Richard C. Axtell

Suh, C. P., & Axtell, R. C. (1999). Lagenidium giganteum zoospores: Effects of concentration, movement, light, and temperature on infection of mosquito larvae. Biological Control, 15(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1998.0691

Axtell, R. C. (1999). Poultry integrated pest management: Status and future. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 5(4), 53–73.

Kline, D. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1999). Sensilla of the antennae and maxillary palps of Culicoides hollensis and C. melleus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 36, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.4.493

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1997). Arthropods in litter of poultry (broiler chicken and turkey) houses. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 14(1), 81–91.

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1996). Temperature-dependent development;survival of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00085.x

Despins, J. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1995). Feeding behavior and growth of broiler chicks fed larvae of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus. Poultry Science, 74, 331–336. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0740331

Axtell, R. C. (1994). Biology and economic importance of the darkling beetle in poultry houses. Proceedings of the North Carolina State University Poultry Supervisors' Short Course, 8–17.

Harrington, L. C., & Axtell, R. C. (1994). Comparisons of sampling methods and seasonal abundance of Drosophila repleta in caged-layer poultry houses. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 8, 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00097.x

Despins, J. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1994). Feeding behavior and growth of turkey poults fed larvae of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus. Poultry Science, 73, 1526–1533. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0731526

Axtell, R. C. (1994). Flies: A primer. Pest Control Technology, Aug., 82–8488108109.

Despins, J. L., Axtell, R. C., Rives, D. V., Guy, J. S., & Ficken, M. D. (1994). Transmission of enteric pathogens of turkeys by darkling beetle larva (Alphitobius diaperinus). Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 3, 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/3.1.61

Fletcher, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1993). Susceptibility of the bedbug, Cimex lectularius L., to selected insecticides and various treated surfaces. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 7, 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00654.x

Axtell, R. C. (1992). Fly Management Simulator (FMS) user's guide. Raleigh: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University.

A survey of Campylobacter jejuni contamination in modern broiler production and processing systems. (1991). Journal of Food Protection, 54, 259–262. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-54.4.259

A survey of Salmonella contamination in modern broiler production. (1991). Journal of Food Protection, 54, 502–507. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-54.7.502

Wilhoit, L. R., Stinner, R. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). CARMOD: A simulation model for Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) population dynamics;predation on immature stages of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology, 20, 1079–1088. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.4.1079

Rueda, L. M., Patel, K. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). Comparison of floating and sinking encapsulated formulations of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum for control of Anopheles larvae. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7, 250–254.

Orduz, S., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus with the fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7, 188–193.

Wilhoit, L. R., Stinner, R. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems (Vol. 296, pp. 1–81). North Carolina Agricultural Research Service.

Wilhoit, L. R., Stinner, R. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). Computer simulation model of house fly management in confined-animal production systems (Technical bulletin (North Carolina Agricultural Research Service); no. 2960. Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University.

Axtell, R. C. (1991). Control of northern fowl mites on poultry. Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, Ceske Budekpvoce, Czechoslovakia, August 6-11, 1990, 2, 709–712. Prague: Academia.

Jones, F. T., Axtell, R. C., Tarver, F. R., Rives, D. V., Scheideler, S. R., & Wineland, M. J. (1991). Environmental factors contributing to Salmonella colonization of chickens. In L. C. Blankenship, J. S. Bailey, N. A. Cox, N. J. Stern, & R. J. Meinersmann (Eds.), Colonization control of human bacterial enteropathogens in poultry (pp. 3–21). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-104280-6.50011-3

Wilhoit, L. R., Axtell, R. C., & Stinner, R. E. (1991). Estimating manure temperatures from air temperatures and results of its use in models of filth fly (Diptera: Muscidae) development. Environmental Entomology, 20, 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.2.635

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). Guide for isolation, maintenance and encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum Couch (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales). World Health Organization.

