@article{suh_axtell_1999, title={Lagenidium giganteum zoospores: Effects of concentration, movement, light, and temperature on infection of mosquito larvae}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.1998.0691}, abstractNote={Assays conducted with a California isolate ofLagenidium giganteumrevealed that the LC50against second-instarCulex quinquefasciatuslarvae in pond water was 26 zoospores/ml. The maximum distance that zoospores swam horizontally and infected second-instar larvae was 60 cm. The maximum depth from which zoospores moved upward in a column of water and infected larvae was between 30 and 40 cm. The release depth of zoospores in a column of water at which 50% larval mortality occurred was 19.6 cm. Free-swimming zoospores did not exhibit positive or negative attraction to incandescent light as evidenced by larval mortality. Survival of zoospores as indicated by mosquito larval mortality was greatest at 25°C and was similar at 30, 33, and 35°C. No infection occurred at 17°C and <20% larval mortality occurred at 19°C for any age of zoospores.}, number={1}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Suh, CP and Axtell, RC}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={33–38} }
 @article{axtell_1999, title={Poultry integrated pest management: Status and future}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={Integrated Pest Management Reviews}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1999}, pages={53–73} }
 @article{kline_axtell_1999, title={Sensilla of the antennae and maxillary palps of Culicoides hollensis and C-melleus (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/36.4.493}, abstractNote={The types and arrangement of the sensilla on the female antennae and maxillary palps of both sexes of 2 estuarine species of biting midges, Culicoides hollensis (Melander & Brues) and C. melleus (Coquillett), were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Five sensillum types are found on the antennae of both species. Both species have sharp-tipped sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica only on subsegments 9-13 and blunt-tipped sensilla trichodea on all subsegments. Sensilla coeloconica occur on subsegment 1 of both species and various other subsegments depending on the species. Sensilla chaetica are found on all subsegments of C. melleus, but only on subsegments 1-8 and 13 on C. hollensis. Both sexes of C. hollensis have either 1 or 2 pits on the 3rd segment of the maxillary palps, which contain 8-15 bulb-shaped sensilla in females compared with 5-6 in males. No pit is found on the maxillary palps of either sex of C. melleus, but rather the bulb-shaped sensilla are distributed individually on this segment, ranging from 13 to 29 on the female and 6-10 on the male palps. These data are compared with data obtained from previously published light and electron microscopical studies of biting midge sensory structures.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Kline, DL and Axtell, RC}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={493–502} }
 @article{rueda_axtell_1997, title={Arthropods in litter of poultry (broiler chicken and turkey) houses}, volume={14}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Entomology}, author={Rueda, L. M. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1997}, pages={81–91} }
 @article{rueda_axtell_1996, title={Temperature-dependent development and survival of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00085.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Development, growth and survival of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), were determined at six constant temperatures. No egg hatch or larval development occurred at 17oC. At temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 38oC the median development times (days), respectively, were for eggs (13.4, 6.0, 4.4, 2.6 and 2.6), larvae (133.0, 46.0, 26.2, 22.4 and 23.9), pupae (17.0, 8.0, 5.5, 4.0 and 4.1), and from oviposition to adult emergence (164.4, 60.2, 37.9, 29.0 and 30.8). The Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) model was used to describe the temperature‐dependent development. The mean egg survival (hatching) ranged from 61% to 86%, with lowest hatch at 20oC. Survival of the larvae and pupae ranged from 32% to 73% and from 85% to 95%, respectively, with lowest survival at 20oC. Pupae had significantly lower weights at 35oC and adults at 38oC than at the other temperatures. Female pupae (20 mg) and female adults (16 mg) were significantly heavier than male pupae (17 mg) and male adults (13 mg). Adults (0.5–9 months old) laid 4–7 eggs per female per day at 25oC.}, number={1}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Rueda, LM and Axtell, RC}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={80–86} }
 @article{despins_axtell_1995, title={FEEDING-BEHAVIOR AND GROWTH OF BROILER CHICKS FED LARVAE OF THE DARKLING BEETLE, ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0740331}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding larvae of the darkling beetle (lesser mealworm), Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to broiler chicks on chick growth. Chicks readily fed on the larvae and exhibited reduced growth in the absence of other feed. Chicks 3 to 8 d old restricted to a diet of only larvae consumed 1,552 +/- 172 (mean +/- SD) larvae per chick per day and their body weights were significantly less (mean = 84 g) at the end of the 6 d than for chicks on starter feed during the same time. After return to starter feed for 8 d after feeding on larvae for 6 d, the chicks did not compensate for the reduced weight and their body weights were significantly less (mean = 170 g) than for chicks on starter feed for the 14 d. Chicks from age 2 through 9 d were given a choice between broiler starter feed and darkling beetle larvae. The numbers (mean +/- SD) of larvae consumed per chick per day were: 389 +/- 18, 631 +/- 14, 496 +/- 20, and 287 +/- 33, for Days 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 7, and 8 to 9, respectively. The body weight of chicks feeding on starter feed and larvae was significantly greater than the weight of chicks consuming feed only. In the presence of larvae, the mean feed consumption per chick was less than for chicks provided with only starter feed. The beetle larvae were 68% crude protein and 21% fat (DM basis) and had higher amounts of 18 amino acids than the starter feed.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={DESPINS, JL and AXTELL, RC}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={331–336} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1994, title={Biology and economic importance of the darkling beetle in poultry houses}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North Carolina State University Poultry Supervisors' Short Course}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1994}, pages={8–17} }
 @article{harrington_axtell_1994, title={COMPARISONS OF SAMPLING METHODS AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF DROSOPHILA-REPLETA IN CAGED-LAYER POULTRY HOUSES}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00097.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Four sampling methods were compared to determine their practicality and suitability for detecting population fluctuations of adult Drosophila repleta, a pest in caged‐layer poultry houses. Five caged‐layer poultry houses with gutter‐flush manure removal systems in Franklin County, North Carolina, U.S.A., were sampled once every 2 weeks over 15 months, from June 1991 to August 1992. The flies were most abundant during the spring and early summer. Visual counts of adult flies resting on the feed troughs in front of cages in the aisles and counts of flies caught on a sticky ribbon lowered into the gutter used for manure removal by flushing were more satisfactory sampling methods than using counts of flies caught on sticky ribbons carried along the aisles or aspirator collections from the gutters. For the visual count method, the effects of location in the house, within each aisle, and feed trough height were determined; two counts on feed troughs in each of two inside rows of cages were sufficient to measure population changes. For routine monitoring of D. repleta populations, visual counts of flies resting on the feed troughs in the front area of two aisles and catching flies on sticky ribbons inserted into the rear gutter area are recommended.}, number={4}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={HARRINGTON, LC and AXTELL, RC}, year={1994}, month={Oct}, pages={331–339} }
 @article{despins_axtell_1994, title={FEEDING-BEHAVIOR AND GROWTH OF TURKEY POULTS FED LARVAE OF THE DARKLING BEETLE, ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731526}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding larvae of the darkling beetle (lesser mealworm), Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) [Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae], to turkey poults on poult growth and of beak trimming on poult feeding on the larvae. Young turkey poults readily fed on the larvae and exhibited reduced growth in the absence of other feed. Poults 3 to 5 d old restricted to a diet of only larvae consumed 259 +/- 99 (+/- SD) larvae per poult per day and their body weights were significantly lower (mean = 30 g) at the end of the 3 d than for poults on starter feed during the same time. After return to starter feed for 16 d after feeding on larvae for 3 d, the poults did not compensate for the weight loss although weight gains were normal. Poults from 2 through 10 d of age were given a choice between starter turkey feed and darkling beetle larvae. The numbers of larvae consumed per poult per day were: 174 +/- 8 for Days 2 to 4, 221 +/- 3 for Days 5 to 7, and 189 +/- 80 for Days 8 to 10. There was no significant difference between the body weight of poults feeding on larvae and starter feed compared with that of poults consuming feed only. In the presence of larvae, the mean feed consumption per poult was lower than for poults provided with only starter feed. The beetle larvae were 68% crude protein and 21% fat (DM basis) and had higher amounts of 18 amino acids than the starter feed. Poults that were beak trimmed consumed only about one-third as many larvae as poults with intact beaks. Poults (1 to 3 d old) with intact beaks consumed 169 +/- 20 larvae per poult per day; poults with trimmed beaks consumed 58 +/- 23 larvae per poult per day.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={DESPINS, JL and AXTELL, RC}, year={1994}, month={Oct}, pages={1526–1533} }
 @article{axtell_1994, title={Flies: A primer}, volume={Aug.}, journal={Pest Control Technology}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1994}, pages={82–8488108109} }
 @article{despins_axtell_rives_guy_ficken_1994, title={Transmission of enteric pathogens of turkeys by darkling beetle larva (Alphitobius diaperinus)}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1093/japr/3.1.61}, abstractNote={Abstract Larvae of the darling beetle (lesser mealworm) were exposed to turkey feces from an enteritis-affected flock and determined to contain turkey enterovirus and rotavirus. Growth depression and increased mortality were observed in turkey poults which fed on the exposed larvae. Exposed larvae which had been surface-sterilized also produced clinical signs of enteritis after consumption by the poults, indicating that pathogens were able to survive within the larvae. This experiment demonstrated the capacity of the larva of the darkling beetle to serve as a mechanical vector for enteric pathogens of turkeys.}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Despins, J. L. and Axtell, R. C. and Rives, D. V. and Guy, James and Ficken, M. D.}, year={1994}, pages={61–65} }
 @article{fletcher_axtell_1993, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BEDBUG, CIMEX-LECTULARIUS, TO SELECTED INSECTICIDES AND VARIOUS TREATED SURFACES}, volume={7}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00654.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Adult bedbugs, Cimex lectularius, were exposed for 24 h (25oC) to filter paper treated with various dilutions of the technical grade of nine insecticides dissolved in acetone to determine the concentration‐response relationships. The order of toxicity, from most to least based on the LC50's was: dichlorvos, pirimiphos methyl, lambda‐cyhalothrin, bendiocarb, permethrin, malathion, carbaryl, tetrachlorvinphos, and fenvalerate.}, number={1}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={FLETCHER, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={69–72} }
 @book{axtell_1992, title={Fly Management Simulator (FMS) user's guide}, publisher={Raleigh: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1992} }
 @article{jones_axtell_rives_scheideler_tarver_walker_wineland_1991, title={A SURVEY OF CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI CONTAMINATION IN MODERN BROILER PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-54.4.259}, abstractNote={Campylobacter jejuni contamination was surveyed in samples collected from the breeder-multiplier houses, broiler houses, feed mills, hatcheries, and processing plants of two integrated broiler firms. Insects and mice were also trapped at each location. C. jejuni was most frequently found in samples collected from processing plants, followed by samples collected from broiler houses, and breeder-multiplier houses. Samples obtained from feed mills and hatcheries were negative, suggesting that the C. jejuni was not transmitted by either feed or eggs. C. jejuni was also not isolated from insect or mouse samples. However, the external surfaces of insects were sanitized with a chlorine solution, prior to analysis. Thus, these data suggest any contamination of insects with C. jejuni is generally external not internal. Contamination in broilers apparently originated from some unknown source(s) in broiler houses. C. jejuni was isolated from 20% of the cloacal swabs taken as birds entered the plant, 52% of the carcasses sampled following immersion chilling, and 31.6% of whole broiler carcasses sampled at retail outlets. While these data suggest that cross-contamination occurred within processing plants, field control methods would appear to be necessary for control of C. jejuni in modern broiler production and processing systems. The frequent C. jejuni isolations from dead birds in broiler houses suggested the regular collection of normal mortality as one farm management procedure that might help reduce Campylobacter contamination in broilers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={JONES, FT and AXTELL, RC and RIVES, DV and SCHEIDELER, SE and TARVER, FR and WALKER, RL and WINELAND, MJ}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={259–262} }
 @article{jones_axtell_rives_scheideler_tarver_walker_wineland_1991, title={A SURVEY OF SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION IN MODERN BROILER PRODUCTION}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0362-028X"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-54.7.502}, abstractNote={A survey of contamination with Salmonella was done in the breeder/multiplier and broiler houses, feed mills, hatcheries, and processing plants of two integrated broiler firms. Samples of insects and mice were also collected at each location. Sixty percent (60%) of the meat and bone meal samples collected at feed mills were contaminated. Salmonella was isolated from 35% of the mash feed samples tested. The pelleting process reduced Salmonella isolation rates by 82.0%. Data collected from breeder/multiplier houses suggested that feed was the ultimate source of Salmonella contamination in that environment. Salmonella was found in 9.4% of the yolk sac samples collected from day-old chicks in hatcheries. Fecal dropping samples collected in broiler houses about one week prior to slaughter were contaminated at a rate of 5.2%. Salmonella was found in 33% of the samples collected from live haul trucks and 21.4% of the whole processed broiler carcasses sampled at processing plants. Salmonella typhimurium was the serotype most commonly isolated. The gastrointestinal tract of one of 19 mice sampled was contaminated with Salmonella . Data suggest that insects were primarily mechanical carriers. Results suggest Salmonella contamination in the U.S. broiler production and processing system has changed little since 1969. The data also underline the contention that effective Salmonella control efforts must be comprehensive.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={JONES, FT and AXTELL, RC and RIVES, DV and SCHEIDELER, SE and TARVER, FR and WALKER, RL and WINELAND, MJ}, year={1991}, month={Jul}, pages={502–507} }
 @article{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={CARMOD - A SIMULATION-MODEL FOR CARCINOPS-PUMILIO (COLEOPTERA, HISTERIDAE) POPULATION-DYNAMICS AND PREDATION ON IMMATURE STAGES OF HOUSE-FLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.4.1079}, abstractNote={The development, population dynamics, and predation on the eggs and first instars of the house fly, Musca domestica L., by the manure-inhabiting beetle Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) were simulated in a computer model. Model features include: nonlinear development of beetles and flies, fecundity as a function of beetle density, and predation rate as a function of beetle and fly density. All these processes depend on temperature, which can be set to a constant value or read from a file of variable temperatures. The model includes a management component that incorporates the effects on house fly and beetle populations of various insecticide and manure-removal strategies for fly control. Examples of the results of simulating various management regimes are presented.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={1079–1088} }
 @article{rueda_patel_axtell_1991, title={Comparison of floating and sinking encapsulated formulations of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum for control of Anopheles larvae}, volume={7}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Rueda, L. M. and Patel, K. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991}, pages={250–254} }
 @article{orduz_axtell_1991, title={Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus with the fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum}, volume={7}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Orduz, S. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991}, pages={188–193} }
 @book{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems}, volume={296}, institution={North Carolina Agricultural Research Service}, author={Wilhoit, L. R. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991}, pages={1–81} }
 @book{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_1991, title={Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems (Technical bulletin (North Carolina Agricultural Research Service); no. 2960}, publisher={Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University}, author={Wilhoit, L. R. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1991, title={Control of northern fowl mites on poultry}, volume={2}, ISBN={8020003649}, booktitle={Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, Ceske Budekpvoce, Czechoslovakia, August 6-11, 1990}, publisher={Prague: Academia}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, editor={Dusbabek, F. and Bukva, V.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={709–712} }
 @article{wilhoit_axtell_stinner_1991, title={ESTIMATING MANURE TEMPERATURES FROM AIR TEMPERATURES AND RESULTS OF ITS USE IN MODELS OF FILTH FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.2.635}, abstractNote={Populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and other filth flies and their natural enemies in confined-animal houses are greatly influenced by the temperature of their manure habitat. In order to use filth fly management simulation models that are driven by habitat temperatures, a mathematical relationship between manure temperature and air temperature, time of day, and manure depth was developed based on simultaneous hourly measurements of air and manure temperatures at depths of 1, 7, and 15 cm in three poultry housing environments over a three year period. Manure moisture had no measurable effect on manure temperature. A simulation model predicting population sizes of the house fly and a predaceous mite was driven using temperatures from the equation, and actual air and manure temperature recordings. Predicted population sizes using the estimated manure temperatures were closer to the sizes using actual manure temperatures than the sizes using air temperatures.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={635–643} }
 @inbook{jones_axtell_tarver_rives_scheideler_wineland_1991, title={Environmental factors contributing to Salmonella colonization of chickens}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-104280-6.50011-3}, booktitle={Colonization control of human bacterial enteropathogens in poultry}, publisher={Academy Press}, author={Jones, F. T. and Axtell, R. C. and Tarver, F. R. and Rives, D. V. and Scheideler, S. R. and Wineland, M. J.}, editor={Blankenship, L. C. and Bailey, J. S. and Cox, N. A. and Stern, N. J. and Meinersmann, R. J.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={3–21} }
 @book{rueda_axtell_1991, title={Guide for isolation, maintenance and encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum Couch (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales)}, volume={TDR/BCV/91.1}, institution={World Health Organization}, author={Rueda, L. M. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1991} }
 @article{wilhoit_stinner_axtell_bacheler_mann_1991, title={PARMOD - A SIMULATION-MODEL FOR THE POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF MUSCIDIFURAX SPP AND SPALANGIA SPP (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE), PARASITES OF HOUSE-FLY PUPAE (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/20.5.1418}, abstractNote={The population dynamics of four parasites of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae, Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, and M. zaraptor Kogan & Legner, and their host were simulated in a computer model written in the C language. The model incorporates nonlinear temperature-dependent development, effects of host–parasite ratio on host mortality and parasitism, competition between adult parasites, and options for various insecticide, manure removal, and parasite release strategies for fly control. Examples of the results of simulating parasite releases and pesticide applications are presented.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILHOIT, LR and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC and BACHELER, JE and MANN, JA}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={1418–1426} }
 @article{brake_axtell_campbell_1991, title={RETENTION OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AFTER FEEDING CYROMAZINE (LARVADEX) FOR THE INITIAL 20 WEEKS OF LIFE OF SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN LAYERS}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0701873}, abstractNote={Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were fed cyromazine (Larvadex) continuously at levels of 0, 25, 250, and 1,000 mg/kg diet (ppm) from hatch to 20 wk of age. Fresh manure was bioassayed for toxicity to housefly, Musca domestica, larvae beginning at the 6th wk after removal of cyromazine from the feed, and at weekly intervals thereafter. At 6 wk after removal of the feed additive there was 51.6% fly mortality at 25 ppm, 75.7% at 250 ppm, and 86.5% at 1,000 ppm relative to the 0-ppm control. Fly mortality decreased to less than 10.7% mortality at 13 and 15 wk postremoval for hens grown on 25 ppm and 250 ppm cyromazine, respectively. Hens grown on 1,000 ppm cyromazine produced manure that was still exhibiting more than 50% fly mortality 20 wk after removal of the feed additive. These data demonstrate retention of cyromazine in laying hens for up to 20 wk after feeding the chemical to the birds at 5 to 200 times greater than the maximum recommended rate for the initial 20 wk of life.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and AXTELL, RC and CAMPBELL, WR}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={1873–1875} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1991, title={Role of mesostigmatid mites in integrated fly control}, volume={2}, ISBN={8020003649}, booktitle={Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, Ceske Budekpvoce, Czechoslovakia, August 6-11, 1990}, publisher={Prague: Academia}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, editor={Dusbabek, F. and Bukva, V.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={639–646} }
 @article{fletcher_axtell_1991, title={SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF NORTHERN FOWL MITE, ORNITHONYSSUS-SYLVIARUM (ACARINA, MACRONYSSIDAE), AND CHICKEN MITE, DERMANYSSUS-GALLINAE (ACARINA, DERMANYSSIDAE), TO SELECTED ACARICIDES}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0168-8162"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01193664}, abstractNote={The relative toxicities of ten acaricides to northern fowl mite,Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken mite,Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), were determined simultaneously by holding the mites inside disposable glass Pasteur pipettes previously immersed in acetone solutions of various concentrations (w/v) of technical grade acaricides. The LC90s (parts per million) of the acaricides after 24 h exposure for the northern fowl mite and the chicken mite, respectively, were: bendiocarb (13.1, 0.18), tetrachlorvinphos (14.5, 4.07), carbaryl (15.0, 0.83), pirimiphos methyl (18.3, 2.03), permethrin (23.1, 8.46), lambda cyhalothrin (80.7, 11.4), dichlorvos (252.8, 3.75), malathion (238.4, 6.59), amitraz (6741, 9430) and fenvalerate (>10000, 60.2). After 48 h exposure there were only slight increases in mortalities of both species except for increased mortalities for the northern fowl mite with lambda cyhalothrin, amitraz and fenvalerate, and for the chicken mite with amitraz.}, number={2}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY}, author={FLETCHER, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={137–142} }
 @article{fletcher_axtell_stinner_wilhoit_1991, title={TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE CARCINOPS-PUMILIO (COLEOPTERA, HISTERIDAE), A PREDATOR OF MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-26.1.99}, abstractNote={The development rates of the immature stages of Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), a predator on eggs and first instar larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. were determined at six constant temperatures: 17.5, 19.5, 25.5, 30.0, 32.5 and 35.0°C. At the six temperatures, respectively, the median development times (days) were for eggs: 25.5, 14.3, 7.4, 3.8, 3.5 and 3.5; for larvae 37.7, 20.9, 9.4, 6.0, 6.0 and 6.0; and for pupae 42.8, 33.6, 17.0, 9.7, 7.4 and 8.3. Maximum development rates for all stages were at 32.5°C. The percentage of survival at the six temperatures, respectively, for larvae were 66, 92, 98, 100, 93 and 93, and for pupae were 56, 86, 90, 100, 93 and 78. The parameters for the Sharpe and DeMichele (1977) temperature-dependent development model and the Stinner et al. (1975) distribution of development model were estimated from the constant temperature data and validated under a variable temperature cycle.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={FLETCHER, MG and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE and WILHOIT, LR}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={99–108} }
 @article{patel_rueda_axtell_stinner_1991, title={TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN LAGENIDIUM-GIGANTEUM (OOMYCETES, LAGENIDIALES) IN LARVAE OF CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE)}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/28.1.95}, abstractNote={The rates of development of Lagenidium giganteum were determined in the four larval instars of Culex quinquefasciatus Say held at 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, and 34 degrees C. The fastest development was in second instars held at 34 degrees; vesicles and oospores occurred in 50% of the larvae (the median development time) 19.7 and 25.0 h, respectively, after infection. The greatest median time to the formation of vesicles was in third instars at 15 degrees C (185.6 h) and for oospores was in second instars at 15 degrees C (152.3 h). The fungus did not form oospores in fourth instars at 15 degrees C. The median developmental rates of vesicles and oospores in each instar were fit to the Sharpe & DeMichele model, which may be used to predict the effects of different temperatures on the in-vivo developmental rate of the fungus.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={PATEL, KJ and RUEDA, LM and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={95–100} }
 @article{patel_rueda_axtell_1990, title={Comparisons of different types and concentrations of alginates for encapsulation of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae}, volume={6}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Patel, K. J. and Rueda, L. M. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1990}, pages={101–104} }
