@article{wang_kunz_hardesty_steevens_norberg-king_hammer_bauer_augspurger_dunn_martinez_et al._2021, title={Method Development for a Short-Term 7-Day Toxicity Test with Unionid Mussels}, volume={40}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5225}, DOI={10.1002/etc.5225}, abstractNote={The US Environmental Protection Agency's short‐term freshwater effluent test methods include a fish (Pimephales promelas), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia), and a green alga (Raphidocelis subcapitata). There is a recognized need for additional taxa to accompany the three standard species for effluent testing. An appropriate additional taxon is unionid mussels because mussels are widely distributed, live burrowed in sediment and filter particles from the water column for food, and exhibit high sensitivity to a variety of contaminants. Multiple studies were conducted to develop a relevant and robust short‐term test method for mussels. We first evaluated the comparative sensitivity of two mussel species (Villosa constricta and Lampsilis siliquoidea) and two standard species (P. promelas and C. dubia) using two mock effluents prepared by mixing ammonia and five metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) or a field‐collected effluent in 7‐day exposures. Both mussel species were equally or more sensitive (more than two‐fold) to effluents compared with the standard species. Next, we refined the mussel test method by first determining the best feeding rate of a commercial algal mixture for three age groups (1, 2, and 3 weeks old) of L. siliquoidea in a 7‐day feeding experiment, and then used the derived optimal feeding rates to assess the sensitivity of the three ages of juveniles in a 7‐day reference toxicant (sodium chloride [NaCl]) test. Juvenile mussels grew substantially (30%–52% length increase) when the 1‐ or 2‐week‐old mussels were fed 2 ml twice daily and the 3‐week‐old mussels were fed 3 ml twice daily. The 25% inhibition concentrations (IC25s) for NaCl were similar (314–520 mg Cl/L) among the three age groups, indicating that an age range of 1‐ to 3‐week‐old mussels can be used for a 7‐day test. Finally, using the refined test method, we conducted an interlaboratory study among 13 laboratories to evaluate the performance of a 7‐day NaCl test with L. siliquoidea. Eleven laboratories successfully completed the test, with more than 80% control survival and reliable growth data. The IC25s ranged from 296 to 1076 mg Cl/L, with a low (34%) coefficient of variation, indicating that the proposed method for L. siliquoidea has acceptable precision. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3392–3409. © 2021 SETAC}, number={12}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Wang, Ning and Kunz, James L. and Hardesty, Douglas K. and Steevens, Jeffery A. and Norberg-King, Teresa and Hammer, Edward J. and Bauer, Candice R. and Augspurger, Tom and Dunn, Suzanne and Martinez, David and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={3392–3409} }
 @article{bringolf_heltsley_newton_eads_fraley_shea_cope_2010, title={ENVIRONMENTAL OCCURRENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL FLUOXETINE IN NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSELS}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953583998&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/etc.157}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Bringolf, Robert B. and Heltsley, Rebecca M. and Newton, Teresa J. and Eads, Chris B. and Fraley, Stephen J. and Shea, Damian and Cope, W. Gregory}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={1311–1318} }
 @article{cope_bringolf_mosher_rice_noble_edwards_2008, title={Controlling nitrogen release from farm ponds with a subsurface outflow device: Implications for improved water quality in receiving streams}, volume={95}, ISSN={["0378-3774"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agwat.2008.01.015}, abstractNote={Abstract The retention of nutrients in farm ponds has many potential benefits, including reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus (promoters of eutrophication) in receiving streams. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial subsurface pond outflow control device (Pond Management System™) on nutrient retention in farm ponds. Four ponds of similar size and water chemistry in the upper Tar River basin of North Carolina, USA were studied; three were equipped with the pond outflow control device and one was retained without a device (normal surface outflow) that served as a reference site. Water samples were collected monthly from each pond at 0.3 m intervals from the surface to 2.1 m at a fixed station adjacent to the pond standpipe and from the pond outflow pipe from March to October 2005. The water samples were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), chlorophyll a, and a suite of other physicochemical variables. In ponds with the subsurface outflow device, the mean N concentrations in the outflow were substantially less (6.2–20.7%) than concentrations at the pond surface. Concentrations of N in the outflow were similar to N concentrations at intermediate pond depths (0.9–1.5 m), the depth of the outflow devices, indicating water was drawn from these depths and that N was being retained in the surface layers of the pond. Also, mean water temperatures were 1.1–1.9 °C cooler at intermediate depths compared to the surface, suggesting potential application of the outflow device for minimizing warm water outflows to receiving streams. These results provide evidence that under these conditions a subsurface pond outflow device can reduce nutrient release to receiving streams, thereby increasing overall stream water quality.}, number={6}, journal={AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT}, author={Cope, W. Gregory and Bringolf, Robert B. and Mosher, Shad and Rice, James A. and Noble, Richard L. and Edwards, H. Clifton}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={737–742} }