Wilhoit, L. R., Stinner, R. E., Axtell, R. C., Bacheler, J. S., & Mann, J. A. (1991). PARMOD: A model for Muscidifurax sp. and Spalangia sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), parasites of house fly pupae (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology, 20, 1418–1426. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.5.1418

Brake, J., Axtell, R. C., & Campbell, W. R. (1991). Retention of larvicidal activity after feeding cyromazine (Larvadex(r)) for the initial 20 weeks of life of single comb White Leghorn layers. Poultry Science, 70, 1873–1875. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701873

Axtell, R. C. (1991). Role of mesostigmatid mites in integrated fly control. Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, Ceske Budekpvoce, Czechoslovakia, August 6-11, 1990, 2, 639–646. Prague: Academia.

Fletcher, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1991). Susceptibilities of northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarun (Acarina: Macronyssidae) and chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae), to selected acaricides. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 13, 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01193664

Fletcher, M. G., Axtell, R. C., Stinner, R. E., & Wilhoit, L. R. (1991). Temperature-dependent development of immature Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae), a predator of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 26, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-26.1.99

Patel, K. J., Rueda, L. M., Axtell, R. C., & Stinner, R. E. (1991). Temperature-dependent development of the fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum in larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 28, 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/28.1.95

Patel, K. J., Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1990). Comparisons of different types and concentrations of alginates for encapsulation of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6, 101–104.

Axtell, R. C., & Stinner, R. E. (1990). Computer simulation modeling of fly management. In Biocontrol of arthropods affecting livestock and poultry (pp. 265–291). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Axtell, R. C., & Arends, J. J. (1990). Ecology and management of arthropod pests of poultry. Annual Review of Entomology, 35, 101. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000533

Rueda, L. M., Patel, K. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1990). Efficacy of encapsulated Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae in artificial containers. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6, 694–699.

Axtell, R. C. (1990). Integration of chemical and biological methods for mosquito and filth fly control. Pesticides and alternatives: Innovative chemical and biological approaches to pest control: Proceedings of an international conference, Orthodox Academy of Crete, Kolymbari, Crete, Greece, Sept. 4-8, 1989, 195–203. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Fletcher, M. G., Axtell, R. C., & Stinner, R. E. (1990). Longevity and fecundity of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a function of temperature. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27, 922–926. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.5.922

Geden, C. J., Stinner, R. E., Kramer, D. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1990). MACMOD: A simulation model of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae) population dynamics and rates of predation on immature house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Environmental Entomology, 19, 578–586.

Mann, J. A., Stinner, R. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1990). Parasitism of house fly (Musca domestica) pupae by four species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera): effects of host- parasitoid densities and host distribution. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4, 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00433.x

Axtell, R. C. (1990). Potential of biocontrol for livestock and poultry pests. In Biocontrol of arthropods affecting livestock and poultry (Westview studies in insect biology) (pp. 293–304). Boulder: Westview Press.

Mann, J. A., Axtell, R. C., & Stinner, R. E. (1990). Temperature-dependent development and parasitism rates of four species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of house fly (Musca domestica) pupae. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4(245), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00436.x

Rueda, L. M., Patel, K. J., Axtell, R. C., & Stinner, R. E. (1990). Temperature-dependent development and survival rates of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 27, 892–898. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.5.892

Orduz, S., & Axtell, R. C. (1989). Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Lagenidius giganteum for mosquito control. I. Effect of time of application and toxin concentration. Israel Journal of Entomology, 23, 99–108.

Fatchurochim, S., Geden, C. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1989). Filth fly (Diptera) oviposition and larval development in poultry manure of various moisture levels. Journal of Entomological Science, 24, 224–231. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.2.224

Wise, G. U., Hennessey, M. K., & Axtell, R. C. (1988). A new species of a manure-inhabiting mite in the genus Poecilochirus (Acari: Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) predacious on house fly eggs and larvae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.2.209

Geden, C. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1988). Effect of temperature on nematode (Steinernema feltiae, [Nematoda: Steinernematidae]) treatment of soil for control of lessor mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in turkey houses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 81, 800–803. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.3.800

Geden, C. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1988). Predation by Carcinops pumilio (Coleptera: Histenidae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae) on the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Functional response, effects of temperature, and availability of alternative prey. Environmental Entomology, 17, 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/17.4.739

Geden, C. J., Stinner, R. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1988). Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: Effects of predator density, feeding history, interspecific interference, and field conditions. Environmental Entomology, 17, 320–329.