 @inbook{axtell_stinner_1990, title={Computer simulation modeling of fly management}, ISBN={0813378508}, booktitle={Biocontrol of arthropods affecting livestock and poultry}, publisher={Boulder, CO: Westview Press}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Stinner, R. E.}, editor={Rutz, D. A. and Patterson, R. S.Editors}, year={1990}, pages={265–291} }
 @misc{axtell_arends_1990, title={ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTHROPOD PESTS OF POULTRY}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1545-4487"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000533}, abstractNote={The worldwide spread of modern, high-density confined poultry production systems under the direction of integrators has intensified the importance of a select number of arthropod ectoparasites and habitat pests. This concentrated production of poultry provides artificial ecosystems that are sometimes ideal for the development of large populations of arthropod pests. At the same time the systems are amenable to integrated pest management involving a multipest and multimethod approach to reducing or eliminating arthropod pests. Since rodents are major pests, they should be included in an integrated pest management program to make the program most cost-effective and attractive to the integrators and producers (5). Quantitative data are scarce on economic effects, and the concept of economic thresholds is difficult to apply either to ectoparasites or to habitat pests. The risk of transporting ectoparasites among flocks is difficult to evaluate and necessitates treatment after early detection of the arthropods. Flies and litter beetles present a threat of disease transmission and the potential for lawsuits from neighbors or public health agencies that are factors not subject to easy cost estimates. The monetary losses of a flock devastated by disease or a farm forced to close are so great that the risks are unacceptable. Production losses from lowered feed conversion ratios and insulation damage are likely to be detected by the sophisticated record-keeping of the integrators. Minimal use of pesticides and other chemicals on poultry and in poultry housing is an objective of the integrators and, consequently, an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that reduces the need for pesticides is attractive. The key to further development of effective arthropod management programs for poultry is the implementation of pest and disease monitoring programs for the complete system. Improvements in arthropod sampling methods and more attention to monitoring the biosecurity systems to minimize ectoparasite dispersal are needed. The integrators have servicemen who regularly visit the production facilities and can be trained to perform monitoring functions and to instigate and supervise integrated pest management measures. With the increasing use of computers by the integrators, the prospects for utilizing the monitoring data in predictive computer simulation models for pest management decision-making justify more efforts to develop such tools (64, 102, 168). Future poultry pest management programs must be based on sound data, which presently is too limited, and must be flexible enough to adjust rapidly to evolving pest problems in rapidly changing production systems.}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC and ARENDS, JJ}, year={1990}, pages={101–126} }
 @article{rueda_patel_axtell_1990, title={Efficacy of encapsulated Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae in artificial containers}, volume={6}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Rueda, L. M. and Patel, K. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1990}, pages={694–699} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1990, title={Integration of chemical and biological methods for mosquito and filth fly control}, ISBN={0444813551}, booktitle={Pesticides and alternatives: Innovative chemical and biological approaches to pest control: Proceedings of an international conference, Orthodox Academy of Crete, Kolymbari, Crete, Greece, Sept. 4-8, 1989}, publisher={Amsterdam: Elsevier}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1990}, pages={195–203} }
 @article{fletcher_axtell_stinner_1990, title={Longevity and fecundity of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a function of temperature}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/27.5.922}, abstractNote={Longevity and fecundity of adult house flies were determined at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C. At the four temperatures, respectively, the median mortality rates (1/days to 50% mortality) for females were 0.023, 0.041, 0.060, and 0.099 and for males were 0.029, 0.047, 0.066, and 0.085. The numbers of days for 50% of the eggs to be deposited for each temperature were 34.5, 21.3, 10.2 and 7.1, respectively. The total numbers of eggs deposited per female for each temperature were 184, 729, 709, and 506, respectively. Models were developed for longevity and fecundity and their distributions as functions of temperature.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, author={Fletcher, M. G. and Axtell, R. C. and Stinner, R. E.}, year={1990}, pages={922–926} }
 @article{geden_stinner_kramer_axtell_1990, title={MACMOD: A simulation model of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae) population dynamics and rates of predation on immature house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)}, volume={19}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Geden, C. J. and Stinner, R. E. and Kramer, D. A. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1990}, pages={578–586} }
 @article{mann_stinner_axtell_1990, title={PARASITISM OF HOUSE-FLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) PUPAE BY 4 SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) - EFFECTS OF HOST PARASITOID DENSITIES AND HOST DISTRIBUTION}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00433.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Parasitoid‐induced mortality of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae and parasitoid progeny emergence by four species of pteromalid parasitoids, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, M.zaraptor Kogan & Legner, Spalangia earneroni Perkins and S.endius Walker, were determined for a 24 h exposure period using parasitoid: host ratios ranging from 1:2 to 1:50. When the number of parasitoids was held constant (n=5) and the numbers of hosts varied, and when the number of hosts was held constant (n=100) and the number of parasitoids varied, both the number of pupae killed per parasitoid and the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid increased with increasing parasitoid:host ratios to reach an upper limit asymptotically. Maximum values were, respectively: M.raptor (14.7, 11.1), M.zaraptor (12.3, 9.3), S.cameroni (16.9, 5.5), S.endius (14.8, 9.7) with no consistent effects attributed to parasitoid interference.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MANN, JA and STINNER, RE and AXTELL, RC}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={235–243} }
 @inbook{axtell_1990, title={Potential of biocontrol for livestock and poultry pests}, ISBN={0813378508}, number={Chapter 20}, booktitle={Biocontrol of arthropods affecting livestock and poultry (Westview studies in insect biology)}, publisher={Boulder: Westview Press}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, editor={Rutz, D. A. and Patterson, R. S.Editors}, year={1990}, pages={293–304} }
 @article{mann_axtell_stinner_1990, title={TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND PARASITISM RATES OF 4 SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITOIDS OF HOUSE-FLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) PUPAE}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0269-283X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00436.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Parasitoid development, parasitoid‐induced host mortality and parasitoid progeny emergence were determined at five constant temperatures for Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia earneroni Perkins and Spalangia endius Walker using pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., as hosts. At temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35oC the median development times (days from oviposition to adult emergence), respectively, were M.raptor (28.4, 20.7, 14.3, 14.5), M.zaraptor (30.6, 22.8, 14.1, 14.2), S.cameroni (55.6,35.2, 21.8,25.0) and S.endius (52.4, 31.5,16.3,14.6). All species failed to emerge at 15oC. Using densities of five parasitoids and 100 hosts and a 24 h exposure period, Muscidifurax species oviposited at a greater rate over a wider range of temperatures than Spalangia species. At 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35oC the mean number of pupae killed per parasitoid were, respectively, M.raptor (1.4, 7.4,10.5, 13.7,14.1), M.zaraptor (0.0, 3.3, 8.9,14.4,15.0), S.cameroni (0.0, 7.8, 11.0, 11.9, 7.4), S.endius (0.6, 4.0, 7.5, 12.0, 11.7), and means of the number of parasitoid progeny per parasitoid were, respectively, M.raptor (0.2, 5.2, 7.9, 11.8, 11.6), M.zaraptor (1.3, 4.4, 8.2, 13.0, 13.7), S.cameroni (0.0, 2.4, 4.7, 5.1, 1.0), S.endius (0.0, 0.9, 3.4, 7.5, 4.9). Development and ovipositional activity in S.cameroni was strongly inhibited at 35oC. The model by Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) was used to describe temperature‐dependent development and the number of parasitoid progeny produced per parasitoid at temperatures of 15–30oC in all species.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MANN, JA and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={245–253} }
 @article{rueda_patel_axtell_stinner_1990, title={TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL RATES OF CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS AND AEDES-AEGYPTI (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/27.5.892}, abstractNote={Development, growth, and survival of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.) were determined at six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 34 degrees C). The Sharpe & DeMichele four-parameter model with high-temperature inhibition described the temperature-dependent median developmental rates of both mosquito species. In both species, body size generally decreased as temperature increased. Head capsule widths in all instars in both species were significantly greater at 15 than at 30-34 degrees C. Except for the third instar of Ae. aegypti, the larval body lengths in both species were significantly greater at 15 than at 34 degrees C. All instars and pupae of both species and the adults in Cx. quinquefasciatus were significantly heavier at 15 than at 27-34 degrees C. In Cx. quinquefasciatus, survival from eclosion to adult emergence was highest in the range from 20 to 30 degrees C (85-90%) and dropped drastically at 15 (38%) and 34 degrees C (42%). In Ae. aegypti, survival to adult stage was high at 20 (92%) and 27 degrees C (90%) and lowest at 15 degrees C (3%).}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={RUEDA, LM and PATEL, KJ and AXTELL, RC and STINNER, RE}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={892–898} }
 @article{orduz_axtell_1989, title={Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Lagenidius giganteum for mosquito control. I. Effect of time of application and toxin concentration}, volume={23}, journal={Israel Journal of Entomology}, author={Orduz, S. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1989}, pages={99–108} }
 @article{fatchurochim_geden_axtell_1989, title={FILTH FLY (DIPTERA) OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE OF VARIOUS MOISTURE LEVELS}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-24.2.224}, abstractNote={Oviposition by four species of muscid flies on poultry manure having six levels of moisture in the range of 40–90% was compared using caged populations of adults. Musca domestica L., Muscina stabulans (Fallén), Fannia femoralis (Stein) and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann) deposited more than 50% of their eggs in manure having 70% moisture. Eggs from those fly species and two others, Fannia canicularis (L.) and a stratiomyid, Hermetia illucens (L.), were added to poultry manure having eight levels of moisture in the range of 20–90%, and the development and size of emerging adults determined. None of the species developed in manure with 80 and 90% moisture. Development was mostly in the manure with 40–70% moisture, although some development in drier manure occurred with F. canicularis and H. illucens. For some species there were differences in the survival of fly immatures, development time, and size of the adult flies reared in manure of different moisture levels.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={FATCHUROCHIM, S and GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={224–231} }
 @article{wise_hennessey_axtell_1988, title={A NEW SPECIES OF MANURE INHABITING MITE IN THE GENUS POECILOCHIRUS (ACARI-MESOSTIGMATA-PARASITIDAE) PREDACIOUS ON HOUSE-FLY EGGS AND LARVAE}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/81.2.209}, abstractNote={Poecilochirus monospinosus Wise, Hennessey & Axtell, new species, is described from specimens collected and reared from poultry manure from Chatham and Wake Counties, N.C. The larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages are described and figured. Data are given on the duration of the life stages, fecundity, and rates of predation by deutonymphs and adult females on house fly ( Musca domestica L.) eggs and first instars at 26.6°C. Keys are given to the deutonymphs, females, and males of the described species of the genus Poecilochirus of the world.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={WISE, GU and HENNESSEY, MK and AXTELL, RC}, year={1988}, month={Mar}, pages={209–224} }
 @article{geden_axtell_1988, title={EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON NEMATODE (STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE [NEMATODA, STEINERNEMATIDAE]) TREATMENT OF SOIL FOR CONTROL OF LESSER MEALWORM (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) IN TURKEY HOUSES}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/81.3.800}, abstractNote={Infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae (All strain) were applied (10' per m') to the soil floors of two turkey houses with small populations of lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer); a third house was left untreated. The overall mean air temperature during the 9 wk after treatment was 26.4°C. Soil bioassays indicated that nematodes were present in treated soil at 3 wk but not at 5, 7, or 9 wk after treatment. Larval or adult beetle population densities in the treated houses did not differ significantly compared with the control house. When nematodes were applied to soil and then assayed for survival after being held in the laboratory at four different temperatures, none survived beyond 2 wk after treatment in soil held at temperatures >24°C. Nematodes were still detected at 9 wk after treatment in soil held at .20 and 24°C. SOIL TREATMENT with the entomogenous nema- tode, 5teinernema feltiae Filipjev, at 105parasites per m' in broiler and turkey houses provided a modest degree of short-term control of lesser meal- worm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Ceden et al. 1987). Treatments were made during the brief interval between flocks of birds in houses with a recent history of high beetle populations. High temperatures coincided with the loss of beetle con- trol and declining nematode presence in treated soil. Because 5. feltiae is known to be sensitive to high temperatures (Cray &Johnson 1983), our study monitored nematode persistence, beetle popula- tions, and temperature in turkey houses treated with a high nematode dose (106 parasites per m') and examined the effect of temperature on nema- tode persistence in treated soil in the laboratory.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={800–803} }
 @article{geden_axtell_1988, title={PREDATION BY CARCINOPS-PUMILIO (COLEOPTERA, HISTERIDAE) AND MACROCHELES-MUSCAEDOMESTICAE (ACARINA, MACROCHELIDAE) ON THE HOUSE-FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) - FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE, EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, AND AVAILABILITY OF ALTERNATIVE PREY}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/17.4.739}, abstractNote={Rates of house fly, Musca damestica L., destruction by Carcinaps pumilia (Erichson) adults and Macrocheles muscaedamesticae (Scopoli) females at two densities in a poultry manure substrate were determined at 27°C as a function of prey availability, and models based on the disk equation of Holling fit the observed data closely (R2 > 0.92). Asymptotic predation rates were 54 fly immatures destroyed per predator per day for C. pumilia and 17 and 11 for M. muscaedamesticae at 5 and 20 mites per assay container, respectively. At 15 and 33°C, predation rates of C. pumilia were 12.3 and 82.7 per day, respectively, and those of M. muscaedamesticae were 5.0 and 36.3 per day, respectively. C. pumilia destroyed significantly fewer house flies when acarid mites (Calaglyphus sp.) were present as an alternative prey than when only fly immatures were present; there were no reductions in predation on the house fly in the presence of nematodes (Diplagasteraides sp.) or sphaerocerid (Capraica hirtula Rondani) immatures. M. muscaedamesticae destroyed significantly fewer house flies when nematodes and sphaerocerids were present than when only fly immatures were present; there was no reduction in predation on the house fly in the presence of acarid mites. I KEY WORDS mesticae Arachnida, Insecta, house fly, Carcinaps pumilia, Macracheles muscaeda-}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1988}, month={Aug}, pages={739–744} }
 @article{geden_stinner_axtell_1988, title={Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: Effects of predator density, feeding history, interspecific interference, and field conditions}, volume={17}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Geden, C. J. and Stinner, R. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1988}, pages={320–329} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1987, title={A SIMULATION-MODEL OF HOUSEFLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT IN POULTRY MANURE}, volume={119}, ISSN={["0008-347X"]}, DOI={10.4039/Ent119427-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1987}, month={May}, pages={427–437} }
 @article{geden_edwards_arends_axtell_1987, title={EFFICACIES OF MIXTURES OF DISINFECTANTS AND INSECTICIDES}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0660659}, abstractNote={Efficacies of mixtures of diluted commercial formulations of selected insecticides and disinfectants were evaluated. Insecticides tested included representative pyrethroids (fenvalerate [Ectrin WDL and WD] and permethrin [Ectiban EC]), organophosphates (dichlorvos [Vapona EC], tetrachlorvinphos [Rabon WP] and dichlorvos/tetrachlorvinphos [RaVap EC], and a carbamate (carbaryl [Sevin S]). Disinfectants tested included representatives of cresylic acid (Biolene), cresylic acid/phenol (BioGuard X-185), phenol (1-Stroke Environ), quaternary ammonium (BioGuard S-3 and PFP-4), quaternary ammonium/formalin (DC & R), and formalin classes of disinfectants. Mixtures were tested for toxicity to two target insects (Musca domestica on plywood, Alphitobius diaperinus in litter) and two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). Of 56 mixtures evaluated, 24 showed reduced insecticidal toxicity and 35 showed reduced bactericidal activity compared with insecticides or disinfectants alone.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={GEDEN, CJ and EDWARDS, TD and ARENDS, JJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1987}, month={Apr}, pages={659–665} }
 @article{axtell_guzman_1987, title={Encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in calcium alginate}, volume={3}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Guzman, D. R.}, year={1987}, pages={450–459} }
 @article{geden_arends_axtell_1987, title={FIELD TRIALS OF STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE (NEMATODA, STEINERNEMATIDAE) FOR CONTROL OF ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) IN COMMERCIAL BROILER AND TURKEY HOUSES}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/80.1.136}, abstractNote={Infective juveniles of the All strain of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev were applied (100,000 per square meter) to the soil floors of one broiler and two turkey houses with known recent histories of infestation with lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). After addition of fresh litter and new flocks of birds, beetle populations increased more slowly in treated than in untreated houses on all three farms, but at 10–13 weeks posttreatment adult beetle populations were about equal in treated and untreated houses. Soil samples were bioassayed biweekly for presence of nematodes by adding beetle larvae. Nematodes persisted (63–87% beetle mortality) for 7 weeks posttreatment on two of the farms; on the third farm, beetle mortality was < 50% at 3 weeks posttreatment. When soil in plastic containers was treated at varying nematode rates and held for 6 months in a poultry house, beetle mortality ranged from 0 (103 nematodes per square meter) to 48.2% (105 nematodes per square meter).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and ARENDS, JJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1987}, month={Feb}, pages={136–141} }
 @article{geden_axtell_1987, title={Factors affecting climbing and tunneling behavior of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)}, volume={80}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Geden, C. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1987}, pages={1197–1204} }
 @article{guzman_axtell_1987, title={Population dynamics of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and the fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in stagnant water pools}, volume={3}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Guzman, D. R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1987}, pages={442–449} }
 @article{rueda_axtell_1987, title={Reproduction of pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) parasitic on fresh and frozen house fly (Musca domestica Linn.) pupae.}, volume={116}, journal={Philippine Journal of Science}, author={Rueda, L. M. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1987}, pages={313–326} }
 @article{guzman_axtell_1987, title={Temperature and water quality effects in simulated woodland pools on the infection of Culex mosquito larvae by Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in North Carolina}, volume={3}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Guzman, D. R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1987}, pages={211–218} }
 @article{guzman_axtell_1986, title={Effect of nutrient concentration in culturing three isolates of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), on sunflower seed extract.}, volume={2}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Guzman, D. R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1986}, pages={196–200} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1986, title={Estimating numbers and survival of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) with mark/recapture methods}, volume={79}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.4.1016}, abstractNote={Two applications of the Jolly–Seber model were used to estimate numbers and survival of house flies, Musca domestica L. The multi sample, single-recapture census, using reared, marked flies and capture by baited jug-traps, was used to estimate numbers of adult house flies in a two-story, high-rise, caged-layer poultry house. Density estimates ranged from 1.2 to 11.5 flies per m2 and had coefficients of variation of 0.12–0.52. Daily survival rates (proportion of population which did not die or emigrate during the interval between samples) were 0.19–0.66 per day. The multisample, multirecapture census, using marked native flies and capture by netting, was used to estimate numbers and survival of house flies in a screen-sided, narrow caged-layer poultry house. Estimated fly densities ranged from 24.8 to 1,159.6 flies per m2 with coefficients of variation of 0.03–0.48. Daily survival rates were 0.54–0.99 per day. Survival rates in both studies declined with increasing mean daily temperature (°C)and on average were 0.32 lower in the high-rise house due to effects of dispersal and predation. House fly survival was not affected by marking with oil-soluble dyes, and capture of house flies using the baited jug-trap was not influenced by age, sex, or marked status of the flies. Assumptions in both census methods are discussed and shown to be met under conditions of these experiments.}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Lysyk, T. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1986}, pages={1016–1022} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1986, title={FIELD-EVALUATION OF 3 METHODS FOR MONITORING POPULATIONS OF HOUSEFLIES (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) AND OTHER FILTH FLIES IN 3 TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSING SYSTEMS}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.1.144}, abstractNote={Analysis of field data collected over several years in three poultry housing systems (narrow caged-layer houses. high-rise caged-layer houses. and broiler-breeder layer houses) indicated that the baited jug-trap was a reliable method of sampling house flies. Musca domestica L.; sticky ribbons provided additional information on two other fly species. Relative frequency of house fly capture indicated that this fly was present in all poultry systems in North Carolina from May to October. while Fannia canicularis (L.) and Ophyra spp. were present in low numbers after July. Sticky ribbon indices were correlated with baited jug-trap indices for all three fly species in all poultry systems. Spot card indices were correlated with house fly abundance indices, but appeared to be influenced by other fly species in narrow and high-rise caged-layer houses. The relationship between the mean and variance of house fly abundance indices was used to determine the number of samples required to obtain estimates of house fly abundance with a fixed level of precision (CV = 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) in each poultry housing system.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1986}, month={Feb}, pages={144–151} }
 @article{axtell_1986, title={FLY MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY PRODUCTION - CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0650657}, abstractNote={Abstract Control of the house fly, Musca domestica, and related filth flies in poultry production facilities requires a judicious meshing of cultural (manure management), biological (parasites and predators), and chemical (insecticides) methods in an integrated program. Maintaining the manure as dry as possible through proper air ventilation, drainage, control of water systems, and phased manure removal is basic to a fly control program. Several species of hymenopterous (Pteromalidae) parasites along with mites (especially Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and Fuscuropoda vegetans) and histerid beetles (especially Carcinops pumilo) are the major biological control agents whose populations are enhanced or preserved by proper manure management and limited, selective use of insecticides. The biology of the major fly species and the biological control agents are discussed. The major insecticides and application methods are presented in the context of an integrated control program. Methods for monitoring fly populations are presented.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={AXTELL, RC}, year={1986}, month={Apr}, pages={657–667} }
 @article{su_guzman_axtell_1986, title={Factors affecting storage of mycelial cultures of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales)}, volume={2}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Su, X.-Q. and Guzman, D. R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1986}, pages={350–354} }
 @book{axtell_1986, title={Fly control in confined livestock and poultry production (Technical monograph)}, publisher={Ciba-Geigy Corp.}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1986} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1986, title={MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEFLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) BETWEEN HABITATS IN 2 LIVESTOCK FARMS}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/79.4.993}, abstractNote={House fly, Musca domestica L., movement between breeding sites (dairies and poultry houses) and into surrounding habitats (buildings, fields, and pastures) was measured by releasing marked flies in poultry houses and dairies at two farms. Relative density of wild and marked flies was greater in the dairy and poultry houses than in other habitats at similar distances from the release areas. Calculated proportions of wild flies in each habitat were greatest in the dairies and poultry houses; averages of 25 and 36% of the wild populations were estimated to be in the other habitats. After 5 days, an average of 60 and 53% of marked flies released in the poultry houses remained there, 13% moved to the dairies at both farms, and 27 and 34% moved from the poultry houses to the non breeding habitats. An average of 56 and 73% of the marked flies released in the dairies remained there after 5 days, while 8 and 10% moved into the poultry houses, and 34 and 19% moved from the dairies into the nonbreeding habitats at both farms.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1986}, month={Aug}, pages={993–998} }
