@article{clark_lusardi_mitchell_2024, title={A Competing Risk Analysis of Older Americans’ Poverty Entry and Exit Patterns in the Health and Retirement Study}, volume={84}, number={3}, journal={Social Security Bulletin}, author={Clark, Robert and Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia}, year={2024}, month={Aug}, pages={11–27} }
 @article{ritter_clark_2024, title={Amending ESOPs to Reduce the Risk of Wealth Losses for Benefits}, volume={31}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Pension Benefits}, author={Ritter, Beth and Clark, Robert}, year={2024}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{clark_pelletier_ritter_2024, title={An analysis of benefit distributions selected by individuals covered by the PBGC: differences by sex and age}, volume={11}, ISSN={1474-7472 1475-3022}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747224000118}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747224000118}, abstractNote={Abstract The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) becomes the trustee for private defined benefit plans that have defaulted. The PBGC pays retirement benefits as provided by the plan and that are consistent with federal guidelines concerning the type and amounts of distributions. In response to a Freedom of Information Request, the PBGC provided us with relevant information on all individuals who received retirement benefits from the PBGC in the last 10 years, over 250,000 retirees. Individuals requesting payouts from PBGC managed plans have the option of selecting either a single-life annuity or a joint-and-survivor (J&S) annuity. We examine the PBGC distributions chosen over the last decade and how they vary by age at retirement, sex, months of service, and other relevant variables. Key findings indicate that men are much more likely to choose a joint and survivor annuity compared to female claimants, and the difference increases with age. Conditional on selecting a J&S annuity, men are more likely to select a 100 percent survivor's annuity, while women tend to choose a 50 percent survivor's benefit.}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics and Finance}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Pelletier, Denis and Ritter, Beth M.}, year={2024}, month={Nov}, pages={1–25} }
 @article{clark_mitchell_2024, title={Financial Fragility, Financial Resilience, and Pension Distributions}, volume={11}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2024.1.153}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2024.1.153}, abstractNote={This article evaluates Americans' financial robustness during the Covid-19 pandemic, using measures of financial resilience and financial fragility derived from US surveys of persons age 45–75 from 2020 to 2022. The authors analyze which factors were associated with resilience and fragility, discuss how these measures changed during the pandemic, and assess whether pre-pandemic resilience led to better outcomes during the period. Results show that stronger resilience was protective in terms of financial fragility, and that financial literacy was associated with greater pension knowledge as well as better information about retirement plan distribution options. The more financially resilient were also more likely to select an annuity as a pension payout. The findings imply that policies and programs enhancing financial resilience could help households better withstand economic shocks and address income needs in times of crisis.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={8–25} }
 @article{clark_milligan_newhouse_2023, title={Changing labor market for older workers: short and long-term trends}, volume={22}, ISSN={1474-7472 1475-3022}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747223000094}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747223000094}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics and Finance}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Milligan, Kevin and Newhouse, Joseph P.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={459–462} }
 @article{clark_2023, title={Effectiveness of employer-provided financial education programs}, volume={1}, ISSN={2753-3212}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/flw.2023.1}, DOI={10.1017/flw.2023.1}, abstractNote={Abstract While there have been numerous studies illustrating the rather low level of financial knowledge of Americans, there have been only a few efforts to examine the effectiveness of employer-provided programs in enhancing financial literacy and the ability of these programs to modify worker retirement and saving decisions. In this paper, I summarize the findings from a series of studies conducted over the past 20 years. All of the studies were done in conjunction with employers. The primary objectives of this research have been to evaluate the effectiveness of onboarding and retirement planning programs and the financial education provided in these programs. In addition, employer nudges to mid-career employees are examined. I describe the impact of financial planning programs on worker knowledge of key financial concepts and their ability to make better decisions concerning saving decisions and the timing of retirement. I also provide recommendations on how to improve the effectiveness of workplace financial education programs.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={154–168} }
 @article{clark_ritter_2023, title={Employers Can Increase Employee Knowledge of Retirement Plans and Ultimately Influence Retirement Decisions}, volume={32}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Total Rewards}, author={Clark, Robert and Ritter, Beth}, year={2023} }
 @article{abashidze_clark_craig_2023, title={Quantifying and explaining the decline in public schoolteacher retirement benefits}, volume={62}, ISSN={0019-8676 1468-232X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12329}, DOI={10.1111/irel.12329}, abstractNote={AbstractWe estimate that, between 2000 and 2020, the average initial monthly retirement benefit for teachers retiring with 30 years of service has been reduced by 11.2%, though the decline in benefits varies substantially across the states (the median reduction in the initial benefit was 1.9%). We also find that plans covering only teachers, and plans in which teachers are not in Social Security, have made smaller reductions in the generosity of their pension benefits.}, number={4}, journal={Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Abashidze, Nino and Clark, Robert L. and Craig, Lee A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={335–358} }
 @article{ritter_clark_2023, title={Tapping into Retirees to Bolster Knowledge Transfers}, number={Quarter 1}, journal={Journal of Total Rewards}, author={Ritter, Beth and Clark, Robert}, year={2023}, pages={8–21} }
