@article{bonilla_rasdorf_liu_al-ghandour_he_2023, title={Inequity Reduction in Road Maintenance Funding for Municipalities}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X221130047}, DOI={10.1177/1087724X221130047}, abstractNote={ State transportation agencies distribute funding to eligible municipalities to maintain local roads in a safe condition based on their permanent population and street mileage. However, some municipalities experience an exceedingly high seasonal population that is unaccounted for and thus, they are not receiving equitable funding. To better understand seasonal population and mitigate its impact, this paper evaluates equity and affordability in funding allocation, explores how to estimate seasonal population, suggests a method to improve the current allocation, and identifies practical strategies to reduce disproportionate funding distribution. Three funding allocation strategies were developed and a need-based funding allocation approach was identified to be an equitable solution to help municipalities improve local street conditions based on their needs while subject to constraints on funding availability. This approach allows municipalities to address seasonal population increases without negatively impacting funds for municipalities that do not experience fluctuations in their population. }, number={3}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Bonilla, Minerva and Rasdorf, William and Liu, Min and Al-Ghandour, Majed and He, Chuanni}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={339–362} }
 @article{westbrook_rasdorf_2023, title={LED Traffic Signal Repair and Replacement Practices}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, DOI={10.3390/su15010808}, abstractNote={Upgrading traffic signal systems from incandescent bulbs to LED modules over the last two decades has vastly improved the sustainability of this ubiquitous transportation asset. Recent technological upgrades have extended the warrantied life of these assets from 5 years to 15 years. With these advancements, it is vital that prioritization be given to sustainable operations and maintenance strategies which take advantage of the extended lifespan and continued reduction in energy consumption of LED modules. One major limiting factor in determining these strategies is that the service life of new 15-year-warrantied LED modules is currently unknown. Through available literature, this paper identifies the expected service life of 5-year-warrantied LED modules, commonly used from the early 2000s to 2022, as a baseline for comparison. Literature also provides insight into current Inspection, Repair, and Replacement practices. Interviews with manufacturers provide insight into current and future lifespan expectations. Finally, feedback from active transportation agencies provides examples of current practices in the absence of official national guidance, of which there is little. Understanding the current state of practice and expectations for the future will allow for the development of a repair and replacement guideline, ultimately taking maximum advantage of these advancements in sustainable technology.}, number={1}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Westbrook, Morgan and Rasdorf, William}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{liu_han_rasdorf_2022, title={Assessment and Prediction of Impact of Flight Configuration Factors on UAS-Based Photogrammetric Survey Accuracy}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2072-4292"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164119}, DOI={10.3390/rs14164119}, abstractNote={Recent advances in computer vision and camera-equipped unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for 3D modeling enable UAS-based photogrammetry surveys with high spatial-temporal resolutions. To generate consistent and high-quality 3D models using UASs, understanding how influence factors (i.e., flight height, image overlap, etc.) affect the 3D modeling accuracy and their levels of significance are important. However, there is little to no quantitative analysis that studies how these influence factors interact with and affect the accuracy when changing the values of the influence factors. Moreover, there is little to no research that assesses more than three influence factors. Therefore, to fill this gap, this paper aims to evaluate and predict the accuracy generated by different flight combinations. This paper presents a study that (1) assessed the significance levels of five influence factors (flight height, average image quality, image overlap, ground control point (GCP) quantity, and camera focal lengths), (2) investigated how they interact and impact 3D modeling accuracy using the multiple regression (MR) method, and (3) used the developed MR models for predicting horizontal and vertical accuracies. To build the MR model, 160 datasets were created from 40 flight missions collected at a site with a facility and open terrain. For validating the prediction model, five testing datasets were collected and used at a larger site with a complex building and open terrain. The results show that the findings of this study can be applied to surveyors’ better design flight configurations that result in the highest accuracies, given different site conditions and constraints. The results also provide a reasonable prediction of accuracy given different flight configurations.}, number={16}, journal={REMOTE SENSING}, author={Liu, Yajie and Han, Kevin and Rasdorf, William}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bonilla_rasdorf_liu_al-ghandour_he_2022, title={Inequity Reduction in Road Maintenance Funding for Municipalities}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/I087724X221130047}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Bonilla, Minerva and Rasdorf, William and Liu, Min and Al-Ghandour, Majed and He, Chuanni}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{machado_rasdorf_2020, title={Analysis of Three Sign Management Program Case Studies}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/1087724X19862285}, abstractNote={ Traffic signs play a major role on the national highway system because they provide users with important information such as warnings, regulations, and directions. To ensure sign visibility at night, the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) requires transportation agencies to meet minimum sign retroreflectivity levels through a sign maintenance program. To better understand current trends, the researchers conducted an extensive literature search that showed that expected sign life and nighttime inspection are the most used methods, followed by blanket replacement. The literature does not typically discuss how these methods are implemented. Thus, the research team also contacted three of the four largest state-maintained highway systems in the United States (North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina) to discuss sign maintenance programs, implementation issues, and best practices. The authors describe in this article the findings and conclusions drawn from these case studies that may help other agencies improve their sign maintenance practices. }, number={1}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Machado, Patricia and Rasdorf, William}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={51–74} }
 @article{rasdorf_machado_2020, title={Simulation-Based Analysis of Sign Blanket Replacement Strategies}, volume={2674}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.1177/0361198119898110}, abstractNote={ Transportation agencies are responsible for maintaining traffic signs, a critical part of any transportation network, in a satisfactory condition. This is achieved by the implementation of sign maintenance and replacement strategies. This paper presents the results of a sign replacement simulation model based on the Blanket Replacement method. Although the case study described here was based on North Carolina (NC) sign data, its results provide insights for all transportation agencies about effective practices that result in cost-efficient sign replacement strategies. The authors found that daytime inspections reduce the number of unsatisfactory signs while having little effect on cost. Grace periods were found to be efficient in reducing costs. Longer replacement cycles (e.g., 20 years) that consider daytime inspections and a grace period resulted in more cost-efficient strategies than those with shorter replacement cycles (e.g., 10 years). }, number={1}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Rasdorf, William and Machado, Patricia}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={57–67} }
 @article{gabr_rasdorf_findley_butler_bert_2018, title={Closure to "Comparison of Three Retaining Wall Condition Assessment Rating Systems" by Mohammed A. Gabr, William Rasdorf, Daniel J. Findley, Cedrick J. Butler, and Steven A. Bert}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000447}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Butler, Cedrick J. and Bert, Steven A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lewis_karimi_shan_rasdorf_2018, title={Comparing the economic, energy, and environmental impacts of biodiesel versus petroleum diesel fuel use in construction equipment}, volume={15}, ISSN={1557-8771 1550-3984}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2018.1483982}, DOI={10.1080/15578771.2018.1483982}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Advocates for biodiesel claim that it is a clean, renewable, and cost effective fuel that provides economic and environmental benefits while easing the energy impacts of petroleum diesel; however, these claims are often anecdotal in nature and may not be based on empirical data. This paper presents the results of a case study that analyzes the economic, energy, and environmental impacts of biodiesel versus petroleum diesel fuel use in construction equipment. Using real world data, statistical comparisons were performed on a fleet of backhoes, motor graders, and wheel loaders. Hypothesis testing was used to determine whether or not there was a statistically significant difference between B20 and petroleum diesel in fuel prices, fuel use rates, and emissions rates. Scatterplots were developed to show how the two fuels are related to each other. Results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the national average prices of B20 and petroleum diesel; however, there were statistically significant differences between B20 and petroleum diesel for fuel use rates and emissions rates. It was concluded that B20 has slightly higher economic and energy impacts than petroleum diesel, but B20 did show potential for lower emissions rates for some pollutants.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Construction Education and Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lewis, Phil and Karimi, Boshra and Shan, Yongwei and Rasdorf, William}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={276–290} }
 @article{gabr_rasdorf_findley_butler_bert_2018, title={Comparison of Three Retaining Wall Condition Assessment Rating Systems}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032731264&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000403}, abstractNote={AbstractIn general, the nature of permanent earth retaining structures (ERSs) in highway engineering is well suited to the concept of asset management as a valuable tool for operational efficiency ...}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Butler, Cedrick J. and Bert, Steven A.}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{rasdorf_almalki_2018, title={Highway Asset Deterioration Rates}, volume={2672}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.1177/0361198118781136}, abstractNote={ This paper is about highway asset deterioration rates. Typically, these are difficult to determine. However, using a data collection method adopted in North Carolina (and the resulting data obtained over a 5-year timespan), an approach was developed to determine accurate deterioration rates for several highway assets. This was not previously done, and thus, deterioration was not included as a factor in estimating future maintenance needs for these assets despite the ready availability of the necessary data. This paper focuses on unpaved shoulders and outlines how their deterioration rates were obtained and how such rates can also be obtained for other assets. The resulting deterioration rates are presented and compared over various road systems and geographical regions. With this new knowledge, deterioration rates can now be included in life cycle asset analysis, resulting in more accurate condition predictions and maintenance budgeting. The paper focuses on highway assets and does not address bridge or pavement maintenance. }, number={12}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Rasdorf, William and Almalki, Ali}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={179–186} }
 @article{yeom_rasdorf_rouphail_schroeder_2018, title={Simulation of Work Zones with Lane Closures in Proximity of Freeway Interchanges}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1941-1197"]}, DOI={10.1109/MITS.2018.2842027}, abstractNote={The paper provides methodologies for microscopic simulation modelling of freeway work zones with lane closures in the proximity of interchanges. In addition, the research presents simulation results using calibrated modelling parameters to determine the capacity available for mainline flow under various operating conditions. The results will help researchers or practitioners with designing and studying freeway work zone sites under various lane configurations using better estimates of delays and queue sizes in the proximity of interchanges. Additionally, a 2 to 1 on-ramp merge condition was explored to predict the merge ratios under both demand and service flow conditions. The paper illustrates how ramp demand affects the share of segment capacity available to mainline traffic to reveal strategies for controlling this demand (via ramp metering for example) in order to maintain a prescribed freeway capacity through the work zone. The overall study result indicates the degree to which the presence of a work zone with lane closures decreases the proportion of mainline flow and shows the degree to which differences in work zone lane configurations affect merge and weave scenarios.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MAGAZINE}, author={Yeom, Chunho and Rasdorf, William and Rouphail, Nagui and Schroeder, Bastian}, year={2018}, pages={184–195} }
 @article{hummer_arocho_rasdorf_2017, title={Approach to Assessing Tradeoffs between Construction Equipment Fleet Emissions and Cost}, volume={143}, ISSN={["1943-7862"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001255}, abstractNote={AbstractThe environmental effects of construction equipment emissions have been studied in previous research. Total emissions for construction activities and projects were previously calculated for...}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Hummer, Joseph E. and Arocho, Ingrid and Rasdorf, William}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @article{rasdorf_machado_hummer_kaber_zahabi_lau_pankok_2017, title={Driver Accuracy in Identifying Food and Attraction Targets on Business Logo Signs Impacts of Driver Age, Number of Panels, Logo Familiarity, and Logo Format}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2624-02}, abstractNote={ The standard business logo sign found along North Carolina highways contains six logos, in accordance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. As the population grows, the demand for business is increasing. Shifting from six-panel business logo signs to nine-panel signs would afford more businesses the opportunity to advertise in areas of high demand. The effects that such a change may have on the driving population are analyzed. Factors such as a driver’s age and familiarity with logos and logo format are taken into consideration. A change in the format of business logo signs is proposed not only to move from six to nine panels but also to improve the effectiveness of existing business logo signs. }, number={2624}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Rasdorf, William and Machado, Patricia and Hummer, Joseph E. and Kaber, Dave and Zahabi, Maryam and Lau, Mei and Pankok, Carl}, year={2017}, pages={9–17} }
 @article{zahabi_machado_lau_deng_pankok_hummer_rasdorf_kaber_2017, title={Driver performance and attention allocation in use of logo signs on freeway exit ramps}, volume={65}, ISSN={0003-6870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.06.001}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of driver age, ramp signage configuration, including number of panels, logo format and sign familiarity, on driver performance and attention allocation when exiting freeways. Sixty drivers participated in a simulator study and analysis of variance models were used to assess response effects of the controlled manipulations. Results revealed elderly drivers to demonstrate worse performance and conservative control strategies as compared to middle-aged and young drivers. Elderly drivers also exhibited lower off-road fixation frequency and shorter off-road glance durations compared to middle-aged and young drivers. In general, drivers adopted a more conservative strategy when exposed to nine-panel signs as compared to six-panel signs and were more accurate in target detection when searching six-panels vs. nine and with familiar vs. unfamiliar logos. These findings provide an applicable guide for agency design of freeway ramp signage accounting for driver demographics.}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Machado, Patricia and Lau, Mei Ying and Deng, Yulin and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={70–80} }
 @article{yeom_hajbabaie_rouphail_rasdorf_schroeder_2017, title={Freeway work zone free-flow speed model development}, volume={87}, number={11}, journal={ITE Journal}, author={Yeom, C. and Hajbabaie, A. and Rouphail, N. M. and Rasdorf, W. and Schroeder, B. J.}, year={2017}, pages={38–44} }
 @article{lewis_rasdorf_2017, title={Fuel Use and Pollutant Emissions Taxonomy for Heavy Duty Diesel Construction Equipment}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-5479"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000484}, abstractNote={AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a taxonomy of fuel use and pollutant emissions rates for heavy duty diesel (HDD) equipment to assist equipment managers in estimating the energy and environmental effects of their fleets. Diesel fuel is the primary energy source for HDD equipment. Without it, the equipment is inoperable and nonproductive. Estimating fuel requirements can be extremely difficult because of high variability in published fuel consumption rates. Moreover, equipment publications provide no insight into pollutant emissions rates. The taxonomy was based on real-world fuel consumption and emissions data collected from in-use equipment. An engine modal analysis was conducted on the data to categorize it by engine load. Weighted average fuel use and pollutant emissions rates were calculated based on the results of the engine modal analysis. The taxonomy presents weighted average fuel use and emissions rates according to equipment type; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) engine-tier ...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING}, author={Lewis, Phil and Rasdorf, William}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @article{zahabi_pankok_kaber_machado_lau_hummer_rasdorf_2017, title={On-Road Visual Sign Salience, Driver Attention Allocation, and Target Detection Accuracy}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2663-06}, abstractNote={Previous studies have empirically assessed the effect of on-road signage on driver distraction and attention allocation through eye-tracking measures and driving simulations. However, state and federal agencies might be able to make use of simpler approaches to determining the potential visual load of on-road signs. This study compared different on-road signage (food, gas and attraction, and distance guide signs) with respect to visual salience, assessed the effect of the number of panels and logo format on signage salience, and analyzed associations between salience values for different sign types with target detection accuracy and off-road glance duration. Visual salience of signs was measured with the salience using the natural statistics (SUNs) method. For correlation analyses between sign salience, attention allocation, and detection accuracy, a sample of 120 drivers participated in two driving simulation studies. Results revealed food business signs, containing all pictorial logos, to be more salient than gas and attraction and distance guide signs. In addition, results revealed that increasing the number of sign panels from six to nine significantly increased visual salience. It was also found that attraction signs including all pictorial logos were more salient than signs with text-based logos. Results did not reveal statistically significant relationships between visual salience and attention allocation. In addition, there was no significant correlation between target detection accuracy and visual salience for various sign types. Future work with a higher sign-sampling rate is needed to assess whether the SUNs method is a useful measure for determining if roadway sign salience is a driving factor in distraction.}, number={2663}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David B. and Machado, Patricia and Lau, Mei Ying and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William}, year={2017}, pages={40–47} }
 @article{zahabi_machado_pankok_lau_liao_hummer_rasdorf_kaber_2017, title={The role of driver age in performance and attention allocation effects of roadway sign count, format and familiarity}, volume={63}, ISSN={0003-6870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.04.001}, abstractNote={White-on-blue logo signs are used to inform drivers of food, gas, lodging, and attraction businesses at highway interchanges. In this study, 60 drivers were asked to look for food and attraction targets on logo signs while driving in a realistic freeway simulation. The objective of the study was to quantify effects of the number of sign panels (six vs. nine), logo familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar), logo format (text vs. pictorial), and driver age (young, middle, and elderly) on performance, attention allocation and target identification accuracy. Results revealed elderly drivers to exhibit worse performance in comparison to middle-age and young groups even though they adopted a more conservative driving strategy. There was no significant effect of the number of panels, logo familiarity, and logo format on driver performance or attention allocation. In target identification, drivers were more accurate with familiar or text-based panels appearing in six-panel signs.}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Machado, Patricia and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Lau, Mei Ying and Liao, Yi-Fan and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={17–30} }
 @article{arocho_rasdorf_hummer_lewis_2017, title={Time and cost characterisation of emissions from non-road diesel equipment for infrastructure projects}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1939-7046"]}, DOI={10.1080/19397038.2016.1218569}, abstractNote={Abstract The construction process contributes to pollutant emissions, particularly through the operation of diesel- and gasoline-powered equipment. In the past decade, a series of investigations were undertaken to quantify these emissions for a variety of non-road construction equipment performing different activities and undergoing different duty cycles, and a model to estimate quantities of six types of pollutant was developed. This paper uses that model to estimate emissions for four street and utility construction projects which no one has done previously. We combined information from company records with standard construction industry manuals to estimate total emissions for the projects and to examine the pollution patterns and magnitudes. The street construction projects all had similar emission profiles with a large peak at the beginning and a steady output of emissions throughout the duration of the project. For example, in two of the projects studied, half of all CO2 emissions were produced before the projects were 40% completed. Results showed that demolition and earthwork are the activities with the largest contribution. The equipment types with the largest contribution are backhoes, front-end loaders, bulldozers and trenchers. Trenchers, for example, produced 30% of all emissions on the projects on which they were used.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING}, author={Arocho, Ingrid and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph and Lewis, Phil}, year={2017}, pages={123–134} }
 @inproceedings{almalki_rasdorf_pilson_arnold_whitley_2016, title={An infrastructure maintenance funding framework for a transportation agency}, DOI={10.1061/9780784479827.144}, abstractNote={Asset management (AM) is currently a key focus area for many transportation agencies. AM helps transportation departments improve their maintenance process, have better budget allocation strategies, and extend the useful life of their infrastructure at a lower cost. All state department of transportation's (DOTs) are looking for innovative ways to manage their infrastructure assets to obtain the best return for each dollar spent. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) collects roadway condition data (through sampling) from a random set of 0.1 mile segments of the road network to evaluate the condition of different asset features against certain thresholds to estimate the need for maintenance and to determine how to allocate maintenance funding. NCDOT’s maintenance management system (MMS) is used to determine expenditures to maintain assets, assess asset condition rating improvement due to each expenditure, forecast future condition ratings, and determine optimal funding and spending plans for each maintenance activity. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive framework for assessing road asset condition and allocating funding for asset condition maintenance. The framework seeks to maximize condition rating while minimizing cost based on NCDOT budget constraints.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2016: Old and New Construction Technologies Converge in Historic San Juan}, author={Almalki, A. and Rasdorf, W. and Pilson, C. and Arnold, J. and Whitley, M.}, year={2016}, pages={1435–1444} }
