delayed cotton maturity and reduced lint yield compared with systems containing glufosinate plus dicamba at POST-1.}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Vann, R.A. and York, A.C. and Cahoon, C.W., Jr. and Buck, T.B. and Askew, M.C. and Seagroves, R.W.}, year={2017}, pages={666–674} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_poffenbarger_zinati_moyer_mirsky_2017, title={Starter fertilizer for managing cover crop-based organic corn}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2016.09.0506}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Grass and legume cover crops are combined for weed and fertility management.
A cereal rye and hairy vetch mixture provided more than 7500 kg ha−1 biomass.
Additional fertility is necessary to maximize cover‐crop based organic corn yield.
Subsurface banding feather meal is an option to increase organic corn yield.
If cover crop biomass is low, providing adequate N fertility is critical for yield.
}, number={5}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Poffenbarger, H.J. and Zinati, G.M. and Moyer, J.B. and Mirsky, S.B.}, year={2017}, pages={2214–2222} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_brinton_2016, title={Row spacing and seeding rate effects on canola population, weed competition and yield in winter organic canola production}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2016.02.0097}, abstractNote={Increasing seeding rate and widening row spacing to allow for between row cultivation may reduce weed competition in organic canola (Brassica napus L.) production. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of row spacing and seeding rate on canola population, weed competition, and yield in organic canola production. Canola variety Hornet was planted at five seeding rates (3.4, 6.7, 10.1, 13.4, and 16.8 kg ha−1) at three row spacings (17, 34, 68 cm) in Goldsboro, Kinston, and Salisbury, NC, in 2011 and 2012. Between row cultivation was performed in the 68‐cm row spacing as weather permitted. Canola population increased with increasing seeding rate across all row spacings, and canola populations were highest with the 17‐cm row spacing, followed by the 34‐ then 68‐cm row spacings. Yield was similar across row spacings at the lower seeding rates in five of the six environments. At these environments, yield tended to increase in the 17‐cm row spacing as seeding rate increased but declined in the 68‐cm row spacing with increasing seeding rate. In one environment with a unique weed community, weed suppression and yield were higher with the 68‐cm row spacing. It was concluded that the yield plasticity of canola will provide producers flexibility in selecting row spacing, and seeding rate selections should be based on desired row spacing.}, number={6}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Brinton, C.M.}, year={2016}, pages={2425–2432} }