Lysyk, T. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). A simulation model of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) development in poultry manure. Canadian Entomologist, 119, 427–437. https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent119427-5

Geden, C. J., Edwards, T. D., Arends, J. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). Efficacies of mixtures of disinfectants and insecticides. Poultry Science, 66, 659–665. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660659

Axtell, R. C., & Guzman, D. R. (1987). Encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in calcium alginate. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 450–459.

Geden, C. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). Factors affecting climbing and tunneling behavior of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 1197–1204.

Geden, C. J., Arends, J. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). Field trials of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for control of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae) in commercial broiler and turkey houses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/80.1.136

Guzman, D. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). Population dynamics of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and the fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in stagnant water pools. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 442–449.

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). Reproduction of pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) parasitic on fresh and frozen house fly (Musca domestica Linn.) pupae. Philippine Journal of Science, 116, 313–326.

Guzman, D. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1987). Temperature and water quality effects in simulated woodland pools on the infection of Culex mosquito larvae by Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in North Carolina. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 211–218.

Guzman, D. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1986). Effect of nutrient concentration in culturing three isolates of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), on sunflower seed extract. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2, 196–200.

Lysyk, T. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1986). Estimating numbers and survival of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) with mark/recapture methods. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79, 1016–1022. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.4.1016

Su, X.-Q., Guzman, D. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1986). Factors affecting storage of mycelial cultures of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2, 350–354.

Lysyk, T. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1986). Field evaluation of three methods for monitoring populations of house flies (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) and other filth flies in three types of poultry housing systems. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79, 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.1.144

Axtell, R. C. (1986). Fly control in confined livestock and poultry production (Technical monograph). Ciba-Geigy Corp.

Axtell, R. C. (1986). Fly management in poultry production: Cultural, biological and chemical. Poultry Science, 65, 657–667. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0650657

Lysyk, T. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1986). Movement and distribution of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between habitats in two livestock farms. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79, 993–998. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.4.993

Axtell, R. C. (1986). Status and potential of biological control agents in livestock and poultry pest management systems. In Biological control of muscoid flies (Miscellaneous publications, 61) (pp. 1–9). College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America.

Geden, C. J., Axtell, R. C., & Brooks, W. M. (1986). Susceptibility of the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), to the entomogenous nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri (Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 23, 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/23.3.326

Lysyk, T. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1985). Comparison of baited jug-trap and spot cards for sampling house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), populations in poultry houses. Environmental Entomology, 14, 815–819. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.6.815

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1985). Comparison of hymenopterous parasites of house fly (Musca domestica pupae in different livestock and poultry production systems. Environmental Entomology, 14, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.3.217

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1985). Effect of depth of house fly pupae in poultry manure on parasitism by six species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera). Journal of Entomological Science, 20, 444–449. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.444

Rueda, L. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1985). Guide to common species of pupal parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of the house fly and other muscoid flies associated with poultry and livestock manure (Vol. 278). North Carolina Agricultural Research Service.

Axtell, R. C. (1985). Poultry pests. In Livestock Entomology (pp. 269–293). New York: Wiley & Sons.

Geden, C. J., Axtell, R. C., & Brooks, W. M. (1985). Susceptibility of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), to the entomogenous nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri (Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 20(3), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.331

Safrit, R. D., & Axtell, R. C. (1984). Evaluations of sampling methods for darkling beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) in the litter of turkey and broiler houses. Poultry Science, 63, 2368–2375. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0632368

Burg, J. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1984). Monitoring house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), populations in caged-layer poultry houses using a baited jug-trap. Environmental Entomology, 13, 1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/13.4.1083

Jaronski, S. T., & Axtell, R. C. (1984). Non-susceptibility of (Chaoborus flavicans (Chaoboridae) to the mosquito pathogen lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes). Mosquito News, 44(1), 81–82.

Jaronski, S. T., & Axtell, R. C. (1984). Simplified production system for the fungus Lagenidium giganteum for operational mosquito control. Mosquito News, 44(4), 377–381.

Jaronski, S. T., & Axtell, R. C. (1983). Effects of temperature on infection, growth and zoosporogenesis of the fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in mosquito larvae. Mosquito News, 43(1), 42–45.

