@article{mathews_linder_davidson_goldman_papich_2009, title={Assessment of clotrimazole gels for in vitro stability and in vivo retention in the frontal sinus of dogs}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.5.640}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the stability and retention of viscous formulations of the antifungal drug clotrimazole in vitro and to evaluate retention times, absorption, and histologic response to these compounds when placed in the frontal sinus of dogs.
Animals—6 male Beagles.
Procedures—1% clotrimazole gels were formulated with hydroxypropyl cellulose, poloxamer, and carboxymethylcellulose sodium bases. Commercially available 1% clotrimazole creams were also evaluated. Each compound was incubated at 37°C in a funnel. Volume retained and clotrimazole stability were evaluated for 4 weeks. Six compounds were then chosen for in vivo evaluation. The frontal sinuses of 6 dogs were filled with 1 of the 6 compounds. Computed tomographic evaluation was performed weekly for up to 4 weeks to evaluate gel retention. Blood samples were collected to evaluate clotrimazole absorption. Following euthanasia, sinuses were examined histologically.
Results—Commercially available clotrimazole creams were not retained in funnels in vitro. In vivo, hydroxypropyl cellulose– and carboxymethylcellulose-based gels resulted in the most severe inflammatory response and were retained the longest. Poloxamer-based gels had a shorter retention time and were associated with less inflammation. Clotrimazole was minimally absorbed. Despite a marked inflammatory response to several of the clotrimazole-containing gels, no notable adverse clinical responses were observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Poloxamer gels had the most promise for improving drug contact within the frontal sinus of dogs, while limiting the inflammatory response. Poloxamer gels have the additional benefit of improved handling as a result of reverse gelation (ie, they gel when warmed to 37°C).}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mathews, Kyle G. and Linder, Keith E. and Davidson, Gigi S. and Goldman, Rebecca B. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={640–647} }
 @article{ardente_barlow_burns_goldman_baynes_2008, title={Vehicle effects on in vitro transdermal absorption of sevoflurane in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1382-6689"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2007.12.001}, abstractNote={The experimental objectives were to identify a vehicle which produces a homogenous formulation when combined with the anesthetic solution sevoflurane and understand the dermal absorption of sevoflurane in silastic membranes and amphibian skin in vitro utilizing a flow-through diffusion system. Seven vehicles were evaluated in varying ratios with 5 formulations resulting in the desired homogenous consistency for practical application. Sevoflurane diffusion across silastic membranes was influenced by pluronic/lecithin organogel (PLO), pluronic F 127 20% gel, and sterile lube. Flux and permeability across silastic membranes were significantly greater in sterile lube than in the other formulations. While no significant vehicle effects were observed in bullfrog skin, the flux-time profiles suggest that sevoflurane diffusion in bullfrog skin may be positively influenced by PLO. Future in vivo studies are required to assess sevoflurane retention after removal of these formulations to more accurately control the plane of anesthesia in amphibians.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Ardente, Amanda J. and Barlow, Beth M. and Burns, Patrick and Goldman, Rebecca and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={373–379} }