@article{girase_thompson_ormond_2023, title={Bench-Scale and Full-Scale Level Evaluation of the Effect of Parameters on Cleaning Efficacy of the Firefighters’ PPE}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles3020014}, DOI={10.3390/textiles3020014}, abstractNote={The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1851 document provides guidelines for firefighters on the care and maintenance of their PPE, including decontamination practices. Firefighters are exposed to various toxic chemicals during fire suppression activities, making effective decontamination crucial for their safety. This study evaluated the efficacy of different washing parameters, including temperature, time, and surfactants, on cleaning outer-shell material contaminated with nine targeted compounds from three different functional groups: phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalates. The study was conducted on both bench-scale and full-scale levels, with contaminated swatches washed in a water shaker bath in the bench-scale evaluation and full-sized washer extractors used in the full-scale evaluation. The results showed that bench-scale washing demonstrated similar trends in contaminant removal to full-scale washing. Importantly, the study highlighted the complexity of removing fireground contaminants from the personal protective ensemble (PPE). The findings of this study have practical implications for the firefighting industry as they provide insight into the effectiveness of different washing parameters for PPE decontamination. Future studies could explore the impact of repeated washing on PPE and investigate the potential for developing more efficient decontamination strategies. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of firefighters, who face significant occupational hazards.}, journal={Textiles}, author={Girase, Arjunsing and Thompson, Donald and Ormond, Robert Bryan}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{hossain_girase_ormond_2023, title={Evaluating the performance of surfactant and charcoal-based cleaning products to effectively remove PAHs from firefighter gear}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-8016"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmats.2023.1142777}, abstractNote={Firefighters regularly respond to fire scenes where a mixture of chemicals including volatile, semi-volatile, and nonvolatile compounds are present in smoke and soot. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants at fire scenes that may be deposited on the gear and the individual firefighter. Laundering is a common approach for the decontamination of contaminated gear. Surfactants are widely used by firefighters during laundering to remove PAHs as they are generally non-toxic and biodegradable. The removal of PAHs depends on the surfactant types, chemistries, and concentrations. This study evaluated the effect of surfactant concentrations to remove persistent contaminants like PAHs from turnout gear. The cleaning performance of different types of surfactants was also evaluated. Outer shell fabrics were contaminated with a standard mixture of 16 PAH compounds, and two commercial detergents were used at different concentrations. Additionally, the cleaning efficacy of eight commercially available regular and charcoal-based cleaning products was also determined against PAHs at a single surfactant concentration. For the decontamination method, a bench-scale washing procedure simulating the National Fire Protection Assocation 1851 laundering process was used. The removal efficacy of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were found to be lower compared to the low molecular weight PAHs for any type or any concentration of detergent. Our research also showed that the recommended surfactant concentrations provided by detergent manufacturers can be ineffective at removing the HMW PAHs from heavily contaminated fabric. With 1 mL of detergent in a 100-mL bath, which is multiple times higher than recommended amount, only 40% of HMW PAHs were removed. The cleaning efficacy can be increased to above 90% by using higher concentrations of detergents. This research shows that firefighters may need to use a higher concentration of detergent than the recommended amount to effectively remove PAHs from the gear. All the regular and charcoal-based detergents were able to remove PAHs effectively from contaminated fabrics when a higher concentration of detergent was used.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS}, author={Hossain, M. D. Tanjim and Girase, Arjunsing G. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @misc{mazumder_hossain_jahura_girase_hall_lu_ormond_2023, title={Firefighters' exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as an occupational hazard: A review}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-8016"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmats.2023.1143411}, abstractNote={The term “firefighter” and “cancer” have become so intertwined in the past decade that they are now nearly inseparable. Occupational exposure of firefighters to carcinogenic chemicals may increase their risk of developing different types of cancer. PFAS are one of the major classes of carcinogenic chemicals that firefighters are exposed to as occupational hazard. Elevated levels of PFAS have been observed in firefighters’ blood serum in recent studies. Possible sources of occupational exposure to PFAS include turnout gear, aqueous film-forming foam, and air and dust at both the fire scene and fire station. Preliminary discussion on PFAS includes definition, classification, and chemical structure. The review is then followed by identifying the sources of PFAS that firefighters may encounter as an occupational hazard. The structural properties of the PFAS used in identified sources, their degradation, and exposure pathways are reviewed. The elevated level of PFAS in the blood serum and how this might associate with an increased risk of cancer is discussed. Our review shows a significant amount of PFAS on turnout gear and their migration to untreated layers, and how turnout gear itself might be a potential source of PFAS exposure. PFAS from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF), air, and dust of fire stations have been already established as potential exposure sources. Studies on firefighters’ cancer suggest that firefighters have a higher cancer risk compared to the general population. This review suggests that increased exposure to PFAS as an occupational hazard could be a potential cancer risk for firefighters.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Mazumder, Nur-Us-Shafa and Hossain, Md Tanjim and Jahura, Fatema Tuj and Girase, Arjunsing and Hall, Andrew Stephen and Lu, Jingtian and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{girase_thompson_ormond_2023, title={Impact of conventional and advanced cleaning techniques on the durability of firefighter turnout ensembles}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2296-8016"]}, DOI={10.3389/fmats.2023.1138652}, abstractNote={The concern for firefighters’ occupational exposure to harmful contaminants is growing due to the increase in health issues in the firefighting community. At such times, effective decontamination of personnel and equipment is an essential component of a hazard mitigation strategy. The current decontamination practices used for firefighter protective clothing have been shown to not be very effective. Hence, the scientific community is looking for several alternatives to conventional washing procedures. Liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) has been used in laundering and has distinct advantages over conventional dry-cleaning solvents such as perchloroethylene. The following study is aimed to assess how different washing procedures affect the durability of the turnout material. The study includes using three washing procedures on different samples: 1) conventional washing procedure, 2) liquid CO2 washing procedure, and 3) a high-temperature washing procedure. Samples for durability testing were constructed from a common aramid fabric used in firefighter turnout ensembles. These swatches were subjected to different washing techniques. The durability assessment was performed for physical testing of the samples, visual inspection, water repellency, and quantifying color changes using spectrophotometric analysis. The conventional wash and high-temperature washing affected the durability of the outer shell material in a significant manner. The liquid CO2 process did not affect the samples’ water repellency or physical strength. In contrast, conventional and high-temperature washing significantly affected the durability of the outer shell material. However, all samples met the criteria for tearing strength outlined in the NFPA 1971 standard subsection 7.1.11.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS}, author={Girase, Arjunsing and Thompson, Donald B. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kesler_deaton_ormond_silverstein_donlin_horn_2023, title={Impact of firefighter hood design on range of motion, noise production and hearing}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2023.2290987}, abstractNote={Firefighter hoods must provide protection from elevated temperatures and products of combustion while simultaneously being comfortable and limiting interference with firefighting movement or completion of fireground activities. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of hood design (traditional knit hood vs several models of particulate-blocking hoods) on wearability measures such as range of motion, noise production, and hearing threshold. Firefighters' perceptions of wearability were also collected. In a controlled laboratory environment, 24 firefighters performed movement and hearing tests. Wearing particulate-blocking hoods resulted in decreased rotational range of motion, and thicker hoods reduced hearing ability. Design, but not necessarily the number of layers, affected noise production by the hood during head movement.}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Kesler, Richard M. and Deaton, Anthoney Shawn and Ormond, Robert Bryan and Silverstein, Samantha and Donlin, Kathryn L. and Horn, Gavin P.