Axtell, R. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1983). Efficacy and non-target effects of LarvadexR as a feed additive for controlling house flies in caged-layer poultry manure. Poultry Science, 62, 2371–2377. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0622371

Merriam, T. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1983). Field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for control of Aedes taeniorhynchus in salt marsh pools. Mosquito News, 43, 84–86.

Jaronski, S. T., Axtell, R. C., Fagan, S. M., & Domnas, A. J. (1983). In vitro production of zoospores of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) on solid media. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 41, 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(83)90247-1

Axtell, R. C. (1983). Mosquito control challenges and the AMCA. Mosquito News, 43(2), 122–125.

Axtell, R. C. (1983). Mosquitoes, humans and the environment: Integrated management of vector borne disease in relation to economic development. A healthy economy in a healthy environment: 1983 proceedings, the First Annual Carolina Environmental Affairs Conference, 219–235. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies Council.

Arthur, F. H., & Axtell, R. C. (1983). Northern fowl mite population development on laying hens caged at three colony sizes. Poultry Science, 62, 424–427. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0620424

Jaronski, S. T., & Axtell, R. C. (1983). Persistence of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) after introduction into natural habitats. Mosquito News, 43(3), 332–337.

Merriam, T. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1983). Relative toxicity of certain pesticides to Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae. Environmental Entomology, 12(2), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/12.2.515

Arthur, F. H., & Axtell, R. C. (1983). Susceptibility of northern fowl mites in North Carolina to five acaricides. Poultry Science, 62, 428–432. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0620428

Axtell, R. C. (1982). Attacking the pest problem - a systems approach to controlling livestock pests. Animal Nutrition & Health, (April), 16–18.

Arthur, F. H., & Axtell, R. C. (1982). Comparisons of permethrin formulations and application methods for northern fowl mite control on caged laying hens. Poultry Science, 61, 879–884. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0610879

Jaronski, S. T., & Axtell, R. C. (1982). Effects of organic water pollution on the infectivity of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) for mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus): Field and laboratory evaluation. Journal of Medical Entomology, 19(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/19.3.255

Axtell, R. C., Jaronski, S. T., & Merriam, T. L. (1982). Efficacy of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales). Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, Inc., 50, 41–42.

Merriam, T. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1982). Evaluation of the entomogenous fungi Culicinomyces clavosporus and Lagenidium giganteum for control of the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. Mosquito News, 42(4), 594–602.

Merriam, T. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1982). Salinity tolerance of two isolates of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 19(4), 388–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/19.4.388

Apperson, C. S., & Axtell, R. C. (1981). Arthropods associated with Eurasian watermilfoil in the Currituck Sound, North Carolina. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 16(1), 53–59.

Merriam, T. L., Leidy, R. B., & Axtell, R. C. (1981). Efficacy and longevity of controlled-release chlorpyrifos (DursbanR 10CR) for mosquito control in coastal dredged material disposal sites. Mosquito News, 41(3), 512–522.

Rutz, D. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1981). House fly (Musca domestica) control in broiler-breeder poultry houses by pupal parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): Indigenous parasite species and releases of Muscidifurax raptor. Environmental Entomology, 10(3), 343–345. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/10.3.343

Axtell, R. C. (1981). Livestock integrated pest management (IPM): Principles and prospects. Papers presented at Systems Approach to Animal Health and Production: A symposium, March 31-April 2, 1981, 31–40. Lexington: University of Kentucky.

Axtell, R. C. (1981). Use of predators and parasites in filth fly IPM programs in poultry housing. Status of biological control of filth flies: Proceedings of a workshop, February 4-5, 1981, University of Florida, Gainesville, 26–43. New Orleans, LA: Science and Education Administration, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Pfeiffer, D. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1980). Coleoptera of poultry manure in caged-layer houses in North Carolina. Environmental Entomology, 9(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/9.1.21

Rutz, D. A., Axtell, R. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1980). Effects of organic pollution levels on aquatic insect abundance in field pilot-scale anaerobic animal waste lagoons. Mosquito News, 40(3), 403–409.

Axtell, R. C., Rutz, D. A., & Edwards, T. D. (1980). Field tests of insecticides and insect growth regulators for the control of Culex quinquefasciatus in anaerobic animal waste lagoons. Mosquito News, 40(1), 36.