 @article{cope_bringolf_buchwalter_newton_ingersoll_wang_augspurger_dwyer_barnhart_neves_et al._2008, title={Differential exposure, duration, and sensitivity of unionoidean bivalve life stages to environmental contaminants}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0887-3593"]}, DOI={10.1899/07-094.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Freshwater mussels (superfamily Unionoidea) are in serious global decline and in urgent need of protection and conservation. The declines have been attributed to a wide array of human activities resulting in pollution and water-quality degradation, and habitat destruction and alteration. Linkages among poor water quality, pollutant sources, and mussel decline in rivers and streams have been associated with results of laboratory-based tests of specific pollutants. However, uncertainties remain about the relationship of laboratory data to actual contaminant exposure routes for various mussel species, life stages, and in the habitats occupied during these exposures. We evaluated the pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants for all 4 life stages (free glochidia, encysted glochidia, juveniles, adults) of unionoidean mussels and found that each life stage has both common and unique characteristics that contribute to observed differences in exposure and sensitivity. Free glochidia typically are exposed only briefly (e.g., seconds to days) through surface water, whereas adults sustain exposure over years to decades through surface water, pore water, sediment, and diet. Juveniles live largely burrowed in the sediment for the first 0 to 4 y of life. Thus, sediment, pore water, and diet are the predominant exposure routes for this life stage, but surface water also might contribute to exposure during certain periods and environmental conditions. The obligate parasitic stage (encysted glochidia stage) on a host fish might be exposed from surface water while partially encysted or from toxicants in host-fish tissue while fully encysted. Laboratory methods for testing for acute and chronic exposures in water have advanced, and toxicant-specific information has increased in recent years. However, additional research is needed to understand interactions of life history, habitat, and long-term exposure to contaminants through water, pore water, sediment, and diet so that the risks of environmental exposures can be properly assessed and managed.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Cope, W. Gregory and Bringolf, Robert B. and Buchwalter, David B. and Newton, Teresa J. and Ingersoll, Christopher G. and Wang, Ning and Augspurger, Tom and Dwyer, F. James and Barnhart, M. Christopher and Neves, Richard J. and et al.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={451–462} }
 @article{bringolf_cope_mosher_barnhart_shea_2007, title={Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis Siliquoidea (Unionidae)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348838337&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1897/06-519R1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Bringolf, Robert B. and Cope, W. Gregory and Mosher, Shad and Barnhart, M. Chris and Shea, Damian}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={2094–2100} }
 @article{bringolf_cope_barnhart_mosher_lazaro_shea_2007, title={Acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin) to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis Siliquoidea}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348815483&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1897/06-555R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Bringolf, Robert B. and Cope, W. Gregory and Barnhart, M. Chris and Mosher, Shad and Lazaro, Peter R. and Shea, Damian}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={2101–2107} }
 @article{bringolf_cope_eads_lazaro_barnhart_shea_2007, title={Acute and chronic toxicity of technical-grade pesticides to glochidia and juveniles of freshwater mussels (Unionidae)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1552-8618"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348863633&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1897/06-522R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY}, author={Bringolf, Robert B. and Cope, W. Gregory and Eads, Chris B. and Lazaro, Peter R. and Barnhart, M. Christopher and Shea, Damian}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={2086–2093} }
 @article{heltsley_cope_shea_bringolf_kwak_malindzak_2005, title={Assessing organic contaminants in fish: Comparison of a nonlethal tissue sampling technique to mobile and stationary passive sampling devices}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26044466979&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/es051037s}, abstractNote={As concerns mount over the human health risks associated with consumption of fish contaminated with persistent organic pollutants, there exists a need to better evaluate fish body burdens without lethally sampling many of the important commercial and sport species of interest. The aim of this study was to investigate two novel methods for estimating organic contaminants in fish that are a concern for both fish and human health. The removal of fish adipose fins, commonly done in mark-recapture studies with salmonid species, was evaluated as a nonlethal sampling technique to estimate concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), relative to those found in muscle fillets of the same fish. We also assessed the efficacy of using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as a mobile passive sampling device (PSD) attached directly to wild flathead catfish for assessing location-specific exposure of the fish to waterborne contaminants. The results of this study have demonstrated for the first time that organic contaminant concentrations in adipose fin were highly correlated (R2 = 0.87) with muscle fillet concentrations, indicating that the adipose fin of certain fishes may be used to accurately estimate tissue concentrations without the need for lethal sampling. Moreover, mobile PSDs attached directly to fish and used here for the first time accurately estimated ultratrace concentrations of waterborne PCBs and OCPs without any apparent harm to the fish, indicating that there are no practical or physical barriers to the use of mobile passive samplers attached to aquatic organisms. Among the many practical implications of this research, two potential priority items include the analysis of organic contaminants in farm-raised and sport fish intended for human consumption, without the economic and population losses associated with lethally sampling fish to obtain tissues, and identifying specific areas where fish may be accumulating large portions of their contaminant burden.}, number={19}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Heltsley, RM and Cope, WG and Shea, D and Bringolf, RB and Kwak, TJ and Malindzak, EG}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={7601–7608} }
 @article{bringolf_kwak_cope_larimore_2005, title={Salinity tolerance of flathead catfish: Implications for dispersal of introduced populations}, volume={134}, ISSN={["0002-8487"]}, DOI={10.1577/T04-195.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY}, author={Bringolf, RB and Kwak, TJ and Cope, WG and Larimore, MS}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={927–936} }