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{mazumder_lu_hall_kasebi_girase_masoud_stull_ormond_2023, title={Toward the future of firefighter gear: Assessing fluorinated and non-fluorinated outer shells following simulated on-the-job exposures}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1530-8057"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837231217401}, DOI={10.1177/15280837231217401}, abstractNote={In 2022, the occupation of firefighting was categorized as a “Group 1” carcinogen, meaning it is known to be carcinogenic to humans. The personal protective equipment that structural firefighters wear is designed to safeguard them from thermal, physical, and chemical hazards while maintaining thermo-physiological comfort. Typically, the outer layer of structural turnout gear is finished with a durable water and oil-repellent (DWR) based on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that helps limit exposure to water and hazardous liquids. The PFAS-based aqueous emulsion typically used in DWR finishes is highly persistent and can cause various health problems if absorbed into the body through ingestion, inhalation, and/or dermal absorption. In response, the U.S. Fire Service has begun using non-PFAS water repellants in firefighter turnout gear. This study aims to evaluate the performance of both traditional PFAS-based and alternative non-PFAS outer shell materials. The study involved exposing both PFAS-based and non-PFAS DWR outer shell materials in turnout composites to simulated job exposures (i.e., weathering, thermal exposure, and laundering) that artificially aged the materials. After exposures, samples were evaluated for repellency, durability, thermal protection, and surface chemistry analysis to determine any potential performance trade-offs that may exist. Non-PFAS outer shell fabrics were found not to be diesel/oil-repellent, posing a potential flammability hazard if exposed to diesel and subsequent flame on an emergency response. Both PFAS-based and non-PFAS sets of fabrics performed similarly in terms of thermal protective performance, tearing strength, and water repellency. The surface analysis suggests that both PFAS and non-PFAS chemistries can degrade and shed from fabrics during the aging process. The study indicates that firefighters should be educated and trained regarding the potential performance trade-offs, such as oil absorption and flammability concerns when transitioning to non-PFAS outer shell materials.}, journal={JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES}, author={Mazumder, Nur-Us-Shafa and Lu, Jingtian and Hall, Andrew Stephen and Kasebi, Arash and Girase, Arjunsing and Masoud, Farzaneh and Stull, Jeffrey O. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{wang_amanah_ali_payne_kisthardt_scholle_ormond_mathur_gluck_2022, title={A standardized procedure for quantitative evaluation of residual viral activity on antiviral treated textiles}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1746-7748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221126532}, DOI={10.1177/00405175221126532}, abstractNote={ The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has increased the demand for antiviral technologies to mitigate or prevent the risk of viral transmission. Antiviral treated textiles have the potential to save lives, especially in healthcare settings that rely on reusable patient-care textiles and personal protective equipment. Currently, little is known about the role of textiles in cross-contamination and pathogen transmission, despite the wealth of information on hard surfaces and fomites harboring viruses that remain viable in certain circumstances. In addition, there is no international standard method for evaluating residual viral activity on textiles, which would allow a thorough investigation of the efficacy of antiviral textile products. Therefore, this pilot study aims to develop and refine a standardized protocol to quantitatively evaluate residual viral activity on antiviral textiles. Specifically, we focused on general textiles, such as bed linens, commonly used in healthcare settings for patient care. The Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 (TCID50) method is frequently used to quantitatively evaluate viral infectivity on textiles, but has not been established as a standard. This procedure involves observing the cytopathic effect of a given virus on cells grown in a 96-well plate after several days of incubation to determine the infectivity titer. We used HCoV-229E and Huh-7 human liver cancer cells for this investigation. We worked to improve the TCID50 method through variations of different steps within the protocol to attain reproducible results. Our proposed optimized hybrid protocol has shown evidence that the protocol is technically simpler and more efficient, and provides successful, consistent results. The analysis showed a significant difference between the treated fabric compared with controls. }, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Wang, Ziyu and Amanah, Alaowei Y. and Ali, Kiran M. and Payne, Lucy C. and Kisthardt, Samantha and Scholle, Frank and Ormond, R. Bryan and Mathur, Kavita and Gluck, Jessica