Rutz, D. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1980). House fly parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with poultry manure in North Carolina. Environmental Entomology, 9(2), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/9.2.175

Rutz, D. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1980). Invasion and establishment of house fly, Musca domestica, (Diptera: Muscidae) parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in new caged-layer poultry houses. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17(2), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/17.2.151

Axtell, R. C. (1980). Management of mosquito production in coastal dredged material disposal areas. Proceedings of the Texas Mosquito Control Association, 2–4. Texas Mosquito Control Association.

Scotton, G., & Axtell, R. C. (1979). Aedes taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans oviposition in coastal dredge spoil. Mosquito News, 39(1), 97–110.

Koch, H. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1979). Attraction of Culicoides furens and C. hollensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to animal hosts in a salt marsh habitat. Journal of Medical Entomology, 15(5-6), 494–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/15.5-6.494

Axtell, R. C., & LeFurgey, A. (1979). Comparisons of the foveae dorsales in male and female ixodid ticks Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 16(3), 173. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/16.3.173

Koch, H. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1979). Correlation of hourly suction trap collections of Culicoides furens and C. hollensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with wind, temperature and habitat. Journal of Medical Entomology, 15(5-6), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/15.5-6.500

Axtell, R. C., Dukes, J. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1979). Field tests of diflubenzuron, methoprene, Flit MLO and chlorpyrifos for the control of Aedes taeniorhynchus larvae in diked dredged spoil areas. Mosquito News, 39(3), 520.

Axtell, R. C. (1979). Principles of integrated pest management (IPM) in relation to mosquito control. Mosquito News, 39(4), 709.

Rutz, D. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1979). Sustained releases of Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for house fly (Musca domestica) control in two types of caged-layer poultry houses. Environmental Entomology, 8(6), 1105–1110. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/8.6.1105

Axtell, R. C. (1979). Tarsal sensory receptors of ticks. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Acarology, Saalfelden (Austria), 699–672. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.

Koch, H. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1978). Autogeny and rearing of Culicoides furens, C. hollensis and C. melleus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from coastal North Carolina. Mosquito News, 38(2), 240–244.

Rutz, D. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1978). Factors affecting production of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (=fatigans) from anaerobic animal waste lagoons (Vol. 256). North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.

Koch, H. G., Axtell, R. C., & Baughman, G. R. (1977). A suction trap for hourly sampling of coastal biting flies. Mosquito News, 37(4), 674–681.

Kline, D. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1977). Distribution of Culicoides hollensis, C. furens, and C. bermudensis in relation to plant cover in a North Carolina salt marsh (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 13(4-5), 546–552.

Axtell, R. C. (1976). Horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). In Marine insects (pp. 415–445). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Dukes, J. C., & Axtell, R. C. (1976). Residual effectiveness of insecticide-treated screens for control of sand flies, Culicoides furens (Poey) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News, 36(4), 488–491.

Kline, D. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1976). Salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Species, seasonal abundance and comparison of trapping methods. Mosquito News, 36(1), 1–10.

Dale, W. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1976). Salt marsh Tabanidae (Diptera): Comparison of abundance and distribution in Spartina and Juncus habits. Journal of Medical Entomology, 12(6), 671–678. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/12.6.671

Chu-Wang, I.-W., Axtell, R. C., & Kline, D. L. (1975). Antennal and pupal sensilla of the sand fly Culicoides furens (Poey) (Diptera Ceratopogonidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology, 4(2), 131–149.

Axtell, R. C., Rutz, D. A., & Edwards, T. D. (1975). Chemical control of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in swine waste lagoons (Abstract). Proceedings?Annual Meeting (New Jersey Mosquito Control Association), 234–235.

Dukes, J. C., & Axtell, R. C. (1975). Chemical control of coastal biting flies and gnats (Abstract). Proceedings?Annual Meeting (New Jersey Mosquito Control Association), 62, 232–233.

Kline, D. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1975). Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Seasonal abundance and emergence from sandy intertidal habitats. Mosquito News, 35(3), 328–334.

