@article{girase_thompson_ormond_2023, title={Bench-Scale and Full-Scale Level Evaluation of the Effect of Parameters on Cleaning Efficacy of the Firefighters’ PPE}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles3020014}, DOI={10.3390/textiles3020014}, abstractNote={The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1851 document provides guidelines for firefighters on the care and maintenance of their PPE, including decontamination practices. Firefighters are exposed to various toxic chemicals during fire suppression activities, making effective decontamination crucial for their safety. This study evaluated the efficacy of different washing parameters, including temperature, time, and surfactants, on cleaning outer-shell material contaminated with nine targeted compounds from three different functional groups: phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalates. The study was conducted on both bench-scale and full-scale levels, with contaminated swatches washed in a water shaker bath in the bench-scale evaluation and full-sized washer extractors used in the full-scale evaluation. The results showed that bench-scale washing demonstrated similar trends in contaminant removal to full-scale washing. Importantly, the study highlighted the complexity of removing fireground contaminants from the personal protective ensemble (PPE). The findings of this study have practical implications for the firefighting industry as they provide insight into the effectiveness of different washing parameters for PPE decontamination. Future studies could explore the impact of repeated washing on PPE and investigate the potential for developing more efficient decontamination strategies. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of firefighters, who face significant occupational hazards.}, journal={Textiles}, author={Girase, Arjunsing and Thompson, Donald and Ormond, Robert Bryan}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{hossain_girase_ormond_2023, title={Evaluating the performance of surfactant and charcoal-based cleaning products to effectively remove PAHs from firefighter gear}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-8016"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmats.2023.1142777}, abstractNote={Firefighters regularly respond to fire scenes where a mixture of chemicals including volatile, semi-volatile, and nonvolatile compounds are present in smoke and soot. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants at fire scenes that may be deposited on the gear and the individual firefighter. Laundering is a common approach for the decontamination of contaminated gear. Surfactants are widely used by firefighters during laundering to remove PAHs as they are generally non-toxic and biodegradable. The removal of PAHs depends on the surfactant types, chemistries, and concentrations. This study evaluated the effect of surfactant concentrations to remove persistent contaminants like PAHs from turnout gear. The cleaning performance of different types of surfactants was also evaluated. Outer shell fabrics were contaminated with a standard mixture of 16 PAH compounds, and two commercial detergents were used at different concentrations. Additionally, the cleaning efficacy of eight commercially available regular and charcoal-based cleaning products was also determined against PAHs at a single surfactant concentration. For the decontamination method, a bench-scale washing procedure simulating the National Fire Protection Assocation 1851 laundering process was used. The removal efficacy of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were found to be lower compared to the low molecular weight PAHs for any type or any concentration of detergent. Our research also showed that the recommended surfactant concentrations provided by detergent manufacturers can be ineffective at removing the HMW PAHs from heavily contaminated fabric. With 1 mL of detergent in a 100-mL bath, which is multiple times higher than recommended amount, only 40% of HMW PAHs were removed. The cleaning efficacy can be increased to above 90% by using higher concentrations of detergents. This research shows that firefighters may need to use a higher concentration of detergent than the recommended amount to effectively remove PAHs from the gear. All the regular and charcoal-based detergents were able to remove PAHs effectively from contaminated fabrics when a higher concentration of detergent was used.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS}, author={Hossain, M. D. Tanjim and Girase, Arjunsing G. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @misc{mazumder_hossain_jahura_girase_hall_lu_ormond_2023, title={Firefighters' exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as an occupational hazard: A review}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-8016"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmats.2023.1143411}, abstractNote={The term “firefighter” and “cancer” have become so intertwined in the past decade that they are now nearly inseparable. Occupational exposure of firefighters to carcinogenic chemicals may increase their risk of developing different types of cancer. PFAS are one of the major classes of carcinogenic chemicals that firefighters are exposed to as occupational hazard. Elevated levels of PFAS have been observed in firefighters’ blood serum in recent studies. Possible sources of occupational exposure to PFAS include turnout gear, aqueous film-forming foam, and air and dust at both the fire scene and fire station. Preliminary discussion on PFAS includes definition, classification, and chemical structure. The review is then followed