 @article{geden_axtell_brooks_1986, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE), AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/23.3.326}, abstractNote={The infectivity of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri , and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for the larval, pupal, adult stages of the house fly were evaluated under different habitat conditions. Second- and 3rd-instar larvae and adult flies were highly susceptible to S. feltiae and H. heliothidis when hosts were confined in petri dishes containing nematode-treated filter paper. Larvae were not susceptible to S. glaseri , and pupae within puparia were refractory to infection by all 3 species. When 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae were exposed to nematodes in rearing medium, S. feltiae caused higher mortality (55–61%) than H. heliothidis (11–26%) at the highest dosage of 5,000 nematodes per host. Both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis were more infective for 3rd-instar larvae (21–29%) than for 2nd-instar larvae (2–6%) at this dosage in poultry manure. When adult flies were offered S. feltiae suspensions in a 5% sucrose bait on cotton balls, mortality ranged from 53 to 67% at dose rates ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 nematodes per milliliter of bait.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC and BROOKS, WM}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={326–332} }
 @inbook{axtell_1986, title={Status and potential of biological control agents in livestock and poultry pest management systems}, booktitle={Biological control of muscoid flies (Miscellaneous publications, 61)}, publisher={College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, editor={Patterson, R. S. and Rutz, D. A.Editors}, year={1986}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{lysyk_axtell_1985, title={COMPARISON OF BAITED JUG-TRAP AND SPOT CARDS FOR SAMPLING HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS IN POULTRY HOUSES}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/14.6.815}, abstractNote={The relationship between known densities of house flies, Musca domestica L., and fly-abundance indices obtained with baited jug-traps and white spot cards in a caged-layer poultry house was determined. Baited jug-traps hung from the ceiling and spot cards fastened to feed troughs gave fly-abundance indices most sensitive to changes in house fly density; spot cards fastened flush against the rafters were slightly less sensitive, and spot cards hung vertically from the rafters were least sensitive. With increasing mean daily temperature (range, 22 to 34°C), estimates of fly-abundance density obtained with baited jug-traps, spot cards fastened to the feed trough, and spot cards fastened hanging from the rafters increased, while the estimates obtained with spot cards fastened flush against the rafters decreased. The relationship between fly-abundance indices obtained with baited jug-traps and spot cards (in different locations) was determined by linear regression. Equations are given for calculating the numbers of sampling devices required at different fly-abundance thresholds for obtaining indices with a desired coefficient of variability.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={LYSYK, TJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1985}, month={Dec}, pages={815–819} }
 @article{rueda_axtell_1985, title={COMPARISON OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF HOUSE-FLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), PUPAE IN DIFFERENT LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/14.3.217}, abstractNote={By monitoring weekly with house fly ( Musca domestica L.) pupae placed in mesh bags in the manure, 10 species of house fly parasites were found in confined poultry, dairy, beef, swine, and sheep housing: Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Spalangia , sp. nov., near drosophilae Ashmead, S. cameroni Perkins, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis, S. drosophilae Ashmead, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Nasonia vitripennis Walker, Dirhinus texanus (Ashmead) and Trichopria sp. By the same monitoring method five species were recovered from beef and dairy cattle pastures: M. raptor, S. cameroni, S. endius, P. vindemiae , and D. texanus . All sampling was conducted in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. M. raptor, P. vindemiae , and S. cameroni were the most prevalent parasites in both the confined systems and the pastures, accounting for 95 to 98% of all parasites recovered. House fly pupae exposed to parasites in the confined poultry, swine, and dairy systems exhibited higher rates of parasitism than in the pastures and the beef and sheep barns.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={RUEDA, LM and AXTELL, RC}, year={1985}, pages={217–222} }
 @article{rueda_axtell_1985, title={EFFECT OF DEPTH OF HOUSEFLY PUPAE IN POULTRY MANURE ON PARASITISM BY 6 SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.444}, abstractNote={The recoveries of pteromalid parasites from house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae placed in accumulated poultry manure at the surface and at depths of 3, 5, 10 and 15 cm were determined weekly for 10 weeks in two types of caged-layer poultry houses. No parasites were recovered from fly pupae at the 15 cm depth. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) were the first and second most abundant house fly pupal parasites collected on the surface and 3 cm beneath the surface of the poultry manure in narrow and high-rise caged-layer poultry houses. From house fly pupae 5 cm deep, P. vindemiae was rarely recovered while 5 to 12% of the parasites recovered at that depth were M. raptor. Spalangia cameroni Perkins was the most abundant Spalangia species and was recovered mostly from pupae at 5 and 10 cm deep in the manure in both houses. Other, less abundant, Spalangia species (S. endius Walker and S. nigroaenea Curtis) were recovered from fly pupae to a depth of 10 cm beneath the manure surface in both houses. Muscidifurax zaraptor, an introduced species, was released in the narrow caged-layer poultry house, and was recovered from pupae on the surface and 3 cm deep in the manure.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={RUEDA, LM and AXTELL, RC}, year={1985}, month={Oct}, pages={444–449} }
 @book{rueda_axtell_1985, title={Guide to common species of pupal parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of the house fly and other muscoid flies associated with poultry and livestock manure}, volume={278}, institution={North Carolina Agricultural Research Service}, author={Rueda, L. M. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1985} }
 @inbook{axtell_1985, title={Poultry pests}, ISBN={0471810649}, booktitle={Livestock Entomology}, publisher={New York: Wiley & Sons}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1985}, pages={269–293} }
 @article{geden_axtell_brooks_1985, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LESSER MEALWORM, ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE, STEINERNEMA-GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE) AND HETERORHABDITIS-HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.331}, abstractNote={The infectivity of Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for early-stage larvae, late-stage larvae, pupae and adults of the lesser mealworm were evaluated under different habitat conditions. When confined in petri dishes with nematode-treated filter paper, all beetle stages were highly susceptible to parasitism by S. feltiae, with LD50 values ranging from 9 to 56 nematodes per host Early-stage larvae (LD50 = 26) and pupae (LD50 = 36) were more susceptible than late-stage larvae (LD50 = 1,791) and adults (LD50 = 724) to H. heliothidis. Only adult beetles (LD50 = 714) were susceptible to S. glaseri. Late-stage beetle larvae were more susceptible to S. feltiae in rearing medium (LD50 = 24), broiler litter (LD50 = 2 58) and poultry manure (LD50 = 212) than to H. heliothidis, which caused less than 50% mortality at all dose rates in these substrates. Adults were less susceptible than larvae in these substrates, and mortality only exceeded 50% in litter treated with S. feltiae (LD50 = 971). Late-stage larvae were highly susceptible to both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis in sandy loam and clay soils, with LD50's ranging from 1 to 14 nematodes per larva. Pupal mortality was higher in sandy loam (S. feltiae LD50 = 46, H. heliothidis LD50 = 444) than in clay soil (S. feltiae LD50 = 95, H. heliothidis LD50 = 5,796).}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={GEDEN, CJ and AXTELL, RC and BROOKS, WM}, year={1985}, month={Jul}, pages={331–339} }
 @article{safrit_axtell_1984, title={EVALUATIONS OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR DARKLING BEETLES (ALPHITOBIUS-DIAPERINUS) IN THE LITTER OF TURKEY AND BROILER HOUSES}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0632368}, abstractNote={Materials placed on the litter in turkey and broiler houses were evaluated as sampling devices for the larvae and adults of Alphitobius diaperinus (lesser mealworm or darkling beetle). Insects harbored in, on, and between pieces of the materials were counted after 1-week exposure. Pan traps consisting of two stacked pieces of 1.3-cm thick foil-covered polyisocyanurate insulation (Celotex) placed under a protective metal pan staked to the litter surface was a more effective sampling device than pan traps using thicker (5 cm) Celotex, 3.8 cm thick polystyrene (Styrofoam), or two stacked pieces of wood. A tube trap consisting of rolled fluted corrugated cardboard inserted in a section of polyvinyl chloride pipe was as effective a sampling device as the two pieces of Celotex in a pan trap and was more convenient to use. Six pieces of corrugated cardboard stacked under a pan caught larger numbers of beetle larvae and adults but was awkward to handle and impractical. Placement of sampling devices in the major subhabitats (open center, near walls, near feeders, and near waterers) in turkey and broiler houses affected catches of beetle larvae and adults. The open center area was satisfactory and most convenient.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={SAFRIT, RD and AXTELL, RC}, year={1984}, pages={2368–2375} }
 @article{burg_axtell_1984, title={MONITORING HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS IN CAGED-LAYER POULTRY HOUSES USING A BAITED JUG-TRAP}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/13.4.1083}, abstractNote={A baited jug-trap for sampling house fly populations is described. We found trapping of house flies to be most effective at the roof peak in a narrow caged-layer poultry house and ca. 1 m above the manure in a high-rise poultry house, using the jug-trap baited with Super Golden Malrin®, containing 0.025% 2-(1-methylethoxy) phenol methylcarbamate, 0.04% 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, and 0.025% (Z)-9-tricosene. Yellow painted jug-traps caught more house flies than red, green, blue, black, or white. The period of greatest fly catches in the trap was between 1200 and 1700 EST. Traps baited with the slowrelease synthetic house fly attractant (88% fishmeal, 5% trimethylamine hydrochloride, 5% ammonium sulfate, 1% indole, and 1% linoleic acid) caught fewer flies than traps baited with Improved Golden Malrin®, containing 1.0% methomyl ( S -methyl N -[methylcarbamoyl] oxy) thioacetimidate and 0.025% (Z)-9-tricosene, or Super Golden Malrin, and caught more flies than traps baited with Golden Malrin®, containing 0.093% 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate and 0.25% 0, 0 -dimethyl 0 -(2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate, when tested in a narrow caged-layer poultry house. Indole was found to be the most attractive chemical in the synthetic formulation and ammonium sulfate decreased the attractiveness of the formulation. We advocate the use of a white, translucent jug-trap baited with 25 g of Improved Golden Malrin and hung at the level of the upper cages as a simple, practical method for monitoring house fly populations in caged-layer houses.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={BURG, JG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1984}, pages={1083–1090} }
 @article{jaronski_axtell_1984, title={Non-susceptibility of (Chaoborus flavicans (Chaoboridae) to the mosquito pathogen lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes)}, volume={44}, number={1}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Jaronski, S. T. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1984}, pages={81–82} }
 @article{jaronski_axtell_1984, title={Simplified production system for the fungus Lagenidium giganteum for operational mosquito control}, volume={44}, number={4}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Jaronski, S. T. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1984}, pages={377–381} }
 @article{axtell_edwards_1983, title={EFFICACY AND NONTARGET EFFECTS OF LARVADEX AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROLLING HOUSE-FLIES IN CAGED-LAYER POULTRY MANURE}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0622371}, abstractNote={The insect growth regulator N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6 triamine (Larvadex, CGA 72662, cyromazine) was provided as a feed additive (.3% Premix per ton of feed) to caged laying hens under field conditions in high rise, wide span and narrow poultry houses. The chemical effectively controlled house flies (Musca domestica) and soldier flies (Hermetia illucens). The feed additive had no adverse effect on the populations of manure-inhabiting mites (Macrochelidae and Uropodidae) and histerid beetles (Carcínops pumulio), which prey on fly eggs and larvae. Satisfactory fly control was demonstrated by use of the additive 50% of the time when the interval without the additive in the feed was 4 days but not when the interval was 7 days. Use of a fly monitoring program to time the use of the feed additive is advocated.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={AXTELL, RC and EDWARDS, TD}, year={1983}, pages={2371–2377} }
 @article{jaronski_axtell_1983, title={Effects of temperature on infection, growth and zoosporogenesis of the fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in mosquito larvae}, volume={43}, number={1}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Jaronski, S. T. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1983}, pages={42–45} }
 @article{merriam_axtell_1983, title={Field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for control of Aedes taeniorhynchus in salt marsh pools}, volume={43}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Merriam, T. L. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1983}, pages={84–86} }
 @article{jaronski_axtell_fagan_domnas_1983, title={INVITRO PRODUCTION OF ZOOSPORES BY THE MOSQUITO PATHOGEN LAGENIDIUM-GIGANTEUM (OOMYCETES, LAGENIDIALES) ON SOLID MEDIA}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0022-2011"]}, DOI={10.1016/0022-2011(83)90247-1}, abstractNote={Reliable, large-scale production of Lagenidium giganteum zoospores was obtained on solid media. The fungus was grown for 7 days in a liquid medium of wheat germ, hemp seed, yeast extract, and glucose, then placed onto hemp-seed agar. Zoosporogenesis was induced on agar by immersing the fungal cultures into water. Zoospore production began 10 hr postimmersion, peaked at 18 hr, and ceased by 36 hr. A single, 10-cm Petri dish of fungus on hemp-seed agar produced 1.7−3.8 × 107 zoospores during the 26 hr of zoosporogenesis. Optimal zoospore production occurred with 4- to 7-day-old cultures; cultures older than 10 days produced few zoospores. The temperature range for zoosporogenesis was 15–35°C. The extent of zoosporogenesis was directly related to the volume of water used to induce zoospore formation and inversely proportional to agar thickness. Bioassay of zoospores against second instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae yielded an LD50 of 400 zoospores/ml.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={JARONSKI, S and AXTELL, RC and FAGAN, SM and DOMNAS, AJ}, year={1983}, pages={305–309} }
 @article{axtell_1983, title={Mosquito control challenges and the AMCA.}, volume={43}, number={2}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1983}, pages={122–125} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1983, title={Mosquitoes, humans and the environment: Integrated management of vector borne disease in relation to economic development}, booktitle={A healthy economy in a healthy environment: 1983 proceedings, the First Annual Carolina Environmental Affairs Conference}, publisher={Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies Council}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1983}, pages={219–235} }
 @article{arthur_axtell_1983, title={NORTHERN FOWL MITE POPULATION DEVELOPMENT ON LAYING HENS CAGED AT 3 COLONY SIZES}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0620424}, abstractNote={Beginning 5 weeks after being experimentally infested with known numbers of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), White Leghorn pullets caged alone supported a significantly higher mite population than did pullets housed two and three per cage. During the following 6 weeks, mite populations remained high on the birds caged singly whereas mite populations drastically declined on the birds housed two or three per cage. Eleven weeks after the experiment was initiated, all hens caged alone were infested with northern fowl mites, whereas 22% of the birds housed two per cage and 43% of the birds housed three per cage were free of mites. These data support the hypothesis that social stress in birds influences the development of northern fowl mites (more stress, higher resistance to mites).}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and AXTELL, RC}, year={1983}, pages={424–427} }
 @article{jaronski_axtell_1983, title={Persistence of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) after introduction into natural habitats}, volume={43}, number={3}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Jaronski, S. T. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1983}, pages={332–337} }
 @article{merriam_axtell_1983, title={RELATIVE TOXICITY OF CERTAIN PESTICIDES TO LAGENIDIUM-GIGANTEUM (OOMYCETES, LAGENIDIALES), A FUNGAL PATHOGEN OF MOSQUITO LARVAE}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/12.2.515}, abstractNote={Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the relative toxicity of certain insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides to the vegetative growth and zoospore production in North Carolina (NC) and Louisiana (LA) isolates of Lagenidium giganteum. Zoospore production in both isolates was less tolerant than mycelial growth to most of the pesticides tested and, thus, the IC50 values (inhibition concentration) for mycelial growth rate on agar underestimated toxicity. The most toxic pesticides to one or both isolates of L. giganteum were captan, gamma-BHC. DDT. toxaphene. chlorpyrifos, and fenthion. These pesticides produced at least 10% inhibition of mycelial growth rate or completely inhibited zoospore production at concentrations below 5 parts per million (ppm). The least toxic pesticides caused a 10% inhibition in mycelial growth rate and failed to inhibit zoospore production at concentrations greater that 50 ppm. These were diflubenzuron. permethrin. temephos. and propoxur (LA isolate only). Pesticides of intermediate toxicity were: malathion, carbaryl, methoprene, alachlor, and atrazine. The two isolates differed substantially in their tolerance of the following pesticides: malathion, chlorpyrifos, toxaphene, carbaryl. propoxur. permethrin. and methoprene. At their recommended rates of application for control of mosquito larvae, methoprene, fenthion, malathion, and temephos would probably be compatible with both isolates of L. giganteum.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MERRIAM, TL and AXTELL, RC}, year={1983}, pages={515–521} }
 @article{arthur_axtell_1983, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NORTHERN FOWL MITES IN NORTH-CAROLINA TO 5 ACARICIDES}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0620428}, abstractNote={The susceptibilities (dosage-response regression curves) of northern fowl mites collected from six poultry farms in North Carolina were determined for five acaricides by exposure of the mites for 24 hr to acaricide residues inside glass pipettes. The residue concentrations were expressed as parts per million on a weight-volume basis of the acaricide-acetone solution in which the pipettes were immersed prior to testing. All of the acaricides, except malathion, were highly toxic to the northern fowl mites. The mean LD50 values (ppm) were: permethrin, .53; tetrachlorvinphos, 4.06; carbaryl, 4.11; and coumaphos, 5.04. For malathion, the mean LD50 for mites from three caged layer flocks was 119.35 ppm while concentrations as high as 500 ppm gave only low mortalities (20% or less) of mites from the other flocks and LD50 values could not be calculated. These data show that northern fowl mites are highly resistant to malathion in North Carolina, as has been reported elsewhere, but there is no evidence of resistance to the other acaricides tested. The effect of temperature on the toxicity to northern fowl mites of the newest acaricide, permethrin, was determined. Permethrin was significantly more toxic at 20 C than at 25, 30, or 35 C.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and AXTELL, RC}, year={1983}, pages={428–432} }
 @article{axtell_1982, title={Attacking the pest problem - a systems approach to controlling livestock pests}, number={April}, journal={Animal Nutrition & Health}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1982}, pages={16–18} }
 @article{arthur_axtell_1982, title={COMPARISONS OF PERMETHRIN FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS FOR NORTHERN FOWL MITE CONTROL ON CAGED LAYING HENS}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0610879}, abstractNote={Formulations of permethrin (Ectiban), a synthetic pyrethroid, as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), wettable powder (WP), and dust were nearly equally effective for 9 or more weeks for control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged laying hens under environmentally controlled conditions. The permethrin was applied to the vent area as .05% active ingredient (AI) spray of the diluted EC or WP at 40 ml per bird, .1% AI mist of the diluted EC at 20 ml per bird, and 4.5 g per bird of the .25% AI dust. Dilute sprays of .05% permethrin prepared from the EC and WP and applied at 40 ml per bird were more effective in a commercial caged-laying hen house for northern fowl mite control than were .5% sprays of tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon), Ravap, and carbaryl (Sevin). Satisfactory mite control was obtained with .6% permethrin prepared from the EC and misted at the rate of 2.5 ml per bird. Low volume, high concentration misting of permethrin was a promising method for mite control with satisfactory control achieved with .2% AI at 5 ml per bird and .6% AI at 2.5 ml per bird.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={ARTHUR, FH and AXTELL, RC}, year={1982}, pages={879–884} }
 @article{jaronski_axtell_1982, title={EFFECTS OF ORGANIC-WATER POLLUTION ON THE INFECTIVITY OF THE FUNGUS LAGENIDIUM-GIGANTEUM (OOMYCETES, LAGENIDIALES) FOR LARVAE OF CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE) - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/19.3.255}, abstractNote={Sporulating agar-plate cultures of Lagenidium giganteum (North Carolina strain) were introduced into outdoor, pilot-scale, poultry-waste disposal lagoons. In unpolluted water, the fungus infected 27–100% of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, depending upon the size of the fungal inoculum, and persisted for 1 month until low water temperature inhibited fungal development. No infection occurred in water with low to moderate levels of organic pollution. With data obtained from laboratory tests of the effects of polluted water on zoosporogenesis and infection of larvae by the fungus, a multiple regression equation was developed relating levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (P) to percentage infection of larvae under standardized, optimal conditions. The multiple regression, % Infection = 113.9 – 0.02 (mg/litre COD) – 1.92 (mg/1 TKN) ♂ 3.41 (mg/1 NH3-N) – 6.02 (mg/1 P), means that the infection rate decreased 0.2% for each additional mg/1 COD, 1.92% for each additional mg/1 TKN, 3.41% for each additional mg/1 NH3-N and 6.02% for each added mg/1 P, when all 4 parameters were considered simultaneously. Of the 4 parameters, only NH3-N and P were statistically significant predictors of pollution effects on infection of larvae by Lagenidium. The presence of organic pollution in the water prevented the formation of sporogenic vesicles by the fungus and drastically reduced the viability of any zoospores that were produced.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={JARONSKI, ST and AXTELL, RC}, year={1982}, pages={255–262} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_jaronski_merriam_1982, title={Efficacy of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales)}, volume={50}, booktitle={Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, Inc.}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Jaronski, S. T. and Merriam, T. L.}, year={1982}, pages={41–42} }
 @article{merriam_axtell_1982, title={Evaluation of the entomogenous fungi Culicinomyces clavosporus and Lagenidium giganteum for control of the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus}, volume={42}, number={4}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Merriam, T. L. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1982}, pages={594–602} }
 @article{merriam_axtell_1982, title={SALINITY TOLERANCE OF 2 ISOLATES OF LAGENIDIUM-GIGANTEUM (OOMYCETES, LAGENIDIALES), A FUNGAL PATHOGEN OF MOSQUITO LARVAE}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/19.4.388}, abstractNote={Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the salinity range over which North Carolina (NC) and Louisiana (LA) isolates of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Couch) grow vegetatively and infect mosquito larvae. The mycelial growth rates of the 2 isolates on nutrient agar were increased with 2.5 and 5.0 parts per thousand (ppt) of NaCl added and reduced with 7.5 ppt or more NaCl. The LA and NC isolates did not grow on agar containing 20 and 30 ppt NaCl, respectively. The concentrations of NaCl for 50% inhibition (IC50) of mycelial growth of the LA and NC isolates (10.9 and 12.0 ppt, respectively) were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). The ability of the 2 isolates of L. giganteum to infect larvae of Aedes taeniorhynchus decreased as salinity of the water increased. The IC50 values for the inhibition of infection in mosquito larvae by the LA and NC isolates (0.52 and 0.55 ppt NaCl, respectively) were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). Microscopic examination of the fungus in saline and distilled water showed that NaCl inhibited the production of zoospores. In water containing 1.5 ppt NaCl there was complete inhibition of zoosporogenesis and mosquito infection in each isolate of L. giganteum . Zoosporogenesis was ca. 22 times more sensitive to salinity than was mycelial growth.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={MERRIAM, TL and AXTELL, RC}, year={1982}, pages={388–393} }
 @article{apperson_axtell_1981, title={Arthropods associated with Eurasian watermilfoil in the Currituck Sound, North Carolina}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Apperson, C. S. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1981}, pages={53–59} }
 @article{merriam_leidy_axtell_1981, title={Efficacy and longevity of controlled-release chlorpyrifos (DursbanR 10CR) for mosquito control in coastal dredged material disposal sites}, volume={41}, number={3}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Merriam, T. L. and Leidy, R. B. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1981}, pages={512–522} }
 @article{rutz_axtell_1981, title={HOUSEFLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) CONTROL IN BROILER-BREEDER POULTRY HOUSES BY PUPAL PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) - INDIGENOUS PARASITE SPECIES AND RELEASES OF MUSCIDIFURAX-RAPTOR}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/10.3.343}, abstractNote={Seven species of house fly pupal parasites, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), S, drosophilae Ashmead, and S. nigra Latreille, were recovered from fly pupae exposed in broiler-breeder poultry houses. S. cameroni and M. raptor ranked first and second, respectively, in overall relative abundance and together both species accounted for 91% of all parasites collected.