DeBord, D. V., Carlson, G. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1975). Demand for and cost of coastal salt marsh mosquito control (North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station publication, no. 262). Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dale, W. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1975). Flight of the salt marsh Tabanidae (Diptera), Tabanus nigrovittatus, Chrysops atlanticus and C. fuliginosus: Correlation with temperature, light, moisture and wind velocity. Journal of Medical Entomology, 12(5), 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/12.5.551

Kline, D. L., & Axtell, R. C. (1975). Larval distribution of salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (Abstract). Proc. 62nd Annu. Mtg. N.J. Mosquito Exterm. Assoc., 102–105.

Axtell, R. C., Rutz, D. A., Overcash, M. R., & Humenik, F. J. (1975). Mosquito production and control in animal waste lagoons. Managing Livestock Wastes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (ASAE Pub. PROC-275), 15–1821. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

Axtell, R. C., Edwards, T. D., & Dukes, J. C. (1975). Rigid canopy trap for Tabanidae (Diptera). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 10(1), 67.

Kline, D. L., Dukes, J. C., & Axtell, R. C. (1975). Salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): Comparison of larval sampling methods. Mosquito News, 35(2), 147–150.

Axtell, R. C. (1975). Training and certification of mosquito control and public health pesticide applicators in North Carolina. Proceedings, 62nd Annual Meeting of the Mosquito Exterminators' Association, 102–105.

Axtell, R. C. (1975). ULV and mosquito control. Raleigh, NC: NCSU Dept. of Entomology.

Dukes, J. C., Axtell, R. C., & Knight, K. L. (1974). Additional studies of the effects of salt marsh impoundments on mosquito populations. In Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina) (Vol. 102).

Karandinos, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1974). Age-related changes in the rate of oviposition of three species of Hippelates (Diptera: Chloropidae) eye gnats: Experimental and mathematical analysis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 67(4), 669–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/67.4.669

Dukes, J. C., Edwards, T. D., & Axtell, R. C. (1974). Associations of Tabanidae (Diptera) larvae with plant species in salt marshes, Carteret County, North Carolina. Environmental Entomology, 3(2), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/3.2.280

Dukes, J. C., Edwards, T. D., & Axtell, R. C. (1974). Distribution of larval Tabanidae (Diptera) in a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Journal of Medical Entomology, 91(1), 79–83.

Coons, L. B., Roshdy, M. A., & Axtell, R. C. (1974). Fine structure of the central nervous system of Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Amblyomma americanum (L.), and Argas arboreus Kaiser, hoogstraal, and Kohls (Ixodoidea). Journal of Parasitology, 60(4), 687–698. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278740

Chu-Wang, I.-W., & Axtell, R. C. (1974). Fine structure of ventral and lateral tarsal sensilla of the hard tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63(3), 453–457.

Axtell, R. C. (1974). Fly control: A vicious circle! Egg Industry (Mount Morris, Ill.), 7(2).

Edwards, T. D., Dukes, J. C., & Axtell, R. C. (1974). Soil-washing apparatus for recovery of tabanid larvae and other invertebrates. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 9(1), 32–35.

Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication. (1974). Training manual for mosquito and biting fly control in coastal areas (UNC-SG-74-08).

Axtell, R. C., & Dukes, J. C. (1974). ULV Chemical control of mosquitoes, Culicoides and tabanids in coastal North Carolina. Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito     and Vector Control Association, 42, 99–101.

Chu-Wang, I.-W., & Axtell, R. C. (1973). Comparative fine structure of the claw sensilla of a soft tick, Argas (Persicargas) arboreus americanum (L). Journal of Parasitology, 59(3), 545–555. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278793

Gerhardt, R. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1973). Flight of the eye gnat Hippelates pallipes, (Diptera: Chloropidae): Correlation with temperature, light, moisture and wind velocity. Journal of Medical Entomology, 10(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/10.3.290

Gerhardt, R. R., Dukes, J. C., Falter, J. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1973). Public opinion on insect pest management in coastal North Carolina (Vol. 97). Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service.

Coons, L. B., & Axtell, R. C. (1973). Sensory setae of the first tarsi and palps of the mite, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66(3), 539–544. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/66.3.539

Karandinos, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Age-related changes in the fertility of Hippelates pusio, H. bishoppi, and H. pallipes (Diptera: Chloropidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65(5), 1092–1099. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/65.5.1092

Axtell, R. C., & Chu-Wang, I.-W. (1972). Electron microscopy of sensory receptors. Naval Research Reviews, 25(4), 12–22.