by identifying the sources of PFAS that firefighters may encounter as an occupational hazard. The structural properties of the PFAS used in identified sources, their degradation, and exposure pathways are reviewed. The elevated level of PFAS in the blood serum and how this might associate with an increased risk of cancer is discussed. Our review shows a significant amount of PFAS on turnout gear and their migration to untreated layers, and how turnout gear itself might be a potential source of PFAS exposure. PFAS from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF), air, and dust of fire stations have been already established as potential exposure sources. Studies on firefighters’ cancer suggest that firefighters have a higher cancer risk compared to the general population. This review suggests that increased exposure to PFAS as an occupational hazard could be a potential cancer risk for firefighters.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Mazumder, Nur-Us-Shafa and Hossain, Md Tanjim and Jahura, Fatema Tuj and Girase, Arjunsing and Hall, Andrew Stephen and Lu, Jingtian and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{girase_thompson_ormond_2023, title={Impact of conventional and advanced cleaning techniques on the durability of firefighter turnout ensembles}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-8016"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmats.2023.1138652}, abstractNote={The concern for firefighters’ occupational exposure to harmful contaminants is growing due to the increase in health issues in the firefighting community. At such times, effective decontamination of personnel and equipment is an essential component of a hazard mitigation strategy. The current decontamination practices used for firefighter protective clothing have been shown to not be very effective. Hence, the scientific community is looking for several alternatives to conventional washing procedures. Liquid carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has been used in laundering and has distinct advantages over conventional dry-cleaning solvents such as perchloroethylene. The following study is aimed to assess how different washing procedures affect the durability of the turnout material. The study includes using three washing procedures on different samples: 1) conventional washing procedure, 2) liquid CO 2 washing procedure, and 3) a high-temperature washing procedure. Samples for durability testing were constructed from a common aramid fabric used in firefighter turnout ensembles. These swatches were subjected to different washing techniques. The durability assessment was performed for physical testing of the samples, visual inspection, water repellency, and quantifying color changes using spectrophotometric analysis. The conventional wash and high-temperature washing affected the durability of the outer shell material in a significant manner. The liquid CO 2 process did not affect the samples’ water repellency or physical strength. In contrast, conventional and high-temperature washing significantly affected the durability of the outer shell material. However, all samples met the criteria for tearing strength outlined in the NFPA 1971 standard subsection 7.1.11.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS}, author={Girase, Arjunsing and Thompson, Donald B. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{wang_amanah_ali_payne_kisthardt_scholle_ormond_mathur_gluck_2022, title={A standardized procedure for quantitative evaluation of residual viral activity on antiviral treated textiles}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221126532}, DOI={10.1177/00405175221126532}, abstractNote={The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has increased the demand for antiviral technologies to mitigate or prevent the risk of viral transmission. Antiviral treated textiles have the potential to save lives, especially in healthcare settings that rely on reusable patient-care textiles and personal protective equipment. Currently, little is known about the role of textiles in cross-contamination and pathogen transmission, despite the wealth of information on hard surfaces and fomites harboring viruses that remain viable in certain circumstances. In addition, there is no international standard method for evaluating residual viral activity on textiles, which would allow a thorough investigation of the efficacy of antiviral textile products. Therefore, this pilot study aims to develop and refine a standardized protocol to quantitatively evaluate residual viral activity on antiviral textiles. Specifically, we focused on general textiles, such as bed linens, commonly used in healthcare settings for patient care. The Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 (TCID 50 ) method is frequently used to quantitatively evaluate viral infectivity on textiles, but has not been established as a standard. This procedure involves observing the cytopathic effect of a given virus on cells grown in a 96-well plate after several days of incubation to determine the infectivity titer. We used HCoV-229E and Huh-7 human liver cancer cells for this investigation. We worked to improve the TCID 50 method through variations of different steps within the protocol to attain reproducible results. Our proposed optimized hybrid protocol has shown evidence that the protocol is technically simpler and more efficient, and provides successful, consistent results. The analysis showed a significant difference between the treated fabric compared with controls.