 @article{vereen_rasdorf_hummer_2016, title={Development and Comparative Analysis of Construction Industry Labor Productivity Metrics}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1943-7862"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001112}, abstractNote={AbstractConstruction industry labor productivity is an important metric that provides feedback about industry level trends and improvements. However, labor productivity for the construction industry has historically been elusive to define and determine both qualitatively and quantitatively. Existing research studies have provided different methods to calculate productivity at a variety of levels (activity, project, industry), but none proved universally satisfying. This paper presents a new metric for quantifying productivity that was developed using RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data, which is a source that is reliable, repeatable, and developed from consistent and accurate data sources. The metric was developed using labor and cost information from a sample of typical construction activities. The study results showed a slightly sporadic, but consistent productivity decline in both output per labor hour and per dollar cost from 1990 through 2008. Other metrics were selected from existing research st...}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Vereen, Stephanie C. and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2016}, month={Jul} }
 @article{rasdorf_butler_findley_gabr_bert_2016, title={Framework for Defining Asset Features to Monitor and Assess Earth-Retaining Structures}, volume={2579}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85014465205&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2579-02}, abstractNote={ Permanent earth-retaining structures (ERSs), including retaining walls, have been systematically managed, inventoried, and assessed by several government organizations, including the City of Cincinnati, Ohio; the Oregon and Pennsylvania Departments of Transportation; and the Central Federal Lands Highway Division of FHWA (for the National Park Service). For a comprehensive ERS asset management program, a careful evaluation of the structural health, criticality, and risk of ERSs is essential for proper management (preservation, rehabilitation, or replacement) of these aging assets. However, many transportation agencies struggle with the evaluation and incorporation of risk in their ERS management programs. This study addressed the development of a framework that would evaluate risk and would define its relationship to ERS condition (likelihood of failure) and ERS criticality (consequence of failure). A methodology for relating risk to routine inspection cycles for ERSs and remedial actions for those in distress is proposed. }, number={2579}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, publisher={Transportation Research Board}, author={Rasdorf, William and Butler, Cedrick J. and Findley, Daniel J. and Gabr, Mohammed A. and Bert, Steven A.}, year={2016}, pages={8–16} }
 @article{butler_gabr_rasdorf_findley_chang_hammit_2016, title={Retaining Wall Field Condition Inspection, Rating Analysis, and Condition Assessment}, volume={30}, ISSN={0887-3828 1943-5509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000785}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000785}, abstractNote={In the past, highway retaining walls were assets that were often excluded from inventory programs and were regarded as noncritical or lost assets. With the recognition that wall failures may be detrimental to the roadway and the surroundings and may pose potential hazards to the safety of the public, several highway agencies have begun to incorporate retaining walls into their inventory and inspection programs. Work in this paper addresses the development of a system for the inventory and condition assessment of retaining walls serving various functions within the highway infrastructure. Critical elements of data collection are identified and a retaining wall information collection and assessment system (WICAS) is proposed. WICAS is designed such that data can be readily collected in the field. A condition assessment model is also proposed and is used to define a retaining wall rating metric. The rating system is designed so that those elements of a wall that are deemed to be in critical distress conditions are readily identified and not overlooked through the presentation of an overall average rating for the entire wall.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Butler, Cedrick J. and Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Hammit, Britton E.}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @article{yeom_rouphail_rasdorf_schroeder_2016, title={Simulation guidance for calibration of freeway lane closure capacity}, number={2553}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Yeom, C. and Rouphail, N. M. and Rasdorf, W. and Schroeder, B. J.}, year={2016}, pages={82–89} }
 @article{kaber_pankok_corbett_ma_hummer_rasdorf_2015, title={Driver behavior in use of guide and logo signs under distraction and complex roadway conditions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2014.09.005}, abstractNote={White-on-blue logo signs on the sides of highways are typically used to notify drivers of food, gas, and lodging at an upcoming interchange. The current research assessed driver performance and attention allocation in a simulated freeway driving task when exposed to six-panel logo signs, nine-panel logo signs, mileage guide signs, and roadway work zones both with and without an in-car navigation device. The objective was to identify the impact of signage types on driver behavior under realistic driving conditions. Results revealed glance durations and fixation frequencies to guide signs to be significantly lower than with six-panel and nine-panel logo signs, but no differences were found between six-panel and nine-panel logo signs. There were also statistical differences among the independent variables for speed deviation and lane deviation, but magnitudes were not large enough to be considered practically significant in terms of driving safety. Overall, there were minor differences in sign processing time between logo signs and mileage guide signs, but such differences did not translate to degradations in vehicle control.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Kaber, David and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Corbett, Brendan and Ma, Wenqi and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{pankok_kaber_rasdorf_hummer_2015, title={Effects of Guide and Logo Signs on Freeway Driving Behavior}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2518-10}, abstractNote={ In the United States, white-on-blue highway logo signs are typically used to notify drivers of food, gas, and lodging at an upcoming interchange, whereas green guide signs are used to notify drivers of the distance to upcoming cities and roadways. This study assessed driver performance and attention allocation during simulated interstate freeway driving when drivers were exposed to six-panel logo signs, nine-panel logo signs, and green guide signs. The results revealed that glance durations and fixation frequencies to green guide signs were significantly lower than they were for six-panel and nine-panel logo signs; however, no differences were found between six-panel and nine-panel logo signs. There were statistical differences between the independent variables for speed deviation and lane deviation, but the magnitudes of difference were not considered practically significant for driving safety. Overall, minor differences in sign processing time between logo signs and green guide signs did not translate into degradations in vehicle control. }, number={2518}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph}, year={2015}, pages={73–78} }
 @inproceedings{vereen_hummer_rasdorf_2014, title={Development of an Industry Level Productivity Metric for the Construction Industry}, ISBN={9780784413517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413517.082}, DOI={10.1061/9780784413517.082}, abstractNote={Construction industry labor productivity is an important metric that provides feedback about task, project, and industry level trends and improvements. However, labor productivity for the construction industry historically has been elusive to define, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Existing research studies and methods have provided different calculation methods at a variety of levels (task, project, industry), but none proved universally satisfying. This study generated a new metric using RS MeansBuilding Construction Cost Data. The metric was derived using labor and cost information from a sample of RS Means' construction activities. The sampled data were indexed and combined to generate labor productivity metrics (output per labor hour and output per labor cost). The research findings present a construction industry productivity metric based on RS Means' data that is reliable, repeatable, and developed from a consistent and accurate data source. The study results showed a slightly sporadic but consistent decline in both output per labor hour and cost from 1990 through 2012. With this new metric, construction professionals now will be able to analyze industry level productivity by means of a commonly used industry reference manual.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2014}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Vereen, Stephanie and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{arocho_rasdorf_hummer_2014, title={Methodology to Forecast the Emissions from Construction Equipment for a Transportation Construction Project}, ISBN={9780784413517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413517.057}, DOI={10.1061/9780784413517.057}, abstractNote={The objective of initiating sustainability principles is to build structures with reduced environmental effects. The success of achieving this objective usually is measured during the operations and maintenance phases of the project. However, the effect of the construction phase itself, particularly that of construction equipment, is sometimes overlooked. This paper presents a methodology to forecast emissions during construction, thereby providing a chance to quantify construction emissions and develop strategies to mitigate them. The methodology is demonstrated for a road construction project that includes utility work. The methodology forecasts the quantity of pollutants emitted by construction vehicles and equipment and the fuel used based on project characteristics, such as cost and total area of pavement. Data were obtained from the contractor, RS Means, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The pollutants addressed include CO₂, NOₓ, hydrocarbons, CO, particulate matter, and SO₂. The results of this research show that demolition activities are the largest contributors to emissions. They also show that front-end loaders and backhoe loaders produce significantly greater emissions than some other equipment types. Construction and design professionals can use the results from this research to forecast emissions and fuel use during the planning and design phases of projects.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2014}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Arocho, Ingrid and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{findley_hummer_rasdorf_laton_2013, title={Collecting Horizontal Curve Data: Mobile Asset Vehicles and Other Techniques}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1076-0342"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000316563500008&KeyUID=WOS:000316563500008}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000107}, abstractNote={Mobile asset data collection vehicles can provide transportation agencies with inventories of various roadway and roadside elements containing location information, element type, and condition data. Horizontal curves are of interest to agencies because they have been shown to be hazardous roadway components and have potential for mobile data collection concurrently with other roadway elements. The cost of manually acquiring horizontal curvature data to develop an inventory can be prohibitive for many agencies, so understanding the applicability of a mobile asset data collection effort for curves is important. The objective of this work was to study the ability of multiple commercial roadway inventory vehicles and to compare them to other methods for determining the geometric characteristics of horizontal curves. The comparison is based on data from three commercial vendors of roadway asset inventory data on a 38.8-km (24.1-mi) course in central North Carolina. Among the 16 curves studied, at least one vendor was within 10% of the radius value found with the manual chord method for six of the curves and within 25% for 13 of the curves. Only three curves had a larger radius variant. For the length measurements of the 16 curves, at least one vendor was within 10% of the length from the chord method for eleven of the curves and within 25% for fifteen of the curves. Only one curve had a larger length variant. The mobile vehicle vendors provided more accurate and consistent curve length measurements than radius measurements. Agencies that consider using mobile data collection vehicles for horizontal alignments should understand the limitations of each horizontal curve estimating technique and the changes that can occur in the radius within the curve. Collaborating with vendors to define the changes in roadway alignment that constitute a curve, the associated beginning and ending of the curve, and geometric characteristics can provide agencies the most appropriate data to meet their needs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William and Laton, Brian T.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={74–84} }
 @article{zhang_harris_rogers_kaber_hummer_rasdorf_hu_2013, title={Driver distraction and performance effects of highway logo sign design}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.009}, abstractNote={Driver distraction and safety concerns have been identified for new highway logo sign configurations. This study assessed driver perception of logo signs and distraction under nine-panel, overflow-combination, or standard six-panel formats. A nine-panel sign has nine business panels within a single sign; a six-panel sign has six panels within a sign; an overflow-combination consists of a standard six-panel sign and a six-panel sign displaying two different services (e.g., food and gas). In this study, twenty-four participants searched for target food business logos while driving in a high-fidelity driving simulation under each signage condition. Gas and lodging signs were also displayed along the road in conventional six-panel formats. Dependent variables included signal detection, visual attention allocation, and vehicle control measures. Experiment results showed nine-panel signs drew greater visual attention and produced lower average speed than overflow-combination signs, and produced a lower speeding percentage compared to six-panel signs. However, there was no evidence the new configurations (nine-panel and overflow) caused substantive performance changes with safety implications. This study suggested the use of nine-panel and overflow-combination logo signs may be suitable for interchanges where there are more than six qualifying businesses in a category in terms of driver performance and safety.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Harris, Elizabeth and Rogers, Meghan and Kaber, David and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Hu, Jia}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={472–479} }
 @article{hollar_rasdorf_liu_hummer_arocho_hsiang_2013, title={Preliminary Engineering Cost Estimation Model for Bridge Projects}, volume={139}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000668}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000668}, abstractNote={AbstractThis paper addresses one of the costs of new bridges, i.e., the cost of doing the preliminary engineering (PE). This particular aspect of cost has largely been neglected because of the difficulty in obtaining appropriate data. Typically, PE costs are determined as a percentage of construction costs, disregarding other project-specific parameters. Bridge projects let by the North Carolina (NC) DOT between 2001 and 2009 were reviewed. From an analysis of these 461 projects, the writers developed statistical models linking variation in PE costs with distinctive project parameters. The primary contribution this paper makes to the body of knowledge is the finding that PE cost estimates for bridge projects are commonly and significantly underestimated. The writers found that bridge projects exhibited a mean PE cost ratio of 28%. This result is significantly greater than the percentage used in practice. An investigation of data sources related to bridge projects, a description of regression techniques ap...}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hollar, Donna A. and Rasdorf, William and Liu, Min and Hummer, Joseph E. and Arocho, Ingrid and Hsiang, Simon M.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1259–1267} }
 @article{liu_rasdorf_hummer_hollar_parikh_2013, title={Preliminary Engineering Cost-Estimation Strategy Assessment for Roadway Projects}, volume={29}, ISSN={0742-597X 1943-5479}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000137}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000137}, abstractNote={Preliminary engineering (PE) for a roadway project encompasses two efforts: planning to minimize the physical, social, and human environmental impacts of projects and engineering design to deliver the best alternative. State transportation agencies strive to manage these efforts efficiently, seeking to maximize the utilization of limited funding and workforce productivity. Managers need a feasible PE budget, considering both cost and time, early in project development. The results reported herein will provide engineers and managers with a comparative investigation evaluating different strategies for establishing a PE budget during the preconstruction phase of roadway project development. Cost data were obtained for 188 North Carolina roadway projects built between 1999 and 2009. An analysis of the North Carolina DOT data yielded an overall mean ratio of PE cost to estimated construction cost (the PE cost ratio) of 11.7%. The multiple linear regression model was used to develop prediction models to forecast the PE cost ratio of future roadway projects. It was found that while differing regression strategies could reduce prediction error, the improvement was small. In terms of simplicity, using the historical means applicable for widening projects (13.3%), rehabilitation/resurfacing projects (7.7%), and new location/interchange projects (16.5%) proved advantageous over regression modeling because a project manager would not have to estimate any project-specific values at the earliest stages of project development. The lowest of these historical means was significantly different than the two higher means (7.7% versus 13.3% and 16.5%); however, the difference between the two higher means (13.3% versus 16.5%) was not statistically significant. The study analyses also found a significant correlation between a project’s PE cost ratio and its PE duration, suggesting that further investigation into PE duration of transportation projects is warranted.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Management in Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Liu, Min and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E. and Hollar, Donna A. and Parikh, Shalin C.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={150–157} }
 @article{hummer_harris_rasdorf_2013, title={Simulation-Based Evaluation of Traffic Sign Retroreflectivity Maintenance Practices}, volume={139}, ISSN={["0733-947X"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000526}, abstractNote={A new highway sign minimum retroreflectivity standard issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is compelling agencies to evaluate how to comply while remaining within their budgets. This paper presents the results from a unique microscopic sign system simulation developed to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of various sign management practices. The analysis focused on three management methods—nighttime visual inspection, blanket replacement, and expected sign life—and two key sign maintenance functions, sign damage and replacement. The analysis found that sign managers should make prompt replacement of damaged signs a priority. The blanket replacement method was less cost-effective than the nighttime visual inspection method. The expected sign life method was competitive on costs with the visual inspection method while maintaining similar sign conditions. Training inspectors to be more accurate can realize further savings. Skipping inspection or replacement one year, or having an insufficient sign budget, can lead to degraded sign condition levels. The authors offer five best practices that agencies can consider when making sign management decisions.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ASCE}, author={Hummer, Joseph E. and Harris, Elizabeth A. and Rasdorf, William}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={556–564} }
 @article{al-ghandour_schroeder_rasdorf_williams_2012, title={Delay analysis of single-lane roundabout with a slip lane under varying exit types, experimental balanced traffic volumes, and pedestrians, using microsimulation}, number={2312}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Al-Ghandour, M. and Schroeder, B. and Rasdorf, W. and Williams, B.}, year={2012}, pages={76–85} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_2012, title={Development of a Microscopic Simulation to Model Traffic Sign Management and Performance}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0887-3801"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000126}, abstractNote={Minimum retroreflectivity standards issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have focused the attention of highway administrators on improving the nighttime performance of signs. This paper outlines the development of a microscopic sign management simulation that facilitates predicting an agency’s level of compliance with the standards and determining the cost of compliance. Using the Arena simulation software, the authors built a model in which each sign was represented as a separate entity and moved through a network of submodels replicating the management and environmental processes experienced annually. The simulation includes submodels for sign damage, inspection, replacement, and deterioration that are modifiable by key input parameters. The simulation model produces several key estimates on an annual basis for the purpose of comparing different sign management scenarios. The resulting model was validated and used to evaluate a scenario representing management conditions in North Carolina...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING}, author={Harris, Elizabeth A. and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2012}, pages={172–182} }
 @article{lewis_rasdorf_frey_leming_2012, title={Effects of Engine Idling on National Ambient Air Quality Standards Criteria Pollutant Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Construction Equipment}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867783739&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2270-09}, abstractNote={ It is difficult to assess the effects of engine idling on air pollutant emissions from highway construction equipment because of a lack of combined activity and emissions data. A methodology is presented for quantifying the impact of idling on National Ambient Air Quality Standards criteria pollutant emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). The methodology and results are based on field data collected from 35 items of nonroad diesel construction equipment. Engine idle time was quantified in terms of equipment operational efficiency (η), which was defined as the ratio of nonidle time to total equipment use time (nonidle time plus idle time). With η and the ratio of idle to nonidle emission rates (re) for each pollutant, the percentage increase in the total quantities of each pollutant emitted (NE) was calculated for each item of equipment for the observed values of η and re. Results showed that as η increased (or idle time decreased), NE decreased. Mathematical models with η as a predictor variable were developed to estimate values of NE for each pollutant. Regression equations in the form of y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d were developed for NOx and HC, with R2 values of 97% and 87%, respectively. Regression equations in the form of y = mx + b were developed for CO and PM, with R2 values of .50 and .65, respectively. Recommendations include using the models as performance measurement tools to assess idle restriction regulations and operational strategies of highway construction equipment. }, number={2270}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Lewis, Phil and Rasdorf, William and Frey, H. Christopher and Leming, Michael}, year={2012}, pages={67–75} }
 @article{rasdorf_findley_zegeer_sundstrom_hummer_2012, title={Evaluation of GIS Applications for Horizontal Curve Data Collection}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1943-5487"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000302218800005&KeyUID=WOS:000302218800005}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000127}, abstractNote={Applications that use a geographic information system (GIS) are common and useful in the field of transportation. Horizontal curves are critical components on a roadway in their role as a transition between straight segments and in their potential as a safety hazard to motorists. Therefore, determining the characteristics of curves [both spatial (including location, length, radius) and nonspatial (including traffic volume, signage, pavement type)] is an important task. GIS applications have been developed for evaluating roadway alignments in general and some have focused on horizontal curve assessment. This paper reports on two benchmarking efforts. The first assessed and established the accuracy of three publicly available GIS applications for determining curve spatial characteristics. The second assessed the quality of available GIS roadway line work. The three GIS applications were evaluated for performance accuracy on the basis of a comparison with precisely drawn curves [with radii ranging from 30.5 ...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING}, author={Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Zegeer, Charles V. and Sundstrom, Carl A. and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2012}, pages={191–203} }