Chu-Wang, I.-W., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Fine structure of the terminal organ of the house fly larva, Musca domestica L. Zeitschrift Fur Zellforschung Und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 127, 287–305.

Chu-Wang, I.-W., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Fine structure of ventral organ of the house fly larva, Musca domestica (L). Zeitschrift Fur Zellforschung Und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 130, 489–495.

Gerhardt, R. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Flight of the eye gnat Hippelates pusio (Diptera: Chloropidae): Effect of temperature, light, moisture, and wind velocity. Journal of Medical Entomology, 9(5), 425–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/9.5.425

Axtell, R. C. (1972). Hippelates pusio eye gnat control by ultralow volume aerial sprays. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 7(2), 119–127.

Karandinos, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Population density effects on fecundity of Hippelates pusio Loew (Diptera: Chloropidae). Oecologia (Online), 9, 341–348.

Roshdy, M. A., Foelix, R. F., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). 16. Fine structure of Haller's organ and associated tarsal setae of adult A. (P.) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal, and Kohls. Journal of Parasitology, 58(4), 805–816. https://doi.org/10.2307/3278323

Tidwell, M., Dean, W. D., Tidwell, M. A., Combs, G. P., Anderson, D. W., Cowart, W. O., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Transmission of hog cholera virus by horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 33(3), 615–622.

Foelix, R., & Axtell, R. C. (1972). Ultrastructure of Haller's organ in the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.). Zeitschrift Fur Zellforschung Und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 124, 275–292.

Coons, L. B., & Axtell, R. C. (1971). Cellular organization in the synganglion of the mite Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae): an electron microscopic study. Zeitschrift Fur Zellforschung Und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 119, 309–320.

Stiner, F. M., Johnson, F. M., & Axtell, R. C. (1971). Differentiation of Hippelates pusio, H. bishoppi, and H. pallipes (Diptera: Chloropidae) by electrophoresis. Journal of Medical Entomology, 8(2), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/8.2.213

Foelix, R. F., & Axtell, R. C. (1971). Fine structure of tarsal sensilla in the tick Amblyomma americanum (L). Zeitschrift Fur Zellforschung Und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 114, 22–37.

Chu, I.-W., & Axtell, R. C. (1971). Fine structure of the dorsal organ of the house fly larva (Musca domestica L.). Zeitschrift Fur Zellforschung Und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 117, 17–34.

Farish, D. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1971). Phoresy redefined and examined in Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae). Acarologia, 13(1), 16–29.

Axtell, R. C., Foelix, R., Coons, L. B., & Roshday, M. A. (1971). Sensory receptors in ticks and mites. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Acarology, held in Prague (Czechoslovakia), August 31-September 6, 1971, 35–40. The Hague: W. Junk.

Axtell, R. C. (1971). Ultralow volume aerial sprays for the control of Hippelates gnats and other flies. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 6(2), 101.

Coons, L. B., & Axtell, R. C. (1971). Ultrastructure of the excretory tubes of the mite Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Mesostigmata, Macrochelidae) with notes on altered mitochondria. Journal of Morphology, 133(3), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051330306

Raghuvir, N. N., & Axtell, R. C. (1970). Comparative insecticide resistance of house flies from a North Carolina poultry farm. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 86(4), 175.

Axtell, R. C. (1970). Fly control in caged-poultry houses: Comparison of larviciding and integrated control programs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63(6), 1734–1737.

Axtell, R. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1970). Hermetia illucens control in poultry manure by larviciding. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63(6), 1786–1787.

Axtell, R. C. (1970). Integrated fly control program for caged poultry houses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63(2), 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/63.2.400

Axtell, R. C. (1970). Scanning electron microscopy of Acarina (Resume). Journal of Parasitology, 56(4, Sec. 2, Part 1), 12.

Axtell, R. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1970). Seasonal populations of Hippelates gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae) in North Carolina. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63(4), 1049–1053. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.4.1049

Axtell, R. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1970). Susceptibilities of adult Hippelates eye gnats to insecticidal deposits. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63(4), 1186–1187. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/63.4.1186

Axtell, R. C., & Edwards, T. D. (1970). Susceptibility of adult Hippelates pusio eye gnats to insecticidal fogs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63(4), 1184–1185. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/63.4.1184

Axtell, R. C. (1969). Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) as biological control agents for synanthropic flies. Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Acarology, Sutton Bonington, England, 401–416. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.

