@article{gao_deaton_barker_2022, title={A new test method for evaluating the evaporative cooling efficiency of fabrics using a dynamic sweating hot plate}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1361-6501"]}, DOI={10.1088/1361-6501/ac84f7}, abstractNote={Abstract The lack of direct measures of the ability of a fabric to cool the skin by liquid sweat evaporation is a critical gap in available laboratory tests for evaluating the comfort of active wear clothing materials. This paper describes a novel method designed to evaluate the evaporative cooling performance of fabrics in a protocol that simulates active wear, including sweating and drying periods, in a continuous one-step procedure. It uses a dynamic sweating hot plate to measure the latent heat absorbed by fabrics in sweat evaporation, and in drying after sweat absorption. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated using a selected set of high-wicking polyester and a cotton knit t-shirt material that have different moisture absorption, wicking and drying properties. The cooling efficiency test shows that high-wicking polyester fabrics provide larger evaporative cooling in the sweating phase, where it is more likely to convey cooling benefits to the skin. Cotton fabrics absorb more latent heat in the drying phase, where the cooling effect may contribute to chilling effects. It provides an ideal platform to observe the dynamic relationship between patterns of wicking and liquid moisture spreading in fabrics and the evaporative cooling provided by the test materials. It shows that the location of wicked moisture in the fabric is a critical determinant of potential cooling effects. It also shows that a fabric’s wicking ability is not always an accurate predictor of its cooling efficiency. This new test method has provided a unique tool for directly characterizing the cooling efficiency of clothing materials using a protocol that accurately simulates sweating generation and drying in actual active wear scenarios.}, number={12}, journal={MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, A. Shawn and Barker, Roger}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{gao_deaton_barker_denhartog_fang_2022, title={Effects of Air Gaps on Heat Loss through Firefighter Turnout Composites with Different Moisture Barrier Components}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1875-0052"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-022-0420-z}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, Anthoney Shawn and Barker, Roger and DenHartog, Emiel and Fang, Xiaomeng}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{gao_deaton_fang_barker_denhartog_watson_2022, title={Effects of Outer Shell Fabric Color, Smoke Contamination, and Washing on Heat Loss through Turnout Suit Systems}, volume={92}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175211073353}, DOI={10.1177/00405175211073353}, abstractNote={Firefighters frequently have to work in direct solar radiant heat. To reduce firefighter heat stress, the influence of turnout garment properties on heat gain from solar radiation must be understood. This research studied the effects of color, texture, washing, and contamination of outer shell fabrics on heat loss through firefighter turnout fabric materials in simulated solar exposures. It showed that solar radiation could be a major factor in heat loss through turnout suits. Solar radiation equivalent to a sunny day completely reversed heat exchange through the turnout fabric systems, converting a heat loss of about 240 W/m 2 to a heat gain exceeding 100 W/m 2 . Solar radiation caused turnout fabric systems to dry out and this decreased the performance of turnout systems that incorporated bi-component moisture barriers. Most significantly, the color of the outer shell had a major influence on lowering turnout heat loss in solar exposures. Composites with a black-dyed outer shell absorbed more solar energy than composites with lighter colored shell materials. Soot and fire-ground contaminants present on turnout outer shell fabrics also reduced heat loss under solar exposure. The findings of this study answered long-standing questions about the importance of turnout fabric color on heat exchange with the environment. The results provide additional motivation for efficient turnout cleaning practices, not only to reduce potentially toxic exposure to smoke contaminants, but to reduce turnout-gear-related heat strain on firefighters.}, number={11-12}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, A. Shawn and Fang, Xiaomeng and Barker, Roger L. and DenHartog, Emiel and Watson, Kyle}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={1909–1922} }
 @article{gao_deaton_barker_fang_watson_2022, title={Effects of the moisture barrier and thermal liner components on the heat strain and thermal protective performance of firefighter turnout systems}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221099947}, DOI={10.1177/00405175221099947}, abstractNote={An ideal firefighter turnout system should be capable of releasing body heat to prevent heat stress, indicated by THL (total heat loss) and R ef (evaporative resistance) indexes, while maintaining high thermal protective performance (TPP). Our study found no correlations between THL and R ef , or between R ef and TPP. The results showed that, when tested in the mild condition as in the standard THL test method, turnout systems with bi-component moisture barriers exhibited an advantage in THL that did not translate to more thermally stressful hot environments. A physiological manikin was used to understand the effect of turnout clothing systems on heat strain in different environmental conditions and the value of utilizing R ef or THL to predict heat strain performance. We found no difference in heat strain performance between composites with one-layer and two-layer spunlace thermal liners in mild or hot conditions. It showed that both THL and R ef had their limitations: THL only predicted thermal burden in mild environments, while R ef was only correlated in hot conditions. Thus, the exclusive reliance on either index could increase the risk of heat stress, and we recommend incorporating the R ef heat strain index, along with THL, as dual metrics for certifying the heat strain performance of turnout suits in the NFPA 1971 standard.}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, A. Shawn and Barker, Roger and Fang, Xiaomeng and Watson, Kyle}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{roise_williams_barker_morton-aslanis_2022, title={Field and full-scale laboratory testing of prototype wildland fire shelters}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1448-5516"]}, DOI={10.1071/WF21102}, abstractNote={This paper describes a series of tests conducted to evaluate prototype fire shelters designed to provide enhanced thermal protective insulation in wildland fire burn-over events. Full-scale laboratory and field tests are used to compare the thermal performance of the prototypes with a fire shelter construction in current use in the United States. Laboratory tests showed that the prototype fire shelters outperformed the current shelter in providing fire-blocking thermal insulation in tests designed to simulate exposure to the intense flame conditions encountered in wildland fires. Field tests supported laboratory comparisons, but proved to be statistically inconclusive in differentiating shelter performance because of the variability inherent in thermal data obtained in field burns. This study confirmed the value of evaluating prototype shelter designs in laboratory tests capable of reproducibly simulating exposure to turbulent flames encountered in wildland fires.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Wildland Fire}, author={Roise, Joseph and Williams, John and Barker, R. and Morton-Aslanis, J.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={518–528} }
 @article{gao_deaton_barker_fang_watson_2022, title={Relationship between heat loss indexes and physiological indicators of turnout-related heat strain in mild and hot environments}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2376-9130"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2022.2058746}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2022.2058746}, abstractNote={A validated physiological manikin method was used to qualify environmentally dependent correlations between firefighter turnout total heat loss (THL) and intrinsic evaporative resistance (Ref) heat strain indexes and core temperature rise in stressful work conducted in mild (25 °C, 65% relative humidity [RH]) and hot (35 °C, 40% RH; 40 °C, 28% RH) conditions. Five turnout suit constructions representing a wide range of breathability were selected. The observed correlations between measured material heat loss and core temperature showed that the THL heat strain index accurately forecast thermal burden in mild environments (<25 °C); while the Ref index provided accurate prediction in hot environments (>35 °C). They showed that the THL index did not predict heat strain in hot work environments. The findings of this study support incorporating both the Ref and THL heat strain indexes as dual metrics for characterizing the heat strain performance of turnout clothing fabrics.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, A. Shawn and Barker, Roger and Fang, Xiaomeng and Watson, Kyle}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gao_deaton_barker_2022, title={Using a physiological manikin to evaluate the effect of foam thermal reinforcement in firefighter turnout construction on heat strain}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2022.2072139}, abstractNote={Firefighter turnout gear is a significant contributor to firefighter heat stress. This study uses a physiological manikin procedure to show how adding impermeable foam reinforcement in a firefighter suit construction can detrimentally affect firefighter heat strain. It shows that singular reliance on the THL (total heat loss) requirement called for by the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 1971 performance standard for firefighter gear leaves a critical gap in information needed to evaluate the heat strain contribution of reinforced turnout suit constructions. This is because THL test only measures heat loss through flat swatches of fabric used in the main body of the turnout suit construction. It does not account for the additional insulation and moisture vapor resistance of reinforcement or the overwhelming effects of garment air layers. This study demonstrates instrumented manikin testing procedures can supply the missing information in laboratory based heat strain performance testing of firefighter turnout suits.}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, A. Shawn and Barker, Roger L.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gao_deaton_fang_watson_denhartog_barker_2021, title={Effects of environmental temperature and humidity on evaporative heat loss through firefighter suit materials made with semi-permeable and microporous moisture barriers}, volume={92}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175211026537}, DOI={10.1177/00405175211026537}, abstractNote={The goal of this research was to understand how firefighter protective suits perform in different operational environments. This study used a sweating guarded hotplate to examine the effect of environmental temperature (20–45°C) and relative humidity (25–85% RH) on evaporative heat loss through firefighter turnout materials. Four firefighter turnout composites containing three different bi-component (semi-permeable) and one microporous moisture barriers were selected. The results showed that the evaporative resistance of microporous moisture barrier systems was independent of environmental testing conditions. However, absorbed moisture strongly affected evaporative heat loss through semi-permeable moisture barriers coated with a layer of nonporous hydrophilic polymer. Moisture absorption in mild environment (20–25°C) tests, or when testing at high humidity (>85% RH), significantly increased water vapor transmission in semi-permeable turnout systems. It was also found that environmental conditions used in the total heat loss (THL) test (25°C and 65% RH) produced moisture condensation in bi-component barrier systems, making them appear more breathable than could be expected when worn in hotter environments. Regression models successfully qualified the relationships between moisture uptake levels in semi-permeable barrier systems and evaporative resistance and THL. These findings reveal the limitations in relying on THL, the heat strain index currently called for by the NFPA 1971 Standard for Structural Firefighter personal protective equipment, and supports the need to measure turnout evaporative resistance at 35°C (Ret), in addition to THL at 25°C.}, number={1-2}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Gao, Huipu and Deaton, Anthoney Shawn and Fang, Xiaomeng and Watson, Kyle and DenHartog, Emiel A and Barker, Roger}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={219–231} }
 @article{barker_fang_deaton_denhartog_gao_tutterow_schmid_2021, title={Identifying factors that contribute to structural firefighter heat strain in North America}, volume={28}, ISSN={1080-3548 2376-9130}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1987024}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2021.1987024}, abstractNote={This article describes results from a survey of firefighters designed to identify conditions that contribute to heat strain in structural firefighting. Based on responses from about 3000 firefighters across the USA and Canada, the article provides invaluable information about how firefighters associate environmental conditions, work tasks and other factors with heat strain. One-half of firefighters surveyed have experienced heat stress during their service. They can wear fully deployed turnout gear for 2 h or more at the fire scene, reinforcing the importance of turnout suit breathability as a factor in heat strain. Survey results are useful in weighing the comparative value of total heat loss (THL) and evaporative heat resistance (Ref) for predicting turnout-related heat strain. Survey findings support the inclusion of a performance criterion in the National Fire Protection Association 1971 standard for firefighter personal protective equipment based on limiting Ref of turnout materials along with current THL requirement.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Barker, Roger and Fang, Xiaomeng and Deaton, Shawn and DenHartog, Emiel and Gao, Huipu and Tutterow, Robert and Schmid, Marni}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={2183–2192} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2018, title={Analysis of air gap volume in structural firefighter turnout suit constructions in relation to heat loss}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045086810&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0040517517723024}, abstractNote={Air layers in multi-layer firefighter clothing ensembles resist heat transfer from the body to the environment. By reducing the volume of air between clothing layers, heat loss may be improved throughout the multi-layer firefighter turnout suit clothing system, potentially leading to reduced heat strain for the wearer. This research utilized a systems-level approach to the methodology in order to measure the effects of fabric properties and garment air gap dimensions on clothing system heat loss through specially configured turnout suit constructions. One experimental configuration incorporated a tight fitting stretchable moisture barrier garment. Another construction used thermal knit underwear to represent a closer fitting thermal liner. Air gap surface area, volume, and thickness were estimated using three-dimensional body scanning. This study showed the significant impact of fabric air permeability and clothing air gap volume on heat loss through structural firefighter suits. Tested individually, the tighter fitting moisture barrier construction permitted greater heat loss in comparison to the traditional fit moisture barrier. Heat loss differences associated with moisture barrier fit were not observed when the moisture barriers were configured in the three-layer turnout clothing system. This research showed that microclimate air gap volume is strongly correlated with total heat loss. It confirmed the significant impact of clothing air layers on heat loss through firefighter turnout systems.}, number={21}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={2475–2484} }