 @article{rasdorf_lewis_marshall_arocho_frey_2012, title={Evaluation of On-Site Fuel Use and Emissions over the Duration of a Commercial Building Project}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861877818&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000071}, abstractNote={AbstractCommercial construction operations are heavy users of nonroad equipment and diesel engines. These engines are large contributors of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other engine-based pollutants and consume large quantities of diesel fuel. This paper presents a case study to identify construction activities that cause the most emissions and fuel use on a construction project and to determine when and where these occur. The paper links emissions and fuel use of construction activities with a project schedule to establish a temporal relationship. RSMeans was used to obtain equipment productivity. Equipment emission rates and fuel use rates were obtained from the EPA’s NONROAD Model. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of changes in scheduling, equipment size, and EPA engine tier on emissions and fuel use. Site construction activities proved to be the heaviest polluters and caused a significant spike in emissions early in the project. Further study is recommended to validate the tr...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Rasdorf, William and Lewis, Phil and Marshall, Steven Kelly and Arocho, Ingrid and Frey, H. Christopher}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={119–129} }
 @article{lewis_leming_rasdorf_2012, title={Impact of Engine Idling on Fuel Use and CO2 Emissions of Nonroad Diesel Construction Equipment}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0742-597X"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000068}, abstractNote={It is difficult to quantitatively assess the impact of engine idling on fuel use and emissions of construction equipment because of a lack of sufficient data. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating the impact of idling on fuel use and carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) emissions of diesel construction equipment. The results are based on field data collected from 34 items of equipment. Engine idle time may be quantified in terms of equipment operational efficiency ( η ), which is defined as the ratio of nonidle time to total equipment use time (nonidle time plus idle time). Using η and the ratio of idle to nonidle fuel use and CO2 emission rates ( r ), the percentage increase in the total quantities of fuel used and CO2 emitted ( NE ) were calculated for each item of equipment for values of η less than the maximum theoretical operational efficiency of 100%. Results showed that as η decreased (or idle time increased), NE increased. A mathematical model that uses η as a predictor variable was developed to esti...}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING}, author={Lewis, Phil and Leming, Michael and Rasdorf, William}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{marshall_rasdorf_lewis_frey_2012, title={Methodology for Estimating Emissions Inventories for Commercial Building Projects}, volume={18}, ISSN={1076-0431 1943-5568}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000073}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000073}, abstractNote={AbstractConstruction of commercial buildings has an environmental impact because of emissions from nonroad equipment. Construction produces 7% of the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, of which 76% originates from engines. However, there has not been an established methodology for estimating construction activity emissions at the project level for buildings and other constructed facilities. Therefore, determining where and when construction produces emissions is important, necessitating that emissions inventories (i.e., databases of project emissions by type, cost, etc.) be developed to quantify these emissions. The pollutants addressed in this paper include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). This paper presents a methodology that provides a direct link between building construction activities and emissions. The use of this methodology is demonstrated for a commercial building case study, thereby provi...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Architectural Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Marshall, Steven Kelly and Rasdorf, William and Lewis, Phil and Frey, H. Christopher}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={251–260} }
 @article{findley_hummer_rasdorf_zegeer_fowler_2012, title={Modeling the impact of spatial relationships on horizontal curve safety}, volume={45}, ISSN={0001-4575}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.018}, abstractNote={The curved segments of roadways are more hazardous because of the additional centripetalforces exerted on a vehicle, driver expectations, and other factors. The safety of a curve is dependent on various factors, most notably by geometric factors, but the location of a curve in relation to other curves is also thought to influence the safety of those curves because of a driver's expectation to encounter additional curves. The link between an individual curve's geometric characteristics and its safety performance has been established, but spatial considerations are typically not included in a safety analysis. The spatial considerations included in this research consisted of four components: distance to adjacent curves, direction of turn of the adjacent curves, and radius and length of the adjacent curves. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the spatial relationship between adjacent horizontal curves and horizontal curve safety using a crash modification factor. Doing so enables a safety professional to more accurately estimate safety to allocate funding to reduce or prevent future collisions and more efficiently design new roadway sections to minimize crash risk where there will be a series of curves along a route. The most important finding from this research is the statistical significance of spatial considerations for the prediction of horizontal curve safety. The distances to adjacent curves were found to be a reliable predictor of observed collisions. This research recommends a model which utilizes spatial considerations for horizontal curve safety prediction in addition to current Highway Safety Manual prediction capabilities using individual curve geometric features.}, journal={Accident Analysis & Prevention}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William and Zegeer, Charles V. and Fowler, Tyler J.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={296–304} }
 @inproceedings{liu_rasdorf_hollar_hummer_parikh_2012, title={Predicting the Preliminary Engineering Duration of Bridge Projects}, ISBN={9780784412329}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412329.051}, DOI={10.1061/9780784412329.051}, abstractNote={Preliminary engineering (PE) is a critical preconstruction phase of infrastructure projects, encompassing the initial planning and design processes necessary for successful commencement and completion of a project. The duration of PE influences both the cost and schedule of any civil infrastructure project. Numerous studies targeted at construction duration estimation exist, but few address strategies to estimate PE duration. This study sought to identify the project factors that influenced the PE duration of bridge projects and to determine if regression modeling with those factors would provide a feasible tool for PE duration estimation. Some 416 bridge projects conducted by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) served as the analysis sample. Among the project factors investigated, four descriptive factors significantly influenced PE duration: geographical area of the state, classification of the required National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) document, bridge construction scope, and responsible party preparing the NEPA document. For validation purposes, the authors randomly extracted 60 of the 416 bridge projects before regression modeling. Regression models achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 21% when applied to the validation set. Comparatively, using the mean PE duration of 66 months as a single point estimator, the MAPE was 22% for the same validation set. Based on these results, the project team recommended that the NCDOT can use the regression equation to estimate PE duration. It is also clear that this is a difficult problem that deserves further research attention.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2012}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Liu, Min and Rasdorf, William and Hollar, Donna A. and Hummer, Joseph E. and Parikh, Shalin C.}, year={2012}, month={May} }
 @inproceedings{al-ghandour_rasdorf_williams_schroeder_2011, place={Reston, VA}, title={Analysis of Single-Lane Roundabout Slip Lanes Using SIDRA}, ISBN={9780784411674}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41167(398)118}, DOI={10.1061/41167(398)118}, abstractNote={Roundabout intersections, increasingly used in the U.S., sometimes incorporate slip lanes to facilitate right-turning traffic flow and reduce delay, thereby increasing capacity and safety. Performance of a single-lane roundabout with an adjacent slip lane is modeled with the SIDRA Intersection analysis tool for three types of slip lane: free-flow, yield, and stop, and is compared to having no slip lane. The gap acceptance-based assessment considers four experimental traffic percentage distribution matrices representing flow scenarios. SIDRA results confirm that average delay and circulating conflict volumes in a roundabout with a slip lane are related exponentially to slip lane volumes. A free-flow slip lane exit type helps to reduce total average delay in the roundabout and the slip lane approach. Both yield and stop slip lane exit types also reduce roundabout total average delay but to a lesser degree than a free-flow slip lane. Finally, theoretical capacity threshold values for slip lane volumes are estimated to range from 150 to 350 vehicles per hour for traffic volume distribution scenarios.}, booktitle={Transportation and Development Institute Congress 2011}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Al-Ghandour, Majed and Rasdorf, William and Williams, Billy and Schroeder, Bastian}, editor={Al-Qadi, Imad L. and Murrell, ScottEditors}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={1235–1244} }
 @article{lewis_leming_frey_rasdorf_2011, title={Assessing Effects of Operational Efficiency on Pollutant Emissions of Nonroad Diesel Construction Equipment}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-83655197006&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2233-02}, abstractNote={ Operational efficiency is a simple way of addressing nonproductive time of diesel-powered construction equipment that performs a construction activity and is defined as the ratio of nonidle activity time to total activity time including idle time. The effects of diesel equipment operational efficiency on total emissions for construction activities have not been fully established; thus a fundamental understanding of operational efficiency is needed to evaluate the effects on total pollutant emissions of diesel-powered construction equipment. This paper presents a methodology to assess the effects of equipment operational efficiency on the total pollutant emissions of construction equipment performing construction activities. This methodology estimates the percentage of additional pollutants emitted due to a reduced operational efficiency, based on the ratio of idle to nonidle emissions. Results for a case study of six bulldozers indicate that pollutant emissions, in addition to the minimum amount required to complete a specific quantity of work, increase as operational efficiency decreases. This conclusion allows the savings resulting from increased efficiency to be determined. Furthermore, additional pollutant emissions for a specified operational efficiency increase as the ratio of idle to nonidle emissions increases. The ratio of idle to nonidle emissions varies according to pollutant and is approximately 1:2 for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, 1:5 for nitrogen oxides, and 1:7 for particulate matter. }, number={2233}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Lewis, Phil and Leming, Michael and Frey, H. Christopher and Rasdorf, William}, year={2011}, pages={11–18} }
 @article{al-ghandour_schroeder_williams_rasdorf_2011, title={Conflict models for single-lane roundabout slip lanes from microsimulation development and validation}, number={2236}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Al-Ghandour, M. N. and Schroeder, B. J. and Williams, B. M. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={2011}, pages={92–101} }
 @article{hummer_rasdorf_zhang_2011, title={Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Paint Pavement-Marking Retroreflectivity Data}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1943-5436"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000283}, abstractNote={The objective of this paper is to present an improved paint pavement-marking retroreflectivity degradation model. Previous degradation-modeling methods were reviewed and studied. The paint-marking retroreflectivity data were collected on 25 two-lane rural highways in North Carolina from November 2007 to May 2010. A linear mixed-effects model (LMEM) was selected as most appropriate for the paint-marking retroreflectivity data. The LMEM took into account the correlation among repeated measurements of the data set and produced more accurate predictions than other methods. LMEMs were established for white edge and yellow center paint pavement markings. The LMEM results showed that the estimated white edge pavement marking life cycle is 37.5 months and yellow center marking life cycle is 38.9 months on average when using 100 and 65  mcd/m2/lx as the minimum acceptable retroreflectivity values for white and yellow paint markings. A model comparison indicated that the LMEM provided a more accurate prediction tha...}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING}, author={Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William and Zhang, Guanghua}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={705–716} }
 @inproceedings{hummer_rasdorf_findley_zegeer_sundstrom_2010, title={An examination of horizontal curve collisions characteristics and corresponding countermeasures}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting}, publisher={Washington, D.C. : Transportation Research Board}, author={Hummer, J. E. and Rasdorf, W. and Findley, D. J. and Zegeer, C. V. and Sundstrom, C. A.}, year={2010} }
 @article{frey_rasdorf_lewis_2010, title={Comprehensive Field Study of Fuel Use and Emissions of Nonroad Diesel Construction Equipment}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78651305557&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2158-09}, abstractNote={ Limited field data are available for analyses of fuel use and emissions of nonroad diesel construction equipment. This paper summarizes the results of field research that used a portable emissions monitoring system to collect fuel use and emissions data from eight backhoes, six bulldozers, three excavators, four generators, six motor graders, three off-road trucks, one skid-steer loader, three track loaders, and five wheel loaders while they performed various duty cycles. These tests produced approximately 119 h of field data for petroleum diesel and approximately 48 h for B20 biodiesel. Engine attribute data including horsepower, displacement, model year, engine tier, and engine load were collected to determine these factors’ influence on fuel use rates and emission rates of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and opacity. Mass per time fuel use rates were developed for each item of equipment, as were mass per time and mass per fuel used emission rates for each pollutant. For petroleum diesel, fuel use and emission rates of each pollutant were found to increase with engine displacement, horsepower, and load and to decrease with model year and engine tier. The results were qualitatively similar for B20 biodiesel. Fuel-based emission rates were found to have less variability and less sensitivity to engine size and load than time-based emission rates. Where possible, development of emission inventories based on fuel consumed, rather than time of activity, is preferred. }, number={2158}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Frey, H. Christopher and Rasdorf, William and Lewis, Phil}, year={2010}, pages={69–76} }
 @article{hummer_rasdorf_findley_zegeer_sundstrom_2010, title={Curve collisions: Road and collision characteristics and countermeasures}, volume={2}, ISBN={NULL}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79958270365&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/19439961003734880}, abstractNote={Horizontal curves are relatively dangerous portions of roadway networks. Agencies optimizing the use of safety funds should be aware of characteristics of the collisions on those segments. However, few previously published articles attempted to characterize collisions on horizontal curves. This article describes an effort that characterized collisions reported to be on curves in North Carolina using the Highway Safety Information System. More than 51,000 North Carolina (NC) collisions on two-lane road curves were compared to collisions on all two-lane roads and on all roads. In doing so we gained a perspective of how well various curves perform relative to other road areas. We investigated numerous two-lane curve-collision types. Those most overrepresented included: collisions on grades, rural, severe injury or fatal, fixed object (particularly tree, ditch, and embankment), overturn, off-peak hours (particularly during darkness on unlighted roads), weekend, holiday periods, and wet, icy, or snowy pavement. The analysis also revealed that there were few short roadway segments (of 0.1- to 1-mile length) with more than 10 reported curve collisions in 3 years. This article provides recommendations from the literature to treat overrepresented collision types on horizontal curves. Based on the analysis findings, agencies should target countermeasures for the most common and overrepresented collision types.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Transportation Safety and Security}, author={Hummer, J.E. and Rasdorf, W. and Findley, Daniel and Zegeer, C.V. and Sundstrom, C.A.}, year={2010}, pages={203–220} }
 @inproceedings{hollar_arocho_hummer_liu_rasdorf_2010, title={Development of a regression model to predict preliminary engineering costs}, ISBN={9781933452517}, booktitle={ITE 2010 Technical Conference and Exhibit compendium of technical papers}, publisher={Washington, D.C. : Institute of Transportation Engineers}, author={Hollar, D. and Arocho, I. and Hummer, J. and Liu, M. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2010} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_lewis_frey_2010, title={Estimating productivity-based fuel eifficiency and emissions factors of diesel construction equipment performing earthmoving activities}, ISBN={9781897911358}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Innovation in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction}, publisher={University Park, Pa. : Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Lewis, P. and Frey, H. C.}, editor={Chimay J. Anumba, N. M. Bouchlaghem and John Messner and Parfitt, M.KevinEditors}, year={2010} }
 @article{rasdorf_frey_lewis_kim_pang_abolhassani_2010, title={Field Procedures for Real-World Measurements of Emissions from Diesel Construction Vehicles}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1943-555X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78649383748&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000027}, abstractNote={Construction vehicles are a source of nonroad mobile air pollutant emissions. Emissions from construction vehicles are typically quantified based on steady-state modal engine dynamometer tests using uninstalled stationary engines. However, these tests do not represent real-world activity. Therefore, there is a need to quantify energy use and air pollutant emissions from construction vehicles based on in-use measurement methods. The purpose of this paper is to outline standard procedures for field data collection for construction vehicles. This methodology is based on second-by-second measurement of in-use activity and air pollutant emissions using a portable emissions measurement system. The field data collection methodology includes the development of a study design, installation and use of instrumentation, and field measurements. After the field data collection, the raw data undergo a quality assurance procedure to check for and correct the synchronization between the engine data and emission data. This...}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS}, author={Rasdorf, William and Frey, Christopher and Lewis, Phil and Kim, Kangwook and Pang, Shih-Hao and Abolhassani, Saeed}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={216–225} }
 @article{zhang_hummer_rasdorf_2010, title={Impact of Bead Density on Paint Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1943-5436"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000142}, abstractNote={This paper addresses the impact of bead density on paint pavement marking retroreflectivity. The writers collected retroreflectivity data and glass bead images on 40 segments of two-lane highways. Bead density is defined as the surface percentage of glass beads exposed above the paint marking material. Numerous methods for determining bead density were considered and studied. A new approach, referred to as a computer-aided counting method, was developed and a bead density analysis program was written. The program was used to analyze 108 images to obtain a bead density value for each image. A correlation study was conducted between pavement marking retroreflectivity and bead density. The findings of the study show that the normal range of glass bead density for older markings is 9–24% of the paint marking surface area. Furthermore, bead density values have a positive correlation with marking retroreflectivity readings; higher bead density leads to higher retroreflectivity. White paint markings have significantly higher retroreflectivity values than do yellow markings when the bead density values are the same.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING}, author={Zhang, Guanghua and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={773–781} }
 @article{rasdorf_grasso_bridgers_2010, title={Public versus private perceptions on hiring an external program manager}, volume={136}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2010)136:2(219)}, abstractNote={As construction industry service providers have expanded their service offerings to meet the demands of construction owners, new management techniques have evolved. One of these management techniques, program management, has emerged as a service offering that covers all aspects of the construction life cycle. This paper reviews specific topics related to the hiring of an external program management service provider, including fees, types of firms, factors considered, and organizational models. Each of these topics was addressed in a recent survey of nonresidential construction industry owners. The survey results are first presented for all respondents and are then segregated by sector (public and private sector respondents). It is apparent that the use of program management firms is still lacking in comparison to the use of other firms and service providers and that construction owners typically use an organizational model that allows them to retain control of their construction program, which true external program management does not. Also, the survey results showed differences between the public and private sectors in the factors considered when hiring a program manager. Because program management is the ultimate form of outsourcing, it is both a particularly timely topic and a topic that is very relevant to construction professionals.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Grasso, B. and Bridgers, M.}, year={2010}, pages={219–226} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_2009, title={A Control Sign Facility Design to Meet the New FHWA Minimum Sign Retroreflectivity Standards}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x09350226}, abstractNote={ Minimum sign retroreflectivity standards issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) on January 29, 2008, have focused the attention of administrators and sign managers on improving the nighttime performance of traffic signs. To predict when a sign will need replacement, an agency will need to know when the retroreflectivity of signs with similar characteristics deteriorate to the minimum level established by the FHWA. Currently in the literature, there is limited information about the long-term deterioration behavior of ASTM Type III and IX signs. One way of achieving a better understanding of long-term sign deterioration is to establish an experimental sign retroreflectivity measurement facility (ESRMF). An ESRMF is an arrangement of signs in a controlled area that have their retroreflectivity measured at regular intervals to determine how it deteriorates as a function of time. This article shows how such a facility should look and why. A template is presented that can be used by agencies nationwide for collecting critical sign data to inform policy decisions. }, number={2}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Harris, Elizabeth A. and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={174–194} }
 @article{cai_rasdorf_2009, title={Accuracy Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of Estimating 3D Road Centerline Length using Lidar and NED}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0099-1112"]}, DOI={10.14358/PERS.75.6.657}, abstractNote={Highway networks are represented by linear spatial objects (road segments). Having accurate length information of road centerlines is critical in transportation. This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach that overlays planimetric road centerlines and elevation data to model road centerlines in a 3D space and estimate their lengths. Elevation sources included light detection and ranging (lidar) and the National Elevation Dataset (NED). The estimated distances were compared to distance measurement instrument (DMI)-measured distances to evaluate the accuracy. The effects of elevation datasets with varying vertical accuracies were assessed. The relationship between road geometric properties and the accuracy of distance estimates was examined. We found that (a) the proposed 3D approach is efficient in estimating 3D road centerline distances, (b) using lidar point data improves the accuracy by 28 percent over the use of NED, and (c) certain road geometric properties have direct relationship with the accuracy of distance estimates.}, number={6}, journal={PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING}, author={Cai, Hubo and Rasdorf, William}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={657–665} }