M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{girase_thompson_ormond_2022, title={Comparative Analysis of the Liquid CO<sub>2</sub> Washing with Conventional Wash on Firefighters’ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/2/4/36}, DOI={10.3390/textiles2040036}, abstractNote={Firefighters are exposed to several potentially carcinogenic fireground contaminants. The current NFPA 1851 washing procedures are less effective in cleaning due to the limited intensity of the washing conditions that are used. The 2020 edition of NFPA 1851 has added limited specialized cleaning for higher efficacy. The liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) laundering technique has gained popularity in recent years due to its availability to remove contaminants and its eco-friendliness. The primary aim of this study is to address the firefighter questions regarding the efficacy of cleaning with liquid CO2 and to compare it with the conventional washing technique. The unused turnout jackets were contaminated with a mixture of fireground contaminants. These turnout jackets were cleaned with conventional NFPA 1851-appoved aqueous washing and a commercially available liquid CO2 method. Post-cleaning samples were analyzed for contamination using pressurized solvent extraction and GC-MS. The liquid CO2 technique demonstrated considerable improvement in washing efficiency compared to the conventional washing.}, journal={Textiles}, author={Girase, Arjunsing and Thompson, Donald and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{kesler_mayer_fent_chen_deaton_ormond_smith_wilkinson_kerber_horn_2021, title={Effects of firefighting hood design, laundering and doffing on smoke protection, heat stress, and wearability}, volume={1}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241}, abstractNote={Abstract Firefighter hoods must provide protection from elevated temperatures and products of combustion (e.g. particulate) while simultaneously being wearable (comfortable and not interfering with firefighting activities). The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of (1) hood design (traditional knit hood vs particulate-blocking hood), (2) repeated laundering, and (3) hood removal method (traditional vs overhead doffing) on (a) protection from soot contamination on the neck, (b) heat stress and (c) wearability measures. Using a fireground exposure simulator, 24 firefighters performed firefighting activities in realistic smoke and heat conditions using a new knit hood, new particulate-blocking hood and laundered particulate-blocking hood. Overall, soot contamination levels measured from neck skin were lower when wearing the laundered particulate-blocking hoods compared to new knit hoods, and when using the overhead hood removal process. No significant differences in skin temperature, core temperature, heart rate or wearability measures were found between the hood conditions. Practitioner Summary: The addition of a particulate-blocking layer to firefighters’ traditional two-ply hood was found to reduce the PAH contamination reaching the neck but did not affect heat stress measurements or thermal perceptions. Modifying the process for hood removal resulted in a larger reduction in neck skin contamination than design modification. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; B: new particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); FES: fireground exposure simulator; GI: gastrointestinal; K: new knit hood and PPE (PPE configuration); L: laundered particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); LOD: limit of detection; MLE: maximum likelihood estimation; NFPA: National fire protection association; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PPE: personal protective equipment; SCBA: self-contained breathing apparatus; THL: total heat loss; TPP: thermal protective performance}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kesler, Richard M. and Mayer, Alex and Fent, Kenneth W. and Chen, I-Chen and Deaton, A. Shawn and Ormond, R. Bryan and Smith, Denise L. and Wilkinson, Andrea and Kerber, Steve and Horn, Gavin P.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={1–25} }
 @article{shinde_ormond_2021, title={Headspace sampling-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer as a screening method to thermally extract fireground contaminants from retired firefighting turnout jackets}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1099-1018"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2887}, DOI={10.1002/fam.2887}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={3}, journal={FIRE AND MATERIALS}, author={Shinde, Adhiraj and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={415–428} }
 @inbook{kasebi_gaskill_ormond_2020, title={Assessing the Durability of Firefighter Protective Hoods Following Exposure to Ultraviolet Light}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162420190095}, DOI={10.1520/stp162420190095}, booktitle={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Kasebi, Arash and Gaskill, Mark and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={64–80} }