Axtell, R. C. (1969). Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) as biological control agents for synanthropic flies (WHO/VBC/69.119WHO/VBC/69.119). World Health Organization.

Wise, G. U., & Axtell, R. C. (1969). Predation by Poecilochirus sp. (Acarina: Parasitidae) on immature stages of the house fly, Musca domestica. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 85(4), 122–123.

Hendricks, L. D., & Axtell, R. C. (1968). Arthropods from passerine birds of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 84(2), 312–314.

Axtell, R. C. (1968). Integrated house fly control: Populations of fly larvae and predaceous mites, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, in poultry manure after larvicide treatment. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61(1), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/61.1.245

Willis, R. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1968). Mite predators of the house fly: A comparison of Fuscuropoda vegetans and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61(6), 1669–1674. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/61.6.1669

DuBose, W. P., & Axtell, R. C. (1968). Sensilla on the antennal flagella of Hippelates eye gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61(6), 1547–1561. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/61.6.1547

Karandinos, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1967). Effect of temperature on the longevity, fecundity, and activity of adult Hippelates pusio, H. bishoppi, and H. pallipes (Diptera: Chloropidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60(6), 1252–1255. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.6.1252

Willis, R. R., & Axtell, R. C. (1967). Evaluation of Fuscuropoda vegetans (Acarina: Uropodidae) as a predator of the immature stages of the house fly. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 83(3), 174.

Axtell, R. C. (1967). Evaluations of repellents for Hippelates eye gnats. Journal of Economic Entomology, 60(1), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/60.1.176

DuBose, W. P., Jr., & Axtell, R. C. (1967). Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of Hippelates eye gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 83(3), 174–175.

Karandinos, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1967). Temperature effects on the immature stages of Hippelates pusio, H. bishoppi, and H. pallipes (Diptera: Chloropidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60(5), 1055–1062. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/60.5.1055

Axtell, R. C. (1966). Comparative toxicities of insecticides to house fly larvae and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, a mite predator of the house fly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 59(5), 1128–1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/59.5.1128

Farish, D. J., & Axtell, R. C. (1966). Sensory functions of the palps and first tarsi of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae), a predator of the house fly. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59(1), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/59.1.165

Axtell, R. C. (1965). A better way: Research project aimed at finding a better way to deal with house flies, Tarheel eye gnats. Research and Farming, XXIV(2), 4–5.

O'Donnell, A. E., & Axtell, R. C. (1965). Predation by Fuscuropoda vegetans (Acarina: Uropodidae) on the house fly (Musca domestica). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 58(3), 403–404.

Karandinos, M. G., & Axtell, R. C. (1965). Temperature responses of Hippelates (Diptera: Chloropidae) eggs. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 81(2), 80–81.

Axtell, R. C. (1964). Laboratory rearing of Hippelates pusio and H. bishoppi (Diptera: Chloropidae). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 80(2), 163–164.

Axtell, R. C. (1964). Phoretic relationship of some common manure-inhabiting Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) to the house fly. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57(5), 584–587.

Axtell, R. C. (1963). A basic guide to pesticide formulation ratios. Pest Control, (May), 12.

Axtell, R. C. (1963). Acarina occurring in domestic animal manure. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56(5), 628–633.

Axtell, R. C. (1963). Effect of Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) on house fly production from dairy cattle manure. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56(3), 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/56.3.317

Axtell, R. C. (1963). Household pests. In North Carolina pesticide manual (pp. 66–67).

Axtell, R. C. (1963). Manure-inhabiting Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) predacious on the house fly. Advances in Acarology, 1, 55–59.

Axtell, R. C. (1961). Mites: Enemies of house flies. Farm Research, 27(4), 4–5.

Axtell, R. C. (1961). New records of North American Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) and their predation rates on the house fly. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 54(5), 748.

Blakeslee, T. E., Axtell, R. C., & Johnston, L. (1959). Aedes vexans and Culex salinarius light trap collections at five elevations. Mosquito News, 19(4), 283-.