 @article{sitzabee_rasdorf_hummer_devine_2009, title={Data integration of pavement markings: A case in transportation asset management}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2009)23:5(288)}, abstractNote={Effective transportation asset management requires the implementation of tools such as software, hardware, databases, and data collection systems. Pavement markings make up one component in transportation asset management, which are complex networks that require large databases. Typically these databases are maintained in different areas within an agency and are most often incompatible. Combining new and old tools, this paper addresses the need for better data integration and utilization while incorporating current information technologies. Specifically, this paper presents integrated transportation asset management system for estimating the current and future condition of pavement markings. The paper describes the data structure, in the form of a physical model, integrating a pavement marking relational data schema with existing information technology systems. Software was found to be useful in developing the data schema. The software produced an extensible markup language file that is compatible with a variety of existing database structures such as Oracle, SQL, and MS Access. Additionally, the system included an algorithm, which implements the data structure and predictive models to estimate the condition of the asset at any point in time or space on the highway system. Using either measured data or predicted data the system gives managers an opportunity to decide on the best possible condition state of the asset and perform queries or optimizations. Ultimately, managers can develop cost effective strategies for pavement marking asset management.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Sitzabee, W. E. and Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. E. and Devine, H. A.}, year={2009}, pages={288–298} }
 @article{lewis_frey_rasdorf_2009, title={Development and Use of Emissions Inventories for Construction Vehicles}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-76149135725&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2123-06}, abstractNote={ Real-world data are insufficient to estimate actual emissions from construction vehicles and to develop effective decisions aimed at reducing emissions. A methodology is developed here for inventorying construction fleet emissions on the basis of representative real-world measurements of construction vehicles by means of a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The PEMS enables measurements of actual duty cycles and their corresponding fuel use and emissions. The methodology is demonstrated via application to a fleet of publicly owned construction vehicles used primarily for highway maintenance. Selected backhoes, front-end loaders, and motor graders, representing various model years and engine emissions standards, were measured with PEMS during use. Tests were performed for B20 biodiesel and petroleum diesel (PD) fuels. Emission factors from the PEMS data, combined with owner records of annual fuel consumption for over 1,000 vehicles, were used to estimate annual inventories of tailpipe emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. The emissions inventory was stratified by pollutant, vehicle type, fuel type, and engine tier and was used to assess fleet management strategies aimed at reducing emissions. Case study results illustrate that total fleet emissions would be reduced by 3% to 24% when B20 fuel was being used exclusively instead of PD exclusively, 11% to 50% when all Tier 0 and Tier 1 engines were replaced with Tier 2 engines, and 31% to 72% when B20 fuel was used exclusively in the highest engine tier available. Recommendations are made about development and practical applications of emissions inventories for construction fleet management. }, number={2123}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Lewis, Phil and Frey, H. Christopher and Rasdorf, William}, year={2009}, pages={46–53} }
 @inproceedings{pradhan_rasdorf_2009, title={GIS and LiDAR use for identification of potential road hazard locations}, ISBN={9780784410523}, DOI={10.1061/41052(346)13}, abstractNote={In Northerly climates snowstorms are common occurrences that pose severe hazards to drivers. Thousands of lives and property worth of millions of dollars are lost annually. This paper presents a novel method of identifying road segments that pose special hazards to drivers during and after snowstorms by using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and a Geographic Information System (GIS). The methodology presented herein can be used for prioritizing roadway snow clearing efforts by identifying the most hazardous road segments. The proposed methodology uses the spatial analysis functionality provided by GIS software and three-dimensional (3D) data obtained from an airborne LiDAR scanning system. The computing focus of this paper is on spatial data analysis. The data include road centerline 3D coordinates (to identify roadway crests and troughs), aspect data (to determine ground surface slope), and sunlight data (to determine ground surface illumination values and identify shaded areas). Combining and analyzing these data sets identify potentially dangerous north facing, shaded, steep slopes over large geographic areas.}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering : proceedings of the 2009 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering : June 24-27, 2009, Austin, Texas}, publisher={Reston, Va. :  American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Pradhan, A. and Rasdorf, W.}, editor={Carlos H. Caldas, William J. O'BrienEditor}, year={2009} }
 @article{rasdorf_hummer_harris_sitzabee_2009, title={IT Issues for the management of high-quantity, low-cost assets}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2009)23:2(91)}, abstractNote={Transportation infrastructure asset management efforts have historically focused on collecting data on assets with high capital costs, such as bridges and pavements. Road signs and pavement markings, on the other hand, are high quantity, low capital cost assets but are also critical elements of the transportation infrastructure. These high quantity assets serve a critical function, safety, and thus they are receiving attention. Mandated by law, the Federal Highway Administration has been working to establish minimum retroreflectivity standards for signs and pavement markings. This paper seeks to address the information technology (IT) problems that emerge when developing an overall asset management system for high-quantity, low-cost assets. These IT problems include asset identification, asset location, data availability, data fragmentation, and automated data collection. A discussion of the issues related to these problems is presented to promote awareness of the myriad problems that do exist and to facilitate the development of more comprehensive systems to manage the automation of infrastructure asset management systems.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. E. and Harris, E. A. and Sitzabee, W. E.}, year={2009}, pages={91–99} }
 @article{pang_frey_rasdorf_2009, title={Life Cycle Inventory Energy Consumption and Emissions for Biodiesel versus Petroleum Diesel Fueled Construction Vehicles}, volume={43}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802916u}, DOI={10.1021/es802916u}, abstractNote={Substitution of soy-based biodiesel fuels for petroleum diesel will alter life cycle emissions for construction vehicles. A life cycle inventory was used to estimate fuel cycle energy consumption and emissions of selected pollutants and greenhouse gases. Real-world measurements using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) were made forfive backhoes, four front-end loaders, and six motor graders on both fuels from which fuel consumption and tailpipe emission factors of CO, HC, NO(x), and PM were estimated. Life cycle fossil energy reductions are estimated it 9% for B20 and 42% for B100 versus petroleum diesel based on the current national energy mix. Fuel cycle emissions will contribute a larger share of total life cycle emissions as new engines enter the in-use fleet. The average differences in life cycle emissions for B20 versus diesel are: 3.5% higher for NO(x); 11.8% lower for PM, 1.6% higher for HC, and 4.1% lower for CO. Local urban tailpipe emissions are estimated to be 24% lower for HC, 20% lower for CO, 17% lower for PM, and 0.9% lower for NO(x). Thus, there are environmental trade-offs such as for rural vs urban areas. The key sources of uncertainty in the B20 LCI are vehicle emission factors.}, number={16}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Pang, Shih-Hao and Frey, H. Christopher and Rasdorf, William J.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={6398–6405} }
 @article{pang_frey_rasdorf_2009, title={Life cycle inventory energy consumption and emissions for biodiesel versus petroleum diesel fueled construction vehicles}, volume={43}, DOI={10.1021/os802916u}, number={16}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, author={Pang, S. H. and Frey, H. Christopher and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={2009}, pages={6398–6405} }
 @article{sitzabee_hummer_rasdorf_2009, title={Pavement marking degradation modeling and analysis}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2009)15:3(190)}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to determine the performance characteristics of thermoplastic pavement markings in North Carolina and to create viable degradation models. Additionally, an evaluation of paint pavement-marking materials was conducted and models were created for them as well. The resulting models provide pavement-marking managers with valuable tools that will allow them to focus limited resources where they are most needed and avoid replacing materials with effective life still remaining in them. Consideration was given to the analysis of the relationships between pavement-marking retroreflectivity values and variables such as time, traffic volume, and marking color. Unique to this research is the inclusion of lateral location as a key variable affecting the performance of pavement markings. Another key contribution to pavement-marking management from this research was the development and use of level of service increments for describing the status of a given marking at some point in time. Using the tools reported herein an expected service life for thermoplastic and paint pavement markings in North Carolina can be estimated. A key finding of the research is that the markings have a far greater life expectancy than originally expected. Combining our predictive tool with level of service increments provides a holistic infrastructure management approach to pavement markings.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Infrastructure Systems}, author={Sitzabee, W. E. and Hummer, J. E. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2009}, pages={190–199} }
 @book{rasdorf_hummer_zhang_sitzabee_2009, title={Pavement marking performance analysis}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. E. and Zhang, G. and Sitzabee, W. E.}, year={2009} }
 @article{lewis_rasdorf_frey_pang_kim_2009, title={Requirements and Incentives for Reducing Construction Vehicle Emissions and Comparison of Nonroad Diesel Engine Emissions Data Sources}, volume={135}, ISSN={["0733-9364"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-65249158552&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000008}, abstractNote={Nonroad construction vehicles and equipment powered by diesel engines contribute to mobile source air pollution. The engines of this equipment emit significant amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants pose serious problems for human health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate and control the levels of these pollutants. Furthermore, there are emerging requirements and incentives for “greening” of construction vehicle fleets and operations. Currently, there are two types of standards that regulate air pollution for these types of vehicles: technological standards for engines and quality standards for air. It is also necessary to quantify the levels of emissions that nonroad construction vehicles and equipment produce. Quantification may be based on existing data sources (such as the EPA NONROAD model) or by collecting data directly from the vehicles as they work in the field. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the chall...}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE}, author={Lewis, Phil and Rasdorf, William and Frey, H. Christopher and Pang, Shih-Hao and Kim, Kangwook}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={341–351} }
 @article{immaneni_hummer_rasdorf_harris_yeom_2009, title={Synthesis of sign deterioration rates across the United States}, volume={135}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2009)135:3(94)}, abstractNote={In response to minimum retroreflectivity standards, transportation departments are implementing sign asset management strategies, which rely upon knowledge of how retroreflectivity decreases as signs weather and age. To provide this knowledge, the writers field measured over 1,000 in-service signs in scattered North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) divisions, collecting age and retroreflectivity data for white, yellow, red, and green signs and for ASTM sheeting Types I and III. Data from this study and data from five similar U.S. efforts were analyzed using regression to identify the best available deterioration rate estimates, finding that retroreflectivity minimums are usually reached eight to 15 years after installation. Initial results indicated that the best-fitting relationships between retroreflectivity and age were generally linear and that these models were significant despite having low R2 values. Because age did not explain some of the variance, the writers reevaluated their data i...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Transportation Engineering}, author={Immaneni, V. P. K. and Hummer, J. E. and Rasdorf, W. J. and Harris, E. A. and Yeom, C.}, year={2009}, pages={94–103} }
 @article{rasdorf_zhang_hummer_2009, title={The Impact of Directionality on Paint Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x08330824}, abstractNote={ This article addresses paint centerline pavement marking retroreflectivity. The authors collect yellow centerline retroreflectivity data on two-lane highways, taking measurements in two directions. A paired t test on the data shows that there are differences and they are statistically significant. A field study is initiated to investigate the relationship between the direction the marking is painted and the retroreflectivity direction. The key result of this study is that paint centerline retroreflectivity values measured in the direction of paint striping are significantly higher than values measured in the opposite direction. Findings indicate that it is the lower retroreflectivity values of yellow centerlines (measured in the opposite direction from paint striping) that should be used to compare with the newly proposed Federal Highway Administration minimum standard because the drivers in that direction experience lower marking retroreflectivity at night. The implications for safety, for policy making, and for transportation asset management are significant. }, number={3}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Rasdorf, William J. and Zhang, Guanghua and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={265–277} }
 @article{frey_kim_pang_rasdorf_lewis_2008, title={Characterization of Real-World Activity, Fuel Use, and Emissions for Selected Motor Graders Fueled with Petroleum Diesel and B20 Biodiesel}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1047-3289"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-55049085635&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3155/1047-3289.58.10.1274}, abstractNote={Abstract Motor graders are a common type of nonroad vehicle used in many road construction and maintenance applications. In-use activity, fuel use, and emissions were measured for six selected motor graders using a portable emission measurement system. Each motor grader was tested with petroleum diesel and B20 biodiesel. Duty cycles were quantified in terms of the empirical cumulative distribution function of manifold absolute pressure (MAP), which is an indicator of engine load. The motor graders were operated under normal duty cycles for road maintenance and repair at various locations in Wake and Nash Counties in North Carolina. Approximately 3 hr of quality-assured, second-by-second data were obtained during each test. An empirical modal-based model of vehicle fuel use and emissions was developed, based on stratifying the data with respect to ranges of normalized MAP, to enable comparisons between duty cycles, motor graders, and fuels. Time-based emission factors were found to increase monotonically with MAP. Fuel-based emission factors were mainly sensitive to differences between idle and non-idle engine operation. Cycle average emission factors were estimated for road “resurfacing”, “roading,” and “shouldering” activities. On average, the use of B20 instead of petroleum diesel leads to a negligible decrease of 1.6% in nitric oxide emission rate, and decreases of 19– 22% in emission rates of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Emission rates decrease significantly when comparing newer engine tier vehicles to older ones. Significant reductions in tailpipe emissions accrue especially from the use of B20 and adoption of newer vehicles.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Frey, H. Christopher and Kim, Kangwook and Pang, Shih-Hao and Rasdorf, William J. and Lewis, Phil}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1274–1287} }
 @article{frey_rasdorf_kim_pang_lewis_2008, title={Comparison of Real-World Emissions of B20 Biodiesel Versus Petroleum Diesel for Selected Nonroad Vehicles and Engine Tiers}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-56749107557&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2058-05}, abstractNote={ Field data for in-use fuel consumption and emission rates were collected for 15 nonroad vehicles by using a portable emission measurement system. Five backhoes, four front-end loaders, and six motor graders were tested once on petroleum diesel and once on B20 biodiesel. The vehicles represented a variety of engine certification tiers. A methodology was developed for study design, field data collection, data screening and quality assurance, data analysis, and benchmarking of the data. On average, 6.9% of data were lost because of quality issues and more than 3 h of valid data were collected in each test. Time-based emission factors increased monotonically with respect to engine manifold absolute pressure. Fuel-based emission factors were sensitive to differences between operations of engines idling and not idling. Typical duty cycles were quantified in terms of frequency distributions of manifold absolute pressure and used to estimate cycle average emission factors. On average, the use of B20 instead of petroleum diesel led to an insignificant 1.8% decrease in the nitric oxide (NO) emission rate and significant decreases of 18%, 26%, and 25% for opacity, hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively. Emission rates decreased significantly in newer, higher-tier vehicles compared with older ones. Fuel use, NO, HC, and CO data were of similar magnitude as independent benchmark data. Specific recommendations were made for future work. }, number={2058}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Frey, H. Christopher and Rasdorf, William and Kim, Kangwook and Pang, Ghih-hao and Lewis, Phil}, year={2008}, pages={33–42} }
 @article{cai_rasdorf_2008, title={Modeling road centerlines and predicting lengths in 3-D using LIDAR point cloud and planimetric road centerline data}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1467-8667"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-8667.2008.00518.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:   Transportation is one of a few engineering domains that work with linear objects—roads. Accurate road length information is critical to numerous transportation applications. Road lengths can be obtained via technologies such as ground surveying, global positioning systems (GPS), and Distance Measurement Instruments (DMI). But using these methods for data collection and length determination is time‐consuming, labor intensive, and costly. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and feasibility of an alternative. This article reports on a study that provides an alternative to obtaining road centerline lengths by measurement; instead it proposes using geographic information systems (GIS) and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) point cloud data. In this study, a three‐dimensional (3‐D) vector model based on linear referencing systems (LRS) concepts was developed to represent road centerlines in a 3‐D space and to predict their 3‐D lengths. A snapping approach and an interpolation approach to obtain 3‐D points along lines when working with LIDAR point clouds were proposed and discussed. Quality control measures were initiated to validate the approach. The accuracy of the predicted 3‐D distances was evaluated via a case study by comparing them to distances measured by DMI. The results were also compared to road lengths obtained by draping planimetric road centerlines on digital elevations models (DEMs) constructed from LIDAR points. The effects of the average density of 3‐D points on the accuracy of the predicted distances were evaluated. This study concluded that the proposed 3‐D approach using LIDAR data was efficient in obtaining 3‐D road lengths with an accuracy that was satisfactory for most transportation applications. }, number={3}, journal={COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING}, author={Cai, Hubo and Rasdorf, William}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={157–173} }
 @article{grasso_rasdorf_bridgers_2008, title={Nature and extent of domestic construction program outsourcing}, volume={134}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:12(1002)}, abstractNote={The sourcing of a construction program has always been a fluid process for many construction owners. A construction owner must balance the performance of all construction functions between internal staff and external service providers. Described herein are recent sourcing trends of construction programs identified through a survey of nonresidential construction owners. The survey data is representative of 170 respondents with varying demographic characteristics that account for about $72 billion in annual construction spending. Included are outsourcing trends of specific functions across the construction lifecycle and the sourcing strategy employed for each. A comparison of the outsourcing volume reported and the sourcing strategy employed is presented. A clear relationship between the amount of outsourcing and the sourcing strategy employed for the performance of construction is shown. The paper provides the academic community with new outsourcing data for construction lifecycle functions. It also provid...}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, author={Grasso, B. and Rasdorf, W. and Bridgers, M.}, year={2008}, pages={1002–1010} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_2008, title={New standards, new signs: Determining sign performance under controlled conditions}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={IMSA Journal}, author={Harris, E. and Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. E.}, year={2008}, pages={44–55} }
 @article{adeli_rasdorf_2008, title={On professional standards of publication in peer-reviewed research journals}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2008)22:1(1)}, abstractNote={An important premise of rigorously peer-reviewed research journals is that each paper must be the author’s original and unpublished work. Authors can present a preliminary version of their paper at a conference to receive feedback from fellow researchers to improve their research. However if that paper is subsequently submitted to a peer-reviewed research journal it must be significantly different from the preliminary version published in the conference proceedings.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Adeli, H. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2008}, pages={1–2} }
 @book{frey_rasdorf_kim_pang_lewis_abolhassani_2008, title={Real-world duty cycles and utilization for construction equipment in North Carolina}, number={FHWA/NC 2006-55}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Frey, H. C. and Rasdorf, W. and Kim, K. and Pang, S.-H. and Lewis, P. and Abolhassani, S.}, year={2008} }