 @article{mcquerry_barker_denhartog_2018, title={Functional Design and Evaluation of Structural Firefighter Turnout Suits for Improved Thermal Comfort: Thermal Manikin and Physiological Modeling}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1940-2473"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85041928868&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0887302x18757348}, abstractNote={Structural firefighter prototype designs incorporating ventilation, stretch, and modularity were developed following Watkins’ functional design process. Prototypes were designed and manufactured, including single-layer, vented, stretch, and combination prototypes. Prototype garments were evaluated for improved thermal comfort and heat loss using sweating thermal manikin assessments in two conditions: static (standing still with no wind) and dynamic (walking with wind). Raw thermal and evaporative resistance data from the manikin testing were input into a thermal modeling software system (RadTherm®) and physiological responses (core temperature, skin temperature, and sweat rate) were predicted for each prototype. A significant improvement in heat loss was measured when ventilation openings and modularity were added to the design of the clothing system. The single-layer, vented, and combination prototypes also had significantly lower increases in predicted physiological responses.}, number={3}, journal={CLOTHING AND TEXTILES RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and Barker, Roger and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={165–179} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2018, title={Impact of reinforcements on heat stress in structural firefighter turnout suits}, volume={109}, ISSN={0040-5000 1754-2340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2018.1423881}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2018.1423881}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of additional textile layer reinforcements on garment heat loss and the physiological comfort of the firefighter. Four structural firefighter turnouts with varying levels of ‘bulk’ were assessed. A base composite analysis was conducted and each suit was evaluated for thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and overall total heat loss (THL) on a sweating thermal manikin. Raw resistance data were then modeled to predict the physiological responses of firefighters for each turnout suit. Base composite percentages were compared to the heat loss values and predicted physiological responses. The Light Weight suit along with the Control, demonstrated the greatest heat loss values and lowest rise in predicted core temperature. Overall, results depicted the harmful impact that bulky reinforcements may have on wearer physiological comfort as the Heavy Duty suit had significantly lower heat loss and a potentially fatal maximum predicted core temperature.}, number={10}, journal={The Journal of The Textile Institute}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={1367–1373} }
 @article{mcquerry_barker_denhartog_2018, title={Relationship between novel design modifications and heat stress relief in structural firefighters' protective clothing}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85044162826&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2018.03.004}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to investigate design modifications in structural firefighter turnout suits for their ability to reduce heat stress during firefighting activities. A secondary aim of this research established a benchmark for the manikin heat loss value necessary to achieve significant improvements in physiological comfort. Eight professional firefighters participated in five simulated exercise sessions wearing a control turnout suit and one of four turnout prototypes: Single Layer, Vented, Stretch, and Revolutionary. Physiological responses (internal core body temperature, skin temperature, physiological strain, heart rate, and sweat loss) were measured when wearing each turnout suit prototype. Results demonstrated a significant increase in work time and significant reductions in heat stress (core temperature, skin temperature, and physiological strain) when participants wore the Single Layer, Vented, and Revolutionary prototypes. An estimated garment heat loss value of 150 W/m2 was determined in order to achieve a significant reduction in heat stress.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and Barker, Roger and DenHartog, Emiel}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={260–268} }
 @article{barker_ross_andrews_deaton_2017, title={Comparative studies on standard and new test methods for evaluating the effects of structural firefighting gloves on hand dexterity}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517516629143}, abstractNote={This research identifies laboratory test methods designed to advance assessment of the effects of structural firefighter gloves on a firefighter’s ability to perform tasks with their hands. Two new hand dexterity test methods are discussed: a modified tool test for measuring glove effects on gross or whole hand motor control, and a novel cylinder lift method for evaluating glove effects on fine or fingertip hand dexterity. Data generated by testing a representative group of structural firefighter and other responder gloves are used to show that these new test methods provide less variable data and a more useful and informative assessment of the effects of glove construction on hand dexterity than that provided by standard small pin pegboard tests. Based on these comparisons, a combination of the newly developed tool and cylinder lift test methods are recommended for evaluating the effects of structural firefighter gloves on hand dexterity in standards used as the basis of certifying the performance of structural firefighter clothing.}, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Barker, Roger L. and Ross, Kevin A. and Andrews, Jessica and Deaton, A. Shawn}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={270–284} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2017, title={Effect of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) on Heat Loss in Structural Firefighter Turnout Suits}, volume={4}, ISSN={2330-5517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.4.5.1}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.4.5.1}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of firefighter's self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) on heat loss through clothing ventilation openings in structural firefighter turnout suits. Passive and active ventilation openings were fabricated into structural turnout suits and tested with and without the SCBA to determine the effect on clothing ventilation. Turnout suits were evaluated under two test conditions on a sweating manikin to measure thermal and evaporative resistance. A predicted total heat loss (THL) value was calculated for each suit and compared to a control turnout without ventilation openings. A significant improvement in heat loss was measured when the SCBA harness, mask, and thermal hood were removed from the structural ensemble. Results showed the SCBA harness significantly decreased heat loss in firefighter turnouts.}, number={5}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{ciesielska-wróbel_denhartog_barker_2017, title={The influence of designs of protective uniforms on firefighters’ performance during moderate physical exercises}, volume={88}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517715084}, DOI={10.1177/0040517517715084}, abstractNote={The aim of this study was to verify whether the minor differences in the design of uniforms and their fit can be quantified in terms of their impact on firefighters’ cardiorespiratory parameters and subjective perception of these uniforms. The impact of minor design improvements compared to the existing designs of personal protective clothing (PPC) is still relatively difficult to quantify due to the lack of sensitive devices used in smart measuring methodologies; however, the perception of these slight differences is reported by PPC users. The impact of these design differences in PPC on firefighters was studied via physiological tests based on occupation-related activities in which cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored and three-dimensional (3D) silhouette scanning was performed on the firefighters. Apart from heart rate (beats/min), none of the other measured physiological parameters, for example, oxygen consumption (VO 2 , ml/min) demonstrated statistically significant differences when firefighters were testing uniforms: ergonomic (ER), standard (ST), bulky (BU), and reference outfit (RO), the latter being T-shirt and shorts. A statistically significant correlation was found between parameters measured via 3D body scanning and selected cross-sections of the silhouettes as well as subjective assessments of easiness of specific movement performance during the physiological test and assessment of bulkiness of the uniforms. There is a limited influence of the minor design differences between firefighters’ uniforms on the selected physiological parameters of the subjects wearing them. The outcome of the study can be utilized when performing the test on subjects and improving designs of PPC.}, number={17}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Ciesielska-Wróbel, Izabela and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1979–1991} }
 @inproceedings{nagavalli_hummel_akyildiz_morton-aslanis_barker_2016, title={Advanced layering system and design for the increased thermal protection of wildland fire shelters}, volume={1593}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160014}, booktitle={American society for testing and materials special technical}, author={Nagavalli, A. and Hummel, A. and Akyildiz, H. I. and Morton-Aslanis, J. and Barker, R.}, year={2016}, pages={102–116} }
 @misc{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_hummel_2016, title={Alternative Methodologies for Determining the Impact of Clothing Ventilation in Structural Firefighter Turnout Suits}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/STP159320160003}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160003}, journal={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 10<sup>th</sup>Volume, Risk Reduction Through Research and Testing}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger and Hummel, Alex}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={313–330} }
 @article{hummel_watson_barker_2016, title={Comparisons of Two Test Methods for Evaluating the Radiant Protective Performance of Wildland Firefighter Protective Clothing Materials}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160012}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 10TH VOL: RISK REDUCTION THROUGH RESEARCH AND TESTING}, author={Hummel, Alex and Watson, Kyle and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, pages={178–194} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2016, title={Evaluating turnout composite layering strategies for reducing thermal burden in structural firefighter protective clothing systems}, volume={87}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516651101}, DOI={10.1177/0040517516651101}, abstractNote={A modular approach for arranging the component layers used in the construction of structural firefighter turnout garments is explored as a strategy for reducing the thermal burden contributed by these protective garments to firefighter heat stress. An instrumented sweating manikin was used to measure the insulation, evaporative resistance and total heat loss through turnout systems configured to represent different layering strategies. The outer shell, moisture barrier and thermal liner layers of the structural turnout base composite were tested individually to determine each layer's thermal insulation and evaporative resistance. Multiple two- and three-layer combinations were analyzed for their application in specific working conditions. This study demonstrates that the moisture barrier layer contributes the most resistance to evaporative heat loss through the turnout system, while dry heat loss is most restricted by the thermal liner component. Removal of a single inner liner layer was equally beneficial for heat loss, regardless of material properties. It shows the potential benefit of turnout design strategy that utilizes a modular or adaptive layering approach to reduce turnout-related heat strain in conditions consistent with fire protection.}, number={10}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1217–1225} }
 @article{mcquerry_denhartog_barker_2016, title={Garment Ventilation Strategies for Improving Heat Loss in Structural Firefighter Clothing Ensembles}, volume={3}, ISSN={2330-5517}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.3.3.2}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.3.3.2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research was to evaluate clothing ventilation designs for their ability to reduce heat stress incurred during firefighting activities. Ventilation applications were implemented on structural turnout suits, including both active and passive systems, to determine the benefit of ventilation towards heat loss. A total of five different designs were evaluated on a sweating manikin for thermal and evaporative resistance. From these measurements, a predicted total heat loss (THL) was calculated for each design and compared back to a control suit with no ventilation. A significant improvement in heat loss was measured, specifically, with the maximum open ventilation design. Overall, ventilation designs in structural firefighter turnout gear showed a statistically significant increase in heat loss improvement for the wearer.}, number={3}, journal={AATCC Journal of Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={9–14} }
 @article{ciesielska-wróbel_denhartog_barker_2016, title={Measuring the effects of structural turnout suits on firefighter range of motion and comfort}, volume={60}, ISSN={0014-0139 1366-5847}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1229044}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2016.1229044}, abstractNote={Range of motion (ROM) can be restricted by wearing stiff and bulky clothing. This is particularly true of firefighter suits that are constructed using fabric layers to provide thermal protection from fire. This study developed an evaluation technique to quantify the loss of mobility associated with wearing firefighters' protective suits that were deliberately selected to represent similar ergonomic design features. The ROM of 10 firefighters was measured using electro-goniometers attached to their bodies while they wore uniforms and a reference outfit, and performed specific movements. The most restrictive uniform is the Bulky suit that contained additional layers of materials in sleeves and on the knees. The Traditional Suit was more ROM restrictive than Ergonomic. The subjective evaluation of suits supported the objective assessments provided by the electro-goniometers. A 3-D body scanning technique was employed to establish a correlation between the bulkiness of firefighter outfits and subject ROM. Practitioner Summary: This study presents a methodology for measurements of range of motion (ROM) in firefighters wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Even small differences in designs of PPE may impact firefighters' ROM, which can be detected by electro-goniometers providing measurements if they are attached along the joint to measure limb angular movement.}, number={7}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ciesielska-Wróbel, Izabela and DenHartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={997–1007} }
 @article{denhartog_walker_barker_2016, title={Total heat loss as a predictor of physiological response in wildland firefighter gear}, volume={86}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515596926}, DOI={10.1177/0040517515596926}, abstractNote={In most types of protective clothing heat strain is an important issue. The wildland firefighter clothing system in the USA has seen no major revision over the last decades. In this project the wildland firefighter clothing system was studied at the material and the systems level. On the sweating guarded hot plate and the sweating thermal manikin effects of different base layers (cotton and modacrylic) and meta-aramid outer layers of different fabric weights were evaluated. Then, a human subject trial was performed on a limited set of clothing systems to validate the results from materials and manikin testing. The clothing systems were composed of relevant materials for wildland firefighters with extra configurations added to explore the effects of the highest and lowest levels of protection. All measurement techniques were reverted to a calculation of the total heat loss (THL), as predicted from the hot plate and the manikin and compared to the calculated heat loss from the human subjects. The prediction of the heat strain, based on the sweating guarded hot plate only, gives a large overestimation of the actual heat loss in humans. The currently used standard in the USA that utilizes THL values has no link to actual human heat loss. The manikin showed much better comparison to the human data in absolute terms, but in general underestimated heat loss and showed worse overall correlation to the human heat loss data than the hot plate values.}, number={7}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={DenHartog, Emiel A and Walker, Marika A and Barker, Roger L}, year={2016}, pages={710–726} }