}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Wang, Ziyu and Amanah, Alaowei Y. and Ali, Kiran M. and Payne, Lucy C. and Kisthardt, Samantha and Scholle, Frank and Ormond, R. Bryan and Mathur, Kavita and Gluck, Jessica M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{girase_thompson_ormond_2022, title={Comparative Analysis of the Liquid CO<sub>2</sub> Washing with Conventional Wash on Firefighters’ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/2/4/36}, DOI={10.3390/textiles2040036}, abstractNote={Firefighters are exposed to several potentially carcinogenic fireground contaminants. The current NFPA 1851 washing procedures are less effective in cleaning due to the limited intensity of the washing conditions that are used. The 2020 edition of NFPA 1851 has added limited specialized cleaning for higher efficacy. The liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) laundering technique has gained popularity in recent years due to its availability to remove contaminants and its eco-friendliness. The primary aim of this study is to address the firefighter questions regarding the efficacy of cleaning with liquid CO2 and to compare it with the conventional washing technique. The unused turnout jackets were contaminated with a mixture of fireground contaminants. These turnout jackets were cleaned with conventional NFPA 1851-appoved aqueous washing and a commercially available liquid CO2 method. Post-cleaning samples were analyzed for contamination using pressurized solvent extraction and GC-MS. The liquid CO2 technique demonstrated considerable improvement in washing efficiency compared to the conventional washing.}, journal={Textiles}, author={Girase, Arjunsing and Thompson, Donald and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{kesler_mayer_fent_chen_deaton_ormond_smith_wilkinson_kerber_horn_2021, title={Effects of firefighting hood design, laundering and doffing on smoke protection, heat stress, and wearability}, volume={1}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241}, abstractNote={Firefighter hoods must provide protection from elevated temperatures and products of combustion (e.g. particulate) while simultaneously being wearable (comfortable and not interfering with firefighting activities). The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of (1) hood design (traditional knit hood vs particulate-blocking hood), (2) repeated laundering, and (3) hood removal method (traditional vs overhead doffing) on (a) protection from soot contamination on the neck, (b) heat stress and (c) wearability measures. Using a fireground exposure simulator, 24 firefighters performed firefighting activities in realistic smoke and heat conditions using a new knit hood, new particulate-blocking hood and laundered particulate-blocking hood. Overall, soot contamination levels measured from neck skin were lower when wearing the laundered particulate-blocking hoods compared to new knit hoods, and when using the overhead hood removal process. No significant differences in skin temperature, core temperature, heart rate or wearability measures were found between the hood conditions. Practitioner Summary: The addition of a particulate-blocking layer to firefighters’ traditional two-ply hood was found to reduce the PAH contamination reaching the neck but did not affect heat stress measurements or thermal perceptions. Modifying the process for hood removal resulted in a larger reduction in neck skin contamination than design modification. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; B: new particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); FES: fireground exposure simulator; GI: gastrointestinal; K: new knit hood and PPE (PPE configuration); L: laundered particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); LOD: limit of detection; MLE: maximum likelihood estimation; NFPA: National fire protection association; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PPE: personal protective equipment; SCBA: self-contained breathing apparatus; THL: total heat loss; TPP: thermal protective performance}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kesler, Richard M. and Mayer, Alex and Fent, Kenneth W. and Chen, I-Chen and Deaton, A. Shawn and Ormond, R. Bryan and Smith, Denise L. and Wilkinson, Andrea and Kerber, Steve and Horn, Gavin P.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={1–25} }
 @article{shinde_ormond_2021, title={Headspace sampling-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer as a screening method to thermally extract fireground contaminants from retired firefighting turnout jackets}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1099-1018"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2887}, DOI={10.1002/fam.2887}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Firefighters are at a 1.5 to 2 times greater risk of contracting certain types of cancers as compared to the general population. After preliminary studies, it was evident that contaminated turnout gear and ensemble elements could be linked to heightened cancer rates amongst firefighters. Compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluorinated compounds, phenols, phthalates, brominated flame retardants, dioxins, volatile organic compounds, and many others are present in the contaminated gear, of which many are known carcinogens. A setup of headspace sampler‐gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer was used to measure the off‐gassing of the fabric samples taken from retired field‐contaminated turnout jackets. The fabric samples were exposed to a specific temperature and allowed to equilibrate for a fixed time in the HS. A custom reference mix of phenols, phthalates and PAHs was put together to develop standard calibration curves. The compounds off‐gassing from the outer shell, thermal liner and the moisture barrier were analyzed and the masses of certain marker compounds were calculated based of the standard calibration curves. The technique could be used as a screening method to thermally extract contaminants from field‐contaminated firefighter turnout materials such as jackets, pants, gloves, and so on.}, number={3}, journal={FIRE AND MATERIALS}, author={Shinde, Adhiraj and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={415–428} }