 @article{abolhasani_frey_kim_rasdorf_lewis_pang_2008, title={Real-world in-use activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction vehicles: A case study for excavators}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1047-3289"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-50849117829&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3155/1047-3289.58.8.1033}, abstractNote={Abstract A study design was developed and demonstrated for deployment of a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for excavators. Excavators are among the most commonly used vehicles in construction activities. The PEMS measured nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and opacity-based particulate matter. Data collection, screening, processing, and analysis protocols were developed to assure data quality and to quantify variability in vehicle fuel consumption and emissions rates. The development of data collection procedures was based on securing the PEMS while avoiding disruption to normal vehicle operations. As a result of quality assurance, approximately 90% of the attempted measurements resulted in valid data. On the basis of field data collected for three excavators, an average of 50% of the total nitric oxide emissions was associated with 29% of the time of operation, during which the average engine speed and manifold absolute pressure were significantly higher than corresponding averages for all data. Mass per time emission rates during non-idle modes (i.e., moving and using bucket) were on average 7 times greater than for the idle mode. Differences in normalized average rates were influenced more by intercycle differences than intervehicle differences. This study demonstrates the importance of accounting for intercycle variability in real-world in-use emissions to develop more accurate emission inventories. The data collection and analysis methodology demonstrated here is recommended for application to more vehicles to better characterize real-world vehicle activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction equipment.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Abolhasani, Saeed and Frey, H. Christopher and Kim, Kangwook and Rasdorf, William and Lewis, Phil and Pang, Shih-Hao}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1033–1046} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_yeom_2007, title={Analysis of traffic sign asset management scenarios}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, DOI={10.3141/1993-02}, abstractNote={ Minimum traffic sign retroreflectivity standards proposed for the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices by the FHWA will present numerous management challenges to state and local departments of transportation (DOTs) responsible for traffic sign assets. These DOTs are looking at how to comply with the standard while minimizing sign maintenance costs. This paper presents an analysis of several traffic sign retroreflectivity maintenance methods using a sign asset management simulation based on inspection and sign data gathered in the field. The simulation evaluated 30 sign asset management scenarios in terms of annual maintenance cost per sign and percentage of traffic signs not compliant with the proposed FHWA standard. The simulation results found that, generally, higher costs for sign maintenance resulted in a lower percentage of noncompliant signs. However, for some scenarios using the visual nighttime inspection method, lower percentages of noncompliant signs were found even with relatively low maintenance costs per sign. Increasing the maintenance cost per sign by 10% resulted in an approximately 10% or more reduction in the number of noncompliant signs. It is recommended that DOTs implement a 100% Type III sign replacement policy because Type I signs have a greater life-cycle cost than do Type III signs. DOTs need to allocate an adequate annual budget for sign replacement and should establish their own minimum retroreflectivity standards. The sign asset management simulation developed as part of this study could be modified so that its use could be extended to other DOTs. }, number={1993}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Harris, Elizabeth Allison and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E. and Yeom, Chunho}, year={2007}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{cai_rasdorf_tilley_2007, title={Approach to determine extent and depth of highway flooding}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)1076-0342(2007)13:2(157)}, abstractNote={Flooding and flash flooding pose serious infrastructure hazards to human populations in many parts of the world. During a flood, it is critical to identify road segments that are flooded so that rescue and response routes can be determined and rescue personnel and supplies can be distributed promptly. Presently there is not an information system that, given a specific flood level, can accurately predict flooded road segments and their depth and provide this information for rescue activities. This paper reports on a study to develop a prediction prototype to identify flooded road segments during a flood. It includes two tasks: determining flood extent and depth and identifying road segments that are flooded. Unlike a traditional approach, which determines flood extent and depth by comparing a water surface and a terrain surface, this study determines flood extent and depth using light detection and ranging data in a geographic information system. This flood extent and depth information is integrated with 3D road centerline data created in a related study. It is believed that the proposed prediction model and algorithms in this study can provide a practical and efficient approach to identify road segments that are flooded in a timely manner to help determine rescue routes. These models show promise. Additional research is required to fully validate the models.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Infrastructure Systems}, author={Cai, H. and Rasdorf, W. and Tilley, C.}, year={2007}, pages={157–167} }
 @article{immaneni_rasdorf_hummer_yeom_2007, title={FIELD INVESTIGATION OF HIGHWAY SIGN DAMAGE RATES AND INSPECTOR ACCURACY}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x07299882}, abstractNote={ This study sought to create a simulation model to provide the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) with recommendations to improve its sign inspection and replacement procedures. This research focuses on two key factors built into the model: (a) the rate at which signs are damaged beyond usefulness based on natural or man-made causes and (b) the accuracy rate of visual sign inspections based on retroreflectivity. The research team conducted nighttime rides with sign inspectors in 5 of 14 NCDOT divisions. During subsequent daytime rides, the team measured sign retroreflectivity to allow estimation of sign deterioration and inspector accuracy rates. Data were collected for white, yellow, red, and green signs and for sheeting Types I and III. About 2.3% of inspected signs (per year) were damaged to the point of needing replacement, and inspectors did not reject a large percentage of signs that had retroreflectivity values below the proposed minimum Federal Highway Administration standard. }, number={4}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Immaneni, Venkata Pavan K. and Rasdorf, William J. and Hummer, Joseph E. and Yeom, Chunho}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={266–278} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_hummer_harris_2007, title={IT infrastructure problems for asset management}, ISBN={0784409374}, DOI={10.1061/40937(261)10}, abstractNote={Transportation infrastructure asset management efforts normally focus on collecting data on items with low volumes and higher capital costs, such as bridges. Road signs and pavement markings, on the other hand, are high volume, low capital cost items but are critical elements of the transportation infrastructure. These high volume assets serve a critical function, safety, and thus they are receiving attention. In particular, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been working to establish minimum retroreflectivity standards for signs and pavement markings. This paper seeks to address information technology (IT) problems that emerge when developing an overall asset management system for high volume assets and to identify their unique characteristics. These IT problems include asset identification, asset location, data availability, data fragmentation, automated data collection, software selection, and system size and resources. A discussion of the issues related to these problems is presented herein to facilitate the development of more comprehensive systems to manage the automation of infrastructure asset management systems (AMS).}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the 2007 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, July 24-27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, publisher={Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. and Harris, E.}, editor={L. Soibelman, B. Akinci and Shon, H.Editors}, year={2007} }
 @article{pradhan_laefer_rasdorf_2007, title={Infrastructure management information system framework requirements for disasters}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:2(90)}, abstractNote={A three-tiered, enterprise, geographic information system architecture offers a robust, efficient, and secure platform to potentially revolutionize disaster management by enabling support of all of the phases of governmental activity that must occur before, during, and after a disaster. Presently, both publicly and privately initiated, computer-based systems designed for disaster management cannot meet the real-time data access and analysis needs at crucial stages, especially those occurring during an actual disaster. Impediments are reflective of the proprietary, stand alone, and segregated nature of current systems. This paper proposes an integrated, infrastructure management information system as a reliable and effective alternative. Issues related to sharing data, customizing applications, supporting multiple data formats, querying visually, facilitating ubiquitous computing, and upgrading are all addressed. Achieving maximum flexibility and capacity in a disaster management system relies upon recent advances in the following areas: (1) standardized data specifications; (2) middleware services; and (3) Web-enabled, distributed computing. Key resources in designing and implementing such an arrangement are prototyped in a system that was initially designed for addressing disaster management of urban explosions. The critical details of that system are presented herein.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Pradhan, A. R. and Laefer, D. F. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={2007}, pages={90–101} }
 @book{frey_rasdorf_kim_pang_lewis_abolhassani_2007, title={Life cycle inventory and impact analysis framework for nonroad construction vehicles and equipment based upon in-use measurements}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  National Science Foundation}, author={Frey, H. C. and Rasdorf, W. and Kim, K. and Pang, S.-H. and Lewis, P. and Abolhassani, S.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{frey_rasdorf_pang_kim_abolhasani_lewis_2007, title={Methodology for activity, fuel use, and emissions data collection and analysis for nonroad construction equipment}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association Annual Conference}, publisher={Pittsburgh, PA: AWMA}, author={Frey, H. C. and Rasdorf, W. and Pang, S. H. and Kim, K. and Abolhasani, S. and Lewis, P.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{frey_rasdorf_pang_kim_lewis_2007, title={Methods for measurement and analysis of in-use emissions of nonroad construction equipment}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EPA Emissions Inventory Conference}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: EPA}, author={Frey, H. C. and Rasdorf, W. and Pang, S. and Kim, K. and Lewis, P.}, year={2007} }
 @article{craig_sitzabee_rasdorf_hummer_2007, title={STATISTICAL VALIDATION OF THE EFFECT OF LATERAL LINE LOCATION ON PAVEMENT MARKING RETROREFLECTIVITY DEGRADATION}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x07308773}, abstractNote={ This article examines the effect of lateral location on the degradation of retroreflectivity in thermoplastic pavement-marking systems. The authors examined data collected on North Carolina roads over a 5-year period and conducted a statistical analysis to determine if there was a significant difference in the rates of retroreflectivity degradation between edge lines and center lines. The study concluded that there was statistical evidence that lateral line location does have an effect on retroreflectivity degradation and that center lines degrade faster than edge lines. Understanding retroreflectivity performance over time facilitates the development and implementation of guidelines and tools that can be used for holistic asset management. Based on their findings, the authors recommend changes in pavement-marking maintenance strategies. }, number={2}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Craig, W. Neil, III and Sitzabee, William E. and Rasdorf, William J. and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={431–450} }
 @book{taylor_rasdorf_wikoff_2006, title={An LRS based information system design for traffic survey data}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Taylor, K. and Rasdorf, W. and Wikoff, L.}, year={2006} }
 @book{rasdorf_hummer_harris_immaneni_yeom_2006, title={Designing a nighttime sign inspection procedure to ensure motorist safety}, number={FHWA/NC 2006-08}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. and Harris, E. and Immaneni, V. and Yeom, C.}, year={2006} }
 @book{hummer_rasdorf_harris_2006, title={Designing an experimental facility for roadway sign retroreflectivity measurement}, number={TA-2006-06}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Hummer, J. and Rasdorf, W. and Harris, E.}, year={2006} }
 @article{cai_rasdorf_tilley_smith_robson_2006, title={Geographic information systems/national elevation data route mileage verification}, volume={132}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2006)132:1(40)}, abstractNote={Maintaining the nation's roads and highways is a critical national infrastructure activity. To do so requires that accurate inventories of roadway features as well as the roadway network itself be maintained. This paper addresses the accuracy of road network mileages, that is, the lengths of various road segments and routes. A study was conducted using Geographic Information Systems to determine the accuracy of using national elevation data (NED) to calculate these lengths. The advantage of doing so is that, if successful, costly and time consuming field studies could be eliminated or reduced. This savings could positively impact all State Departments of Transportation. The scope of the study includes interstate roads as well as all other road types including secondary roads. The primary contribution of the paper is its finding that using NED data provides significant advantages over field studies and provides a very acceptable accuracy level. It also identifies areas of questionable accuracy and indicates why. Additionally, the paper provides some insight into secondary road data which is an often neglected area.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Surveying Engineering}, author={Cai, H. B. and Rasdorf, W. and Tilley, C. and Smith, L. C. and Robson, F.}, year={2006}, pages={40–49} }
 @book{rasdorf_2006, title={Pavement markings research plan}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={2006} }
 @article{rasdorf_2006, title={Publication changes, journal content, and the editorial board}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2006)20:1(1)}, abstractNote={William Rasdorf, Editor Dept. of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. This issue marks a watershed for the Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. Beginning with volume 20 in 2006, we will publish six issues per year instead of four, i.e. the JCCE is transforming from a quarterly journal to a bimonthly journal. The reason for this change is that the number of submissions to the JCCE is increasing, and consequently, the number of papers that are being published is also increasing. Although that outcome is positive and highly desirable, these papers also initiate a cascading series of events in the publications pipeline that affects the publication queue by extending the time from acceptance to publication. Under no circumstances do we desire delays in the publication process of accepted papers. A key advantage of publishing bimonthly will be to reduce the publication backlog and speed up publication times. But doing so will facilitate author participation in the JCCE and promote more rapid dissemination of critical knowledge. Moving to a bimonthly publication will enable us to better engage authors, increase the size of the issues over time, and put papers into the hands of readers more often. It also brings the JCCE to the reader’s attention more often.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={2006}, pages={1} }
 @article{abudayyeh_dibert-deyoung_rasdorf_melhem_2006, title={Research publication trends and topics in computing in civil engineering}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2006)20:1(2)}, abstractNote={This paper provides a historical perspective on computing research in civil engineering, as reflected in the Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering (JCCE). The paper reports the results of a 17 year analysis of the Journal from 1987 through 2003. The main computing topical content as well as the origin and distribution of research sources and dissemination venues are summarized. The JCCE is intended to be of interest to researchers, professionals, and students in all civil engineering disciplines. This paper is intended to shed light on its content.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Abudayyeh, O. and Dibert-Deyoung, A. and Rasdorf, W. and Melhem, H.}, year={2006}, pages={2–12} }
 @book{cox_farley_norris_rasdorf_smith_tilley_2006, title={Specifying road length}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  GIS Unit, North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Cox, H. and Farley, J. and Norris, T. and Rasdorf, W. and Smith, L.C. and Tilley, C.}, year={2006} }
 @book{laefer_rasdorf_pradhan_2006, title={Tools and techniques for the technological integration of multi-jazard post-incident assessment}, number={CMS-0353175}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Laefer, D. and Rasdorf, W. and Pradhan, A. R.}, year={2006} }
 @book{kuriatnyk_rasdorf_2005, title={Application and assessment of hansen software for naval material management}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Kuriatnyk, A. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2005} }
 @book{harris_rasdorf_laefer_2005, title={Determining disaster data management needs in a multi-disaster context}, number={CMS-0451461}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Harris, E. A. and Rasdorf, W. and Laefer, D.}, year={2005} }
 @article{rasdorf_hummer_vereen_cai_2005, title={Quantitative evaluation of the nighttime visual inspection method of sign evaluation}, volume={14}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Transportation Research Forum}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. and Vereen, S. and Cai, H.}, year={2005}, pages={121–139} }
 @article{kiel_rasdorf w._e._poole_2004, title={A linear referencing system for NCDOT}, volume={19}, ISBN={NULL}, number={3}, journal={Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering}, author={Kiel, D. and Rasdorf W., Shuller and E. and Poole, R.}, year={2004}, pages={170–185} }
 @article{rasdorf_cai_tilley_brun_robson_2004, title={Accuracy assessment of interstate highway length using digital elevation model}, volume={130}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2004)130:3(142)}, abstractNote={Road length is part of the geometry of the roadway network. Its measurement is critical to all road inventory databases. One approach to obtaining it is to drive cars equipped with a distance measurement instrument (DMI) along roads to measure mileages. This method provides accurate measurements, but it is expensive and time consuming. This paper proposes an alternative way to acquire actual road length, which is currently under consideration by the geographic information system (GIS) unit of the North Carolina Department of Transportation. The emphasis of this study was to determine the accuracy of the proposed approach. The proposed approach employs GIS application programs written in ARC macro language to calculate the actual length (surface length) along the sloped surface of highway centerlines based on elevation data and the road network geometry. This was done for all interstate highways in North Carolina. The calculated GIS results were compared with DMI measurements, which is the most accurate approach presently available to NCDOT. Three filters were applied to remove suspect road segments that have significant errors which are irrelevant to the proposed approach. All remaining segments were grouped by slope and length to evaluate the impact of slope and length on the accuracy. Frequency analysis and root mean square error were determined for all groups. It was found that the proposed method is a technically feasible method with reasonable accuracy. The study also revealed that where there are errors, they occur primarily for road segments with relatively high slopes, short lengths, or both. The meaning of this is that GIS and digital elevation model technologies can be combined and used in lieu of DMI measurements, thus reducing resource demands.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Surveying Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Cai, H. and Tilley, C. and Brun, S. and Robson, F.}, year={2004}, pages={142–150} }
 @article{vereen_hummer_rasdorf_2004, title={Alternative approaches for state agencies to address the proposed minimum retroreflectivity standards}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x04263208}, abstractNote={ This work aimed to determine, quantify, and present alternative approaches for agencies to meet the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) proposed minimum levels of retroreflectivity for signs. This study based these approaches on current North Carolina Department of Transportation sign maintenance practices and sought to minimize the cost and labor required to meet FHWA standards. This article offers four approaches: Nighttime visual inspection (current method), improved nighttime visual inspection procedures, sign inventory management system (no visual inspection), and combination of alternatives #2 and #3. This study ultimately recommends alternative #4, although it is the most costly. This article also recommends that an evaluation be made periodically to determine what benefits and improvement in sign condition, if any, have resulted from implementation. }, number={4}, journal={Public Works Management & Policy}, author={Vereen, S. and Hummer, J. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2004}, pages={235–248} }
 @book{cox_rasdorf_2004, title={An overview of the business operations process for road inventory data}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Cox, H. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2004} }
 @article{abudayyeh_cai_fenves_law_o'neill_rasdorf_2004, title={Assessment of the computing component of civil engineering education}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2004)18:3(187)}, abstractNote={This paper presents the results of two surveys conducted by the American Society of Civil Engineers' Task Committee on Computing Education of the Technical Council on Computing and Information Technology to assess the current computing component of the curriculum in civil engineering. Previous surveys completed in 1989 and 1995 have addressed the question of what should be taught to civil engineering students regarding computing. The surveys reported in this paper are a follow-up study to the two earlier surveys. Key findings of the study include: (1) the relative importance of the top four skills (spreadsheets, word processors, computer aided-design, electronic communication) has remained unchanged; (2) programming competence is ranked very low by practitioners; (3) the importance and use of geographic information system and specialized engineering software have increased over the past decade; (4) the importance and use of expert systems have significantly decreased over the past decade; and (5) the importance and use of equation solvers and databases have declined over the past decade.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Abudayyeh, O. and Cai, H. B. and Fenves, S. J. and Law, K. and O'Neill, R. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2004}, pages={187–195} }
 @book{rasdorf_2004, title={Business process analysis of the city of Raleigh public utilities water warehouse}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={2004} }
 @article{karimi_durcik_rasdorf_2004, title={Evaluation of uncertainties associated with geocoding techniques}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1093-9687"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-8667.2004.00346.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:   Spatial databases contain geocoded data. Geocoded data play a major role in numerous engineering applications such as transportation and environmental studies where geospatial information systems (GIS) are used for spatial modeling and analysis as they contain spatial information (e.g., latitude and longitude) about objects. The information that a GIS produces is impacted by the quality of the geocoded data (e.g., coordinates) stored in its database. To make appropriate and reasonable decisions using geocoded data, it is important to understand the sources of uncertainty in geocoding. There are two major sources of uncertainty in geocoding, one related to the database that is used as a reference data set to geocode objects and one related to the interpolation technique used. Factors such as completeness, correctness, consistency, currency, and accuracy of the data in the reference database contribute to the uncertainty of the former whereas the specific logic and assumptions used in an interpolation technique contribute to the latter. The primary purpose of this article is to understand uncertainties associated with interpolation techniques used for geocoding. In doing so, three geocoding algorithms were used and tested and the results were compared with the data collected by the Global Positioning System (GPS). The result of the overall comparison indicated no significant differences between the three algorithms.}, number={3}, journal={COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING}, author={Karimi, HA and Durcik, M and Rasdorf, W}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={170–185} }
 @book{wikoff_rasdorf_l._taylor_2003, title={Business and data process reengineering for traffic volume data}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Wikoff, L. and Rasdorf, W. Pasquariello and L. and Taylor, K.}, year={2003} }
 @book{rasdorf_tiyasiritanon_2003, title={Evaluation of spatial measurement technologies}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Tiyasiritanon, W.}, year={2003} }
 @book{cai_rasdorf_2003, title={Identification of flooded road segments using LIDAR elevation data and 3-D road data}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Cai, H. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2003} }