Weekly sustained releases of an indigenous strain of M. raptor resulted in a significantly higher rate of house fly parasitism, concurrent with a significant reduction in the house fly population at the release farm in comparison to farms without parasite releases.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={RUTZ, DA and AXTELL, RC}, year={1981}, pages={343–345} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1981, title={Livestock integrated pest management (IPM): Principles and prospects}, booktitle={Papers presented at Systems Approach to Animal Health and Production: A symposium, March 31-April 2, 1981}, publisher={Lexington: University of Kentucky}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1981}, pages={31–40} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1981, title={Use of predators and parasites in filth fly IPM programs in poultry housing.}, booktitle={Status of biological control of filth flies: Proceedings of a workshop, February 4-5, 1981, University of Florida, Gainesville}, publisher={New Orleans, LA: Science and Education Administration, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1981}, pages={26–43} }
 @article{pfeiffer_axtell_1980, title={COLEOPTERA OF POULTRY MANURE IN CAGED-LAYER HOUSES IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/9.1.21}, abstractNote={At least 120 species of Coleoptera were recovered from poultry manure in narrow, widespan, and high-rise types of caged-layer poultry houses in the Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) and Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) were consistently the most abundant species in all 3 regions, followed by Gnathoncus nanus (Scriba) and the Aleocharinae (Staphylinidae). According to 5 indices of diversity, the Piedmont ranked 1st in overall diversity, species richness and equitability, followed by the Coastal Plain, and thirdly, by the Mountains.