 @inbook{kasebi_gaskill_ormond_2020, title={Assessing the Durability of Firefighter Protective Hoods Following Exposure to Ultraviolet Light}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162420190095}, DOI={10.1520/stp162420190095}, booktitle={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Kasebi, Arash and Gaskill, Mark and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={64–80} }
 @article{shinde_ormond_2020, title={Development of a Headspace Sampling-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of Fireground Contaminants on Firefighter Turnout Materials}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1878-0504"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.0c00041}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chas.0c00041}, abstractNote={Firefighting is classified as a 2B-possibly carcinogenic profession by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Firefighters are exposed to a host of toxic fireground contaminants su...}, number={6}, journal={ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY}, author={Shinde, Adhiraj and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={352–361} }
 @inbook{carlton_ormond_joines_morton-aslanis_barker_2020, title={Development of a Standard Testing Procedure for Evaluating Firefighter Protective Hoods on PyroHead Fire Test System}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162420190090}, DOI={10.1520/stp162420190090}, booktitle={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Carlton, Nigel P. and Ormond, R. Bryan and Joines, Jeffrey A. and Morton-Aslanis, John and Barker, Roger L.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={18–30} }
 @inbook{smith_carlton_ormond_2020, title={Evaluating the Material-Level Performance of Particulate-Blocking Firefighter Hoods}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162420190091}, DOI={10.1520/stp162420190091}, booktitle={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Smith, Madilynn McCollum and Carlton, Nigel P. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={114–130} }
 @article{ormond_kwon_mathews_2019, title={Performance Evaluation of Newly Developed Smoke and Particulate Resistant Structural Turnout Ensemble}, volume={1614}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7673-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1520/STP161420180049}, DOI={10.1520/STP161420180049}, journal={HOMELAND SECURITY AND PUBLIC SAFETY: RESEARCH, APPLICATIONS, AND STANDARDS}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan and Kwon, Cassandra H. and Mathews, Marc C.}, year={2019}, pages={286–305} }
 @inproceedings{pickett_ormond_2017, title={Analytical quantification of key odor compounds found in footwear}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85021822319&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={AATCC 2017 - 2017 AATCC International Conference Proceedings}, author={Pickett, T.E. and Ormond, R.B.}, year={2017}, pages={87–96} }
 @inproceedings{maness_ormond_2017, title={Outward Leakage smoke simulation for evaluating susceptibility of firefighter turnout ensembles and materials to particulate infiltration}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85021831835&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={AATCC 2017 - 2017 AATCC International Conference Proceedings}, author={Maness, C. and Ormond, R.B.}, year={2017}, pages={77–86} }
 @article{ormond_2016, title={Considerations for Applying Man-in-Simulant Test Methodologies for the Evaluation of Fully Encapsulating Chemical Protective Ensembles}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84995666139&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160010}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 10TH VOL: RISK REDUCTION THROUGH RESEARCH AND TESTING}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2016}, pages={212–232} }
 @article{ormond_denhartog_2016, title={Effect of Clothing Layers on Mass Transfer of Methyl Salicylate Vapor Through CBRN Materials in a Cylinder Test}, volume={45}, ISSN={0090-3973}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150491}, DOI={10.1520/jte20150491}, abstractNote={The testing of protective clothing materials against chemical and biological (CB) hazards is usually done at either a swatch of fabric or at the systems level. In this paper, a cylinder test method was developed in combination with a MethylSalicylate (MeS) Simulant test (variant to the MIST test) to study the effect of air-permeable and membrane clothing systems and specifically the effects of layering on protection. Three fabrics, material A air permeable absorptive, material B air impermeable, non-absorptive (membrane) and material C air permeable non-absorptive were tested on the cylinder alone and in combinations at 1 m/s and 10 m/s wind speeds. At high wind speeds, the MeS vapor penetrated all three materials and protection factors (PF) were lower than 10. At the lower wind speed much higher protection was found, PF(material A) = 36, PF(material B) = 29, PF(material C) = 2, and material B showed a significant decrease in protection with a leakage added (PF = 2), which did