 @book{rasdorf_2003, title={LRS project deliverables, products, and services}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{abudayyeh_cai_fenves_law_o'neill_rasdorf_2003, title={Role of computing in civil engineering: Educators' perspective}, ISBN={0784407045}, DOI={10.1061/40704(2003)5}, abstractNote={The Education Committee of the Technical Council on Computing and Information Technology (TCCIT) of ASCE conducted two surveys during 2002 to assess the current computing component of the curriculum in civil engineering. The two surveys were targeted at two different segments within the civil engineering profession: educators and practitioners. This paper presents the findings of the survey directed to civil engineering educators concerning their perspective on the issue. This survey is a follow-up of surveys conducted by the Education Committee in 1990 and 1995. The presentation of the results includes an analysis of some of the changes in the survey results since 1990.}, booktitle={Towards a vision for information technology in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint International Symposium on Technology in Civil Engineering, Nov. 15-16, 2003, Nashville, TN}, publisher={Nashville, TN: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Abudayyeh, O. and Cai, H. and Fenves, S. J. and Law, K. and O'Neill, R. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{abudayyeh_cai_fenves_law_o'neill_rasdorf_2003, title={Role of computing in civil engineering: Practitioners' perspective}, ISBN={0784407045}, booktitle={Towards a vision for information technology in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Fourth Joint International Symposium on Technology in Civil Engineering, Nov. 15-16, 2003, Nashville, TN}, publisher={Nashville, TN: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Abudayyeh, O. and Cai, H. and Fenves, S. J. and Law, K. and O'Neill, R. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{fenves_rasdorf_2003, title={The role of ASCE in the emergence of computing in civil engineering}, ISBN={0784406863}, booktitle={Perspectives in civil engineering: Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the American Society of Civil Engineers}, publisher={Reston, VA: ASCE Press}, author={Fenves, S. J. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={2003}, pages={219–227} }
 @article{rasdorf_cai_tilley_brun_karimi_robson_2003, title={Transportation distance measurement data quality}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2003)17:2(75)}, abstractNote={Data quality and spatial data accuracy issues are critical to any geographic information systems ~GIS! application, especially GIS applications in the transportation community. This paper addresses one specific aspect of spatial data accuracy issues, namely, linear measurement ~length measurement!, through a transportation case study. In the case study, an alternative to distance measurement instruments ~DMI! was proposed to determine road lengths for interstate highways in North Carolina. In the proposed alternative, the road lengths were calculated by overlaying GIS roadway linework over elevation data—in this case the National Elevation Dataset, which was developed based on U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 min digital elevation models and calculating a centerline roadway slope distance. The results of this approach were collected and compared with DMI lengths to assess the accuracy of the proposed approach. Error sources were tentatively identified and control mechanisms were discussed. Computer tools and models used to model surfaces and roadway linework are emphasized in this paper. The computer algorithms used for length calculations and accuracy assessment are described. This research concluded that, by carefully controlling quality of both the roadway linework data and the elevation data, GIS programs can be written to provide accurate length measurements to the transportation community. Furthermore, instrumentation like global positioning systems, high resolution cameras, and precise odometers can be combined to create productivity enhancing automated engineering systems.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Cai, H. and Tilley, C. and Brun, S. and Karimi, H. and Robson, F.}, year={2003}, pages={75–87} }
 @book{vereen_hummer_rasdorf_2002, title={A sign inventory study to assess and control liability and cost}, number={FHWA/NC 2002-16}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Vereen, S. and Hummer, J. E. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2002} }
 @book{rasdorf_taylor_wikoff_robson_jerman_smith_2002, title={An interoperable information system design for traffic survey data}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Taylor, K. and Wikoff, L. and Robson, F. and Jerman, D. and Smith, L. C.}, year={2002} }
 @book{sign count approximation using field inventory sampling and calculated sign densities: analysis, improvements, and methods_2002, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, year={2002} }
 @article{rasdorf_janisch_robson_tilley_2002, title={Testing and evaluating alternative algorithms for location referencing system route generation}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2002)16:3(194)}, abstractNote={Modeling the transportation network of roads and highways for data and information system implementations presents unique challenges. The foremost challenge is selecting a modeling methodology that is compatible with the needs and culture of the organization using it. The second challenge is implementing the model in a viable enterprise information system via a database. Transportation information systems must efficiently store network topology and geometry, as well as attributes, and they must be compatible with geographic information systems (GIS). This paper deals with the topological aspects of the highway network. In particular, it describes computing methodologies for generating location referencing system routes. The paper describes the link node referencing system used to build the routes and mentions an alternative approach using GIS. Various algorithms are presented and described, test case results are presented, the algorithms are compared, and evaluation criteria are defined.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Janisch, A. and Robson, F. and Tilley, C.}, year={2002}, pages={194–221} }
 @book{rasdorf_cai_2001, title={A GIS data quality case study: Accuracy comparison of length measurements using GIS/NED and DMI}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Cai, H.}, year={2001} }
 @article{rasdorf w._wikoff_2001, title={A data warehouse digital archiving case study at the North Carolina Department of Transportation (Paper 01-0119)}, DOI={10.3141/1769-09}, abstractNote={ Data at state departments of transportation (DOTs) are numerous and varied. Large legacy data stores exist in many forms; are stored in a variety of media; and include such diverse items as text (calculations, forms, correspondence, specifications, and so forth), drawings, and photographs. Enormous collections of new data are continuously being created. Nearly all of the legacy data are in paper form. Even much of the newly collected data begins on paper, although most new data collection efforts are being converted to digital form. Given the current state, the key problems faced by state DOTs are how to find and acquire needed data, how to store it (warehouse), how to convert it to a useful form, how to relate it to other data (so that new analyses can be performed), how to manage it, how to access and use it, and how to archive it for both predicted and unexpected future needs. In another context, state DOTs are asking what to convert to digital form; what to do with data that are not in digital form; how to manage and access digital data warehouses; and how to maintain digital data in the face of continuous and drastic changes in hardware, software, and storage media. These questions are addressed in the context of a study conducted by the Traffic Survey Unit of the North Carolina Department of Transportation that led to some insightful and unexpected observations. }, journal={Proceedings of the 2001 TRB Annual Meeting}, publisher={Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council}, author={Rasdorf W., Taylor and Wikoff, L.}, year={2001} }
 @book{rasdorf_2001, title={Comparison of alternative linear referencing system route generation approaches}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={2001} }
 @article{fenves_rasdorf_2001, title={Role of ASCE in the advancement of computing in civil engineering}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2001)15:4(239)}, abstractNote={Computing has emerged as a major focus area in civil engineering, just as it has in other disciplines. This paper examines the role of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in the advancement and development of this focus on computing in civil engineering. The paper documents the technical activities of ASCE that contributed to this evolution, particularly the committees of the Structural Division (now the Structural Engineering Institute) and the Technical Council on Computer Practices (now the Technical Council on Computing and Information Technology). Emphasis is placed on the initial activities and the current status of each group. A broad survey of ASCE activities that contribute to the dissemination of information on computing in civil engineering is presented. The role of ASCE publications in this effort is examined. The ASCE conferences and congresses on computing are documented and evaluated. Finally, observations are made about the society's overall impact on computing in civil engineering.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Fenves, S. J. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={2001}, pages={239–247} }
 @book{kirtley_rasdorf_2001, title={Sign count approximation using field inventory sampling and calculated sign densities for NC primary routes}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Kirtley, N. R. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2001} }
 @book{smith_tran_rasdorf_2001, title={The Universe Database Schema}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Smith, L. C. and Tran, D. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={2001} }
 @book{rasdorf_janisch_robson_tilley_hamm_opperman_2000, title={Generating a base linear referencing system for roads and highways}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Janisch, A. and Robson, F. and Tilley, C. and Hamm, A. and Opperman, M.}, year={2000} }
 @article{rasdorf_shuller_poole_abudayyeh_robson_2000, title={Information management at state highway departments: Issues and needs}, volume={126}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:2(134)}, abstractNote={The North Carolina Department of Transportation, in its continuing efforts to more fully and effectively use advanced information technology tools to increase institutional productivity and effectiveness in managing its transportation infrastructure, embarked on a study that involved developing a comprehensive and unified enterprisewide information management system. This paper focuses on the issues and needs that emerged as the information system development study evolved. These issues and needs became so significant that they warranted a detailed analysis in and of themselves. It is these issues and needs, which have a degree of universality, that are reported herein. This paper first introduces and discusses the functions of various participating units at state departments of transportation (referred to as stakeholders). Then, the paper identifies the issues and needs that must be fully understood and considered in the development of a unified information management system.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Transportation Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Shuller, E. and Poole, R. and Abudayyeh, O. and Robson, F.}, year={2000}, pages={134–142} }
 @book{rasdorf_2000, title={Spatial data quality}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={2000} }
 @book{rasdorf_1999, title={A spatial and attribute database schema design for traffic survey data}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1999} }
 @book{rasdorf_1999, title={The Conceptual Universe database schema: Design issues and decisions}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1999} }
 @book{rasdorf_1998, title={A digital information storage study at NCDOT}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1998} }
 @article{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1998, title={Foundation for research in computing in civil engineering}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1998)12:1(9)}, abstractNote={This paper provides a historical perspective on computing research in civil engineering, as reflected in the "Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering" (JCCE). The paper reports the results of the 10-year analysis of the journal for the 1987-1996 period. The main contributing authors, organizations, and countries are identified, and their contribution patterns are brought to light. Focus areas covered by the journal from 1987 to 1996 are categorized and summarized with respect to engineering subdisciplines and computing areas. References cited by JCCE authors are categorized according to their sources. The sources are ranked, and their citation patterns are explicated.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Lakmazaheri, S. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1998}, pages={9–18} }
 @book{rasdorf_1998, title={Projecting future electronic storage requirements within the client/server}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1998} }
 @book{rasdorf_1998, title={Research experiences for undergraduates in civil engineering at North Carolina State University}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1998} }
 @book{sherk_rasdorf_1998, title={Unified database schema for North Carolina Department of Transportation}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Sherk, S. A. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1998} }
 @article{spainhour_rasdorf_1997, title={Development of an information model for composites design data}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0177-0667"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01201860}, abstractNote={Material properties data, particularly those of advanced composite materials such as fiber-reinforced plastics, provides a very complex domain which is difficult to computerize. As a foundational activity supporting the development of material property databases, we have examined and modeled the data contained within this large, diverse, and intricate domain. Our primary objective was to gain a better understanding of the data involved in this system and their transformation and use. We examined the life cycle of a fiber-reinforced composite material, from a raw material to a manufactured product, focusing on the various applications which require and/or supply materials data and the types of materials data which must be included. A high-level information model was created to illustrate the overall picture of composite materials data which emerged from this analysis. This model provides a global view of the data encompassed in the domain of composite materials, and forms the basis of a formal conceptual model from which databases may be developed.}, number={1}, journal={ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS}, author={Spainhour, LK and Rasdorf, WJ}, year={1997}, pages={48–64} }
 @article{rasdorf_1997, title={Importance of mentoring in civil engineering education}, volume={123}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1997}, pages={5} }
 @book{rasdorf_1997, title={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering: Editorials}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1997} }
 @article{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1996, title={A review and assessment of the Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Lakmazaheri, S. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1996}, pages={95–96} }
 @article{spainhour_rasdorf_1996, title={Entity-relationship modeling of composite materials data}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1996)10:3(226)}, abstractNote={Material properties data, particularly that of advanced composite materials such as fiber-reinforced plastics, provides a complex domain which is difficult to computerize. To aid in this process, a formal conceptual data model was designed. The contribution of this model is that it encompasses the data needs of civil and structural engineers throughout the life cycle of a composite material component. The data model was created using the entity-relationship methodology, and can be used to support automated data exchange and database development. Other issues addressed in this paper include assessing the suitability of the entity-relationship model for composite materials data, assessing and maintaining the quality of a data set, and modeling special types of data applicable to composite materials.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1996}, pages={226–235} }
 @book{rasdorf_janisch_1996, title={Improved guidelines and models for traditional advising of undergraduate students}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Janisch, A. J.}, year={1996} }
 @book{rasdorf_janisch_1996, title={Pilot study for improving undergraduate advising: Summary and analysis}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Janisch, A. J.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{spainhour_rasdorf_alberts_1995, title={Advanced composite material property data for engineering analysis and design}, ISBN={0803120265}, DOI={10.1520/stp15408s}, abstractNote={Awareness of fiber-reinforced plastics is increasing in the domain of civil engineering. However, much of the potential of these new materials is lost because of inefficient data management practices. The main focus of this research is the design of a formal conceptual data model that encompasses the data needs of civil and structural engineers throughout the life cycle of a composite material component. This data model can be used to support automated data exchange and database development. Other issues addressed in this research include assessing the suitability of the Entity-Relationship model for composite materials data, and modeling special types of data applicable to composite materials.}, booktitle={Computerization and networking of materials databases. Fourth volume}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials}, author={Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W. J. and Alberts, J. M.}, editor={Sturrock, C. P. and Begley, E. F.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={110–126} }
 @book{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1995, title={Contents Review of the Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Reston, Va.:  American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Lakmazaheri, S. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1995} }
 @inproceedings{spainhour_rasdorf_1995, title={Suitability of ER method for composite materials data}, ISBN={0784400881}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Second Congress held in conjunction with A/E/C Systems '95}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1995}, pages={1598–1605} }
 @article{glass_holtz_rasdorf_1994, title={A SYSTEM FOR DESCRIBING DESIGN ARTIFACTS USING THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUE OF FRAMES}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0177-0667"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01202366}, abstractNote={Any attempt to utilize computer aids to automate or partially automate the design process must resolve the problem of representing the design artifact in a manner that is suited both to computer manipulation and to engineering analysis, and subsequently to design. Recognizing these needs, we have devised a model, referred to as the description system, that is based on the frame technique of description or knowledge representation. Our goals were to explore the suitability of frames for modeling design artifacts, evaluate their characteristics, explore their robustness and assess their applicability in the structural engineering domain. This paper reports on the development of a computer implementation of a system, referred to as a description system, designed to achieve these goals. The description system consists of three levels: the system shell; the knowledge base; and instantiations of descriptions. This system implements various facilities which are useful to designers, including the computation of design values, integrity maintenance, providing default values, and supporting explanation. This paper presents an overview of the three levels of the description system, briefly discusses its main features and illustrates a civil engineering application involving the design of a two-storey structure.}, number={4}, journal={ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS}, author={GLASS, A and HOLTZ, N and RASDORF, WJ}, year={1994}, pages={197–211} }
 @article{rasdorf_1994, title={COMPOSITE-MATERIALS DESIGN DATABASE AND DATA-RETRIEVAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1050-0472"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2919411}, abstractNote={Researchers and materials engineers require a greater understanding of the problems and solutions that emerge when integrating composite materials data with computer technology so that utilitarian composite materials databases can be developed to effectively and efficiently support analysis and design software. This paper primarily serves to analyze several of the problems facing developers of composite materials databases, evolving from the complexity of the materials themselves and from the current lack of testing and data representation standards. Without a clear understanding of the scope and nature of these problems, there is no possibility of designing concise yet comprehensive composites data models, yet we feel that such an understanding is presently lacking.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL DESIGN}, author={RASDORF, WJ}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={531–538} }
 @article{dastoor_hersh_batra_rasdorf_1994, title={COMPUTER-ASSISTED STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL WOVEN FABRICS .1. NEED, SCOPE, BACKGROUND, AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0040-5000"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009408659014}, abstractNote={This is the first of a three-part series describing an attempt to develop a comprehensive computational framework for aiding the engineering design of woven industrial fabrics. The work has two major aims. The first is to develop a generalized knowledge-based CAD system for use in fabric design. A detailed analytic phase will then follow, which will comprise a set of computational models for the simulation of fabric behavior under external stimuli which will be used for the predictive estimation of some important properties. Accordingly, the second focus of this work is to develop an analysis of the uniaxial/biaxial load-deformation behavior of a plain woven fabric. Part I provides the rationale for choosing this domain of industrial fabric design, and discusses the characteristics and the limitations of current design procedures. It examines the requirements for a computer-based system intended to provide decision-making support for a generic design task. There is a short review of such CAD systems withi...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={DASTOOR, PH and HERSH, SP and BATRA, SK and RASDORF, WJ}, year={1994}, pages={89–109} }
 @article{dastoor_hersh_batra_rasdorf_1994, title={COMPUTER-ASSISTED STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL WOVEN FABRICS .2. SYSTEM OPERATION, HEURISTIC DESIGN}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0040-5000"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009408659015}, abstractNote={This is the second of a three-part series describing an attempt to develop a comprehensive computational framework for aiding the engineering design of woven industrial fabrics. The work has two major aims. The first, covered in Parts I and II, is to develop a generalized knowledge-based CAD system for fabrics design. The second is a detailed analytic phase comprising a set of computational models for simulation of fabric behavior under external stimuli, and predictive estimation of some important properties. Part III presents the first of these models, and analyses the uniaxial/biaxial load-deformation of a plain woven fabric. While the system architecture and functional description were presented in Part I, Part II details the working principles of the knowledge-based Design Phaseof the CAD system, considered as two major software sub-systems. The first sub-system is the ‘Revision Stage’, which essentially supports the designer's attempt to revise a previously successful but slightly different fabric de...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={DASTOOR, PH and HERSH, SP and BATRA, SK and RASDORF, WJ}, year={1994}, pages={110–134} }
 @book{rasdorf_wyatt_1994, title={Mentoring: A planning sensitive approach to advising}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Wyatt, K. L.}, year={1994} }
 @book{rasdorf_1994, title={Undergraduate student mentoring guidelines for faculty}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1994} }
 @article{rasdorf_spainhour_patton_burns_1993, title={A DESIGN ENVIRONMENT FOR LAMINATED FIBER-REINFORCED THICK COMPOSITE-MATERIALS}, volume={9}, ISSN={["0177-0667"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01198252}, abstractNote={The research described herein concerns the integration of several components of engineering software using a relational database. More specifically, a conceptual finite element material preprocessing system for laminated fiber-reinforced thick composite materials is studied. In this computer-aided analysis (CAA) system, a materials database is integrated with several software components, including commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) programs and preprocessors, and tools for the design of laminated composite materials. The system focuses on assembling, manipulating and using composite materials data, resulting in the transfer of 2-D and 3-D composite materials property data into a finite element analysis program. The system is life-cycle in nature, supporting a composite through testing, analysis and design. it offers great versatility in its ability to use raw ply data from any source, design layups, and generate laminate properties and FEA materials data files. Despite the fact that such integrated systems are not new in many domains, they have not been successfully introduced to the redlm of composite materials analysis and design. This outcome is due largely to the nature of the materials themselves and the overhead they bring to the development of a successful life-cycle model.}, number={1}, journal={ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS}, author={RASDORF, WJ and SPAINHOUR, LK and PATTON, EM and BURNS, BP}, year={1993}, pages={36–48} }