Narrow and high/rise house types were compared for adult and larval C. pumilio and A. diaperinus . The larval population peak for A. diaperinus occurred significantly earlier in the high-rise than in the narrow houses, however, the narrow houses had significantly higher beetle diversity.

A qualitative examination of overwintering forms showed that most species overwintered primarily, but not exclusively, as adults.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={PFEIFFER, DG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1980}, pages={21–28} }
 @article{rutz_axtell_edwards_1980, title={Effects of organic pollution levels on aquatic insect abundance in field pilot-scale anaerobic animal waste lagoons}, volume={40}, number={3}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Rutz, D. A. and Axtell, R. C. and Edwards, T. D.}, year={1980}, pages={403–409} }
 @article{axtell_rutz_edwards_1980, title={Field tests of insecticides and insect growth regulators for the control of Culex quinquefasciatus in anaerobic animal waste lagoons}, volume={40}, number={1}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Rutz, D. A. and Edwards, T. D.}, year={1980}, pages={36} }
 @article{rutz_axtell_1980, title={HOUSEFLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY MANURE IN NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={9}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/9.2.175}, abstractNote={A comprehensive 12-mo. survey of indigenous house fly parasites was conducted in the 3 geographic regions of North Carolina. Eight parasite species, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, S. endius Walker, S. nigra Latreille, S. nigroaenea Curtis, S . n. sp. near drosophilae, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), and Nasonia vitripennis Walker were found. M. raptor was the most abundant parasite collected and the only species active throughout the year. S. cameroni, S. endius and S. nigroaenea , active from June through Nov., were the prevalent Spalangia species. A discussion of collection techniques is included.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={RUTZ, DA and AXTELL, RC}, year={1980}, pages={175–180} }
 @article{rutz_axtell_1980, title={INVASION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF HOUSEFLY, MUSCA-DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE), PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) IN NEW CAGED-LAYER POULTRY HOUSES}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/17.2.151}, abstractNote={Muscidifurax raptor, Spalangia undescribed sp. near drosophilae, S. cameroni, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae and Nasonia vitripennis invaded manure at new caged-layer poultry houses near Raleigh, North Carolina within 8 weeks after the chickens were placed in the houses. After these houses were in operation for 16 weeks. Spatangia endius and S. nigroaenea were also recovered. Spatangia nigra was the only parasite species new to the collections at these houses during the 2nd year of operation (1978). During the 2-year stLJdy, M. raptor, P. vindemiae and S. cameroni ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively, in relative abun, dance of all parasites collected. M. raptor and P. vindemiae were abundam from June through November. S. cameroni was prevalent in late summer and fall, while the other Spalangia species and N. vitripennis were most abundant during the summer. Weekly sustained releases of a Florida strain of S. endius did not increase house fly pupal parasitism at these poultry houses; only 3 specimens of S. endius were recovered during 3 months (August-October) of releases of 18,000 parasites per week.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={RUTZ, DA and AXTELL, RC}, year={1980}, pages={151–155} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1980, title={Management of mosquito production in coastal dredged material disposal areas}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Texas Mosquito Control Association}, publisher={Texas Mosquito Control Association}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1980}, pages={2–4} }
 @article{koch_axtell_1979, title={ATTRACTION OF CULICOIDES-FURENS AND CULICOIDES-HOLLENSIS (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE) TO ANIMAL HOSTS IN A SALT-MARSH HABITAT}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/15.5-6.494}, abstractNote={Host attraction studies of adult Culicoides furens and C. hollensis were conducted in a Spartina salt marsh in Carteret County. North Carolina, USA. The attractancy of domestic animals (Japanese Quail, white rat, White Leghorn chicken and New Zealand white rabbit) was determined using animal-baited traps in a Latin square experimental design. Paired comparisons of domestic animals with wild live-trapped animals from the marsh (Hispid Colton Rat. Mallard Duck, Virginia Opossum, Raccoon and Marsh Rice Rat) were made using the same type of traps. In general, the degree of attractiveness of the animals to C. furens and C. hollensis was related more to the size of the animal than to the kind of animal. There were little differences in the attractancy of domestic and wild animals, It was concluded that C. furens and C. hollensis have a wide host range and should not be classified as either ornithophilic or mammalophilic, Catches of Culicoides by animal-baited traps were poorly correlated with catches in nearby emergence and sticky cylinder traps.}, number={5-6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KOCH, HG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1979}, pages={494–499} }
 @article{scotton_axtell_1979, title={Aedes taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans oviposition in coastal dredge spoil}, volume={39}, number={1}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Scotton, G. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1979}, pages={97–110} }
 @article{axtell_lefurgey_1979, title={COMPARISONS OF THE FOVEAE DORSALES IN MALE AND FEMALE IXODID TICKS AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM, AMBLYOMMA-MACULATUM, DERMACENTOR-ANDERSONI AND DERMACENTOR-VARIABILIS (ACARI, IXODIDAE)}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/16.3.173}, abstractNote={The presence of foveae dorsales and underlying foveal glands was documented in the adult males and compared to those in the females of Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis . Externally the male foveae dorsales were smaller and had fewer slits than the female glands, but internally there were no obvious gross differences between the sexes in the foveal glands.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC and LEFURGEY, A}, year={1979}, pages={173–179} }
 @article{koch_axtell_1979, title={CORRELATION OF HOURLY SUCTION TRAP COLLECTIONS OF CULICOIDES-FURENS AND CULICOIDES-HOLLENSIS (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE) WITH WIND, TEMPERATURE AND HABITAT}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/15.5-6.500}, abstractNote={Daily Right activity of Culicoides furens and C. Hollensis was monitored during peak seasonal abundance near salt marsh breeding sites by hourly collections with suction traps. Both species had 2 crepuscular peaks of activity. C. furens was mostly nocturnal, with a large peak of activity immediately after sunset; C. Hollensis was mostly diurnal with a large morning peak. Males accounted for only 9% of the C. furens and 3% of the C. Hollensis total catches. Wind (velocity and direction) and temperature were continuously measured during the hours of suction trap operation and correlated with insect capture. C. furens activity was correlated with wind velocity. C. Hollensis activity was correlated with wind direction and temperature. Many more C. furens specimens were trapped in the marsh than in the adjacent wooded area; C. Hollensis adults were trapped about equally in the 2 areas. C. furens remained active throughout the day in the wooded area but not in the marsh.}, number={5-6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KOCH, HG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1979}, pages={500–505} }
 @article{axtell_dukes_edwards_1979, title={Field tests of diflubenzuron, methoprene, Flit MLO and chlorpyrifos for the control of Aedes taeniorhynchus larvae in diked dredged spoil areas}, volume={39}, number={3}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Dukes, J. C. and Edwards, T. D.}, year={1979}, pages={520} }
 @article{axtell_1979, title={Principles of integrated pest management (IPM) in relation to mosquito control}, volume={39}, number={4}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1979}, pages={709} }
 @article{rutz_axtell_1979, title={SUSTAINED RELEASES OF MUSCIDIFURAX-RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) FOR HOUSEFLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA) CONTROL IN 2 TYPES OF CAGED-LAYER POULTRY HOUSES}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/8.6.1105}, abstractNote={An indigenous strain of Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, a house fly pupal parasite, was mass-reared and released at 2 caged-layer poultry farms, one with narrow (California) houses and one with a high-rise house, from May through Nov. 1978. Weekly releases of 40,000 parasites in the narrow caged-layer houses resulted in a significant increase in the overall rate of parasitism of house fly pupae during the fly season in comparison to similar farms without releases; and a 2-fold increase in both the rate of parasitism and the proportion of M. raptor in the parasite population from that of the previous year; while parasitism rates and M. raptor populations remained essentially unchanged at farms receiving no parasite releases. In the high-rise house, weekly releases of 40,000 M. raptor resulted in a significant increase in the rate of parasitism of house fly pupae in the latter half of the fly season and a higher proportion of M. raptor in the parasite population in comparison to similar farms receiving no parasite releases. Concurrent with parasite releases, a reduction in the fly population occurred in the narrow caged-layer houses; however, no reduction was evident in the high-rise caged-layer house.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={RUTZ, DA and AXTELL, RC}, year={1979}, pages={1105–1110} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1979, title={Tarsal sensory receptors of ticks}, ISBN={9630516950}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Acarology, Saalfelden (Austria)}, publisher={Budapest: Akademiai Kiado}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1979}, pages={699–672} }
 @article{koch_axtell_1978, title={Autogeny and rearing of Culicoides furens, C. hollensis and C. melleus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from coastal North Carolina}, volume={38}, number={2}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Koch, H. G. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1978}, pages={240–244} }
 @book{rutz_axtell_1978, title={Factors affecting production of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (=fatigans) from anaerobic animal waste lagoons}, volume={256}, institution={North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station}, author={Rutz, D. A. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1978} }
 @article{koch_axtell_baughman_1977, title={A suction trap for hourly sampling of coastal biting flies}, volume={37}, number={4}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Koch, H. G. and Axtell, R. C. and Baughman, G. R.}, year={1977}, pages={674–681} }
 @article{kline_axtell_1977, title={Distribution of Culicoides hollensis, C. furens, and C. bermudensis in relation to plant cover in a North Carolina salt marsh (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)}, volume={13}, number={4-5}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, author={Kline, D. L. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1977}, pages={546–552} }
 @inbook{axtell_1976, title={Horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)}, ISBN={0444112138}, booktitle={Marine insects}, publisher={Amsterdam: North-Holland}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1976}, pages={415–445} }
 @article{dukes_axtell_1976, title={Residual effectiveness of insecticide-treated screens for control of sand flies, Culicoides furens (Poey) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)}, volume={36}, number={4}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Dukes, J. C. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1976}, pages={488–491} }
 @article{dale_axtell_1976, title={SALT-MARSH TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) - COMPARISON OF ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN SPARTINA AND JUNCUS HABITATS}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/12.6.671}, abstractNote={Greater diversity in species and higher numbers of adult female Tabanidae were collected (sticky traps and box traps) in Spartina than in Juncus marshes in the central coast of North Carolina during a 2-yr study. The 3 most abundant species for both types of marshes were Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart, Chrysops atlanticus Pechuman, and C. fuliginosus Wiedemann. T. nigrovittatus was collected from 10 May to 25 September and had 1 peak of abundance from 5 to 14 June; C. atlanticus was collected from 23 April to 26 September, with 1 peak of abundance from 31 May to 8 June; C. fuliginosus was present from 8 April to 8 June, with 1 peak of abundance in the 1st week of May. Horizontal distribution in Spartina marsh habitats was determined by sticky traps. The highest numbers of T. nigrovittatus were trapped in the marsh; the lowest were obtained from the upland behind and inside nearby woods. Highest numbers of C. atlanticus were collected in the upland behind the woods and slightly less in the inner marsh; the lowest numbers were obtained from the upland inside the woods, the ecotone and the outer marsh. Highest numbers of C. fuliginosus were trapped in the inner marsh and the lowest from upland behind the woods.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={DALE, WE and AXTELL, RC}, year={1976}, pages={671–678} }
 @article{kline_axtell_1976, title={Salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Species, seasonal abundance and comparison of trapping methods}, volume={36}, number={1}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Kline, D. L. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1976}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{chu-wang_axtell_kline_1975, title={Antennal and pupal sensilla of the sand fly Culicoides furens (Poey) (Diptera Ceratopogonidae)}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology}, author={Chu-Wang, I-W. and Axtell, R. C. and Kline, D. L.}, year={1975}, pages={131–149} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_rutz_edwards_1975, title={Chemical control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in swine waste lagoons (Abstract)}, booktitle={Proceedings?Annual Meeting (New Jersey Mosquito Control Association)}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Rutz, D. A. and Edwards, T. D.}, year={1975}, pages={234–235} }
 @inproceedings{dukes_axtell_1975, title={Chemical control of coastal biting flies and gnats (Abstract)}, volume={62}, booktitle={Proceedings?Annual Meeting (New Jersey Mosquito Control Association)}, author={Dukes, J. C. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975}, pages={232–233} }
 @article{kline_axtell_1975, title={Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Seasonal abundance and emergence from sandy intertidal habitats}, volume={35}, number={3}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Kline, D. L. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975}, pages={328–334} }
 @book{debord_carlson_axtell_1975, title={Demand for and cost of coastal salt marsh mosquito control (North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station publication, no. 262)}, institution={Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station}, author={DeBord, D. V. and Carlson, G. A. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975} }
 @article{dale_axtell_1975, title={FLIGHT OF SALT-MARSH TABANIDAE (DIPTERA), TABANUS-NIGROVITTATUS, CHRYSOPS-ATLANTICUS AND CHRYSOPS-FULIGINOSUS - CORRELATION WITH TEMPERATURE, LIGHT, MOISTURE AND WIND VELOCITY}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/12.5.551}, abstractNote={The flight activities of the greenhead fly, Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart (collected by traps), and deer flies, Chrysops atlanticus Peehuman and Chrysops fuliginosus Wiedemann (both collected by netting from a human), were measured in the field and correlated with the environmental conditions during the collection periods. The highest number of T. nigrovittatus were correlated with intermediate light intensity (40,000 lux), temperatures around 25°C and no wind. C. atlanticus was most active at relatively low light intensity (5000 lux), high tempteratures (30°C) and air moisture equivalent to 8 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit. The greatest activity of C. fuliginosus was correlated with high levels of light (100,000 lux). Graphs are presented for both actual and predicted levels of flight activity for the significantly correlated values of light, VPD, temperature and wind for each species.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={DALE, WE and AXTELL, RC}, year={1975}, pages={551–557} }
 @inproceedings{kline_axtell_1975, title={Larval distribution of salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (Abstract)}, booktitle={Proc. 62nd Annu. Mtg. N.J. Mosquito Exterm. Assoc.}, author={Kline, D. L. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975}, pages={102–105} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_rutz_overcash_humenik_1975, title={Mosquito production and control in animal waste lagoons}, booktitle={Managing Livestock Wastes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (ASAE Pub. PROC-275)}, publisher={St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Rutz, D. A. and Overcash, M. R. and Humenik, F. J.}, year={1975}, pages={15–1821} }
 @article{axtell_edwards_dukes_1975, title={Rigid canopy trap for Tabanidae (Diptera)}, volume={10}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Edwards, T. D. and Dukes, J. C.}, year={1975}, pages={67} }
 @article{kline_dukes_axtell_1975, title={Salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Comparison of larval sampling methods}, volume={35}, number={2}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Kline, D. L. and Dukes, J. C. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975}, pages={147–150} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1975, title={Training and certification of mosquito control and public health pesticide applicators in North Carolina}, booktitle={Proceedings, 62nd Annual Meeting of the Mosquito Exterminators' Association}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975}, pages={102–105} }
 @book{axtell_1975, title={ULV and mosquito control}, institution={Raleigh, NC: NCSU Dept. of Entomology}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975} }
 @article{karandin.mg_axtell_1974, title={AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN RATE OF OVIPOSITION OF 3 SPECIES OF HIPPELATES (DIPTERA-CHLOROPIDAE) EYE GNATS - EXPERIMENTAL AND MATHEMATICAL-ANALYSIS}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/67.4.669}, abstractNote={The mean number of eggs laid per female in cohorts of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) were 120.9, 76.7, and 59.8, respectively. Insects of the 3 species deprived of proteinaceous diet 7 h after their emergence and given only 10% sucrose solution laid only 16.7, 16.8, and 15.9 eggs per female, respectively. Shorter adult life spans and lower daily rates of egg laying contributed to the observed reduction.