 @article{mcquerry_den hartog_barker_ross_2015, title={A review of garment ventilation strategies for structural firefighter protective clothing}, volume={86}, ISSN={0040-5175 1746-7748}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515595029}, DOI={10.1177/0040517515595029}, abstractNote={The purpose of this review article is to evaluate ventilation, within protective clothing, for its benefit towards heat loss. Literature from ventilation studies in the sports apparel, outdoor clothing, military, chemical, and firefighter protection industries will be examined for future research opportunities. Challenges to ventilation such as garment placement, protection, wearability, and durability will be discussed in the context of turnout suits. Ventilation designs will be considered for further evaluation in structural firefighter turnout garments. This article serves as the first comprehensive review of ventilation literature for structural firefighter turnout ensembles. Researchers, technologists, and functional apparel designers may all benefit from such a review. The value of ventilation and its potential contribution to current firefighter turnout research will be discussed.}, number={7}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={McQuerry, Meredith and Den Hartog, Emiel and Barker, Roger and Ross, Kevin}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={727–742} }
 @article{barker_bernard_hinks_liston_jones_singleton_2014, title={Factors Affecting Human Tactile Response to Wash-Treated Garments: Analysis of Fabric and Garment Effects in Dynamic Wear}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2330-5517"]}, DOI={10.14504/ajr.1.1.3}, number={1}, journal={AATCC JOURNAL OF RESEARCH}, author={Barker, Roger and Bernard, Andrew and Hinks, David and Liston, Gail and Jones, Christopher and Singleton, Stephen}, year={2014}, pages={13–23} }
 @article{hummel_barker_lyons_2014, title={Skin Burn Translation Model for Evaluating Hand Protection in Flash Fire Exposures}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1572-8099"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10694-013-0336-7}, number={5}, journal={FIRE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Hummel, Alexander and Barker, Roger and Lyons, Kevin}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1285–1299} }
 @article{bradham_thompson_barker_morton-aslanis_deaton_2013, title={A method for determining off-gassing of protective fabrics exposed to simulated flash fire conditions}, volume={13}, number={6}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Bradham, A. and Thompson, D. and Barker, R. and Morton-Aslanis, J. and Deaton, A. S.}, year={2013}, pages={57–65} }
 @article{ormond_barker_beck_thompson_deaton_2012, title={Factors Influencing the Uptake Rate of Passive Adsorbent Dosimeters Used in the Man-in-Simulant-Test}, volume={1544}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873388951&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp104205}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 9TH VOL: EMERGING ISSUES AND TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan and Barker, Roger and Beck, Keith and Thompson, Donald and Deaton, Shawn}, year={2012}, pages={247–265} }
 @article{bradham_beck_thompson_barker_montero_deaton_2011, title={Analytical techniques for measuring toxic industrial chemicals in CBRN boot materials}, volume={11}, number={6}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Bradham, A. E. and Beck, K. R. and Thompson, D. B. and Barker, R. L. and Montero, G. A. and Deaton, A. S.}, year={2011}, pages={67–72} }
 @article{kim_hinestroza_jasper_barker_2011, title={Application of Electrostatic Force Microscopy on Characterizing an Electret Fiber: Effect of Tip to Specimen Distance on Phase Shift}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1229-9197"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-011-0089-1}, number={1}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kim, J. and Hinestroza, J. P. and Jasper, W. and Barker, R. L.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={89–94} }
 @article{hummel_barker_lyons_deaton_morton-aslanis_2011, title={Development of Instrumented Manikin Hands for Characterizing the Thermal Protective Performance of Gloves in Flash Fire Exposures}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0015-2684"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10694-010-0190-9}, number={3}, journal={FIRE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Hummel, Alexander and Barker, Roger and Lyons, Kevin and Deaton, A. Shawn and Morton-Aslanis, John}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={615–629} }
 @article{barker_heniford_2011, title={Factors affecting the thermal insulation and abrasion resistance of heat resistant hydro-entangled nonwoven batting materials for use in firefighter turnout suit thermal liner systems}, volume={6}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Barker, R. L. and Heniford, R. C.}, year={2011}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{barker_deaton_ross_2011, title={Heat Transmission and Thermal Energy Storage in Firefighter Turnout Suit Materials}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0015-2684"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10694-010-0151-3}, number={3}, journal={FIRE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Barker, Roger L. and Deaton, Anthoney S. and Ross, Kevin A.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={549–563} }
 @article{barker_deaton_liston_thompson_2010, title={A CB Protective Firefighter Turnout Suit}, volume={16}, ISSN={["2376-9130"]}, DOI={10.1080/10803548.2010.11076835}, abstractNote={This paper describes research that developed a prototype chemical and biological (CB) protective firefighter suit. It is presented as a case study demonstrating an integrated systems approach to designing, developing and evaluating a protective clothing ensemble based on end user requirements. It includes a discussion of the process that was used to gain an understanding of firefighter performance needs for a structural turnout suit that also incorporated chemical protection. It describes the design features of the turnout suit that were developed to meet these expectations as well as the program of testing and evaluation used to characterize garment performance. It discusses ensemble level performance evaluations in instrumented fire manikin tests and man-in-stimulant test procedures. It describes studies conducted to determine the impact of prototype garment design features on heat stress, wear comfort and ergonomic function in structural firefighting applications.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS}, author={Barker, Roger and Deaton, Shawn and Liston, Gail and Thompson, Donald}, year={2010}, pages={135–152} }
 @article{kim_jasper_barker_hinestroza_2010, title={Application of Electrostatic Force Microscopy on Characterizing an Electrically Charged Fiber}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1229-9197"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12221-010-0775-4}, number={5}, journal={FIBERS AND POLYMERS}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kim, J. and Jasper, W. and Barker, R. L. and Hinestroza, J. P.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={775–781} }
 @article{kim_hinestroza_jasper_barker_2009, title={Effect of Solvent Exposure on the Filtration Performance of Electrostatically Charged Polypropylene Filter Media}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517508090887}, abstractNote={Solvent-induced performance deterioration in corona charged polypropylene electret filter media was studied. Electret media, exposed to isopropanol (IPA) in the liquid phase, exhibited reduced filtration efficiency with negligible changes in the pressure drop across the media. Scanning electron microscopy imaging indicated no observable morphological changes after IPA exposure. Solvent-induced efficiency deterioration of electret filter media was hypothesized to originate from charge deterioration rather than charge masking. The charge of the individual fibers in filter media was characterized using electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). EFM investigation produced evidence that exposure to IPA in the liquid phase affected the electrostatic charges on fibers. Exposure to organic solvents such as xylene, toluene, and ethyl benzene has been reported to increase charge mobility in polypropylene fibers, thereby reducing the electrostatic charge and the ability of the fibers in the electret filter media to capture particulates.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Kim, Jooyoun and Hinestroza, Juan P. and Jasper, Warren and Barker, R. L.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={343–350} }
 @article{jasper_mohan_hinestroza_barker_2007, title={Degradation processes in corona-charged electret filter-media with exposure to Ethyl Benzene}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics}, author={Jasper, W. J. and Mohan, A. and Hinestroza, J. and Barker, R.}, year={2007}, pages={19–24} }
 @article{li_barker_deaton_2007, title={Evaluating the effects of material component and design feature on heat transfer in firefighter turnout clothing by a sweating manikin}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517507078029}, abstractNote={With a sweating manikin, the heat exchange efficiency through firefighter turnout clothing system from the wearer to the environment and the effects of material component and design feature on heat transfer were evaluated in a climatic chamber. Material component and design feature were varied to measure thermal insulation ( It — in clo units) and moisture permeability index ( im — dimensionless) of firefighter turnout clothing under two circumstances, with openings at the neck, wrists, waist and ankles sealed or not. Two new indices CIt and Cim were proposed to evaluate heat and moisture transfer capabilities of firefighter turnout clothing, which were defined as the changing rates of It and im from conditions of the clothing dressed in a regular way with openings unsealed to the openings sealed. The results showed that CIt indicated the effects of clothing design differences on heat transfer through firefighter turnout clothing, while Cim was dependent greatly on material properties (moisture permeability).}, number={2}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Li, Jun and Barker, Roger L. and Deaton, A. Shawn}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={59–66} }
 @article{laing_niven_barker_porter_2007, title={Response of wool knit apparel fabrics to water vapor and water}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517506069157}, abstractNote={A range of wool knit fabrics designed to be used in garments worn next to or near the skin was examined to establish if differences in responses to water vapor and to water were detectable. The three-block experimental design involved six fabrics (non-dyed), and fabric responses on the dynamic sweating hotplate and on the gravimetric absorbency testing system (GATS) were determined. Some differences among the fabrics were detectable (e.g. %RH at the initial rise and at equilibrium, %RH rate of rise, temperature differences in the initial phase and at equilibrium, specific maximum absorbent capacity, flow rate) but many were not. For this set of wool knit fabrics, mass and thickness were typically linked to the temperature variables from the dynamic sweating hotplate, and bulk density linked to a few variables from the GATS.}, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Laing, R. M. and Niven, B. E. and Barker, R. L. and Porter, J.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={165–171} }
 @article{jasper_hinestroza_mohan_kim_shiels_gunay_thompson_barker_2006, title={Effect of xylene exposure on the performance of electret filter media}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0021-8502"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.06.008}, abstractNote={Performance degradation of electret filter media when exposed to xylene was investigated using a custom-made exposure apparatus. Three types of electret filter media were exposed to xylene in liquid and gas phases. Experimental data indicated that the penetration percentage of di-octyl-phtalate (DOP) aerosols through electret filter media was not influenced by exposure to xylene vapors for periods up to 8 h. The filtration performance for all three types of electret filter media decreased over 30% when the samples were exposed to liquid xylene. Pressure drop changes of the filter media prior and after exposure to liquid xylene were statistically negligible. Neither morphological changes nor degradation of the polymer fibers were observed after exposure of the filter media samples to liquid xylene. Thermodynamic simulations were performed to determine the molar flux of liquid and gas phases through the filter media specimens. Experimental results obtained via capillary gas chromatography were within 4% of the predicted values. The decrease in performance was attributed to changes in the density and spatial distribution of the electret charges on the surface of the polymer fibers.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Jasper, W. and Hinestroza, J. and Mohan, A. and Kim, J. and Shiels, B. and Gunay, M. and Thompson, D. and Barker, R.}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={903–911} }
 @article{barker_guerth-schacher_grimes_hamouda_2006, title={Effects of moisture on the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing in low-level radiant heat exposures}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517506053947}, abstractNote={This paper describes research on the effects of absorbed moisture on the thermal protective performance of the fire fighter turnout materials exposed to thermal assaults lower than flashover conditions. A thermal testing platform and sensor are used to measure thermal protective performance of turnout systems exposed to a sub flashover heat flux range 6.3 kw/m2 (0.15 cal/ cm2 s). The effects of moisture level on predicted second-degree burn injury for turnout systems having different moisture vapor permeability and total heat loss are discussed. Heat transfer analysis and experimental results show that, for selected test conditions, moisture negatively impacts protective performance most severely when the amount of added moisture is at a comparatively low level (15–20% of turnout system weight).}, number={1}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Barker, RL and Guerth-Schacher, C and Grimes, RV and Hamouda, H}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={27–31} }
 @article{chitrphiromsri_kuznetsov_song_barker_2006, title={Investigation of feasibility of developing intelligent firefighter-protective garments based on the utilization of a water-injection system}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1521-0634"]}, DOI={10.1080/10407780500359869}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This research develops a new approach to designing and creating a prototype of an intelligent firefighter thermal-protective garment. During a flash fire exposure, this intelligent garment will absorb a significant amount of the incident heat flux due to evaporation of the injected water, thus limiting the temperature increase and the total heat flux to the firefighter's skin. A comprehensive mathematical model of heat and mass transport in the fabric layer during the flash fire exposure is suggested and numerically implemented using a finite-volume technique. A computational investigation is performed to optimize the performance of this novel garment system in terms of the activation temperature and the necessary amount of injected water.}, number={5}, journal={NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART A-APPLICATIONS}, author={Chitrphiromsri, P and Kuznetsov, AV and Song, G and Barker, RL}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={427–450} }
 @article{li_wang_zhang_barker_2005, title={Cold sensitivity differences between body sections under clothing}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750507500304}, abstractNote={The sensitivity of the human body to the perception of cold varies over sections of the body. Wear trials conducted for this research show that different locations on the body respond differently to cold stimuli, especially with respect to the degree of local skin temperature decrease, the relationship between the local skin temperature decrease and elapsed time, and subjective cold sensitivity sequences, but some adjacent body sections have similar characteristics. The torso of the body is the most sensitive, followed by the thighs, upper limbs, and calves. Body sections closer to the core of the body are more sensitive to cold stimulation than are limbs.}, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Li, J and Wang, YY and Zhang, WY and Barker, RL}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={208–212} }