 @article{shinde_ormond_2020, title={Development of a Headspace Sampling-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of Fireground Contaminants on Firefighter Turnout Materials}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1878-0504"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.0c00041}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chas.0c00041}, abstractNote={Firefighting is classified as a 2B-possibly carcinogenic profession by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Firefighters are exposed to a host of toxic fireground contaminants such as phenols, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are potentially carcinogenic. Studies show that the exposure to contaminated firefighter gear postfire poses a health risk to the firefighters. This study focused on the issue of contaminants being present on the gear and developing a thermal extraction method to perform the assessment. A headspace sampler (HS) connected to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system was used to thermally extract known fireground contaminants and understand the effect of equilibration time and temperature on the thermal extraction efficiencies. The outer shell fabric samples (PBI/Kevlar blend) were spiked with known amounts of fireground chemicals, heated at various temperatures (36, 50, 100, and 200 °C), and analyzed using the developed method to calculate extraction efficiencies. This study is one of the first to utilize the all-in-one HS-GC-MS instrument to analyze the thermal extraction of a variety of fireground contaminants relative to different temperatures from firefighter gear materials. Based on the conditions evaluated, the results indicate that the 200 °C condition allowed for the maximum thermal extraction of contaminants from the outer shell material. The data collected from this study pave a way of creating a new method for the analysis of volatile and semivolatile contaminants from field-contaminated firefighter turnout material using HS-GC-MS.}, number={6}, journal={ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY}, author={Shinde, Adhiraj and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={352–361} }
 @inbook{carlton_ormond_joines_morton-aslanis_barker_2020, title={Development of a Standard Testing Procedure for Evaluating Firefighter Protective Hoods on PyroHead Fire Test System}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162420190090}, DOI={10.1520/stp162420190090}, booktitle={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Carlton, Nigel P. and Ormond, R. Bryan and Joines, Jeffrey A. and Morton-Aslanis, John and Barker, Roger L.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={18–30} }
 @inbook{smith_carlton_ormond_2020, title={Evaluating the Material-Level Performance of Particulate-Blocking Firefighter Hoods}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162420190091}, DOI={10.1520/stp162420190091}, booktitle={Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: Innovative Solutions to Evolving Challenges}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Smith, Madilynn McCollum and Carlton, Nigel P. and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={114–130} }
 @article{ormond_kwon_mathews_2019, title={Performance Evaluation of Newly Developed Smoke and Particulate Resistant Structural Turnout Ensemble}, volume={1614}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7673-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1520/STP161420180049}, DOI={10.1520/STP161420180049}, journal={HOMELAND SECURITY AND PUBLIC SAFETY: RESEARCH, APPLICATIONS, AND STANDARDS}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan and Kwon, Cassandra H. and Mathews, Marc C.}, year={2019}, pages={286–305} }
 @inproceedings{pickett_ormond_2017, title={Analytical quantification of key odor compounds found in footwear}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85021822319&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={AATCC 2017 - 2017 AATCC International Conference Proceedings}, author={Pickett, T.E. and Ormond, R.B.}, year={2017}, pages={87–96} }
 @inproceedings{maness_ormond_2017, title={Outward Leakage smoke simulation for evaluating susceptibility of firefighter turnout ensembles and materials to particulate infiltration}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85021831835&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={AATCC 2017 - 2017 AATCC International Conference Proceedings}, author={Maness, C. and Ormond, R.B.}, year={2017}, pages={77–86} }
 @article{ormond_2016, title={Considerations for Applying Man-in-Simulant Test Methodologies for the Evaluation of Fully Encapsulating Chemical Protective Ensembles}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84995666139&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160010}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 10TH VOL: RISK REDUCTION THROUGH RESEARCH AND TESTING}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2016}, pages={212–232} }