The daily oviposition rate increased rapidly during the first 5–7 days of cohort's age and declined gradually afterwards. Gamma distribution functions described the data. This common type of oviposition trend was shown to be an artifact of pooling the records from different females having large variance in preovipositional time.

Individual records from 45 pairs of H. pusio revealed oviposition occurred in distinct gonotrophic cycles. The mean number of eggs per live female declined exponentially with the physiological age of females. The mean number of gonotrophic cycles per female was 9.93, with a mean gonotrophic cycle length of 3.23 days. An indirect probabilistic method was developed for estimating the duration of the oviposition phase of a gonotrophic cycle. The greater the number of eggs per batch, the longer the oviposition phase, with an asymptote of approximately 11 h.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDIN.MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1974}, pages={669–677} }
 @article{dukes_edwards_axtell_1974, title={ASSOCIATIONS OF TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) LARVAE WITH PLANT SPECIES IN SALT MARSHES, CARTERET COUNTY, NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={3}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/3.2.280}, abstractNote={Larvae of Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart, Chrysops fuliginosus Wiedemann and C. atlanticus Pechuman were recovered most often and in greatest abundance in regularly flooded areas of salt marshes with nearly uniform stands of Spartina alterniflora Loisel (smooth cordgrass). Areas of S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth. (giant cordgrass), Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (salt grass), and Juncus roemerianus Scheele (black needle rush) yielded decreasing numbers of tabanid larvae (in that order). In mixed vegetation, as the proportion of other vegetation increased and S. alterniflora decreased, the numbers of tabanid larvae declined}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={DUKES, JC and EDWARDS, TD and AXTELL, RC}, year={1974}, pages={280–286} }
 @book{dukes_axtell_knight_1974, title={Additional studies of the effects of salt marsh impoundments on mosquito populations}, volume={102}, journal={Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina)}, author={Dukes, J. C. and Axtell, R. C. and Knight, K. L.}, year={1974} }
 @article{dukes_edwards_axtell_1974, title={Distribution of larval Tabanidae (Diptera) in a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh}, volume={91}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, author={Dukes, J. C. and Edwards, T. D. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1974}, pages={79–83} }
 @article{coons_roshdy_axtell_1974, title={FINE-STRUCTURE OF CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM OF DERMACENTOR-VARIABILIS (SAY), AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM (L), AND ARGAS-ARBOREUS KAISER, HOOGSTRAAL, AND KOHLS (IXODOIDEA)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.2307/3278740}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={COONS, LB and ROSHDY, MA and AXTELL, RC}, year={1974}, pages={687–698} }
 @article{chu-wang_axtell_1974, title={Fine structure of ventral and lateral tarsal sensilla of the hard tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.)}, volume={63}, number={3}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, author={Chu-Wang, I-W. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1974}, pages={453–457} }
 @article{axtell_1974, title={Fly control: A vicious circle!}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Egg Industry (Mount Morris, Ill.)}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1974} }
 @article{edwards_dukes_axtell_1974, title={Soil-washing apparatus for recovery of tabanid larvae and other invertebrates}, volume={9}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Edwards, T. D. and Dukes, J. C. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1974}, pages={32–35} }
 @book{training manual for mosquito and biting fly control in coastal areas (unc-sg-74-08)_1974, institution={Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication}, year={1974} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_dukes_1974, title={ULV Chemical control of mosquitoes, Culicoides and tabanids in coastal North Carolina}, volume={42}, booktitle={Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito     and Vector Control Association}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Dukes, J. C.}, year={1974}, pages={99–101} }
 @article{chuwang_axtell_1973, title={COMPARATIVE FINE-STRUCTURE OF CLAW SENSILLA OF A SOFT TICK, ARGAS (PERSICARGAS) ARBOREUS KAISER, HOOGSTRAAL, AND KOHLS, AND A HARD TICK, AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM (L)}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.2307/3278793}, abstractNote={The claw setae (at the distal end of the tarsus) of the first leg of the adult soft tick, Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal, and Kohls, and the adult hard tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Six pairs of setae in the soft tick and 3 pairs in the hard tick are symmetrically located at the lateral and the medial side of the claw. Three different types of sensilla are described. Type 1 sensillum, a blunt-tipped thick-walled seta, is innervated by 2 sets of dendrites: one set of 2 mechanoreceptive dendrites ending in the socket and another set of 4 to 5 chemoreceptive dendrites ascending into the shaft. Seven canal openings (140 A) at the tip allow communication between the dendrites and the environment. Type 2 sensillum, a sharppointed thick-walled seta, also has 2 mechanoreceptive dendrites and 0 to 4 chemoreceptive dendrites in the shaft receiving chemical stimuli through a single subterminal slit opening (140 A). Type 3 sensillum, a sharp-pointed seta, having only 2 dendrites at the base, is a typical mechanoreceptive sensillum. In the type 1 and 2 sensilla, 2 sets of dendrites are separately encircled by their own internal enveloping cell but share a common external enveloping cell. An extra middle enveloping cell only surrounds the internal enveloping cell of the chemoreceptive dendrites. This is apparently a unique feature of tick sensilla. The first pair of legs of ticks are frequently waved in the air and serve a major role in the sensory perception of the animal. Recent investigations by scanning and transmission electron microscopy have revealed the fine structural details of the tarsal sensilla and Haller's organ of Amblyomma americanum (L.) (family Ixodidae, "hard ticks") and Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal, and Kohls (family Argasidae, "soft ticks") (Foelix and Axtell, 1971, 1972; Roshdy, Foelix, and Axtell, 1972; Axtell et al., in press). Similar sensilla types have been described on the palps (Foelix and Chu-Wang, 1972). From the morphology and permeability studies (Foelix, 1972) chemoand mechanoreceptive functions can be ascribed to particular sensilla. Additional setae arise from the tip of the tarsus and project distally in proximity to the claws. These "claw setae" were not included in previous investigations but due to their locations should also have a significant role in Received for publication 31 January 1973. * Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. 27607, USA. This research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research, Naval Biology Program, under contract no. N00014-70-A-0120-0001, NR 306-033. Paper No. 3945 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station. sensory perception. In Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. and Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. and E. Schl., these setae were shown experimentally to be involved in the detection of repellents and were individually classified as chemoor mechanoreceptors on the basis of shape and a gross electrophysiological response (Zolotarev and Elizarov, 1963, 1964; Zolotarev and Sinitsyna, 1965). No fine structure investigations using electron microscopy were conducted on those species, however. We investigated the fine structure of the claw setae of Argas arboreus and Amblyomma americanurn by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Since these setae are innervated, it is appropriate to refer to them as sensilla. These results will contribute to a more complete basis for future behavioral and electrophysiological studies on the sensory perception of these representative species of ticks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Argas (Persicargas) arboreus were from a NAMRU-3 Medical Zoology colony originally collected from rookeries of Bubulcus i. ibis in the type locality of this tick species, near Cairo, and subsequently maintained on domestic pigeon hosts. The Amblyomma americanum were field-collected with a cloth drag in the vicinity of Jacksonville and Came Lejeune, North Carolina. For scanning electron microscopy the ticks were}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={CHUWANG, IW and AXTELL, RC}, year={1973}, pages={545–555} }
 @article{gerhardt_axtell_1973, title={Flight of the eye gnat Hippelates pallipes, (Diptera: Chloropidae): Correlation with temperature, light, moisture and wind velocity}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/10.3.290}, abstractNote={The flight activity, based on collections from humans, of Hippelates Pallipes (Loew) eye gnats was measured under varying field conditions. Thresholds for flight were 18°C, 5.38 milliphots (5 ft-c) of light, and wind speed below 60–70 m/min. No gnats were captured at a vapor pressure deficit of 0.0 mm Hg. Graphs are presented for flight activity at various values of temperature, light, VPD, and wind speed. Comparisons are made between the responses of H. pusio and H. pallipes to temperature, light, VPD, and wind speed.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, author={Gerhardt, R. R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1973}, pages={290–294} }
 @book{gerhardt_dukes_falter_axtell_1973, title={Public opinion on insect pest management in coastal North Carolina}, volume={97}, institution={Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service}, author={Gerhardt, R. R. and Dukes, J. C. and Falter, J. M. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1973} }
 @article{coons_axtell_1973, title={SENSORY SETAE OF FIRST TARSI AND PALPS OF MITE MACROCHELES-MUSCAEDOMESTICAE ACARINA-MESOTIGMATA-MACHROCHELIDAE}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/66.3.539}, abstractNote={By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, blunt-peg type of sensilla (sensilla basiconica) were found on the tarsus of the 1st leg of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli). The changes in number, size, and position were determined for each life stage. The number of blunt pegs in the larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages were 6, 7, 8, and 8, respectively. Similar sensilla were not found on the terminal segment of the palps.}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={COONS, LB and AXTELL, RC}, year={1973}, pages={539–544} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1972, title={AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN FERTILITY OF HIPPELATES-PUSIO, H-BISHOPPI, AND H-PALLIPES (DIPTERA-CHLOROPIDAE)}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/65.5.1092}, abstractNote={The age-related changes in the fertility (measured by egg hatchability) of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) adults were determined in laboratory experiments. The hatchability of H. pusio eggs at 27°C was not affected by parental age, that of H. bishoppi decreased linearly only with maternal age, and that of H. pallipes seemed to decline with the age of both parents. Egg hatchability of all 3 species declined rapidly when females were deprived of males. The decline was more rapid in H. bishoppi and H. pallipes than in H. pusio . At least one copulation for each gonotrophic cycle was required for females to maintain sufficient viable sperm to fertilize all of their viable eggs. Males of the 3 species, at 27°C, produced viable sperm throughout their lives.