 @article{yoo_barker_2005, title={Comfort properties of heat resistant protective workwear in varying conditions of physical activity and environment. Part II: Perceived comfort response to garments and its relationship to fabric properties}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517505054190}, abstractNote={Controlled garment wear trials are used to evaluate comfort response to a well-characterized set of heat-resistant workwear materials. Multiple categories of perceived comfort reactions to garment wear in diverse conditions are explained in terms of measured fabric properties assessed in Part I. The important role of fabric surface character, especially surface roughness and predicted skin contact area, is revealed. Fabric sweat management, measurable using a modified demand wettability test, is also identified as a useful predictor of moisture-related skin contact sensations. Heat-resistant fabric designs incorporating structural features that minimize skin contact, while also providing liquid absorption capacity, are predicted to show enhanced comfort performance. Blending of hydrophilic fibers and wicking finishes, however, do not necessarily improve the comfort perceptions in the tested scenarios. Selected fabric thermophysiological and sensorial properties are closely correlated with subjective comfort responses and the relationships are dependent on the wear conditions. Surface geometric roughness (SMD), number of contact points ( n k ), and bending and shear rigidities are the decisive properties related to the tactile comfort. The vapor buffering index ( B d ) and liquid management properties, such as absorbent capacity ( V), initial rate ( Q 1 ), and wet cling index ( i k ) are the correlated indicators of nonabsorbency, clinginess, and sensation of clamminess. In particular, apparent water ratio ( A/ T), which can be assessed by a modified demand wettability test, is a good predictor of perception of clamminess in the cool-down period after exercise or a hot situation.}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Yoo, S and Barker, RL}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={531–539} }
 @article{yoo_barker_2005, title={Comfort properties of heat-resistant protective workwear in varying conditions of physical activity and environment. Part I: Thermophysical and sensorial properties of fabrics}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517505053949}, abstractNote={This series of studies investigates the impact of thermophysiologial and sensorial properties and end-use conditions of heat-resistant protective workwear on the wear comfort response. In Part I of this paper, material features and test methods are screened to obtain fabric characteristics that explain wear comfort effectively. Thermophysiological and sensorial properties including liquid moisture transfer properties are assessed for six heat resistant workwear materials with different fiber content, yarn property, weave type, and functional finishes. Based on the thermophysical values, small differences among the test garments are predicted. Measured sensorial properties, obtained from fabric mechanical, surface, and liquid moisture management properties, provide more distinctive comparisons. The remaining moisture ( A) is calculated from the evaporated ( E) and total driven ( T) water to predict the sensation of clamminess after sweating. Results from surface roughness, contact area, and wet cling analysis show that softer yarns, finer fibers and twill weaves produce measurably smoother fabrics with small contact. Also, effects of hydrophilic fiber blending and wicking finishes on the moisture management properties are examined. The former does not affect the liquid moisture management properties while the latter measurably enhances the absorption rate. These results are discussed in relation to the wear comfort response in varying conditions of physical activity and ambient environments in Part II of this paper.}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Yoo, S and Barker, RL}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={523–530} }
 @article{song_barker_grimes_thompson_2005, title={Comparison of methods used to predict the burn injuries in tests of thermal protective fabrics}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1520/jai12117}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to compare the two methods, Henriques Burn Integral and Stoll criteria, in thermal protective performance evaluation on firefighter clothing composites exposed to various thermal hazards. The thermal hazards that the firefighter may encounter during fire fighting are low level thermal radiation and high intensity flashover fire. With the simulation of these thermal hazards in the lab, the heat flux behind exposed clothing composites are characterized with flux rise rate and peak heat flux. Comparisons were performed on the prediction differences of clothing system made using Henriques Burn integral and Stoll criteria under different conditions. The study demonstrated that in some cases less difference is predicted by the two methods, while in other cases a significant difference is observed. Several recommendations were made for the qualitative prediction of garment and fabric thermal protective performance under different situations.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of ASTM International}, author={Song, G. and Barker, R.L. and Grimes, D.R. and Thompson, D.}, year={2005} }
 @article{jasper_hinestroza_mohan_thompson_barker_2005, title={Effect of phase of toluene on filtration performance of electret filter media against di-octyl-phthalate aerosols}, volume={22}, journal={Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection}, author={Jasper, W. and Hinestroza, J. and Mohan, A. and Thompson, D. and Barker, R.L.}, year={2005}, pages={97–105} }
 @article{prahsarn_barker_gupta_2005, title={Moisture vapor transport behavior of polyester knit fabrics}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/0040517505053811}, abstractNote={A test method that measures microclimate drying time is used to compare the ability of different knit materials to dissipate moisture vapor from a saturated clothing environment to the ambient atmosphere. The performance assessment provided by this novel method is compared with those from common test methods. The latter include measures of the moisture vapor transmission rate provided by the upright cup and the evaporative thermal resistance provided by the sweating guarded hot plate procedure. Upright cup and sweating hot plate measurements are shown to be predominately influenced by fabric thickness, but microclimate drying time, or the time-dependent dissipation of accumulated moisture vapor, assessed by the new method is most influenced by the pore characteristics of the fabric. Moisture vapor transmission through fabrics is assumed to be controlled mostly by fiber, yarn, and fabric variables that determine fabric thickness and porosity. Therefore, constructional variables that lead to thin knit structures, with unobstructed interyarn pores, are shown to be important considerations for designing fabrics with optimum moisture vapor dissipation properties.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Prahsarn, C and Barker, RL and Gupta, BS}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={346–351} }
 @inproceedings{song_barker_2004, title={A study of thermal characterization in simulated flash fire exposures}, ISBN={9780803134881}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: global needs and emerging markets: 8th symposium}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International}, author={Song, G. and Barker, R.L.}, editor={P. Yarborough and Nelson, C. N.Editors}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{song_barker_grimes_2004, title={Analyzing thermal stored energy and clothing thermal protective performance}, ISBN={9780935803143}, booktitle={4th International Conference on Safety & Protective Fabrics: solutions and opportunities for the safety and protective fabrics industry: conference proceedings}, publisher={Roseville (MN) : Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Song, G. and Barker, R.L. and Grimes, R.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{song_barker_2004, title={Comparison of methods used to predict burn injuries in various thermal hazards}, ISBN={9780803134881}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: global needs and emerging markets: 8th symposium}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International}, author={Song, G. and Barker, R.L.}, editor={P. Yarborough and Nelson, C. N.Editors}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{li_barker_deaton_2004, title={Effects of material combinations on heat loss of firefighter turnout clothing evaluated by an advanced sweating manikin}, ISBN={9781870372619}, booktitle={"Quality textiles for quality life": proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC): May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China}, publisher={Manchester, UK: Textile Institute}, author={Li, J. and Barker, R.L. and Deaton, A.S.}, year={2004} }
 @article{song_barker_thompson_grimes_2004, title={Effects of simulated flash fire and variations in skin model on manikin fire test}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1520/jai12116}, abstractNote={An established numerical model of a manikin fire test, which has the capability of predicting heat transfer through thermally protective clothing exposed to an intense heat environment, is described in this paper. The model considers the fire characteristics simulated in a manikin chamber as well as the insulating air layers between protective garments and the skin surface. The numerical model is applied to analyze the effects of simulated flash fire and variations in a skin model on a manikin test. The study demonstrates that the heat flux measured by 122 thermal sensors over the surface of the manikin exhibits a bell-shaped Gaussian distribution for a short duration in calibration burn. A series of flash fire data with different distributions was generated statistically, and the effects on burn predictions were investigated. The results suggest that the fire distribution affects the burn predictions for 4 s of exposure. The effects of initial temperature distribution, thermal properties, as well as involvement of blood perfusion in a skin model on burn predictions are also discussed. The model predictions demonstrate that the initial temperature distribution in a skin model has a large effect on burn predictions for a one-layer garment exposed to short duration flash fire conditions.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of ASTM International}, author={Song, G. and Barker, R.L. and Thompson, D. and Grimes, R.}, year={2004} }
 @article{song_barker_2004, title={Effects of variations in skin model on evaluation of thermal protective clothing performance}, volume={4}, number={11}, journal={AATCC Review}, author={Song, G. W. and Barker, R.}, year={2004}, pages={21–24} }
 @article{song_barker_hamouda_kuznetsov_chitrphiromsri_grimes_2004, title={Modeling the thermal protective performance of heat resistant garments in flash fire exposures}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407401201}, abstractNote={This research developes a numerical model to predict skin burn injury resulting from heat transfer through a protective garment worn by an instrumented manikin exposed to laboratory-controlled flash fire exposures. This model incorporates characteristics of the simulated flash fire generated in the chamber and the heat-induced changes in fabric thermophysical properties. The model also accounts for clothing air layers between the garment and the manikin. The model is validated using an instrumented manikin fire test system. Results from the numerical model help contribute to a better understanding of the heat transfer process in protective garments exposed to intense flash fires, and to establishing systematic methods for engineering materials and garments to produce optimum thermal protective performance.}, number={12}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Song, GW and Barker, RL and Hamouda, H and Kuznetsov, AV and Chitrphiromsri, P and Grimes, RV}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={1033–1040} }
 @article{yoo_barker_2004, title={Moisture management properties of heat-resistant workwear fabrics - Effects of hydrophilic finishes and hygroscopic fiber blends}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051750407401110}, abstractNote={This study examines the liquid moisture transfer properties of a selected group of heat-resistant workwear fabrics using a demand wettability test. The Gravimetric Absorbent Testing System procedure is modified and developed to assess the effects of wicking finish treatment and hygroscopic fibers on workwear fabrics. Unlike the simple vertical method of measuring wicking, the procedure adopted in this study produces informative results for moisture management characteristics and wearer comfort of textile materials. The absorption capacity, instantaneous rate of absorption, and evaporation/absorption ratio of five different heat-resistant workwear fabrics are determined and discussed. Results show that the wicking treatment of aramid fabrics noticeably increases their rate of absorption but does not affect their absorption capacity and water vapor absorption. The flame resistant rayon blends have improved vapor absorption properties but adversely affected liquid moisture management properties. Since the cotton fabric shows the highest percentage of remaining water after the evaporation test, a garment made of this fabric may generate a clammy feeling despite its superior absorbent capacity and rate of absorption.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Yoo, S and Barker, RL}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={995–1000} }
 @inproceedings{song_barker_2004, title={Numerical analysis of Kevlar/ PBI and Nomex IIIA thermal protective garments in simulated flash fire exposures}, ISBN={9781870372619}, booktitle={"Quality textiles for quality life": proceedings of the Textile Institute 83rd World Conference (83rd TIWC): May 23-27, 2004, Shanghai, China}, publisher={Manchester, UK: Textile Institute}, author={Song, G. and Barker, R.L.}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{deaton_barker_2004, title={The effect of air layers on heat loss through protective clothing systems}, ISBN={9780803134881}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: global needs and emerging markets: 8th symposium}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International}, author={Deaton, A.S. and Barker, R.L.}, editor={P. Yarborough and Nelson, C. N.Editors}, year={2004} }
 @inproceedings{deaton_barker_thompson_2002, title={An advanced sweating manikin for measuring the heat stress of protective clothing}, booktitle={Textile Technology Forum: October 23, 2002, proceedings 2002, IFAI Expo 2002, October 24-26, 2002, Charlotte, N.C. USA}, publisher={Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Deaton, A.S. and Barker, R. and Thompson, D.}, year={2002} }
 @article{barker_2002, title={From fabric hand to thermal comfort: The evolving role of objective measurement in explaining human comfort response to textiles}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1108/09556220210437158}, abstractNote={This paper traces the evolution of objective measurement of textile hand and comfort from Pierce through modern methodology and approaches. Special emphasis is given to discuss the contribution of the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) towards advancing the state of objective measurement. Laboratory case studies are used to show how data generated by the KES and other instruments can be integrated into a comprehensive approach that attempts to explain human comfort response to garment wear in terms of fabric mechanical, surface and heat and moisture transfer properties.}, journal={International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology}, author={Barker, R. L.}, year={2002}, pages={181–200} }
 @inproceedings{barker_guerth-schacher_2002, title={Moisture absorption in advanced heat resistant clothing systems}, booktitle={2nd AUTEX Conference: Textile engineering at the dawn of a new millenium: an exciting challenge, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bruges, Belgium, 1-3 July 2002}, author={Barker, R.L. and Guerth-Schacher, C.}, year={2002}, pages={439–450} }
 @inproceedings{barker_guerth-schacher_hamouda_grimes_2002, title={Moisture effects on the thermal protective performance of firefighter turnout suits}, booktitle={Textile Technology Forum: October 23, 2002, proceedings 2002, IFAI Expo 2002, October 24-26, 2002, Charlotte, N.C. USA}, publisher={Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Barker, R.L. and Guerth-Schacher, C. and Hamouda, H. and Grimes, R.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{barker_hamouda_johnson_shalev_bender_2001, title={Comparison of heat sensors for use in evaluating the thermal protective performance of clothing}, ISBN={9780791835470}, booktitle={2001 advances in bioengineering: presented at the 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition: November 11-16, 2001, New York, New York}, publisher={New York, N.Y. : American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, author={Barker, R.L. and Hamouda, H. and Johnson, J. and Shalev, I. and Bender, I.}, year={2001} }
