@article{baby_michielsen_wu_2021, title={Effects of yarn size and blood drop size on wicking and bloodstains in textiles}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1556-4029"]}, DOI={10.1111/1556-4029.14702}, abstractNote={Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) for stains found on non-porous surfaces has matured into a powerful forensic science tool based on fluid mechanics principles. The same cannot be said when bloodstains are found on porous substrates, such as textiles. This is partially due to the complex nature of textiles with tens of thousands of different materials in addition to unknown wear characteristics. In this study, three single jersey knit fabrics were manufactured from 100% cotton ring-spun yarns of linear densities of 12, 20, and 30 Ne (492, 295, and 197 dtex, respectively) and nearly identical twist multipliers. Single drops of porcine blood of 2, 10, 30, and 60 µL were allowed to fall 1 cm (to eliminate the impact of blood velocity) onto each fabric to understand the effects of yarn size on wicking and bloodstains. The size of the stain was then measured and compared for different fabrics and blood drop sizes. Wicking of blood into the fabric was fastest for the largest yarn fabrics, but more extensive wicking occurred on finer yarn fabrics resulting in much larger stains. All stains were highly altered due to wicking of blood. The findings from this paper might help the forensic scientists in understanding wicking in textiles and comparing stains on different textiles to gain a better understanding of bloodstains on textiles.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Baby, Ruksana and Michielsen, Stephen and Wu, Jiaying}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={1246–1256} }
 @article{baby_mathur_denhartog_2021, title={Nondestructive quantitative evaluation of yarns and fabrics and determination of contact area of fabrics using x-ray micro-computed tomography system for skin-textiles friction analysis}, volume={13}, ISSN={1944-8244 1944-8252}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18300}, DOI={10.1021/acsami.0c18300}, abstractNote={In different mechanical conditions, repetitive friction in combination with pressure, shear, temperature, and moisture leads to skin discomfort and imposes the risks of developing skin injuries such as blisters and pressure ulcers, frequently reported in athletes, military personnel, and in people with compromised skin conditions and/or immobility. Textiles next to skin govern the skin microclimate, have the potential to influence the mechanical contact with skin, and contribute to skin comfort and health. The adhesion-friction theory suggests that contact area is a critical factor to influence adhesion, and therefore, friction force. Friction being a surface phenomenon, most of the studies concentrated on the surface profile or topographic analysis of textiles. This study investigated both the surface profiles and the inner construction of the fabrics through X-ray microcomputed tomographic three-dimensional image analysis. A novel nondestructive method to evaluate yarn and fabric structural details quantitatively and calculate contact area (in fiber area %) experimentally has been reported in this paper. Plain and satin-woven fabrics with different thread densities and made from 100% cotton ring-spun yarns with two different linear densities (40 and 60 Ne) were investigated in this study. The measurements from the tomographic images (pixel size: 1.13 μm) and the fiber area % analysis were in good agreement to comprehend and compare the yarn and fabric properties reported. The fiber area % as reported in this paper can be used to evaluate the skin-textile interfaces and quantitatively determine the contact area under different physical, mechanical, and microclimatic conditions to understand the actual skin-textile interaction during any physical activity or sports. The proposed method can be helpful in engineering textiles to enhance skin comfort and prevent injuries, such as blisters and pressure ulcers, in diversified application areas, including but not limited to, sports and healthcare apparel, military apparel, and firefighter's protective clothing. In addition, the images were capable of precisely evaluating yarn diameters, crimp %, and packing factor as well as fabric thickness, volumetric densities, and cover factors as compared with those obtained from theoretical evaluation and existing classical test methods. All these findings suggest that the proposed new method can reliably be used to quantify the yarn and fabric characteristics, compare their functionality, and understand the structural impacts in an objective and nondestructive way.}, number={3}, journal={ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Baby, R. and Mathur, K. and DenHartog, E.}, year={2021}, pages={4652–4664} }
 @article{baby_mathur_denhartog_2020, title={Skin-textiles friction: importance and prospects in skin comfort and in healthcare in prevention of skin injuries}, volume={112}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1827582}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2020.1827582}, abstractNote={Frictional characteristics of textiles play a big role in skin comfort and health, and in the development of friction related skin injuries such as tissue deformation, skin damage, decubitus ulcers...}, number={9}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Baby, Ruksana and Mathur, Kavita and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{wu_michielsen_baby_2019, title={Impact Spatter Bloodstain Patterns on Textiles}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1556-4029"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13951}, DOI={10.1111/1556-4029.13951}, abstractNote={There are few reports of studies of impact spatter on textiles even though bloodstained textiles are found at many violent scenes. Impact spatter was deposited at 90° impact angle onto three knit fabrics of different yarn sizes and on paper. The resulting stain areas and number of stains were measured using ImageJ and compared with stains on paper using one-factor ANOVA. The number of stains observed and their areas on the knit fabrics decreased as the yarn size increased. It was also found that blood that deposited on the fabric wicked only in the direction of the fibers at that location within the fabric which led to distorted stain shapes. Fewer observed impact spatter stains were found on cotton jersey knits for fabrics made with larger yarns than on paper. As the yarn size became smaller, the number of stains became the same as on paper.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Wu, Jiaying and Michielsen, Stephen and Baby, Ruksana}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={702–710} }