At 33°C, the adults of H. pallipes deposited eggs with much lower hatchabiiity than at 27°C. The difference in hatchability of H. pusio eggs was less extreme but was significantly lower at 33°C than at 27°C. At 33°C, H. bishoppi deposited eggs at the beginning of their lives with no significant difference in hatchability from those at 27°C. However, over the entire life span the decline in hatchability at 33°C was slightly greater than at 27°C.}, number={5}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDINOS, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1972}, pages={1092-+} }
 @article{axtell_chu-wang_1972, title={Electron microscopy of sensory receptors}, volume={25}, number={4}, journal={Naval Research Reviews}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Chu-Wang, I-W.}, year={1972}, pages={12–22} }
 @article{gerhardt_axtell_1972, title={FLIGHT OF EYE GNAT, HIPPELATES-PUSIO (DIPTERA-CHLOROPIDAE) - EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, LIGHT, MOISTURE AND WIND VELOCITY}, volume={9}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/9.5.425}, abstractNote={The flight activity, based on collections from humans, of Hippelates Pusio eye gnats was measured under varying field conditions. Thresholds for flight were 17°C, 0.25 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit (VPD), 5.38 milliphots (5 ft-c) of light and wind velocity below 67 m/min. Graphs are presented for flight activity at various values of temperature, light, VPD, and wind velocity.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={GERHARDT, RR and AXTELL, RC}, year={1972}, pages={425-&} }
 @article{chu-wang_axtell_1972, title={Fine structure of the terminal organ of the house fly larva, Musca domestica L.}, volume={127}, journal={Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie}, author={Chu-Wang, I-W. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={287–305} }
 @article{chu-wang_axtell_1972, title={Fine structure of ventral organ of the house fly larva, Musca domestica (L).}, volume={130}, journal={Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie}, author={Chu-Wang, I-W. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={489–495} }
 @article{axtell_1972, title={Hippelates pusio eye gnat control by ultralow volume aerial sprays}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={119–127} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1972, title={Population density effects on fecundity of Hippelates pusio Loew (Diptera: Chloropidae)}, volume={9}, journal={Oecologia (Online)}, author={Karandinos, M. G. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{roshdy_axtell_foelix_1972, title={SUBGENUS PERSICARGAS (IXODOIDEA - ARGASIDAE - ARGAS) .16. FINE-STRUCTURE OF HALLERS ORGAN AND ASSOCIATED TARSAL SETAE OF ADULT A (P) ARBOREUS KAISER, HOOGSTRAAL, AND KOHLS}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.2307/3278323}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={ROSHDY, MA and AXTELL, RC and FOELIX, RF}, year={1972}, pages={805-+} }
 @article{tidwell_dean_tidwell_combs_anderson_cowart_axtell_1972, title={Transmission of hog cholera virus by horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)}, volume={33}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Tidwell, M. and Dean, W. D. and Tidwell, M. A. and Combs, G. P. and Anderson, D. W. and Cowart, W. O. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={615–622} }
 @article{foelix_axtell_1972, title={Ultrastructure of Haller's organ in the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.)}, volume={124}, journal={Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie}, author={Foelix, R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1972}, pages={275–292} }
 @article{coons_axtell_1971, title={Cellular organization in the synganglion of the mite Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae): an electron microscopic study}, volume={119}, journal={Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie}, author={Coons, L. B. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1971}, pages={309–320} }
 @article{stiner_johnson_axtell_1971, title={DIFFERENTIATION OF HIPPELATES-PUSIO, H-BISHOPPI AND H-PALLIPES (DIPTERA-CHLOROPIDAE) BY ELECTROPHORESIS}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1093/jmedent/8.2.213}, abstractNote={Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. PALLIPES (Loew) (Diptera: Chloropidae) from North Carolina were examined by starch gel electrophoresis for 5 enzymes: esterase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, “leucine” aminopeptidase, NAD dependent malic dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. Both similarities and differences in electrophoretic patterns among the species were noted. The esterase and aminopeptidase patterns from larval extracts apparently were distinguishing characteristics of all 3 species. The other enzymes were less species-specific.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={STINER, FM and JOHNSON, FM and AXTELL, RC}, year={1971}, pages={213-&} }
 @article{foelix_axtell_1971, title={Fine structure of tarsal sensilla in the tick Amblyomma americanum (L).}, volume={114}, journal={Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie}, author={Foelix, R. F. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1971}, pages={22–37} }
 @article{chu_axtell_1971, title={Fine structure of the dorsal organ of the house fly larva (Musca domestica L.)}, volume={117}, journal={Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie}, author={Chu, I-W. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1971}, pages={17–34} }
 @article{farish_axtell_1971, title={Phoresy redefined and examined in Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae)}, volume={13}, number={1}, journal={Acarologia}, author={Farish, D. J. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1971}, pages={16–29} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_foelix_coons_roshday_1971, title={Sensory receptors in ticks and mites}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Acarology, held in Prague (Czechoslovakia), August 31-September 6, 1971}, publisher={The Hague: W. Junk}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Foelix, R. and Coons, L. B. and Roshday, M. A.}, year={1971}, pages={35–40} }
 @article{coons_axtell_1971, title={ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EXCRETORY TUBES OF MITE MACROCHELES-MUSCAEDOMESTICAE (MESOSTIGMATA, MACROCHELIDAE) WITH NOTES ON ALTERED MITOCHONDRIA}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0362-2525"]}, DOI={10.1002/jmor.1051330306}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY}, author={COONS, LB and AXTELL, RC}, year={1971}, pages={319-&} }
 @article{axtell_1971, title={Ultralow volume aerial sprays for the control of Hippelates gnats and other flies}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1971}, pages={101} }
 @article{raghuvir_axtell_1970, title={Comparative insecticide resistance of house flies from a North Carolina poultry farm}, volume={86}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Raghuvir, N. N. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1970}, pages={175} }
 @article{axtell_1970, title={Fly control in caged-poultry houses: Comparison of larviciding and integrated control programs}, volume={63}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1970}, pages={1734–1737} }
 @article{axtell_edwards_1970, title={Hermetia illucens control in poultry manure by larviciding}, volume={63}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Axtell, R. C. and Edwards, T. D.}, year={1970}, pages={1786–1787} }
 @article{axtell_1970, title={INTEGRATED FLY DIPTERA-MUSCIDAE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CAGED-POULTRY HOUSES}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/63.2.400}, abstractNote={In 1967 and 1968, populations of house flies, Musca Domestica L.; little house flies, Fannia canicularis (L.); black garbage flies, Ophyra leucostoma (Wiedemann), and predaceous manure-inhabiting mites (Parasitidae, Macrochelidae, and Uropodidae) at 3 poultry (caged laying hens) farms having a fly-control program were compared with 3 similar farms with no fly-control measures. Excellent fly control was demonstrated with a program based on early-season manure removal and adult fly control by insecticide-bait stations and 5 or 6 selective applications of insecticide to the inside upper parts of the poultry houses and the interior and exterior surfaces of the attached feed- and egg-storage buildings. Little house flies were controlled more easily than house flies. In the presence of a high population of black garbage flies at 1 farm in 1967, house flies and little house flies were rare.

Populations of mites were variable, and no deterimental effects of the insecticide treatments were detected. The order of abundance was Urpodidae > Macrochelidae > Parasitidae. Parasitids appeared earliest in the season followed by macrochelids and uropodids, in that order. Toward the end of the fly season, parasitids disappeared first followed later by macrochelid and then uropodid population declines.

A fly-activity index based on fecal spotting of white paper cards provided useful comparisons of farms, and development of that simple sampling tool is recommended.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC}, year={1970}, pages={400-&} }
 @article{axtell_edwards_1970, title={SEASONAL POPULATIONS OF HIPPELATES GNATS (DIPTERA - CHLOROPIDAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/63.4.1049}, abstractNote={Populations of Hippelates gnats were sampled weekly using baited traps during a 3-year period at 3 locations and by aspirator collections from baits and animal hosts several times per month during a 2-year period. H. pusio Locw, H. pallipes (Loew), H. bishoppi Sabrosky, H. particeps (Becker), and H. plebejus Loew were collected. The last 2 species were rare in trap and aspirator collections.

H. bishoppi was collected in the largest numbers in the traps, with H. pusio second in abundance and H. pallipes in low numbers. H. bishoppi and H. pallipes were collected earliest in spring with H. pusio collections beginning later. H. bishoppi reached a peak of abundance in June and early July and declined the remainder of the summer. H. pusio became more abundant in late July, August, and early September. H. push was collected 1 or 2 weeks later in fall than H. bishoppi and H. pallipes .

Aspirator collections confirmed the earlier appearance of H. pallipes and H. bishoppi in spring, with H. pallipes often more abundant than H. bishoppi . H. pusio was the most abundant species collected during July–October. H. pusio was the predominant species collected from man and domestic animals, but H. pallipes was also frequently on these hosts. On occasions H. pallipes was the most important pest of humans. H. bishoppi was not an important pest of humans, although it was occasionally collected from humans and domestic animals, especially dairy cows.

The type of baited trap used was apparently inadequate for the collection of H. pallipes , judged from the abundance of that species in aspirator collections and in field observations.}, number={4}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={AXTELL, RC and EDWARDS, TD}, year={1970}, pages={1049-&} }
 @article{axtell_edwards_1970, title={SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF ADULT HIPPELATES EYE GNATS TO INSECTICIDAL DEPOSITS}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/63.4.1186}, abstractNote={Susceptibilities of eye gnats, Hippelates pusio Loew and H. pallipes (Loew), to deposits of 17 insecticides were determined under laboratory conditions. The two species exhibited similar susceptibilities. The most toxic chernicals were Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro-2-phosphorothioate), ronnel, fenthion, diazinon, malathion, dimethoate, naled, and dieldrin. Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was moderately toxic. Lower toxicity was exhibited by dimetilan, propoxur, crotoxyphos and trichlorofon. Very low toxicity was exhibited by lindane and DDT and extremely low toxicity by Abate® (O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O,O -diester with 4,4'-thiodiphenol) and methoxychlor.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC and EDWARDS, TD}, year={1970}, pages={1186-&} }
 @article{axtell_edwards_1970, title={SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ADULT HIPPELATES-PUSIO TO INSECTICIDAL FOGS}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/63.4.1184}, abstractNote={The mortalities of caged, laboratory-reared Hippelates pusio Loew (eye gnats) exposed to thermal fogs of 9 insecticides were determined under field conditions. Naled and propoxur were most toxic. DDT was least toxic. The other insecticides of intermediate toxicity were: fenthion, dichlorvos, Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-tri-chloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), CIBA C-9491 O -(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate), and a mixture of malathion and Lethane 384® (2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl thiocyanate).}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC and EDWARDS, TD}, year={1970}, pages={1184-&} }
 @article{axtell_1970, title={Scanning electron microscopy of Acarina (Resume)}, volume={56}, number={4, Sec. 2, Part 1}, journal={Journal of Parasitology}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1970}, pages={12} }
 @inproceedings{axtell_1969, title={Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) as biological control agents for synanthropic flies}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Acarology, Sutton Bonington, England}, publisher={Budapest: Akademiai Kiado}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1969}, pages={401–416} }
 @book{axtell_1969, title={Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) as biological control agents for synanthropic flies (WHO/VBC/69.119WHO/VBC/69.119)}, institution={World Health Organization}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1969} }
 @article{wise_axtell_1969, title={Predation by Poecilochirus sp. (Acarina: Parasitidae) on immature stages of the house fly, Musca domestica}, volume={85}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Wise, G. U. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1969}, pages={122–123} }
 @article{hendricks_axtell_1968, title={Arthropods from passerine birds of North Carolina}, volume={84}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Hendricks, L. D. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1968}, pages={312–314} }
 @article{axtell_1968, title={INTEGRATED HOUSE FLY CONTROL - POPULATIONS OF FLY LARVAE AND PREDACEOUS MITES MACROCHELES MUSCAEDOMESTICAE IN POULTRY MANURE AFTER LARVICIDE TREATMENT}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/61.1.245}, abstractNote={The populations of 3rd-instar larvae of house fly, Muscadomestica L., and adults of Macrocheles muscaedomestirae (Scopoli) (Acarina: Macrochelidae), which are predaceous on the eggs and 1st-instar larvae of the house fly, were determined at intervals before and after the application of 12 insecticides to the manure under caged laying hens. Selective toxicities which could be used to advantage in larviciding for fly control were not found. The few chemicals which did not destroy the mite population gave very little control of fly larvae, while those which gave some control of fly larvae (for periods up to 2 weeks) were deleterious to the mite population. The mite population increased very slowly following decimation by insecticide treatment, while the numbers of fly larvae increased rapidly.