 @article{prezant_barker_stull_king_rotanz_malley_bender_guerth_kelly_2001, title={The impact of protective hoods and their water content on the prevention of head burns in New York City firefighters: Laboratory tests and field results}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0273-8481"]}, DOI={10.1097/00004630-200103000-00015}, abstractNote={The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) is the largest fire department in the United States. In 1996, FDNY added the thermal protective hood to its modern protective uniform. The purpose of this study is to determine 1) the effectiveness of hoods in reducing head burns and 2) whether hood water content (dry, damp, or saturated) affects the level of thermal protection. Laboratory tests (radiant heat performance, thermal protective performance, and fully dressed manikin) and FDNY field results were used. Laboratory tests evaluated 4 different conditions (no hood, dry, damp, and saturated hoods) exposed to 4 different heat fluxes (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 2.0 cal/cm2/sec) equivalent to approximate air temperatures of 200, 400, 600, and 2,250 degrees F. Field results compared FDNY head burns during 3 winters wearing the hood to 3 winters without hood. Wearing a hood dramatically reduced head burns. This was true for all laboratory tests, at all heat flux exposures, and all hood water content conditions. At 0.1 cal/cm2/sec, dry hoods were superior to wet hoods. At all other heat flux exposures, thermal protection was either not significantly different between water content conditions or improved as water content increased. Confirming these laboratory tests, FDNY field results showed significant decreases in neck burns (by 54%), ear burns (by 60%), and head burn totals (by 46%). Based on combined laboratory and field results, we strongly recommend the use of modern thermal protective hoods.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF BURN CARE & REHABILITATION}, author={Prezant, DJ and Barker, RL and Stull, JO and King, SJ and Rotanz, RA and Malley, KS and Bender, M and Guerth, C and Kelly, KJ}, year={2001}, pages={165–178} }
 @article{prezant_malley_barker_guerth-schacher_kelly_2001, title={Thermal protective uniforms and hoods: impact of design modification and water content on burn prevention in new york city firefighters: Laboratory and field results}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1136/ip.7.suppl_1.i43}, abstractNote={<i>Objectives</i>—To determine (1) the effectiveness of hoods in reducing head burns, (2) the impact of clothes worn under the protective outer uniform (modern = long sleeve shirt and long pants; modified modern = short sleeve T-shirt and short pants) on burns, and (3) whether water content (dry, damp or saturated) affects the level of thermal protection. <i>Setting</i>—Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY). <i>Methods</i>—Laboratory tests (fully dressed manikin) evaluated the different uniform and water conditions when exposed to an average 24 cal/cm<sup>2</sup> heat flux, approximately 2250°F air temperature. FDNY field results compared (1) head burns during winters wearing the hood to winters without hood and (2) upper and lower extremity burns during summers wearing traditional, modern, and modified modern uniforms. <i>Results</i>—Laboratory tests showed that thermal protection was: (1) dramatically improved by the hood with protection increasing as water content increased and (2) not significantly different between modern and modified modern uniforms, regardless of water content. FDNY field results confirmed these tests showing (1) significant decreases in neck burns (by 54%), ear burns (by 60%), and head burn totals (by 46%) wearing the hood and (2) no significant differences in upper or lower extremity burns wearing modern compared with modified modern uniforms. <i>Conclusions</i>—Based on combined laboratory and field results, we strongly recommend the use of modern thermal protective hoods and the modified modern uniform.}, journal={IP Online: Injury Prevention}, author={Prezant, D.J. and Malley, K.S. and Barker, R.L. and Guerth-Schacher, C. and Kelly, K.}, year={2001}, pages={43–49} }
 @inproceedings{barker_mccord_brown_deaton_2000, title={Comfort and barrier effectiveness of microporous films and laminates}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14437s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and McCord, Marian and Brown, J.Z. and Deaton, A.S.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barker_myhre_scruggs_shalev_prasharn_miszko_2000, title={Effect of measured heat loss through turnout materials in firefighter comfort and heat stress part I: Performance in a mild environment}, ISBN={9780803128699}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and Myhre, L. and Scruggs, B. and Shalev, I. and Prasharn, C. and Miszko, T.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{mccord_deaton_barker_2000, title={Effects of fabric compression on the results of liquid penetration testing}, volume={7}, ISBN={9780803128699}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={McCord, M.G. and Deaton, A.S. and Barker, R.L.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @article{barker_scruggs_shalev_2000, title={Evaluating operating room gowns: Comparing comfort of nonwoven and woven materials}, volume={9}, number={1}, journal={International Nonwovens Journal}, author={Barker, R. L. and Scruggs, B. and Shalev, I.}, year={2000}, pages={23–29} }
 @inproceedings{barker_mccord_deaton_2000, title={Liquid penetration pressures for fabrics tested in compression}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14462s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and McCord, Marian and Deaton, A.S.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barker_guerth_behnke_bender_2000, title={Measuring the thermal energy stored in firefighter protective clothing}, volume={7}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14433s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and Guerth, C. and Behnke, W.P. and Bender, M.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barker_prezant_bender_kelly_2000, title={Predicting the impact of a design change from modern to modified modern firefighting uniforms on burn injuries using manikin fire tests}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14448s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and Prezant, D.J. and Bender, M. and Kelly, K.J.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{shalev_barker_mccord_tucker_lisk_2000, title={Protective textile particle penetration}, volume={7}, ISBN={9780803104617}, DOI={10.1520/stp14442s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing :  issues and priorities for the 21st century}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA:  ASTM}, author={Shalev, I. and Barker, R.L. and McCord, Marian and Tucker, P.A. and Lisk, B.R.}, editor={R. L. Barker and Coletta, G. C.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barker_2000, title={Small and large scale assessment of thermal protective performance of protective clothing materials}, booktitle={Second international conference on safety & protective fabrics: a technical focus on textile and material development for personal protection}, publisher={Roseville (MN) : Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Barker, R.L.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{mccord_rajagopalan_barker_2000, title={The relationship between porosity and barrier effectiveness of some shell fabrics used in protective apparel}, volume={7}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14453s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={McCord, Marian and Rajagopalan, K.L. and Barker, R.L.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barker_2000, title={Thermal measurements}, booktitle={Conference information & proceedings :  April 26-28, 2000 Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Arlington, VA}, publisher={Roseville, MN:  Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Barker, R.L.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{barker_hamouda_johnson_shalev_bender_1999, title={Comparison of heat sensors for use in evaluating the thermal protective performance of clothing materials}, ISBN={9780803128699}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Hamouda, H. and Johnson, J. and Shalev, I. and Bender, M.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barker_myhre_scruggs_shalev_prasharn_miszko_1999, title={Effects of measured heat loss through turnout material in firefighter comfort and heat stress part I: Performance in a mild environment}, volume={7}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14467s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Myhre, L. and Scruggs, B. and Shalev, I. and Prasharn, C. and Miszko, T.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barker_myhre_scruggs_shalev_prasham_miszko_1999, title={Effects of measured heat loss through turnout material in firefighter comfort and heat stress part II: Performance in a warm environment}, ISBN={9780803128699}, DOI={10.1520/stp14468s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Myhre, L. and Scruggs, B. and Shalev, I. and Prasham, C. and Miszko, T.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barker_mccord_zinglemann_1999, title={Prediction of barrier properties of microporous membranes used in protective clothing}, ISBN={9780803128699}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing: issues and priorities for the 21st century. Seventh volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and McCord, M.G. and Zinglemann, J.L.}, editor={C.N. Nelson and Henry, N.W.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{barker_hamouda_shalev_johnson_1999, title={Review and evaluation of thermal sensors for use in testing firefighter protective clothing: Final report}, booktitle={Response of high performance concrete to fire conditions : review of thermal property data and measurement techniques}, publisher={Gaithersburg, MD : National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory}, author={Barker, R.L. and Hamouda, H. and Shalev, I. and Johnson, J.}, year={1999} }
 @book{barker_hamouda_shalev_johnson_1999, title={Review and evaluation of thermal sensors for use in testing firefighters protective clothing: Annual report}, number={1999 Mar.}, journal={National Institute of Standards and Technology (BFRL), Gaithersburg, MD. Mar. 1999. 78 p. Report: NIST/GCR99/773}, author={Barker, R. L. and Hamouda, H. and Shalev, I. and Johnson, J.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barker_choi yoo_shalev_scruggs_1999, title={Thermophysical and sensorial properties of heat resistant workwear materials. part I: Instrument analysis of fabric properties}, booktitle={Textile Technology Forum: IFAI Expo 1999, October 28-30, 1999, San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, Calif. USA}, publisher={Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Barker, R.L. and Choi Yoo, C. and Shalev, I. and Scruggs, B.}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{barker_choi yoo_shalev_scruggs_1999, title={Thermophysical and sensorial properties of heat resistant workwear materials. part II: Perceived comfort response to garments}, booktitle={Textile Technology Forum: IFAI Expo 1999, October 28-30, 1999, San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, Calif. USA}, publisher={Roseville, MN: Industrial Fabrics Association International}, author={Barker, R.L. and Choi Yoo, C. and Shalev, I. and Scruggs, B.}, year={1999} }
 @misc{hamouda_barker_millsaps_1998, title={Apparatus for simulating the thermoregulatory responses of human skin and related method for predicting fabric comfort level}, volume={5,749,259}, number={1998 May 12}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hamouda, H. and Barker, R. L. and Millsaps, D. S.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{barker_scruggs_shalev_1998, title={Comparison of the comfort properties of nonwoven and woven fabrics in operating room gowns}, booktitle={Book of papers: INDA-TEC 98, largest International Nonwovens Conference: September 15-17, 1998, Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, NJ.}, publisher={Cary, NC : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Barker, R. and Scruggs, B.J. and Shalev, I.}, year={1998} }
 @article{rajagopalan_mccord_barker_1997, title={A novel apparatus for measuring the penetration of chemical vapors through air permeable materials}, volume={1273}, ISBN={["0-8031-2402-3"]}, ISSN={["1071-5827"]}, DOI={10.1520/stp19889s}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 6TH VOLUME}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Rajagopalan, K and McCord, MG and Barker, RL}, year={1997}, pages={16–25} }
 @inproceedings{lisk_barker_mccord_shalev_tucker_1997, title={Aerosol barrier efficiency test method for wide range of fabrics}, ISBN={9780803124028}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing.  Sixth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA:  ASTM}, author={Lisk, B. and Barker, R.L. and McCord, M.G. and Shalev, I. and Tucker, P.A.}, editor={J. O. Stull and Schwope, A. D.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{barker_tucker_mccord_shalev_wilderson-barnes_1997, title={Blood borne hazards protective apparel with reasonable comfort}, ISBN={9780803124028}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA :  ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Tucker, P.A. and McCord, M.G. and Shalev, I. and Wilderson-Barnes, R.}, editor={J. O. Stull and Schwope, A. D.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @article{barnes_mccord_tucker_barker_shalev_zingelmann_1997, title={Bloodborne hazard protective apparel with reasonable comfort}, volume={1273}, ISBN={["0-8031-2402-3"]}, ISSN={["1071-5827"]}, DOI={10.1520/stp19902s}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 6TH VOLUME}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barnes, CR and McCord, MG and Tucker, PA and Barker, RL and Shalev, I and Zingelmann, JL}, year={1997}, pages={176–189} }
 @inproceedings{millsaps_hamouda_barker_1997, title={Novel sweating hot plate for simulating the thermoregulatory behavior of human skin}, volume={6}, ISBN={9780803124028}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing.  Sixth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA:  ASTM}, author={Millsaps, D.S. and Hamouda, H. and Barker, R.L.}, editor={J. O. Stull and Schwope, A. D.Editors}, year={1997} }
 @inproceedings{barker_halin_mulligan_hamouda_1996, title={A one-dimensional finite element model of heat transfer through human skin and burn damage assessment}, ISBN={9780803119871}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Halin, J.J. and Mulligan, J.C. and Hamouda, H.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{halin_hamouda_mulligan_barker_behnke_soroka_1996, title={A sensitivity study of variable-property skin burn model considering the variability of water contents}, ISBN={9780803119871}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Halin, J.J. and Hamouda, H. and Mulligan, J.C. and Barker, R.L. and Behnke, W.P. and Soroka, T.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={592–606} }
 @inproceedings{barker_hersh_maini_scruggs_sood_tucker_wu_1996, title={Aerosol protective fabrics and their comfort}, ISBN={9780803119871}, DOI={10.1520/stp14079s}, abstractNote={Protective and conventional fabrics are being investigated with emphasis on comfort as well as aerosol and chemical protection efficacy. Broad assault protection is assessed by measuring aerosol barrier efficiency using aerosolized polystyrene latex spheres and by measuring chemical protection using ASTM Standard Test Method for Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials to Penetration by Liquids (F-903) with acetone, methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. Comfort impact is assessed by the permeability index, im, which is the ratio of the thermal to evaporative resistance of the fabric normalized to the same ratio for still air. These data indicate that particulate penetration is a function of fabric structure and particle diameter. They verify the theoretically derived mechanisms by which fabrics trap particles in aerosols: larger particles are trapped by impact with fiber surfaces, while smaller particle penetration is governed by diffusion processes. Results of these tests define a window of opportunity where both barrier efficiency and permeability index might be jointly optimized for the benefit of the wearer.}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Hersh, S.P. and Maini, S.M. and Scruggs, B. and Sood, V. and Tucker, P.A. and Wu, G.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{barker_scruggs_1996, title={Evaluating the performance of fabrics used in nuclear protective apparel}, ISBN={9780803119871}, DOI={10.1520/stp14078s}, abstractNote={The comfort properties of newly developed 100% nylon and 100% polyester fabrics are compared with materials that are currently used in nuclear protective apparel, including a 100% cotton and a polyester/cotton fabric. TheKawabata Evaluation System provided a highly sensitive measure of fabric mechanical and surface properties. A sweating skin model measured heat and moisture transfer properties under various conditions of heat and humidity. Laboratory screening tests were followed by extensive studies to determine actual human reactions to the comfort of the new nylon and control materials and garments. Results of controlled climate chamber wear trials confirmed the overwhelming importance of environmental and work levels on comfort ratings. Before sweat generating exercise and in a moderate environment (21'C, 65%RH), the comfort of nylon coveralls was clearly preferred over identically designed garments made with 100% polyester, and with heavier weight 100% cotton or polyester/cotton fabrics. The comfort rating of all test garments dropped dramatically as wearers were put through an exercise routine, and as test conditions were changed to produce a hot and humid environment (32'C, 90%RH). However, even under more stressful conditions, the comfort of the light weight nylon coverall was preferred over the controls in most cases. The higher absorption capacity of the cotton fabrics was beneficial in comfort comparisons made by the evaluators in a hot and humid environment.}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Scruggs, B.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @inbook{shalev_barker_chen_1996, title={Heat and moisture transfer of multi-layer fabrics}, ISBN={9789652941237}, booktitle={Environmental ergonomics: recent progress and new frontiers}, publisher={London:  Freund}, author={Shalev, I. and Barker, R.L. and Chen, P.L.}, editor={Y. Shapiro, D.S. Moran and Epstein, Y.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{barker_1996, title={Heat and moisture transfer properties of multi-layer fabric assemblies}, ISBN={9789652941237}, booktitle={Environmental ergonomics: recent progress and new frontiers: the 7th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Jerusalem, 27 October-1 November, 1996}, publisher={London ; Tel Aviv : Freund Pub. House}, author={Barker, R.}, editor={Y. Shapiro, D.S. Moran and Epstein, Y.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{barker_1996, title={Heat and moisture transfer properties of multilayer fabric assemblies}, ISBN={9789652941237}, booktitle={Environmental ergonomics : recent pr}, publisher={Tel Aviv : Freund Pub. House}, author={Barker, R.}, editor={Y. Shapiro, D.S. Moran and Epstein, Y.Editors}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{grimes_hamouda_mulligan_barker_behnke_soroka_1996, title={The design of a surface heat flux transducer for use in fabrics thermal protection testing}, ISBN={9780803119871}, DOI={10.1520/stp14097s}, abstractNote={From theoretical considerations, a custom slug calorimeter heat flux transducer was developed for experimental use in the measurement of heat fluxes transferred through layers of fabric to the surface of a human mannequinduring simulated flash fire conditions. This paper describes the determination of the transducer's physical size, its limitations and heat loss considerations, a computer simulation of transducer operation and the evaluation of transient heat flux measurements. The transducer's loss factors were predicted numerically and determined experimentally. The overall performance of the transducer was also examined under varying simulated applied heat flux input.}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Grimes, R.V. and Hamouda, H. and Mulligan, J.C. and Barker, R.L. and Behnke, W.P. and Soroka, T.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={607–624} }
