@article{petrella_levit_fesmire_tang_sano_2022, title={Polymer Nanoparticles Enhance Irreversible Electroporation In Vitro}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1558-2531"]}, DOI={10.1109/TBME.2022.3143084}, abstractNote={Expanding the volume of an irreversible electroporation treatment typically necessitates an increase in pulse voltage, number, duration, or repetition. This study investigates the addition of polyethylenimine nanoparticles (PEI-NP) to pulsed electric field treatments, determining their combined effect on ablation size and voltages. U118 cells in an in vitro 3D cell culture model were treated with one of three pulse parameters (with and without PEI-NPs) which are representative of irreversible electroporation (IRE), high frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE), or nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF). The size of the ablations were compared and mapped onto an electric field model to describe the electric field required to induce cell death. Analysis was conducted to determine the role of PEI-NPs in altering media conductivity, the potential for PEI-NP degradation following pulsed electric field treatment, and PEI-NP uptake. Results show there was a statistically significant increase in ablation diameter for IRE and H-FIRE pulses with PEI-NPs. There was no increase in ablation size for nsPEF with PEI-NPs. This all occurs with no change in cell media conductivity, no observable degradation of PEI-NPs, and moderate particle uptake. These results demonstrate the synergy of a combined cationic polymer nanoparticle and pulsed electric field treatment for the ablation of cancer cells. These results set the foundation for polymer nanoparticles engineered specifically for irreversible electroporation.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Petrella, Ross A. and Levit, Shani L. and Fesmire, Christopher C. and Tang, Christina and Sano, Michael B.}, year={2022}, month={Jul}, pages={2353–2362} }
 @article{sano_fesmire_petrella_2021, title={Electro-Thermal Therapy Algorithms and Active Internal Electrode Cooling Reduce Thermal Injury in High Frequency Pulsed Electric Field Cancer Therapies}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1573-9686"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10439-020-02524-x}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Sano, Michael B. and Fesmire, Christopher C. and Petrella, Ross A.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={191–202} }
 @article{petrella_fesmire_kaufman_topasna_sano_2020, title={Algorithmically Controlled Electroporation: A Technique for Closed Loop Temperature Regulated Pulsed Electric Field Cancer Ablation}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1558-2531"]}, DOI={10.1109/TBME.2019.2956537}, abstractNote={Objective: To evaluate the effect of a closed-loop temperature based feedback algorithm on ablative outcomes for pulsed electric field treatments. Methods: A 3D tumor model of glioblastoma was used to assess the impact of 2 μs duration bipolar waveforms on viability following exposure to open and closed-loop protocols. Closed-loop treatments evaluated transient temperature increases of 5, 10, 15, or 22 °C above baseline. Results: The temperature controlled ablation diameters were conditionally different than the open-loop treatments and closed-loop treatments generally produced smaller ablations. Closed-loop control enabled the investigation of treatments with steady state 42 °C hyperthermic conditions which were not feasible without active feedback. Baseline closed-loop treatments at 20 °C resulted in ablations measuring 9.9 ± 0.3 mm in diameter while 37 °C treatments were 20% larger (p Conclusion: A closed-loop control algorithm which modulated the delay between successive pulse waveforms to achieve stable target temperatures was demonstrated. Algorithmic control enabled the evaluation of specific treatment parameters at physiological temperatures not possible with open-loop systems due to excessive Joule heating. Significance: Irreversible electroporation is generally considered to be a non-thermal ablation modality and temperature monitoring is not part of the standard clinical practice. The results of this study indicate ablative outcomes due to exposure to pulses on the order of one microsecond may be thermally mediated and dependent on local tissue temperatures. The results of this study set the foundation for experiments in vivo utilizing temperature control algorithms.}, number={8}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Petrella, Ross Aaron and Fesmire, Christopher C. and Kaufman, Jacob D. and Topasna, Nomi and Sano, Michael B.}, year={2020}, pages={2176–2186} }
 @article{sano_petrella_kaufman_fesmire_xing_gerber_fogle_2020, title={Electro-thermal therapy: Microsecond duration pulsed electric field tissue ablation with dynamic temperature control algorithms}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1879-0534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103807}, abstractNote={Abstract Electro-thermal therapy (ETT) is a new cancer treatment modality which combines the use of high voltage pulsed electric fields, dynamic energy delivery rates, and closed loop thermal control algorithms to rapidly and reproducibly create focal ablations. This study examines the ablative potential and profile of pulsed electric field treatments delivered in conjunction with precise temperature control algorithms. An ex vivo perfused liver model was utilized to demonstrate the capability of 5000 V 2 μs duration bipolar electrical pulses and dynamic temperature control algorithms to produce ablations. Using a three applicator array, 4 cm ablation zones were created in under 27 min. In this configuration, the algorithms were able to rapidly achieve and maintain temperatures of 80 °C at the tissue-electrode interface. A simplified single applicator and grounding pad approach was used to correlate the measured ablation zones to electric field isocontours in order to determine lethal electric field thresholds of 708 V/cm and 867 V/cm for 45 °C and 60 °C treatments, respectively. These results establish ETT as a viable method for hepatic tumor treatment with ablation profiles equivalent to other energy based techniques. The single applicator and multi-applicator approaches demonstrated may enable the treatment of complex tumor geometries. The flexibility of ETT temperature control yields a malleable intervention which gives clinicians robust control over the ablation modality, treatment time, and safety profile.}, journal={COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE}, author={Sano, Michael B. and Petrella, Ross A. and Kaufman, Jacob D. and Fesmire, Christopher C. and Xing, Lei and Gerber, David and Fogle, Callie A.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{fesmire_petrella_fogle_gerber_xing_sano_2020, title={Temperature Dependence of High Frequency Irreversible Electroporation Evaluated in a 3D Tumor Model}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1573-9686"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10439-019-02423-w}, number={8}, journal={ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Fesmire, Christopher C. and Petrella, Ross A. and Fogle, Callie A. and Gerber, David A. and Xing, Lei and Sano, Michael B.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={2233–2246} }