 @article{ormond_denhartog_2016, title={Effect of Clothing Layers on Mass Transfer of Methyl Salicylate Vapor Through CBRN Materials in a Cylinder Test}, volume={45}, ISSN={0090-3973}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150491}, DOI={10.1520/jte20150491}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, publisher={ASTM International}, author={Ormond, R. B. and DenHartog, E. A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={20150491} }
 @article{gabler_ormond_2016, title={Interlaboratory Variation for Permeation Test Standards and Considerations for Test Materials}, volume={1593}, ISBN={["978-0-8031-7631-7"]}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84995555441&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp159320160022}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 10TH VOL: RISK REDUCTION THROUGH RESEARCH AND TESTING}, author={Gabler, William and Ormond, R. Bryan}, year={2016}, pages={272–284} }
 @article{narayanan_ormond_gupta_tonelli_2015, title={Efficient wound odor removal by -cyclodextrin functionalized poly (epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibers}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940895893&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/app.42782}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={45}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Narayanan, Ganesh and Ormond, Bryan R. and Gupta, Bhupender S. and Tonelli, Alan E.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{farrell_ormond_gabler_2015, title={Quantitative analysis of trimethyl amine in cotton fabrics cationized with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84941419133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-015-0692-1}, number={5}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Farrell, Matthew J. and Ormond, R. Bryan and Gabler, William J.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={3435–3439} }
 @inbook{ormond_barker_2014, title={Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84942099478&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1533/9781782420408.1.112}, abstractNote={Abstract: A fundamental understanding of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats is presented in order to provide a basis for the design of modern protective technologies and for the evaluation of the equipment on a material and full-ensemble scale. The balance between the protection against chemical warfare that is provided by an ensemble and the level of comfort that the ensemble permits is discussed and the factors to be considered when designing CBRN protective clothing are examined. Particular attention is paid to respiratory protection and heat strain. The man-in-simulant-test (MIST) is described in detail.}, booktitle={Protective Clothing: Managing Thermal Stress}, author={Ormond, R.B. and Barker, R.L.}, year={2014}, pages={112–145} }
 @article{ormond_barker_beck_thompson_deaton_2012, title={Factors Influencing the Uptake Rate of Passive Adsorbent Dosimeters Used in the Man-in-Simulant-Test}, volume={1544}, ISSN={["0066-0558"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873388951&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1520/stp104205}, abstractNote={The passive adsorbent dosimeter (PAD) is a critical component in the man-in-simulant-test (MIST). It is the only approved device for use in determining the localized and systemic protection factors for chemical protective ensembles. In MIST evaluation protocols, PADs are placed on test subjects underneath the protective suit, and then the test subject is exposed to a known concentration of methyl salicylate (MeS), a warfare agent simulant. The purpose of the PADs is to collect the MeS vapors that enter the suit at seams, closures, or interfaces between the protective suit and gloves, boots, or the breathing apparatus. Given this key role, it is imperative that the diffusive uptake rates associated with the PADs are characterized. It is equally important to fully understand the factors influencing these rates. This research investigates two different categories of influential factors: the variation in adsorption rates associated with the simulant concentration and exposure time, and the relation to the effect of the time and temperature of the PAD's storage prior to extraction and analysis. For the first study, PADs were exposed, in the full scale MIST Facility at North Carolina State University, to concentrations ranging from 15 to 100 mg/m3 for exposure times ranging from 1 min to 2 h in duration. In the second study, the effect of the storage time prior to analysis was determined by exposing PADs at a set condition and varying the amount of time before the PADs were extracted. In order to assess the effects of storage temperature on the uptake rate, PADs were exposed and stored at temperatures ranging from below −30°C to 4°C. The findings of this research help identify and explain a possible source of differences that have been observed in MIST results at different testing sites. This work also provides a deeper understanding of the characteristics of the PADs themselves.}, journal={PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT, 9TH VOL: EMERGING ISSUES AND TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Ormond, R. Bryan and Barker, Roger and Beck, Keith and Thompson, Donald and Deaton, Shawn}, year={2012}, pages={247–265} }