 @inproceedings{spainhour_rasdorf_1993, title={A constraint-based composites design advisor}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering}, publisher={Anaheim, CA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1993}, pages={773–780} }
 @article{rasdorf_spainhour_patton_burns_1993, title={CDI - LINKING MATERIAL PROPERTY DATABASES TO ANALYSIS CODES}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0965-9978"]}, DOI={10.1016/0965-9978(93)90011-H}, abstractNote={Integration among programs designed to solve complex engineering problems is often lacking, and this is particularly a problem in the area of thick composite materials analysis and design where a large volume of inout must be provided. Another problem is the lack of an archival repository in which to store input information in a generic format. To address these problems, we have developed a prototype of a finite element material property reprocessing system, called the composites data-base interface (CDI). In this computer-aided analysis system, a materials database is integrated with several software components, including commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) programs and preprocessors, and tools for manipulating and using composite materials data, resulting in the transfer of two- and three-dimensional composite materials property data into an FEA program. This paper presents the capabilities of this system, discusses the overall system integration through R:BASE, and provides a civil engineering application involving the design of a large cylindrical tank to illustrate the execution of the CDI system's various components. The paper ends by discussing the current status of this computer-aided analysis system.}, number={3}, journal={ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE}, author={RASDORF, WJ and SPAINHOUR, LK and PATTON, EM and BURNS, BP}, year={1993}, pages={145–152} }
 @book{alberts_spainhour_rasdorf_1993, title={Categorization and modeling of composite material test data for a conceptual database}, number={CE-115-93}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Alberts, J. M. and Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_spainhour_1993, title={Developing and implementing a conceptual composite materials design database}, ISBN={0791811697}, booktitle={Engineering data management: Key to success in a global market: Proceedings of the 1993 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, August 8-12, San Diego, California}, publisher={San Diego, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Spainhour, L. K.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{wyatt_holtz_rasdorf_1993, title={Developing design solutions using the frames technique of knowledge representation}, ISBN={0791811697}, booktitle={Engineering data management: Key to success in a global market: Proceedings of the 1993 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, August 8-12, San Diego, California}, publisher={San Diego, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Wyatt, T. R. and Holtz, N. M. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1993} }
 @article{abudayyeh_rasdorf_1993, title={Prototype integrated cost and schedule control system}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1993)7:2(181)}, abstractNote={Effective management of construction projects depends on good access to and control of data, especially data pertaining to cost and schedulecontrol functions. Long recognizing the need to integrate...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1993}, pages={181–198} }
 @article{rasdorf_abudayyeh_1992, title={A FORMAL APPROACH TO SCHEMA DESIGN FOR ENGINEERING DATABASES}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0965-9978"]}, DOI={10.1016/0965-9978(92)90080-Y}, abstractNote={Abstract With the continued use of databases in engineering applications and the continued proliferation of engineering data, the importance of proper database design needs increasing attention. This paper introduces a new data modeling methodology called Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology (NIAM). NIAM is a graphical modeling language used to design conceptual schemas that can be mapped onto any database model such as the relational and hierarchical data models. The paper describes a procedure, called the Optimal Normal Form algorithm, for mapping a NIAM conceptual schema onto a fifth normal form relational data model. An example from the construction management domain is used to describe the principles and concepts of the NIAM modeling methodology.}, number={1}, journal={ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE}, author={RASDORF, WJ and ABUDAYYEH, OY}, year={1992}, pages={23–31} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_spainhour_burns_1992, title={A database design methodology for fiber reinforced composites}, ISBN={079180934X}, booktitle={Engineering data management: Key to integrated product development: Proceedings of the 1992 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, August 2-6, San Francisco, California}, publisher={San Francisco, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Spainhour, L. K. and Burns, B. P.}, year={1992} }
 @article{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1992, title={AN ARTIFACT MODELING APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING INTEGRATED ENGINEERING SYSTEMS}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0360-1323"]}, DOI={10.1016/0360-1323(92)90023-I}, abstractNote={Engineering problem solving can be viewed as a transformation process in which the initial description of an engineering system (artifact) transforms to its final description. This paper presents a single yet powerful approach for modeling engineering artifacts. The approach involves using (1) a symbolic language for representing engineering artifacts in terms of objects and relations and (2) a mechanical strategy for manipulating engineering artifacts. The approach provides a common platform for modeling different phases of the engineering problem solving process, thus facilitating system integration.}, number={2}, journal={BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={LAKMAZAHERI, S and RASDORF, WJ}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={209–220} }
 @inproceedings{heroux_peters_rasdorf_baugh_1992, title={An agenda for AEC PDES research}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering}, publisher={Dallas, TX: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Heroux, J. P. and Peters, D. J. and Rasdorf, W. J. and Baugh, J. W.}, year={1992}, pages={376–385} }
 @article{rasdorf_abudayyeh_1992, title={NIAM conceptual data-base design in construction management}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1992)6:1(41)}, abstractNote={With the continued use of data bases in engineering applications and the continued proliferation of engineering data, the importance of proper data-base design needs increasing attention. This paper presents a new data, modeling methodology called NIAM. NIAM is a graphical modeling language used to design conceptual schemas that can be mapped onto any data-base model, e.g., the relational and hierarchical data models. The paper describes a procedure, called the optimal normal form algorithm, for mapping a NIAM conceptual schema onto a fifth normal form relational data model. It then provides a brief background on the relational data model and the normalization process. Examples from the construction management domain are used to describe the principles and concepts of the NIAM modeling methodology.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1992}, pages={41–62} }
 @book{spainhour_rasdorf_1991, title={A computer-aided analysis system for fiber-reinforced composite materials}, number={CE-011-91}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{spainhour_rasdorf_patton_burns_collier_1991, title={A computer-aided analysis system with DBMS support for fiber-reinforced thick composite materials}, ISBN={0791806243}, booktitle={Engineering databases, an enterprise resource: Proceedings of the 1991 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, August 18-22, Santa Clara, California}, publisher={Santa Clara, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Spainhour, L. K. and Rasdorf, W. J. and Patton, E. M. and Burns, B. P. and Collier, C. S.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_abudayyeh_wyatt_1991, title={A formal approach to modeling construction data}, ISBN={0872628035}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering and Symposium on Data Bases: Proceedings of the seventh conference, held in conjunction with A/E/C Systems '91, Ramada Renaissance, Washington, D.C., May 6-8, 1991}, publisher={Washington, DC: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Wyatt, T. R.}, year={1991}, pages={650–661} }
 @article{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_1991, title={A logic-based approach for processing design standards}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1017/s0890060400002377}, abstractNote={A logic-based approach for automating the processing of design standards is illustrated. This approach is composed of three steps: conceptualization, formalization and implementation. Conceptualization is referred to as the representation of the knowledge necessary for solving the problem of interest in terms of objects and relations. Formalization is referred to as the representation of the objects and relations of interest as axioms using the language of predicate calculus. And, Implementation is referred to as the representation of the axioms of interest and the strategy for manipulating axioms using the constructs of a programming language.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Lakmazaheri, S.}, year={1991}, pages={179–192} }
 @book{abudayyeh_rasdorf_1991, title={An Assessment of Cost and Schedule Control Integration Models}, number={CE-90-10}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1991} }
 @book{abudayyeh_rasdorf_1991, title={An automated data acquisition and data storage model for improving cost and schedule control}, number={CE-012-91}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1991} }
 @book{computing in civil engineering and symposium on data bases: proceedings of the seventh conference, held in conjunction with a/e/c systems '91, ramada renaissance, washington, d.c., may 6-8, 1991_1991, ISBN={0872628035}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers}, year={1991} }
 @article{rasdorf_abudayyeh_1991, title={Cost- and schedule-control integration: Issues and needs}, volume={117}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1991)117:3(486)}, abstractNote={Cost control and schedule control are two of the most important management functions in the construction industry. Major research efforts are focused on developing procedures for improving the effectiveness of cost and schedule control. As a result, researchers are concerned with the quality, integrity, and timeliness of data that flow through such control systems. A number of data models have been proposed to integrate cost‐ and schedule‐control functions, because such integration is viewed as the, solution to the many problems facing construction projects today. This paper provides an overview of cost‐ and schedule‐control functions, defines the desired control cycle, and discusses the problems and needs of cost‐ and schedule‐control functions. A number of integrated cost‐ and schedule‐control data models, which represent the state of construction research in this area, are discussed. The work‐packaging model is briefly described and is suggested as the most likely existing model to achieve the desired ...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1991}, pages={486–502} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_spainhour_patton_burns_1991, title={DBMS support for fiber-reinforced composite materials analysis}, ISBN={0872628035}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering and Symposium on Data Bases: Proceedings of the seventh conference, held in conjunction with A/E/C Systems '91, Ramada Renaissance, Washington, D.C., May 6-8, 1991}, publisher={Washington, DC: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Spainhour, L. K. and Patton, E. M. and Burns, B. P.}, year={1991}, pages={609–619} }
 @book{peters_heroux_rasdorf_baugh_1991, title={Enhanced data exchange through AEC modeling}, number={CE-013-91}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Peters, D. J. and Heroux, J. P. and Rasdorf, W. and Baugh, J. W.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{abudayyeh_rasdorf_1991, title={Integrated cost and schedule control automation}, ISBN={0872628019}, booktitle={Preparing for construction in the 21st century: Proceedings of Construction Congress '91}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1991}, pages={679–686} }
 @book{davis_rasdorf_bogetti_1991, title={Structural performance characteristics of graphite reinforced composite laminates subjected to in-plane loading}, number={CE-014-91}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Davis, W. B. and Rasdorf, W. and Bogetti, T.}, year={1991} }
 @article{abudayyeh_rasdorf_1991, title={The design of construction industry information management systems}, volume={117}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1991)117:4(698)}, abstractNote={Effective management of construction projects depends on good access to and control of data, especially data pertaining to cost and schedule control functions. Long recognizing the need to integrate these interrelated functions, researchers have proposed conceptual models to achieve this purpose. However, the proper design of an automated solution that would support the needs of integrated cost and schedule control and provide distributed access to data for different processing needs has been lacking. The purpose of this paper is to show how such an automated solution (represented by a data storage model) was properly designed and developed. The data storage model is developed using the first three steps of the process used to model engineering problems. The first step, problem definition, was accomplished using the work packaging model to solve the integration problem and by using data collection forms developed by R. S. Means Company to identify what data items are collected in cost and schedule control...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, author={Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1991}, pages={698–715} }
 @book{stone_rasdorf_1991, title={Viability of the PDES shipbuilding model in aerospace applications}, number={CE-015-91}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Stone, T. A. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1990, title={A formal approach to structural design using predicate logic}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Formal Methods in Engineering Design, Manufacturing, and Assembly}, publisher={Colorado Springs, CO: ASME}, author={Lakmazaheri, S. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1990}, pages={247–259} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_fulton_khedro_1990, title={A historical summary of the ASME Symposia on Engineering Database Management}, ISBN={0791805158}, booktitle={Computers in engineering, 1990: Proceedings of the 1990 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, August 5-9, Boston, Massachusetts}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Fulton, R. E. and Khedro, T.}, year={1990} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_abudayyeh_1990, title={A supervisory system for CAD/CAM of custom orthopedic footwear and its prototype implementation}, ISBN={0791805158}, booktitle={Computers in engineering, 1990: Proceedings of the 1990 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, August 5-9, Boston, Massachusetts}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Lakmazaheri, S. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1990} }
 @book{abudayyeh_rasdorf_1990, title={An overview of data acquisition technologies}, number={CE-90-09}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1990} }
 @article{rasdorf_herbert_1990, title={Automated identification systems-focus on bar coding}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1990)4:3(279)}, abstractNote={Automated inventory control has been used for many years in such industries as manufacturing, automotive, and retail grocery. These industries have recognized technologies such as bar coding, magnetic stripe, optical character recognition, and radio frequency as viable solutions to the information and production control problems they encounter. One of these technologies, namely bar coding, is slowly being implemented in certain civil engineering applications. As the use of bar coding grows, it will be important for civil engineers to gain a solid understanding of this identification technology and its potential applications. This paper provides an introduction to automated identification systems emphasizing bar coding technology. A discussion of available automated identification technologies is presented. An introduction to bar coding technology is included, along with an analysis of presently used languages and labels. A generic bar coding system architecture and an actual implementation of this archite...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Herbert, M. J.}, year={1990}, pages={279–296} }
 @article{rasdorf_herbert_1990, title={Bar coding in construction engineering}, volume={116}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1990)116:2(261)}, abstractNote={Automated inventory control has been used for many years in such industries as manufacturing, automotive, and retail grocery. These industries have recognized technologies such as bar coding, magnetic stripe, optical character recognition, and radio frequency as viable solutions to the information and production control problems they encounter. This paper presents a construction information management system (CIMS) for the control of information used by project management. This system successfully transfers a resource identification and tracking (RIT) technology, namely bar coding, from a manufacturing environment to control data acquisition needs for construction. In addition, CIMS integrates scheduling, inventory, cost, and document control application programs with a central data base management system (DBMS) using stand-alone software, a DBMS programming language, and a spreadsheet. An introduction to the objectives and unique contribution of CIMS is presented, along with a review of other related construction industry research. The information needs of construction engineering are reviewed to determine how a system such as CIMS can satisfy those needs. A generic system architecture is described, and an implementation of the architecture is presented.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Herbert, M. J.}, year={1990}, pages={261–280} }
 @book{ulberg_rasdorf_1990, title={Computer-Aided Software Engineering Via Constraint Propagation}, number={ISTI-89-60257}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  National Science Foundation}, author={Ulberg, K. J. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1990} }
 @article{law_rasdorf_karamouz_abudayyeh_1990, title={Computing in the civil engineering curriculum: Needs and issues}, volume={116}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1990)116:2(128)}, abstractNote={Rapid advances in computer software and hardware have provided engineers with a powerful means of processing, storing, retrieving, and displaying data. This has made computer science a growing and essential part of nearly every engineering discipline. The effective use of computers in engineering processes and applications is recognized by many as the key to increased individual, company, and national productivity. This paper presents the results of a survey that was conducted by the ASCE Task Committee on Computing Education to assess computing needs in the civil engineering profession and to assess the current undergraduate computing curriculum in civil engineering education. The survey results presented in this paper can be used as a guide by educators who wish to enhance the computing aspects of their engineering curricula and by engineering firms that are evaluating the educational profile of new graduates. The goal is to enable students to possess, in addition to their engineering skills, both the a...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering}, author={Law, K. H. and Rasdorf, W. and Karamouz, M. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1990}, pages={128–141} }
 @article{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_1990, title={Logic-based approach for modeling organization of design standards}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1990)4:2(102)}, abstractNote={Several studies have been conducted on representing and processing design standards for design automation. One of the main outcomes of these studies is the standards analysis, synthesis, and expression (SASE) model. To extend the utility of the SASE model for processing (reasoning about) design standards, a logic‐based approach is proposed. This approach provides: (1) A formal language, founded on predicate logic, for representing the standard; and (2) a mechanical means for reasoning about the standard using the language. The formal language is used to model the overall organization of a portion of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) design specification. The model, called the formal organizational submodel, is composed of a set of axioms that capture the relationships between the classifiers and the provisions of the standard. Reasoning about the formal organizational submodel is accomplished using the resolution theorem proving strategy. This paper's main contribution is its use of pred...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Lakmazaheri, S.}, year={1990}, pages={102–123} }
 @book{proceedings of the symposium on engineering database management: the technology for integration_1990, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers}, year={1990} }
 @article{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1990, title={THE ANALYSIS AND PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF TRUSS STRUCTURES VIA THEOREM-PROVING}, volume={6}, ISSN={["0177-0667"]}, DOI={10.1007/bf01200202}, abstractNote={A use of theorem proving for the analysis and partial synthesis of truss structures is presented. The behavior of a truss structure is modeled as the set union of the behavior of its constituent components where the behavior of each component is modeled by a set of constraints. This component/constraint model is formally represented by a set of axioms using predicate logic. The axioms are then used toanalyze and partiallysynthesize truss structures via theorem proving. Constraint logic programming is identified as a suitable implementation vehicle for the analysis and partial synthesis of truss structures via theorem proving. Several important implications of the formulation for structural design automation, data base integrity, and parallel processing are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS}, author={LAKMAZAHERI, S and RASDORF, WJ}, year={1990}, pages={31–45} }
 @article{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_abudayyeh_1990, title={THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GEOMETRIC MODELING DATABASE-MANAGEMENT INTERFACE}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0961-3552"]}, DOI={10.1016/0141-1195(90)90022-X}, abstractNote={In order to transfer data between two software systems used as part of an overall CAD/CAM system for the design and manufacture of custom orthopedic footwear, we developed an interface program to map the system's imputs and outputs. This paper discusses the NASCAD-RIM Interface version 1.0 for these two systems, the NASCAD geometric modeler and the RIM relational database management system. This interface program for these widely used systems could prove useful to software developers and users.}, number={2}, journal={ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE AND WORKSTATIONS}, author={RASDORF, WJ and LAKMAZAHERI, S and ABUDAYYEH, O}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={84–89} }
 @inproceedings{law_rasdorf_karamouz_abudayyeh_1990, title={The role of computing in the civil engineering curriculum}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ASCE 1990 National Forum on Education and Continuing Professional Development for the Civil Engineer}, publisher={Las Vegas, NV: ASCE}, author={Law, K. H. and Rasdorf, W. and Karamouz, M. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1990}, pages={337–343} }
 @inproceedings{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1989, title={A formal approach to structural design automation using predicate logic}, ISBN={0791803619}, booktitle={Design theory and methodology, DTM '89: Presented at the 1989 ASME Design Technical Conferences, 1st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 17-21, 1989}, publisher={Chicago, IL: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Lakmazaheri, S. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1989}, pages={259–266} }
 @inproceedings{yacout_turinsky_al-chalabi_rasdorf_1989, title={A nuclear power plant operator aid utilizing on-line simulation models}, ISBN={0894481487}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on America Nuclear Society's Advances in Nuclear Engineering Computation and Radiation Shielding, Eldorado Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 9-13, 1989}, publisher={Santa Fe, NM: American Nuclear Society}, author={Yacout, A. M. and Turinsky, P. J. and Al-Chalabi, R. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1989} }
 @article{rasdorf_herbert_1989, title={Bar Codes on the Job Site}, journal={ID Systems}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Herbert, M. J.}, year={1989}, pages={32–36} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_herbert_1989, title={Bar codes in construction management}, booktitle={Proceedings of the ID EXPO Conference and Exhibition}, publisher={Los Angeles, CA: ID Systems Magazine}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Herbert, M. J.}, year={1989}, pages={110/1–1108} }