 @inproceedings{barker_hamouda_behnke_pawar_1994, title={Applying instrumented manikin technology for testing the fire resistance of protective garments}, ISBN={9780803119871}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Hamouda, H. and Behnke, W.P. and Pawar, M.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{barker_grimes_hamouda_mulligan_1994, title={Design of heat flux transducer for evaluation of fire resistant fabrics}, ISBN={9780803119871}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Grimes, R.V. and Hamouda, H. and Mulligan, J.C.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{barker_allen_rust_shalev_1994, title={Development of a mechanical stylus based surface analysis system for soft paper products}, ISBN={9780898529012}, booktitle={Proceedings: 1994 Nonwovens Conference: Grenelefe Conference Center, Orlando, Florida, February 14-16}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI}, author={Barker, R. and Allen, D.B. and Rust, J.P. and Shalev, I.}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{barker_rust_keadle_shalev_1994, title={Evaluation of surface softness of tissue paper products using mechanical stylus scanning, optical image analysis and fuzzy sets}, ISBN={9780898529012}, booktitle={Proceedings: 1994 Nonwovens Conference: Grenelefe Conference Center, Orlando, Florida, February 14-16}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI}, author={Barker, R. and Rust, J.P. and Keadle, T.L. and Shalev, I.}, year={1994} }
 @article{woo_shalev_barker_1994, title={HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER THROUGH NONWOVEN FABRICS .1. HEAT-TRANSFER}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759406400305}, abstractNote={A theoretical model is demonstrated that provides a reliable prediction of thermal transmission through nonwoven structures. The validity of the model is confirmed in experiments that measure the thermal conductivity of various nonwoven barrier fabrics. The model is used to characterize the relative contribution of heat transfer mechanisms to the total heat transmission. It also provides a good explanation of the roles played by fiber and fabric variables in determining the thermal insulation of nonwoven barrier materials.}, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={WOO, SS and SHALEV, I and BARKER, RL}, year={1994}, month={Mar}, pages={149–162} }
 @article{woo_shalev_barker_1994, title={HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER THROUGH NONWOVEN FABRICS .2. MOISTURE DIFFUSIVITY}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759406400402}, abstractNote={The geometric moisture diffusivity model developed by this research indicates that fiber volume fraction and shape coefficient are the most important structural parameters affecting water vapor diffusivity through nonhydrophilic nonwoven fabrics. Water vapor diffusivity decreases with increasing fiber volume fraction and decreases as the flatness of the fiber cross section increases. Although structural properties such as fiber fineness and fabric thickness affect optical porosity, their effect on water vapor diffusivity through nonhygroscopic nonwoven materials is small.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={WOO, SS and SHALEV, I and BARKER, RL}, year={1994}, month={Apr}, pages={190–197} }
 @inproceedings{barker_kim_shalev_1994, title={Softness properties of fabric-like tissues}, ISBN={9780898529012}, booktitle={Proceedings: 1994 Nonwovens Conference: Grenelefe Conference Center, Orlando, Florida, February 14-16}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI}, author={Barker, R. and Kim, J.J. and Shalev, I.}, year={1994} }
 @article{barker_kim_shalev_1994, title={Softness properties of paper towels}, volume={77}, number={10}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Barker, R. and Kim, J. J. and Shalev, I.}, year={1994}, pages={83–89} }
 @article{rust_keadle_allen_shalev_barker_1994, title={TISSUE SOFTNESS EVALUATION BY MECHANICAL STYLUS SCANNING}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759406400306}, abstractNote={A mechanical stylus surface analyzer (MSSA) system and the corresponding software were used to conduct standard surface analysis procedures. The MSSA instrumentation measures surface characteristics of soft bathroom tissue products. This paper describes the applicability of MSSA and how human tactile response may be modeled through characterization of surfaces. The concepts of passive and active touch as related to human perceived softness are reviewed. In particular, parameters pertinent to these kinds of tactile exploration are mentioned, as well as how they can be used to build a better model of human tactile response. A novel frequency analysis parameter called the frequency index for tactile sensitivity (FITS) is based on tissue paper surface analysis results from MSSA and provides the basis for the human response model. Included is a review of subjective human softness evaluation data for select tissues gathered to represent actual human responses. The MSSA and optical image analysis (OIA) data were collected on the same tissues, and the FITS parameter was found using MSSA. Also, MSSA data were used to reproduce an old standard parameter for evaluating tissue softness called the human tactile response (HTR) index. Since it is not possible to exactly reproduce HTR, the reproduced parameter calculated in this study is called HTR equivalent (HTR_EQ). Finally, standard deviation of luminance (SDL) and loosely bonded surface fibers (LBSF) parameters are determined for select tissues using OIA. Correlation results of the human data with FITS, HTR—EQ, SDL, and LBSF are discussed; FITS correlates best with the human response data and, together MSSA and FITS, has the ability to model human response to the softness of tissue paper products.}, number={3}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={RUST, JP and KEADLE, TL and ALLEN, DB and SHALEV, I and BARKER, RL}, year={1994}, month={Mar}, pages={163–168} }
 @inproceedings{barker_geshury_behnke_1994, title={The effect of Nomex?/Kevlar? fiber blend ratio and fabric weight on fabric performance in static and dynamic TPP tests}, ISBN={9780803119871}, DOI={10.1520/stp14095s}, abstractNote={This research provides an understanding of how the weight of Nomex® and Kevlar® fiber blend compositions determine performance of a selected group of single-layer aramid protective fabrics in static and dynamic TPP tests. It demonstrates that material factors controlling fabric barrier and insulative performance are fundamentally different: aramid fabric weight determines the comparative protective performance of these materials in a static TPP test that uses an air gap between the fabric specimen and heat sensor to measure barrier protection. In this test, greater fabric weight slows the rate of fabric heating, prolonging the time required for the fabric to become a significant reradiator of thermal energy. By comparison, heat transfer in a dynamic TPP test used in this study occurs, not only by backside radiation, but by conductive transmission occurring whenever the fabric contacts the instrumented thermal sensor. Thermal transfer can also take place as a result of catastrophic break-open of the test specimen inducted by the mechanical restraints and flexing action of the dynamic tester. In either case, the thermal stability of the aramid fabric material, determined by its strength retention in flames or resistance to heat shrinkage, emerges as a crucial factor determining protective insulation. This research advances a quantitative model for predicting the heat shrinkage of aramid fabrics based on the blend ratio of Kevlar® and Nomex® fibers. This model effectively explains the performance of aramid fabrics in a dynamic TPP test. It explains the role of Kevlar® fibers in stabilizing a Nomex® blend against heat shrinkage and suggests a minimum concentration of Kevlar® to optimize fabric performance in dynamic TPP exposures.}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing. Fifth volume}, publisher={West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and Geshury, A.J. and Behnke, W.P.}, editor={J. S. Johnson and Mansdorf, S.Z.Editors}, year={1994} }
 @article{barker_hamouda_shalev_kim_1993, title={Instrumented methods for measuring the surface frictional properties of softener treated fabric}, volume={25}, number={8}, journal={Textile Chemist and Colorist}, author={Barker, R. and Hamouda, H. and Shalev, I. and Kim, J.}, year={1993}, pages={15–20} }
 @inproceedings{barker_shalev_an_scruggs_1992, title={Comfort properties of single layer aramid workwear fabrics}, booktitle={Proceedings}, publisher={Soesterberg, the Netherlands : Organization for Applied Scientific Research}, author={Barker, R. and Shalev, I. and An, S.K. and Scruggs, B.}, year={1992} }
 @inproceedings{behnke_shalev_scruggs_1992, title={Development of the comfort and thermal protection laboratory facility at North Carolina State University}, ISBN={9780803114302}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing, fourth volume}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA:  ASTM}, author={Behnke, W.P. and Shalev, I. and Scruggs, B.}, editor={J. P. McBriarty and Henry, N. W.Editors}, year={1992} }
 @article{barker_gupta_leek_buchanan_little_1992, title={Directional variations in fabric properties and seam qualification}, volume={4}, number={2/3}, journal={International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology}, author={Barker, R. and Gupta, B. S. and Leek, F. J. and Buchanan, D. R. and Little, T. J.}, year={1992}, pages={71–78} }
 @inproceedings{barker_kim_wang_cowan_1992, title={Fabric hand of cotton interlock knits as affected by polyethylene glycol finish}, booktitle={Book of papers: 1992 International Conference & Exhibition, October 4-7, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta, Ga.}, publisher={Research Triangle Park, N.C. : American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists}, author={Barker, R. and Kim, K.C. and Wang, Y. and Cowan, S.L.}, year={1992} }
 @article{chen_barker_smith_scruggs_1992, title={HANDLE OF WEFT KNIT FABRICS}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759206200404}, abstractNote={Two groups of weft-knitted fabrics, single and double knits, were selected to represent typical summer T-shirts and winter sportswear such as sweaters and other knit tops. Two kinds of analyses were performed: subjective overall handle and primary sensory factors were evaluated using a 99 point polar-word scale, and physical and thermal properties were characterized using the Kawabata evaluation system. Regression analysis was used to relate subjective and objective measurements. The handle of single knits was strongly related to the perception of softness and lightness; the handle of double knits was influenced by the perception of slickness and tightness. Surface friction and weight were associated with the hand ranking of single knits. Fabric surface roughness and bending hysteresis were physical properties that correlated with the hand ranking for double knits. The handle of plain knit loop structures was rated better than that of tuck-loop knits. For summer T-shirt material, single jersey was the preferred choice; for winter sportswear, interlock knits were preferred to other double knits.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={CHEN, PL and BARKER, RL and SMITH, GW and SCRUGGS, B}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={200–211} }
 @article{behnke_geshury_barker_1992, title={THERMO-MAN(R) AND THERMO-LEG - LARGE-SCALE TEST METHODS FOR EVALUATING THERMAL PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE}, volume={1133}, ISBN={["0-8031-1430-3"]}, DOI={10.1520/stp19167s}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING : FOURTH VOLUME}, author={BEHNKE, WP and GESHURY, AJ and BARKER, RL}, year={1992}, pages={266–280} }
 @inproceedings{barker_geshury a._behnke_1991, title={Measuring the effects of intense heat and dynamic mechanical forces on thermal protective fabrics}, ISBN={9780841219854}, booktitle={High-tech fibrous materials: composites, biomedical materials, protective clothing, and geotextiles}, publisher={Washington, DC : American Chemical Society}, author={Barker, R.L. and Geshury A. and Behnke, W.P.}, editor={T. L. Vigo and Turbak, A. F.Editors}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{barker_woo_1991, title={Predicting the comfort of nonwoven barrier fabrics in extreme environments}, booktitle={International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics (4th) Held in Austin, Texas on 1-5 October 1990}, publisher={Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center}, author={Barker, R.L. and Woo, S.S.}, year={1991} }
 @inproceedings{barker_behnke_geshury_1991, title={Thermo-man: Full scale tests of the thermal protective performance of heat resistant fabrics}, booktitle={International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics (4th) Held in Austin, Texas on 1-5 October 1990}, publisher={Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center}, author={Barker, R.L. and Behnke, W.P. and Geshury, A.J.}, year={1991} }
 @article{hatch_woo_barker_radhakrishnaiah_markee_maibach_1990, title={INVIVO CUTANEOUS AND PERCEIVED COMFORT RESPONSE TO FABRIC .1. THERMOPHYSIOLOGICAL COMFORT DETERMINATIONS FOR 3 EXPERIMENTAL KNIT FABRICS}, volume={60}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759006000705}, abstractNote={Using a modified Kawabata Thermolabo apparatus housed in a controlled envi ronmental chamber, we obtained measurements of heat transfer through a specially selected set of jersey knit textile fabrics. We then used analytical models to compute thermal comfort limits based on the experimental values and predetermined estimates of human metabolic activity. The jersey knit fabrics differed primarily on the basis of fiber content: the comparisons were between two knits, both made with 100% polyester fibers of different deniers, and a 100% cotton fabric. This research confirms the results of several previous studies that fabric structural features, not component fibers, are the most important controllers of thermal dissipation in the presence of moisture diffusion. Our results also show that heat transfer is highly related to fabric thickness, bulk density, and air volume fraction. Thermal transfer from a simulated sweating skin surface is strongly correlated with fabric porosity and air permeability.}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HATCH, KL and WOO, SS and BARKER, RL and RADHAKRISHNAIAH, P and MARKEE, NL and MAIBACH, HI}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={405–412} }