not occur with material A (PF = 29). When materials A and C were combined the combination of any layer to material A increased protection, especially with material A close to the cylinder: PF = 983 with material A twice, and PF = 765 with material C outside and material A inside. With material C on both layers, essentially no protection was obtained (PF = 2) and with material A outside and material C inside PF was 55, slightly higher than material A alone. In conclusion, the cylinder method provided very useful information in the development of protective clothing systems, especially at the lower wind speed of 1 m/s, and may provide a reliable quick and efficient way to obtain information on protection of air permeable absorptive fabrics. The method provides much more realistic data than current standard swatch tests on such materials and is cheaper and faster than a whole system MIST test.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Ormond, R. B. and DenHartog, E. A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={20150491} }
 @article{gabler_ormond_2016, title={Interlaboratory Variation for Permeation Test Standards and Considerations for Test Materials}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84995555441&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160022}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 10TH VOL: RISK REDUCTION THROUGH RESEARCH AND TESTING}, author={Gabler, William and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2016}, pages={272–284} }
 @article{narayanan_ormond_gupta_tonelli_2015, title={Efficient wound odor removal by -cyclodextrin functionalized poly (epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibers}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940895893&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.42782}, abstractNote={Polymer-cyclodextrin (CD) composite nanofibers, by virtue of the hollow cavities and abundant hydroxyl groups present in CDs, have tremendous potential in a variety of biomedical applications. However, in most cases, especially in aliphatic polyesters, polymer chains thread readily into CD cavities, therefore its potential has not yet been fully realized. Herein, we report the formation of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)/β-CD functional nanofibers by electrospinning their mixture from chloroform/N,N-dimethylformamide (60 : 40). The fiber diameters of the neat PCL and β-CD functionalized fibers were measured from the images obtained from a scanning electron microscope and were found to be about 500 nm. The efficiency of wound odor absorbance by these composite fibers was studied using a simulated wound odor solution, consisting of butyric and propionic acids in ethanol. Immersion tests indicated that even under less than ideal test conditions, the nanofibers containing β-CDs were very efficient in masking the odor. The odor masking capability of the β-CD functionalized PCL nanofibers were further confirmed by thermogravimetric analyses and GC observations, with the former method showing unique degradation patterns. The PCL/β-CD nanocomposites, by virtue of having their β-CD cavities free and unthreaded by PCL, could potentially be an ideal substrate for removing wound odors through formation of inclusion compounds with odorants, while providing an ideal environment for the wound to heal. These results suggest tailoring polymer-CD nanostructures for specific applications in wound odor absorbance, surface grafting of chemical moieties, and vehicles for drug delivery, as examples. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42782.}, number={45}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Ormond, Bryan R. and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{farrell_ormond_gabler_2015, title={Quantitative analysis of trimethyl amine in cotton fabrics cationized with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941419133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-015-0692-1}, number={5}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Farrell, Matthew J. and Ormond, R. Bryan and Gabler, William J.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={3435–3439} }
 @inbook{ormond_barker_2014, title={Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84942099478&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1533/9781782420408.1.112}, abstractNote={A fundamental understanding of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats is presented in order to provide a basis for the design of modern protective technologies and for the evaluation of the equipment on a material and full-ensemble scale. The balance between the protection against chemical warfare that is provided by an ensemble and the level of comfort that the ensemble permits is discussed and the factors to be considered when designing CBRN protective clothing are examined. Particular attention is paid to respiratory protection and heat strain. The man-in-simulant-test (MIST) is described in detail.}, booktitle={Protective Clothing: Managing Thermal Stress}, author={Ormond, R.B. and Barker, R.L.}, year={2014}, pages={112–145} }
 @article{ormond_barker_beck_thompson_deaton_2012, title={Factors Influencing the Uptake Rate of Passive Adsorbent Dosimeters Used in the Man-in-Simulant-Test}, volume={1544}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873388951&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp104205}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 9TH VOL: EMERGING ISSUES AND TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan and Barker, Roger and Beck, Keith and Thompson, Donald and Deaton, Shawn}, year={2012}, pages={247–265} }