 @article{lakmazaheri_rasdorf_1989, title={Constraint logic programming for the analysis and partial synthesis of truss structures}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1017/s0890060400001207}, abstractNote={A general constraint-based formulation for the analysis and partial synthesis of two-dimensional truss structures is presented. This formulation is general in that it handles statically determinate and statically indeterminate trusses with pin and roller supports, and concentrated joint loads. The formulation is constraint-based in that the physical behavior of truss components is declaratively represented using constraints.}, number={3}, journal={Engineering With Computers}, author={Lakmazaheri, S. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1989}, pages={157–173} }
 @book{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_abudayyeh_1989, title={Engineering specification and system design for CAD/CAM of custom shoes - Data representation and system integration}, number={CE-011-89}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Lakmazaheri, S. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1989} }
 @book{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_abudayyeh_1989, title={Engineering specification and system design for CAD/CAM of custom shoes - Supervisory system development}, number={CE-021-89}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Lakmazaheri, S. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1989} }
 @book{proceedings of the symposium on engineering database management: leadership key for the 90's_1989, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers}, year={1989} }
 @inproceedings{law_rasdorf_karamouz_abudayyeh_1989, title={The role of computing in civil engineering education}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Law, K. H. and Rasdorf, W. J. and Karamouz, M. and Abudayyeh, O. Y.}, year={1989}, pages={442–450} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_abudayyeh_lakmazaheri_1989, title={The structure of an interface linking NASCAD and RIM}, ISBN={0791803597}, booktitle={Engineering database management: Leadership key for the 90's, presented at the 1989 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, July 30-August 3, 1989, Anaheim, California}, publisher={Anaheim, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Abudayyeh, O. Y. and Lakmazaheri, S.}, year={1989} }
 @article{holtz_rasdorf_1988, title={AN EVALUATION OF PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGE FEATURES FOR ENGINEERING SOFTWARE-DEVELOPMENT}, volume={3}, ISSN={["0177-0667"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01202140}, number={4}, journal={ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS}, author={HOLTZ, NM and RASDORF, WJ}, year={1988}, pages={183–199} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_herbert_1988, title={CIMS: A Construction Information Management System}, ISBN={0872626350}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Microcomputers to supercomputers: Proceedings of the fifth conference, Radisson Mark Plaza Hotel, Alexandria, Virginia, March 29-31, 1988}, publisher={Alexandria, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Herbert, M. J.}, year={1988}, pages={33–45} }
 @book{herbert_rasdorf_1988, title={CIMS: A construction information management system}, number={CE-011-87}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Herbert, M. J. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_1988, title={Engineering data management needs}, booktitle={Managing engineering data: The competitive edge: Presented at the 1987 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, August 9-13, 1987, New York, New York}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{collier_rasdorf_1988, title={Finite element model and finite element analysis results relational database management system}, booktitle={Managing engineering data: Emerging issues : Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31-August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California}, publisher={San Francisco, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Collier, C. S. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1988} }
 @article{rasdorf_wang_1988, title={Generic design standards processing in an expert system environment}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1988)2:1(68)}, abstractNote={Checking design conformance with governing standards, codes, specifications, regulations, and manuals is a mandatory step in designing engineering systems. Automating this design checking process, therefore, is an important goal that has far‐reaching design productivity implications. Current conformance checking automation generally involves the use of application programs into which the standards, or an interpretation of their intent, have been directly coded. This approach is extremely inflexible and often error‐prone. This paper investigates the feasibility of casting design standards in an alternative form, one suitable for flexible processing in a knowledge‐based expert system environment. The proposed form not only enables a designer to readily check the conformance of designs, but it also allows him to evaluate the effects of changing design variables as well as evaluate the impact of down‐stream activities and events, such as change orders, on the initial design. Two prototype standards processing...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Wang, T. E.}, year={1988}, pages={68–87} }
 @inbook{bhatt_fisher_rasdorf_1988, title={Information retrieval architectures for expert system/DBMS communication}, ISBN={0898060966}, booktitle={Expert systems}, publisher={Norcross, GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press, Institute of Industrial Engineers}, author={Bhatt, R. V. and Fisher, E. L. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, editor={Botten, N. and Raz, T.Editors}, year={1988}, pages={34–39} }
 @inproceedings{chao_liu_rasdorf_1988, title={Spreadsheet approach for the design of air stripping of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) from water}, ISBN={0872626350}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Microcomputers to supercomputers: Proceedings of the fifth conference, Radisson Mark Plaza Hotel, Alexandria, Virginia, March 29-31, 1988}, publisher={Alexandria, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Chao, A. C. and Liu, Y. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1988}, pages={731–741} }
 @book{high_rasdorf_1988, title={Steel W-Shape compression member design using modified interaction equations}, number={CE-05-88}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={High, S. L. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_lakmazaheri_boose_wallace_1988, title={The architecture of an integrated CAD/CAM system for the design and manufacturing of custom orthopedic footwear}, booktitle={Managing engineering data: Emerging issues : Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31-August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California}, publisher={San Francisco, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Lakmazaheri, S. and Boose, L. K. and Wallace, R. J.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_dastoor_batra_hersh_1988, title={The database component of a hybrid CAD system for industrial fabrics design}, booktitle={Managing engineering data: Emerging issues : Presented at the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 31-August 4, 1988, San Francisco, California}, publisher={San Francisco, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Dastoor, P. H. and Batra, S. K. and Hersh, S. P.}, year={1988} }
 @article{rasdorf_ulberg_baugh_1987, title={A STRUCTURE-BASED MODEL OF SEMANTIC INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES}, volume={2}, ISSN={["0177-0667"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0023120016&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/BF01200175}, number={1}, journal={ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS}, author={RASDORF, WJ and ULBERG, KJ and BAUGH, JW}, year={1987}, pages={31–39} }
 @inbook{rasdorf_watson_1987, title={A knowledge-based approach to engineering information retrieval and management}, ISBN={0412289105}, DOI={10.4324/9780203401101_chapter_13}, booktitle={Expert systems in construction and structural engineering}, publisher={London, UK: Chapman and Hall}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Watson, B. R.}, year={1987}, pages={267–295} }
 @book{yacout_dunn_rasdorf_turinsky_1987, title={An expert system operator aid for nuclear power plant maneuvers}, number={DE-AC05-87ER80511}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy}, author={Yacout, A. M. and Dunn, W. L. and Rasdorf, W. and Turinsky, P. J.}, year={1987} }
 @inproceedings{chao_rasdorf_paige_1987, title={Classifying industrial sludge using a knowledge-based expert system}, ISBN={087371136X}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 42nd Industrial Waste Conference: May 12, 13, 14, 1987, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana}, publisher={West Lafayette, IN: School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University}, author={Chao, A. C. and Rasdorf, W. J. and Paige, W.}, year={1987}, pages={399–405} }
 @article{rasdorf_storaasli_1987, title={Educational fundamentals of computer-aided engineering}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Applied Engineering Education}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Storaasli, O. O.}, year={1987}, pages={247–254} }
 @article{rasdorf_1987, title={Extending database management systems for engineering applications}, volume={5}, number={5}, journal={Computers in Mechanical Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1987}, pages={62–69} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_wang_1987, title={Generic design standards processing in a knowledge-based expert system environment}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Workshop on the Design Process}, publisher={Oakland, CA: Design Theory and Methodology Program, National Science Foundation}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Wang, T. E.}, year={1987}, pages={267–291} }
 @inbook{rasdorf_parks_1987, title={Natural language prototypes for analyzing design standards}, ISBN={0905451910}, DOI={10.1016/0954-1810(87)90166-x}, booktitle={Artificial intelligence in engineering tools and techniques}, publisher={Southampton, UK; Boston, MA: Computational Mechanics}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Parks, L. M.}, editor={Sriram, D. and Adey, R. A.Editors}, year={1987}, pages={147–160} }
 @inproceedings{holtz_rasdorf_1987, title={Procedural programming languages for the development of CAD and CAE system software}, booktitle={Computers in engineering, 1987: Proceedings of the 1987 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, August 9-13, 1987, New York, New York. Vol. 2}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Holtz, N. M. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1987}, pages={387–392} }
 @inbook{rasdorf_wang_1987, title={SPIKE: A generic design standards processing expert system}, ISBN={0931215595}, booktitle={Knowledge based systems in engineering: Planning and design}, publisher={Southampton, UK; Boston, MA: Computational Mechanics}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Wang, T. E.}, editor={Sriram, D. and Adey, R. A.Editors}, year={1987}, pages={241–257} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_high_1987, title={Simplified steel compression member design}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1987 ASCE Structures Congress. Vol. D, Dynamics of structures}, publisher={Orlando, FL: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and High, S. L.}, year={1987}, pages={352–367} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_watson_1986, title={ADI: An adaptive database interface for dynamic databases}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1986 ASME Symposium on Knowledge-Based Expert Systems for Manufacturing}, publisher={American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Watson, B. R.}, year={1986}, pages={119–130} }
 @book{watson_rasdorf_1986, title={ADI: An adaptive database interface for dynamic databases}, number={CE-011-86}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Watson, B. R. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_wang_1986, title={CDIS: An engineering constraint definition and integrity enforcement system for relational databases}, booktitle={Computers in engineering, 1986: Proceedings of the 1986 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, July 20-24, 1986, Chicago, Illinois. Vol. 2}, publisher={Chicago, IL: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Wang, T. E.}, year={1986}, pages={273–280} }
 @article{rasdorf_fenves_1986, title={Constraint enforcement in structural design databases}, volume={112}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:12(2565)}, abstractNote={During the design of a commercial structure large amounts of information pertaining to all aspects of the project must be stored, accessed, and operated upon. A data base management system (DBMS), composed of a central repository of data and the associated software for controlling access to it, provides one way to generate, represent, manage, and use this information. This paper uses the relational database model to represent structural design data and constraints. Data integrity is defined and its enforcement through the use of engineering design constraints is described. A model that enables the engineer to incorporate design constraints into a relational database is presented. The use of constraints in both passive checking and active design modes is explored. An example is presented that demonstrates the concepts discussed using a commercially available DBMS designed for use by the engineering community.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the Structural Division}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Fenves, S. J.}, year={1986}, pages={2565–2577} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_wang_1986, title={Expert system integrity maintenance for the retrieval of data from engineering databases}, ISBN={0872625699}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the fourth conference, Boston Marriott Hotel, Boston, Massachusetts, October 27-31, 1986}, publisher={Boston, MA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Wang, T. E.}, year={1986}, pages={654–668} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_parks_1986, title={Expert systems and engineering design knowledge}, ISBN={0872625125}, booktitle={Electronic computation: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Electronic Computation, UAB Continuing Education Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, February 23-26, 1986}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Parks, L. M.}, year={1986}, pages={28–42} }
 @book{wang_rasdorf_1986, title={Generic design standards processing in a knowledge-based expert system environment}, number={CE-001-86}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Wang, T. E. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1986} }
 @article{rasdorf_fisher_1985, title={Artificial intelligence research in engineering at North Carolina State University}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Artificial Intelligence (New York, N.Y. : 1970)}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Fisher, E. L.}, year={1985}, pages={80–82} }
 @article{rasdorf_1985, title={Computer programming in the civil engineering curriculum}, volume={111}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1985)111:4(141)}, abstractNote={The rapid advances occurring incomputer science have provided the engineer with a powerful means of processing, storing, retrieving, and displaying data thereby increasing the role of computer science in nearly every engineering discipline. One of the dilemmas in engineering education today is how future engineers can best assimilate the advanced, yet fundamental, knowledge in computer methods and technology appropriate for their specific engineering discipline. This paper suggests that the effective use of such technology in engineering processes and applications is the key to increased individual, company, and national productivity. In the future, an integrated combination of computer-aided analysis and design problems. The implications of this development for the academic community are clear: Students must be prepared to use computer methods and applications as a part of their fundamental education. It is the responsibility of colleges and universities to incorporate contemporary computing fundamentals into their academic curriculum to improve the professional qualifications of their engineering graduates. These graduates will in turn be able to provide their increasingly important expertise to both the engineering profession and the academic community.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1985}, pages={141–148} }
 @article{rasdorf_fisher_1985, title={Engineering knowledge management research at North Carolina State University}, volume={92}, journal={SIGART Newsletter}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Fisher, E. L.}, year={1985}, pages={97–99} }
 @article{rasdorf_salley_1985, title={GENERATIVE ENGINEERING DATABASES - TOWARD EXPERT SYSTEMS}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0045-7949"]}, DOI={10.1016/0045-7949(85)90048-3}, abstractNote={Engineering data management, incorporating concepts of optimization with data representation, is receiving increasing attention as the amount and complexity of information necessary for performing engineering operations increases and the need to coordinate its representation and use increases. Research in this area promises advantages for a wide variety of engineering applications, particularly those which seek to use data in innovative ways in the engineering process. This paper presents a framework for a comprehensive, relational database management system that combines a knowledge base of design constraints with a database of engineering data items in order to achieve a “generative database”—one which automatically generates new engineering design data according to the design constraints stored in the knowledge base. The representation requires a database that is able to store all of the data normally associated with engineering design and to accurately represent the interactions between constraints and the stored data while guaranteeing its integrity. The representation also requires a knowledge base that is able to store all the constraints imposed upon the engineering design process.}, number={1-3}, journal={COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES}, author={RASDORF, WJ and SALLEY, GC}, year={1985}, pages={11–15} }
 @book{fisher_rasdorf_bhatt_watson_1985, title={Information acquisition, representation, and management in the design and control of computer integrated manufacturing systems}, number={TR-IMSEI-014-85-8}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Integrated Manufacturing Systems Engineering Institute}, author={Fisher, E. L. and Rasdorf, W. and Bhatt, R. V. and Watson, B. R.}, year={1985} }
 @book{rasdorf_chern_1985, title={Load consultant: A knowledge management investigation}, number={CE-002-85}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Chern, S. C.}, year={1985} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_1985, title={Perspectives on knowledge in engineering design}, booktitle={Computers in engineering, 1985: Proceedings of the 1985 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, August 4-8, 1985, Boston, Massachusetts. Vol. 2}, publisher={Boston, MA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1985}, pages={249–253} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_storaasli_1985, title={The role of computing in engineering education}, ISBN={0444877975}, booktitle={Computers in education: Proceedings of the IFIP TC 3 4th World Conference on Computers in Education--WCCE 85, Norfolk, VA, USA, July 29-August 2, 1985}, publisher={Norfolk, VA: North-Holland Publishing Company, International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP)}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Storaasli, O. O.}, year={1985}, pages={417–423} }
 @article{fenves_rasdorf_1985, title={Treatment of engineering design constraints in a relational database}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1007/bf01200336}, number={1}, journal={Engineering With Computers}, author={Fenves, S. J. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1985}, pages={27–37} }
 @book{rasdorf_sun_1984, title={Automated generation of engineering design data}, number={CE-001-84}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Sun, L. S.}, year={1984} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_1984, title={Civil engineering educational computing: Beyond an introduction}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Third Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering}, publisher={San Diego, CA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1984}, pages={134–142} }
 @book{rasdorf_1984, title={Knowledge engineering and expert systems - a historical perspective and introduction}, number={CE-004-84}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1984} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_1984, title={Relational database modeling of building design data}, ISBN={0872623963}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the third conference, Holiday Inn at the Embarcadaro, San Diego, California, April 2-6, 1984}, publisher={San Diego, CA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1984}, pages={364–371} }
 @book{rasdorf_chung_1984, title={Specification and implementation of constraints in a relational database for engineering design}, number={CE-002-84}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.: Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Chung, T.}, year={1984} }
 @article{holtz_rasdorf_1983, title={LISP: A CAD system programming language}, volume={109}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Technical Topics in Civil Engineering}, author={Holtz, N. M. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1983}, pages={58–72} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_fenves_1983, title={Organization of a structural design database}, ISBN={0872623513}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Electronic Computation: Continuing Education Center, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, February 21-23 1983}, publisher={Houston, TX: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Fenves, S. J.}, year={1983}, pages={559–571} }
 @article{rasdorf_kutay_1982, title={MAINTENANCE OF INTEGRITY DURING CONCURRENT ACCESS IN A BUILDING DESIGN DATABASE}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0010-4485"]}, DOI={10.1016/0010-4485(82)90291-3}, abstractNote={This paper proposes an implementation structure and the corresponding relational model for a building design database. The structure strongly supports designer—database interaction by providing extremely versatile access mechanisms and an associated concurrrency control mechanism. It is demonstrated that the relational model provides a flexibility of access not readily available in other models. The implementation structure supports designer access to database entities by location, attribute value, and combinations of both. It also supports ad hoc groupings of data. At the same time it maintains the integrity of the database against violations caused by concurrent use. Existing concurrency control methods are explored and a new level of locking for concurrency control is proposed. The module is recommended as the optimal level to which a locking mechanism be applied.}, number={4}, journal={COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN}, author={RASDORF, WJ and KUTAY, AR}, year={1982}, pages={201–207} }
 @inproceedings{fenves_rasdorf_1982, title={Role of database management systems in structural engineering}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IABSE Colloquium on Informatics in Structural Engineering}, publisher={Bergamo, Italy: International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers (IABSE)}, author={Fenves, S. J. and Rasdorf, W. J.}, year={1982}, pages={229–242} }
 @book{fenves_rasdorf_1982, title={Role of database management systems in structural engineering}, number={DRC-12-13-82}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Design Research Center, Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Fenves, S. J. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1982} }
 @book{rasdorf_1982, title={Structure and integrity of a structural engineering design database}, number={DRC-02-14-82}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Design Research Center, Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1982} }
 @book{holtz_rasdorf_1982, title={The use of LISP for computer-aided design systems}, number={DRC-12-07-82}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Design Research Center, Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Holtz, N. M. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1982} }
 @book{fenves_rasdorf_1982, title={Treatment of engineering design constraints in a relational database}, number={DRC-12-14-82}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Design Research Center, Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Fenves, S. J. and Rasdorf, W.}, year={1982} }
 @book{rasdorf_1980, title={American Institute of Steel Construction Fellowship Study}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Rasdorf, W.}, year={1980} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_fenves_1980, title={Design specification representation and analysis}, ISBN={0872622460}, booktitle={Proceedings of the second Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering: Lord Baltimore Hotel, Baltimore, Maryland, June 9-13, 1980}, publisher={New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. J. and Fenves, S. J.}, year={1980}, pages={102–111} }
 @book{rasdorf_fenves_locke_1980, title={Some common issues in databases for engineering design}, number={DRC-12-02-80}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Design Research Center, Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Fenves, S. J. and Locke, M.}, year={1980} }
 @book{rasdorf_fenves_1979, title={Representation and analysis of design specifications at the interface between outlines, networks, and decision tables}, number={R-124-879}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Pittsburgh, Pa.:  Carnegie-Mellon University}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Fenves, S. J.}, year={1979} }