 @article{barker_radhakrishnaiah_woo_hatch_markee_maibach_1990, title={INVIVO CUTANEOUS AND PERCEIVED COMFORT RESPONSE TO FABRIC .2. MECHANICAL AND SURFACE RELATED COMFORT PROPERTY DETERMINATIONS FOR 3 EXPERIMENTAL KNIT FABRICS}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759006000809}, abstractNote={Our analyses using Kawabata instruments confirmed significant differences in phys ical and thermal properties of cotton and polyester single jersey knit fabrics. We at tributed observed differences in fabric physical properties to differences between cotton and polyester fibers and in the fineness of component fibers. We judged comparisons to be useful in forecasting tactile comfort and explaining subjective sensations associated with fabric/skin contact.}, number={8}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BARKER, RL and RADHAKRISHNAIAH, P and WOO, SS and HATCH, KL and MARKEE, NL and MAIBACH, HI}, year={1990}, month={Aug}, pages={492–494} }
 @article{hatch_markee_maibach_barker_woo_radhakrishnaiah_1990, title={INVIVO CUTANEOUS AND PERCEIVED COMFORT RESPONSE TO FABRIC .3. WATER-CONTENT AND BLOOD-FLOW IN HUMAN SKIN UNDER GARMENTS WORN BY EXERCISING SUBJECTS IN A HOT, HUMID ENVIRONMENT}, volume={60}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759006000904}, abstractNote={We studied stratum corneum water content, water evaporation from the skin surface, capillary blood flow, and skin temperature under three different garments worn by ten female subjects exercising and resting in a hot, humid environment (29.4°C, 75% RH). Single jersey knit fabrics made from 100% 1.5 denier polyester, 100% 3.5 denier polyester, or 100% cotton were made into long sleeve T-shirts and pants. Measures of stratum corneum water content using a microwave probe, evaporative water loss using an Evaporimeter, capillary blood flow using a laser Doppler velocimetry instrument, as well as skin temperature, were assessed on the upper back at four times during the wear protocol. An analysis of variance showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the noninvasive skin measurements under the three fabrics. Statistically significant differences in the skin measurements did occur as the kind of activity differed during the wear protocol. Results are discussed in terms of the fabric thermal and mechanical data presented in Parts I and II of this series.}, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={HATCH, KL and MARKEE, NL and MAIBACH, HI and BARKER, RL and WOO, SS and RADHAKRISHNAIAH, P}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={510–519} }
 @article{markee_hatch_maibach_barker_radhakrishnaiah_woo_1990, title={INVIVO CUTANEOUS AND PERCEIVED COMFORT RESPONSE TO FABRIC .4. PERCEIVED SENSATIONS TO 3 EXPERIMENTAL GARMENTS WORN BY SUBJECTS EXERCISING IN A HOT, HUMID ENVIRONMENT}, volume={60}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759006001002}, abstractNote={We report on the perceived comfort data collected while ten female subjects exercised in the hot, humid environment ( 29.4°C, 75% RH) wearing garments made from the three experimental knit fabrics. These findings are related to the fabric thermophys iological comfort data reported in Part I, the mechanical and surface related comfort data in Part II, and the skin alteration data in Part III of this series. At four times during the wear protocol (after acclimation, after 10 minutes of wear, after 40 minutes of exercise, and after 20 minutes of rest following exercise), subjects were asked to indicate overall comfort and thermal, wetness, and contact sensations. There was no difference between the fabrics for wetness or thermal sensation, a result explainable in terms of the extremely small differences in water and heat transport data reported in Part I. The thermal insulation, permeability index, and comfort limit values we calculated predict that differences in perceived thermal and wetness sensation should be minimal. Skin temperature was a significant determinant of perceived thermal comfort in our regression model, but capillary blood flow was not. The regression model for wetness sensation showed that stratum corneum water content and evaporative water loss were statistically significant determinants. Use of wetness-related and contact sensation descriptors differed for the three experimental fabrics. Differences in the wetness-related descriptors appear related to the percent water uptake of the fabrics during exercise. Fiber denier and fabric mechanical and surface feature data were useful in explaining the difference in contact sensations. The fabrics differed in perceived overall comfort. In the regression analysis, capillary blood flow was the only physio logical factor with a statistically significant effect on overall comfort. We suspect a link between the mechanical and surface features and capillary blood flow.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={MARKEE, NL and HATCH, KL and MAIBACH, HI and BARKER, RL and RADHAKRISHNAIAH, P and WOO, SS}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={561–568} }
 @misc{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .1. A CRITICAL-REVIEW}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658708}, abstractNote={The mechanics of the bending of yarns and woven fabrics have received considerable attention in the literature. Efforts have been made to obtain analytical relations between yarn-bending behaviour and constituent-fibre properties. In the case of fabrics, the objectives have been to obtain analytical relations between fabric-bending behaviour and constituent-fibre behaviour or yarn behaviour, on the assumption of a given geometrical disposition of fibres or yarns in the fabric. In this paper, a review of these efforts is made. Comparisons of the theoretical models with available experimental observations are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={245–254} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .2. THE CASE OF LINEAR THREAD-BENDING BEHAVIOR}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658709}, abstractNote={In the preceding paper, a critical review of the state of knowledge of the bending behaviour of yarns and woven fabrics was reported. In the present one, an elastica-based computational model of plain-woven fabrics in pure bending is developed. The thread moment/curvature relation is considered to be linear. Various contact conditions at the thread-crossover points are also considered. The threads are further considered to be unset, i.e., if released from the fabric, they would be completely uncrimped. The computational scheme developed requires the minimum interference from the user to solve the associated boundary-value problems.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={255–271} }
 @article{ghosh_batra_barker_1990, title={THE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-WOVEN FABRICS .3. THE CASE OF BILINEAR THREAD-BENDING BEHAVIOR AND THE EFFECT OF FABRIC SET}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405009008658710}, abstractNote={In the preceding paper, an elastica-based computational model of the bending behaviour of plain-woven fabrics assuming linear bending behaviour of the constituent threads, together with appropriate computational techniques, was described. In the present paper, bilinear thread-bending behaviour, as proposed by Huang, is considered. In the first model, the threads were considered to be unset, i.e., if released from the fabric, they would straighten out completely, but in the present paper varying degrees of set are considered for both the earlier model and the present model. The computational scheme developed requires the minimum interference from the user to solve the associated boundary-value problems. Contrary to the earlier work of Skelton and Schoppee, the model predicts an increase in contact forces at the thread-crossover points owing to increasing fabric curvature. This increase is found to be larger for fabrics with higher degrees of set and is in agreement with the observations made by G.M. Abbott, Grosberg, and Leaf. The model also predicts a higher fabric-bending rigidity for an increase in the degree of set. This is in contradiction to earlier observations. The calculated fabric-bending rigidity is generally higher than experimentally obtained values. This is found to be a consequence of yarn cross-sectional deformation during fabric formation or in later processes, even for monofilament woven fabrics.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={GHOSH, TK and BATRA, SK and BARKER, RL}, year={1990}, pages={272–287} }
 @inproceedings{barker_an_stull_1989, title={Measurement of the flammability and thermal ageing of chemical protective suit materials}, ISBN={9780803112971}, DOI={10.1520/stp22935s}, booktitle={Chemical protective clothing performance in chemical emergency response}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA:  ASTM}, author={Barker, R. and An, S.K. and Stull, J.O.}, editor={J.L. Perkins and Stull, J.O.Editors}, year={1989} }
 @inproceedings{barker_woo_1988, title={Comfort properties of nonwoven barrier fabrics}, booktitle={1988 Nonwovens Conference: Opryland, Nashville, TN, April 5-8}, publisher={Atlanta, GA : TAPPI Press}, author={Barker, R. and Woo, S.S.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{barker_an_1988, title={Testing the flammability of materials used in chemical protective suits}, booktitle={Textile Flammability Conference : May 11-13, 1988, Jane S. McKimmon Center, Raleigh, North Carolina}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C. : NCSU}, author={Barker, R.L. and An, S.K.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{barker_anjaria_1988, title={Thermal insulation properties of low density nonwoven battings}, booktitle={INDA/TEC 88 : book of papers : the International Nonwoven Fabrics Conference, May 16-19, 1988, Marriott's Harbor Beach Hotel, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A.}, publisher={New York, NY : INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry}, author={Barker, R.L. and Anjaria, M.K.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{barker_anjaria_1988, title={Thermal insulation properties of low density nonwovens}, booktitle={Idea 88 :  the International Nonwovens Conference & Exposition, October 24 to October 26, 1988, Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.}, publisher={New York:  INDA}, author={Barker, R. and Anjaria, M.K.}, year={1988} }
 @article{barker_lee_1987, title={ANALYZING THE TRANSIENT THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT-RESISTANT FABRICS IN TPP EXPOSURES}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758705700603}, abstractNote={The effect of high intensity heat on the transient thermophysical properties has been investigated for eight protective fabrics made with polybenzimidazole (PBI), Kevlar®, Nomex®, and blends of PBI with Kevlar® or rayon fibers. Exposure conditions used for this study were 2.0 cal/cm 2 .s, 50/50 radiant/convective, and a 2.0 cal/cm 2 .s, 100% radiant heat. An interrupted exposure approach was used to obtain a series of test fabrics exposed for incrementally increasing durations. These samples were ana lyzed offline to determine the effect of timed exposures on properties affecting heat transfer. An analysis of momentary fluctuation reveals that two factors critically de termine the response of heat stable materials in TPP tests: one is the moisture in the fabric and its effect on fabric heating and transmission, and the other is the retention of effective thermal thickness.}, number={6}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BARKER, RL and LEE, YM}, year={1987}, month={Jun}, pages={331–338} }
 @inproceedings{barker_lee_1987, title={Evaluating the thermal protective insulation properties of advanced heat- resistant fabrics}, ISBN={9780938994343}, booktitle={Advanced materials technology '87 : 32nd International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California, April 6-9, 1987}, publisher={Covina, Calif.: The Society}, author={Barker, R.L. and Lee, Y.M.}, year={1987} }
 @article{mohamed_barghash_barker_1987, title={INFLUENCE OF FILLING YARN CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PROPERTIES OF CORDUROY FABRICS WOVEN ON AN AIR-JET LOOM}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758705701106}, abstractNote={The performance of 100% cotton open-end and ring spun yarns on an air-jet loom and their behavior in corduroy fabric are investigated. The amount of twist loss and the twist distribution across the fabric width are determined. The effects of changing yarn count and original twist level on the retained twist and on fabric properties are discussed.}, number={11}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={MOHAMED, MH and BARGHASH, VA and BARKER, RL}, year={1987}, month={Nov}, pages={661–670} }
 @inproceedings{barker_stamper_shalev_1987, title={Measuring protective insulation of fabrics in hot surface contact}, ISBN={9780803111677}, DOI={10.1520/stp26277s}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing :  second symposium}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA:  ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and Stamper, S. and Shalev, I.}, editor={S.Z. Mansdorf, R. Sager and Nielsen, A. P.Editors}, year={1987} }
 @article{barker_lee_1987, title={Thermal protective performance of heat resistant fabrics in various high intensity heat exposures}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1177/004051758705700301}, abstractNote={The thermal protective performance of 21 heat-resistant fabrics made with poly benzimidazole (PBI), aromatic polyamide (aramid), and blends of PBI with aramid or with flame retardant rayon fibers was evaluated in laboratory tests using highly intense exposures to radiant or convective heat sources. The contribution of heat transfer mechanisms to thermal insulation is discussed, as is the degradation behavior of different materials in high intensity heating. Variables important in the development of improved fabrics for thermal protective apparel are identified.}, number={3}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Barker, R. L. and Lee, Y. M.}, year={1987}, pages={123–132} }
 @inproceedings{barker_vohs_1986, title={Assessment of the handle of finished fabrics}, booktitle={Annual international conference and exhibition of AATCC}, publisher={RTP, N.C.: AATCC}, author={Barker, R. and Vohs, K.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barker_wiczinski_wentz_1986, title={Effect of commercial dry cleaning on physical properties of wool fabrics}, booktitle={Annual international conference and exhibition of AATCC}, publisher={RTP, N.C.: AATCC}, author={Barker, R. and Wiczinski, M.E. and Wentz, M.}, year={1986} }
 @article{barker_lee_1986, title={Effect of moisture on the thermal protective performance of heat resistant fabrics}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1177/073490418600400502}, abstractNote={The effect of fabric moisture on thermal insulation properties of twelve heat resistant fabrics made with polybenzimidazole (PBI), aromatic polyamide (aramid) and blends of PBI with aramid or with flame retardant rayon fibers is investigated in several high intensity radiant and convective heat exposures. Three fabric preparations were evaluated: oven dry samples, samples condi tioned in a standard atmosphere (65% R.H., 21 ° C) and samples soaked with liquid water. This research shows that moisture enhances the thermal in sulation of all single layer protective fabrics evaluated against 2.0 cal/cm 2 ·sec mixed convective exposure and against 0.48 cal/cm 2 · sec radiant energy expo sure. Moisture hurts the thermal protective performance (TPP) of the same fabrics in high intensity radiant tests (i.e., 2.0 cal/cm 2 · sec, 100% radiant heat). The mechanisms by which moisture acts to change the TPP of a fabric is discussed in light of fabric heating rates.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Fire Sciences}, author={Barker, R. and Lee, Y.M.}, year={1986}, pages={315–331} }
 @inproceedings{barker_vohs_mohamed_1986, title={Objective evaluation of fabrics woven with air jet yarns, part I: Mechanical and surface properties}, ISBN={9784930953001}, booktitle={Objective measurement: applications to product design and process control}, publisher={Osaka : Textile Machinery Society of Japan}, author={Barker, R. and Vohs, K. and Mohamed, M.}, editor={S. Kawabata, R. Postle and Niwa, MasakoEditors}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barker_vohs_mohamed_1986, title={Objective evaluation of fabrics woven with air jet yarns, part II: Hand properties}, ISBN={9784930953001}, booktitle={Objective measurement: applications to product design and process control}, publisher={Osaka : Textile Machinery Society of Japan}, author={Barker, R.L. and Vohs, K. and Mohamed, M.}, editor={S. Kawabata, R. Postle and Niwa, MasakoEditors}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barker_luckey_vohs_1986, title={Predicting the tailorability of men's suiting from Kawabata measurements}, booktitle={Wool in the eighties : technical seminar}, publisher={Washington, D.C.: The Wool Bureau}, author={Barker, R.L. and Luckey, G. and Vohs, K.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barker_shalev_1986, title={Predicting the thermal protective performance of heat protective fabrics from basic properties}, ISBN={9780803104617}, booktitle={Performance of protective clothing :  a symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee F-23 on Protective Clothing, Raleigh, NC, 16-20 July 1984}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA :  ASTM}, author={Barker, R.L. and Shalev, I.}, editor={R. L. Barker and Coletta, G. C.Editors}, year={1986}, pages={358–375} }