It was concluded that larviciding of the manure with nonselective insecticides is detrimental to mite predators of the immature stages of the house fly and should not be practiced. Selective application methods for adult fly control are preferable and efforts to refine these methods should be intensified.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC}, year={1968}, pages={245-&} }
 @article{willis_axtell_1968, title={MITE PREDATORS OF HOUSE FLY - A COMPARISON OF FUSCUROPODA VEGETANS AND MACROCHELES MUSCAEDOMESTICAE}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/61.6.1669}, abstractNote={Fuscuropoda vegetans (De Geer) was compared with Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) as a potential biological control agent for the house fly, Musca domestica L. Adult F. vegetans did not prey upon house fly eggs because of inability to penetrate the egg chorion. Deutonymphs and both sexes of adults were predaceous only upon the 1st-instar larva of the house fly.

F. vegetans did not interfere with predation by M. muscaedomesticae. F. vegetans subsisted on 6 different foods, with the greatest reproduction occurring on a diet of ruptured house fly eggs and nematodes.

F. vegetans moves slowly and has poor olfactory perception. M. muscaedomesticae moves rapidly and has well-developed olfactory perception. F. vegetans adults are gregarious feeders.

The density of M. muscaedomesticae in poultry manure caged hens was maximum after 2–3 weeks of manure accumulation and declined slowly thereafter. Density of F. vegetans increased slowly, until after 5–6 weeks of manure accumulation it was the dominant or nearly dominant mite. M. muscaedomesticae was found primarily on the outermost layer and near the peak of the manure cone where fly eggs were usually accessible. F. vegetans was found in aggregations deeper within the manure cone where 1st-instar fly larvae were usually present.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={WILLIS, RR and AXTELL, RC}, year={1968}, pages={1669-&} }
 @article{dubose_axtell_1968, title={SENSILLA ON ANTENNAL FLAGELLA OF HIPPELATES EYE GNATS}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/61.6.1547}, abstractNote={The sensory structures of the antennal flagella of adult females of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. pallipes (Loew), and H. bishoppi Sabrosky are described and enumerated as a result of investigation by optical and electron microscopy.

Hippelates pusio possesses about 300 simple thin-walled and 75–100 grooved surface sensilla on the lateral aspect of the funicle of each antenna. Three bipolar sensory neurons innervate each sensillar peg. From 25 to 30 capitate thin-walled surface sensilla are situated in the dorsal invagination of the funicle, and each is associated with 4 neurons. Hippelates Pallipes and H. bishoppi possess surface sensilla which are very similar in structure, type, and quantity to those of H. pusio. 

Two single-chambered pits, which are unequal in size and have different numbers and types of sensilla, occur on the lateral aspect of the antennae of H. pusio and H. pallipes, while H. bishoppi bears 1 pit. The smaller pits of H. pusio and H. pallipes and the lone pit of H. bishoppi contain sensilla with grooved, smooth-walled, and granular-walled pegs each of which is innervated by 2 or 3 neurons. The larger pits of H. pusio and H. pallipes contain spines and grooved sensilla, each innervated by 2 neurons.}, number={6}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={DUBOSE, WP and AXTELL, RC}, year={1968}, pages={1547-&} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1967, title={EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LONGEVITY FECUNDITY AND ACTIVITY OF ADULT HIPPELATES PUSIO H. BISHOPPI AND H. PALLIPES (DIPTERA - CHLOROPIDAE)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/60.6.1252}, abstractNote={The longevities of adult Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) were determined at intervals in the range of 35°–100°F. H. pallipes was generally less tolerant of high temperatures and more tolerant in a narrow range of low temperatures than were H. pusio and H. bishoppi. The maximum mean longevity for both sexes combined was 127 days for H. pusio, 114 days for H. bishoppi, and 107 days for H. pallipes. These maxima were at 55° for the first and third species and 65°F for the second. The order of the longevities of the 3 species in the upper portion of the temperature range (65°–100°F) was H. bishoppi>H. pusio>H. pallipes. At 45°F, H. pallipes survived longer than H. pusio and H. bishoppi. Generally the females of the 3 species lived longer than the males. The 3 species did not appear to differ in their activity at various temperatures. Activity of the adults increased with increasing temperature and maximum activity occurred at 95°F. Activity decreased at 100°F. Oviposition by H. bishoppi and H. pallipes was maximum at 85° and 95°F. H. pusio oviposition was maximum at 85°, 95°, and 100°F. H. pallipes did not lay eggs at as low temperatures as did the other 2 species.}, number={6}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDINOS, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1967}, pages={1252-+} }
 @article{axtell_1967, title={EVALUATIONS OF REPELLENTS FOR HIPPELATES EYE GNATS}, volume={60}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/60.1.176}, abstractNote={Twenty chemicals or combinations of chemicals were evaluated for their repellency toward Hippelates pusio Loew with turntables in the field. Some of the materials were also tested against H. bishoppi Sabrosky and H. pallipes Loew. The most effective repellents for H. pusio were: Triple Mix (63.8% dimethyl phthalate + 18.8% Indalone® (butyl 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-2 H -pyran-6-carboxylate) + 17.3% ethyl hexanediol), MGK (McLaughlin Gormley King Co.) Formula 5780 (75% ethyl hexanediol + 4% MGK 264® ( N -(2-ethylhexyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide) + 1% MGK Repellent 11® (1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-hexahydro-4a (4H)-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde) + 1% MGK Repellent 326® (di- N -propyl 2,5 pyridinedicarboxylate)), butyl acetanilide, and butyl ethyl propanediol. Less repellency was shown by TMPD (2,2,4-trimethyJ-1,3-pentanediol) + 8% dimethyl phthalate, TMPD, and ethyl hexanediol. Other materials exhibited little or no repellency.

H. bishoppi was generally repelled by those chemicals which were effective against H. pusio but some exceptions indicated definite differences in the sensory responses of these 2 species. Limited tests indicated that a repellent that is effective against H. pusio is not necessarily effective against H. pallipes .

Four repellents applied to human skin were tested for their effectiveness against caged laboratory reared gnats. The frequency of gnat landings on the treated skin of the forearms was used as the index of effectiveness. the repellency of deet, Triple Mix, and ethyl hexanediol declined to 50% of the initial level in about 110 minutes and TMPD in about 60 minutes.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC}, year={1967}, pages={176-&} }
 @article{willis_axtell_1967, title={Evaluation of Fuscuropoda vegetans (Acarina: Uropodidae) as a predator of the immature stages of the house fly}, volume={83}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Willis, R. R. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1967}, pages={174} }
 @article{dubose_axtell_1967, title={Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of Hippelates eye gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae)}, volume={83}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={DuBose, W. P., Jr. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1967}, pages={174–175} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1967, title={TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON IMMATURE STAGES OF HIPPELATES PUSIO H BISHOPPI AND H PALLIPES (DIPTERA - CHLOROPIDAE)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/60.5.1055}, abstractNote={The percent development of the immature stages of Hippelates pusio Loew, H. bishoppi Sabrosky, and H. pallipes (Loew) was high and independent of temperature in the range of 65°–95°F. The increase in the rate of development was linear and regression equations were determined for egg hatching, pupal development, and adult emergence from eggs added to rearing medium. In general, H. pusio developed well over a wide temperature range, while H. pallipes development was inhibited at the higher temperatures and H. bishoppi development was inhibited at the lower temperatures. At low temperatures, the prolongation of the larval stage was proportionally greater than for the egg and pupal stages. This phenomenon was more pronounced for H. pusio and H. pallipes than for H. bishoppi .

The upper threshold of development for the 3 species was about 105°F. At 55°F, the eggs of H. pusio and H. pallipes hatched but those of H. bishoppi did not. The LT50'S for the eggs were determined for 35°, 45°, and 55°F, and the order of low temperature tolerance was: pallipes > pusio > bishoppi .}, number={5}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={KARANDINOS, MG and AXTELL, RC}, year={1967}, pages={1055-+} }
 @article{axtell_1966, title={COMPARATIVE TOXICITIES OF INSECTICIDES TO HOUSE FLY LARVAE AND MACROCHELES MUSCAEDOMESTICA A MITE PRDATOR OF HOUSE FLY}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/59.5.1128}, abstractNote={The concentration-mortality curves for 17 insecticides were detetrmined for third-instar larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and adult female Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli), a manure-inhabiting mite predaceous on house fly eggs and first-instar larvae. The mites and fly larvae were exposed to insecticides incorporated into fly-rearing medium. Bayer 39007 ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion, Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate), and naled were more toxic to the mites than to the fly larvae. Dimetilan and chlordane were more toxic to the mites than to the fly larvae at the LC93 level although the converse was exhibited at the LC50 level. Diazinon was about equally toxic to the mites and to the fly larvae. DDT, trichlorfon, and ronnel were slightly more toxic to the fly larvae than to the mites. Kepone® (decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2 H -cyclobuta[ed] pentaien-2-one), dimethoate, lindane, GC 98 9 (4-hydroxy-2-mercaptobutyric acid, gamma -lactone, S -ester with O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate), and coumaphos were more toxic to the fly larvae than to the mites with the first two exhibiting the greatest selectivity.

Intensified efforts to identify selective chemicals for house fly control is advocated as a step in the development of a reliable integrated house fly control program for lise around animal shelters.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={AXTELL, RC}, year={1966}, pages={1128-&} }
 @article{farish_axtell_1966, title={SENSORY FUNCTIONS OF PALPS AND 1ST TARSI OF MACROCHELES MUSCAEDOMESTICAE (ACARINA - MACROCHELIDAE) A PREDATOR OF HOUSE FLY}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0013-8746"]}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/59.1.165}, abstractNote={The effect of amputations of the palps and tarsi I on the sensory behavior of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli), a mite which is predaceous on house fly, Musca domestica L., eggs and phoretic on adult house flies, was determined. With tarsi I removed, the mites did not attach to house flies and were not attracted to the adults, eggs, or pupae of house flies. With the palps removed, the mites were less mobile than normal, but responded normally to a repellent. It was demonstrated that the palps touch the substrate alternately when the mite is walking. It was concluded that receptors of olfactory stimuli are on tarsi I and receptors of contact stimuli are on the palps.}, number={1}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={FARISH, DJ and AXTELL, RC}, year={1966}, pages={165-&} }
 @article{axtell_1965, title={A better way: Research project aimed at finding a better way to deal with house flies, Tarheel eye gnats}, volume={XXIV}, number={2}, journal={Research and Farming}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1965}, pages={4–5} }
 @article{o'donnell_axtell_1965, title={Predation by Fuscuropoda vegetans (Acarina: Uropodidae) on the house fly (Musca domestica)}, volume={58}, number={3}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, author={O'Donnell, A. E. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1965}, pages={403–404} }
 @article{karandinos_axtell_1965, title={Temperature responses of Hippelates (Diptera: Chloropidae) eggs}, volume={81}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Karandinos, M. G. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1965}, pages={80–81} }
 @article{axtell_1964, title={Laboratory rearing of Hippelates pusio and H. bishoppi (Diptera: Chloropidae)}, volume={80}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1964}, pages={163–164} }
 @article{axtell_1964, title={Phoretic relationship of some common manure-inhabiting Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) to the house fly}, volume={57}, number={5}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1964}, pages={584–587} }
 @article{axtell_1963, title={A basic guide to pesticide formulation ratios}, number={May}, journal={Pest Control}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1963}, pages={12} }
 @article{axtell_1963, title={Acarina occurring in domestic animal manure}, volume={56}, number={5}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1963}, pages={628–633} }
 @article{axtell_1963, title={Effect of Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) on house fly production from dairy cattle manure}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1093/jee/56.3.317}, abstractNote={Caged areas of intact calf pen manure with the mite population undisturbed produced 61% to 67% fewer house flies ( Musca domestica Linnaeus) than did areas with the mites destroyed by Kelthanc® (l, l-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) when 20,000 fly eggs were added to each area. Outdoor piles of dairy cattle manure with the mite population undisturbed produced 31% to 45% fewer house flies than did piles with the mites destroyed by Kelthane, when 50,000 fly eggs were added to each pile. Indoor caged piles of fresh dairy cattle manure to which 20,000 house fly eggs were added produced 94% fewer flies when 200 Macrocheles museaedomestieae (Scopoli) and 200 Glyptholaspis confuse (Foa) were added than did piles to which no mites were added. Similar reductions in fly production in the presence of the mites resulted when 20,000 and 60,000 eggs and fresh manure were added to the piles 3 weeks later. Addition of 60,000 eggs to indoor caged piles of fresh dairy cattle manure, to which were added 200 M. muscaedomesticae and 200 G. Confusa , resulted in 83% fewer house flies than were produced from piles with no mites. The reductions in numbers of house flies by the mites were large compared to the actual fly production from manure but were small compared to the potential production of flies from the numbers of eggs added.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1963}, pages={317–321} }
 @inbook{axtell_1963, title={Household pests}, booktitle={North Carolina pesticide manual}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1963}, pages={66–67} }
 @article{axtell_1963, title={Manure-inhabiting Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) predacious on the house fly}, volume={1}, journal={Advances in Acarology}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1963}, pages={55–59} }
 @article{axtell_1961, title={Mites: Enemies of house flies}, volume={27}, number={4}, journal={Farm Research}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1961}, pages={4–5} }
 @article{axtell_1961, title={New records of North American Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) and their predation rates on the house fly}, volume={54}, number={5}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, author={Axtell, R. C.}, year={1961}, pages={748} }
 @article{blakeslee_axtell_johnston_1959, title={Aedes vexans and Culex salinarius light trap collections at five elevations}, volume={19}, number={4}, journal={Mosquito News}, author={Blakeslee, T. E. and Axtell, R. C. and Johnston, L.}, year={1959}, pages={283-} }