 @article{ghosh_barker_1986, title={Thermal protective performance of PBI and aramid fabrics: Measuring the effects of mechanical stress}, volume={4}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Industrial Fabrics}, author={Ghosh, T.K. and Barker, R.L.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barker_luckey_vohs_1986, title={Using the KES system for objective measurement of fabric quality}, booktitle={Wool in the eighties: technical seminar}, publisher={Washington, D.C. : The Wool Bureau}, author={Barker, R.L. and Luckey, G. and Vohs, K.}, year={1986} }
 @inproceedings{barker_shalev_1985, title={Analyzing the performance of fabrics in TPP exposures}, booktitle={INTERFLAM: International Conference on Flammability ; 1985}, author={Barker, R.L. and Shalev, I.}, year={1985} }
 @article{barker_lee_1985, title={Thermal insulation properties of fabrics in high intensity heat exposures}, volume={68}, number={12}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Barker, R. and Lee, Y. M.}, year={1985} }
 @article{barker_shin_1984, title={EXPERIMENTAL DETECTION OF CAPILLARY ADHESION FORCES BETWEEN SINGLE TEXTILE FIBERS}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758405400906}, abstractNote={A torsion balance arrangement housed in a specially designed chamber was used to study the effect of atmospheric humidity on the normal adhesion of single polyester, nylon, cotton, and glass fibers, which were contacted at right angles. Marked increase in fiber-to-fiber attraction detected at humidities in excess of 60% is attributed to capillary condensation from the vapor phase. Experimental results are interpreted in light of what is known about capillary condensation in small pores and the adsorption of moisture onto fiber surfaces.}, number={9}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BARKER, RL and SHIN, DH}, year={1984}, pages={590–597} }
 @article{shalev_barker_1984, title={PROTECTIVE FABRICS - A COMPARISON OF LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATING THERMAL PROTECTIVE PERFORMANCE IN CONVECTIVE RADIANT EXPOSURES}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758405401003}, abstractNote={Two laboratory methods used to evaluate the ability of fabrics to provide protective insulation against high intensity thermal exposures are compared. These procedures are ASTM D4108-82, a method that uses a single laboratory gas burner as the heat source, and a more versatile method that combines two gas burners and quartz heaters to provide a different mixture of radiant and convective heat. Comparisons are based on a series of tests made on a large group of specialized fabrics that might be used in the construction of protective apparel. Among the fabrics tested are samples made with flame resistant cotton, rayon, and wool, fabrics from glass and ceramic fibers, and fabrics from polyaramids, cross-linked phenolics, modacrylics, polybenzimidazole, and stabilized acrylic fibers. Differences in materials comparisons caused by the test procedure are discussed, especially the difference made by the balance of radiant to convective energy provided by the heat sources. Correlations are made with fiber and fabric properties. Special emphasis is placed on observing the performance of alu minized samples.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={SHALEV, I and BARKER, RL}, year={1984}, pages={648–654} }
 @article{barker_kazmierczak_shalev_1983, title={A computerized approach to evaluating the performance of heat resistant protective fabrics}, volume={4}, journal={Journal of Industrial Fabrics}, author={Barker, R. and Kazmierczak, M. and Shalev, I.}, year={1983} }
 @article{barker_brewster_1983, title={A summary of research on heat resistant fabrics for protective clothing}, volume={44}, DOI={10.1080/15298668391404491}, abstractNote={Research relating to the performance of heat-resistant safety fabrics is referenced. General requirements for fabrics used for thermal protection are discussed, and laboratory methods of testing are summarized. A need is seen for a specific program to evaluate the suitability of the variety of fabrics that might be used in industrial safety apparel.}, number={2}, journal={American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal}, author={Barker, R. and Brewster, E. P.}, year={1983}, pages={123–180} }
 @article{shalev_barker_1983, title={ANALYSIS OF HEAT-TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF FABRICS IN AN OPEN FLAME EXPOSURE}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758305300806}, abstractNote={Experiments measured the transfer of heat through protective fabrics when the exposure is to a convective source (open flame). An instrumented calorimeter located on the opposite side of the fabric measured the heat transferred. Heat flux data were used to compute a burn protective index based on data on the tolerance of human tissue, developed by Stoll. Among the materials analyzed were fabrics made with flame-resistant cotton, rayon, and wool; fabrics from glass and ceramic fibers; and fabrics from polyaramids, novoloids, modacrylic, polybenzimidazole and stabilized acrylic fibers.}, number={8}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={SHALEV, I and BARKER, RL}, year={1983}, pages={475–482} }
 @article{barker_brewster_1982, title={Bibliography of published information of heat resistant fabrics for protective clothing}, volume={9}, journal={Journal of Consumer Product Flammability}, author={Barker, R. and Brewster, E.}, year={1982} }
 @article{barker_brewster_1982, title={Evaluating the flammability and thermal shrinkage of some protective fabrics}, volume={1}, journal={Journal of Industrial Fabrics}, author={Barker, R. and Brewster, E.}, year={1982} }
 @inproceedings{barker_1982, title={Evaluating the new heat resistant fabrics for protective clothing - a systematic approach}, booktitle={Textile Technology Forum '82}, publisher={[St. Paul, Minn.]:  Industrial Fabrics Association International,}, author={Barker, R.L.}, year={1982} }
 @article{barker_scheininger_1982, title={PREDICTING THE HAND OF NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM SIMPLE LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758205201002}, abstractNote={The hand of some spunbonded and spunlaced nonwovens is analyzed. Laboratory tests were conducted and subjective evaluations made to compare the hand of these nonwovens with the hand of some woven fabrics sold into apparel applications. Relationships between hand and quality words such as smoothness, stiffness, and weight are analyzed. Additional correlations are made with measured fabric prop erties, including flex stiffness and elastic modulus. An empirical equation is devel oped for computing hand from simple instrument readings.}, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BARKER, RL and SCHEININGER, MM}, year={1982}, pages={615–620} }
 @inproceedings{barker_mallon_1981, title={Analyzing the handle of some spunbonded and spunlaced nonwovens}, booktitle={Ninth Technical Symposium, Nonwovens in the '80s, years of change :  March 9-11, 1981, Hyatt Regency Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia}, publisher={New York, NY:  The Association}, author={Barker, R.L. and Mallon, M.}, year={1981} }
 @article{barker_yener_1981, title={EVALUATING THE RESISTANCE OF SOME PROTECTIVE FABRICS TO MOLTEN IRON}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758105100807}, abstractNote={This study examines the behavior of twenty-two different protective fabrics, including aluminized and nonaluminized fabrics, in resisting heat transfer and thermal disintegration on impact with molten iron. Maximum heat transferred through the fabrics is measured, and damage is evaluated in a controlled splash test. The ability of these fabrics to resist molten iron is correlated with fabric properties, including thickness and weight, air permeability, and the flammability characteris tics.}, number={8}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BARKER, RL and YENER, M}, year={1981}, pages={533–541} }
 @inproceedings{barker_1981, title={Protective clothing: Evaluating the performance of some asbestos substitutes against molten steel}, volume={6}, booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference on Fire Safety, volume six, 1981 :  papers presented at the sixth International Conference on Fire Safety, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, January 12 to 16, 1981}, publisher={[U.S.]:  Product Safety Corporation}, author={Barker, R.L.}, year={1981}, pages={190} }
 @article{russell_barker_lyons_1980, title={SAMPLING FOR CONFIDENCE-INTERVAL ESTIMATION OF THE FIBER SHAPE FACTOR}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3183879}, abstractNote={A method is described for estimating the shape factor, the ratio of the maximum and minimum projected diameters, of a fiber from measurements made on a longitudinal view. The method assumes that the measured diameters have a uniform distribution, an assumption which seems justified for cotton fibers. An estimator of the shape factor is given; a confidence interval for the shape factor is derived; and a sampling plan together with formulae for determining an adequate sample size is presented.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={RUSSELL, CB and BARKER, RL and LYONS, DW}, year={1980}, pages={366–368} }
 @article{barker_lyons_1979, title={DETERMINATION OF FIBER CROSS-SECTIONAL CIRCULARITY FROM MEASUREMENTS MADE IN A LONGITUDINAL VIEW}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439474}, abstractNote={A procedure is described for obtaining information concerning the circularity of fiber cross-sections from measurements made in a longitudinal view of the fibers. A method is developed for viewing and measuring the projected diameter of fibers viewed longitudinally, and an analytical procedure is described for analyzing these measurements to determine the flatness or roundness of the fiber cross-sections. Experimentation conducted to test the reliability of these procedures is discussed as these methods are used to measure numerous different samples of fibers of known and varied cross-sectional shapes and sizes.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={BARKER, RL and LYONS, DW}, year={1979}, pages={59–64} }
 @article{barker_lyons_1979, title={MEASUREMENT OF FIBER DIAMETER AND DIAMETER DISTRIBUTION BY IMAGE ANALYSIS}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439473}, abstractNote={An optical scanning procedure is described for scanning a fiber and measuring the projected diameter of the fiber at different points along its length. A method of analysis is discussed for obtaining from these measurements the average optical diameter or ribbon width of the fiber. By using the image analyzer to scan an array of fibers, the range or distribution of fiber sizes is defined for various different samples of fiber. These data are discussed as the distribution statistics of the different samples of fiber are analyzed and compared.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={BARKER, RL and LYONS, DW}, year={1979}, pages={54–58} }
 @article{barker_poole_lyons_1978, title={NEW HOOKED NEEDLE DEVICE FOR FORMING FIBER BEARDS FOR LENGTH AND STRENGTH MEASUREMENT}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439347}, abstractNote={Research was conducted in the design, development, and evaluation of a new hooked needle device for obtaining from a sample of cotton a parallelized beard of fiber suitable for instrumented length and strength testing. Through systematic definition of critical design parameters, needle combs were developed capable of forming thin profile fiber beards of exceptional uniformity and visual appearance. The acceptability of a hooked needle method for preparing beards of cotton fiber for automated analysis was demonstrated as this device was compared with conventional clamp and comb arrangements of fiber sampling.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={BARKER, RL and POOLE, HW and LYONS, DW}, year={1978}, pages={5–7} }
 @article{barker_brown_lyons_1978, title={OPTICAL SCANNING TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING FIBER SIZE}, volume={100}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439339}, abstractNote={An optical scanning system was used to obtain considerable information related to the fineness and fiber to fiber fineness variability of various samples of natural and man-made staple fibers. The adaptation and use of this system is described as various techniques for presenting an assembly of fibers for automatic optical analysis are considered. Frequency distribution curves of the diameters distribution of several different fibers were defined by using the image analyzer to scan the magnified images of fibers. These data are discussed as the fineness variability of the different staple fibers are analyzed and compared.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={BARKER, RL and BROWN, MH and LYONS, DW}, year={1978}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{lyons_barker_1977, title={COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRASH CONTAMINATION IN COTTON BY OPTICAL SCANNING}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439163}, abstractNote={Successful utilization of an automated optical scanning system for the purpose of assessing the trash factor included in the grade classification of cotton was demonstrated in a study that featured analysis of cottons representing a broad range of trash levels and lint colors. The utility of image analysis as an absolute indication of grade-related differences in cotton was statistically confirmed. Sources contributing to the variability of nonlint assessment by optical imaging were defined and analyzed, as was the influence of interrelated grade factors such as lint coloration on optically measured contaminant levels. In a direct comparison with the Shirley Analyzer, computerized optical scanning was shown to be at least as reliable as this standard method for determining nonlint waste.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={LYONS, DW and BARKER, RL}, year={1977}, pages={46–50} }
 @article{barker_lyons_1977, title={INSTRUMENTED ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF NON-LINT TRASH AND LINT COLOR ON GRADING OF COTTON}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757704700409}, abstractNote={The methods of optical particulate analysis and cotton colorimetry were jointly employed to explore the interrelated contribution of non-lint trash and lint color as these factors influence the classer's subjective recognition of grade. The nature of the correspondence between objective and subjective trash rankings was analyzed and discussed as it relates to the classer's ability discriminate between adjacent grade levels of cotton. Based on optically measured non-lint content, numerical grade intervals were formulated for the purpose of quantitatively categorizing cotton samples according to trash level and color. The validity of grade disposition by optical-image analysis was assessed as it compared with the classer's perception of grade for a selected sampling of cottons.}, number={4}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BARKER, RL and LYONS, DW}, year={1977}, pages={289–294} }
 @article{barker_lyons_1976, title={INSTRUMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS OF NON-LINT PARTICLES IN COTTON}, volume={98}, ISSN={["0022-0817"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.3439040}, abstractNote={Universal grade standard samples supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture were used as the basis for a study of the operation of electronic scanning instrumentation adapted to measure the number and physical features of nonlint particles found on the surface of cotton. A series of tests was carried out to provide a preliminary evaluation of this instrumentation in the comparative classification of cotton by grade. Results of these tests forecast the potential utility of image analysis for use in the quantitative categorization of cotton based on automatic optical-electronic assessment of nonlint particulate levels.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={BARKER, RL and LYONS, DW}, year={1976}, pages={845–848} }
 @article{lyons_barker_1976, title={OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF NON-LINT PARTICLES IN VARIOUS GRADES OF COTTON}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757604600209}, abstractNote={Electronic image-scanning instrumentation was developed to obtain objective measurement of the number and physical features of non-lint particles found on the surface of raw cotton samples. Characteristic size-distribution curves were defined for several grades of United States cotton. All grades of cotton tested were found to contain trash particles of comparable dimensions, with a prevalence of fine particulates less than one millimeter in size. Grade distinction was possible when comparisons were made on the basis of total particle count or the total length and area of the non-lint materials populating the cotton sample. Particle density computed as an index of percentage non-lint particles present on the optically contrasting lint surface of the cotton sample was found to be reliable for rating the relative trash content of cotton. A comparison of non-lint properties of universal grade standard cottons with classer-graded cotton samples showed that the classer's samples had a higher concentration of particulates than did the standard cottons of the same grade.}, number={2}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={LYONS, DW and BARKER, RL}, year={1976}, pages={135–139} }