 @article{clark_mitchell_2022, title={Americans' financial resilience during the pandemic}, volume={5}, ISSN={2573-8615 2573-8615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfp2.1140}, DOI={10.1002/cfp2.1140}, abstractNote={Abstract How household wellbeing responds to pandemic‐induced financial shocks likely depends on whether people undertake certain actions that enhance their ability to withstand adverse economic events, along with their ability to efficiently respond to the shocks when they occur. This paper examines Americans' financial robustness during the Covid‐19 pandemic, using an index of financial resilience and a measure of financial fragility derived from household surveys of persons age 45–75 in spring of 2020, and in May–June 2021. We estimate the factors associated with resilience and fragility in both years, show how these two measures changed a year into the pandemic, and consider whether resilience in 2020 led to better outcomes in 2021. We conclude that higher initial levels of resilience were, in fact, associated with lower levels of financial fragility a year into the pandemic. These findings suggest that policies and programs that enhance financial resilience can help low and moderate‐income households withstand economic shocks and be able to better address unexpected income needs.}, number={2-3}, journal={FINANCIAL PLANNING REVIEW}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{mitchell_clark_lusardi_2022, title={Income trajectories in later life: Longitudinal evidence from the Health and Retirement Study}, volume={22}, ISSN={2212-828X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100371}, DOI={10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100371}, abstractNote={We track low-income respondents in the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study for 23 years, to observe how their financial situations unfolded as they aged. We document that (a) real incomes remained relatively stable as individuals entered retirement and progressed through their later years; and (b) labor force participation declined and thus earnings became less important with age, while Social Security and retirement savings rose as a proportion of annual income. Low-income people near retirement also tended to fare poorly during retirement.}, journal={The Journal of the Economics of Ageing}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mitchell, Olivia S. and Clark, Robert L. and Lusardi, Annamaria}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={100371} }
 @article{clark_mitchell_2024, title={Influencing the choice of pension distribution at retirement}, volume={23}, ISSN={1474-7472 1475-3022}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747222000130}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747222000130}, abstractNote={AbstractOne of the most important financial decisions that pension participants make concerns how they access their pension assets when they terminate employment with their plan sponsor. Their choices depend both on own preferences and the options offered by their retirement plan. This paper examines both past and future pension withdrawal choices for those with defined benefit (DB) and defined contribution (DC) pensions, separately. Our data are drawn from a set of pension distribution questions we fielded in the Understanding American Study. Results show significant differences in distribution choices based on the type of retirement plan, with individuals covered by DB plans significantly more likely to select annuities compared to similar employees covered by DC plans. We also find differences in how higher annual income affects annuity choices based on coverage by DB plans. Individuals with lower levels of financial literacy and lower annual income have less knowledge of basic pension characteristics.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics and Finance}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2024}, pages={72–88} }
 @inbook{clark_2021, place={Northampton, MA}, title={Enhancing Fiscal Soundness Through Strengthening Fiscal Accountability}, booktitle={Fiscal Accountability: Sound Responses to Population Aging}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Clark, Robert and Lee, Young Wook and Mason, AndrewEditors}, year={2021}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{clark_lusardi_mitchell_davis_2021, title={Factors Contributing to Financial Well-Being among Black and Hispanic Women}, volume={9}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2021.1.088}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2021.1.088}, abstractNote={This article provides an in-depth examination of the financial well-being of Black and Hispanic women and the factors contributing to that well-being, using the 2018 survey wave of the National Financial Capability Study. The article documents meaningful differences between Black and Hispanic women versus White women; the former are more likely to face economic challenges that depress financial well-being. Controlling for differences in sociodemographic characteristics, important dissimilarities distinguish the factors that contribute to financial well-being for Black and Hispanic women compared to White women—including the distinct impacts of education, family structure, employment, and financial literacy. The results imply that extant financial education programs inadequately address the needs of Black and Hispanic women. <b>TOPICS:</b>Wealth management, legal/regulatory/public policy <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ We explore the factors shaping financial well-being with a special focus on Black and Hispanic women between the ages of 22 and 60, in the 2018 National Financial Capability Study. ▪ Differences in demographic factors contribute to FWB across race and ethnicity, including education, family structure, employment, and financial literacy, provide insight into why subjective FWB scores do not appear to differ across race and ethnicity, despite objective measures, such as borrowing behavior, indicating strong differences. ▪ Our findings lead us to conclude that a "one size fits all" approach is unlikely to address differences in financial well-being across the board and, in particular, across sub-groups of women.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Clark, Robert and Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. and Davis, Hallie}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={71–97} }
 @article{clark_lusardi_mitchell_2021, title={Financial Fragility during the COVID-19 Pandemic}, volume={111}, ISSN={2574-0768 2574-0776}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211000}, DOI={10.1257/pandp.20211000}, abstractNote={ Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the US economy was closed to limit the virus's spread, and several emergency interventions were implemented. Our analysis of older (45-75) respondents fielded in April-May of 2020 indicates that about 1 in 5 respondents was financially fragile and would have difficulty facing a midsize emergency expense. Some subgroups were at particular risk of facing financial difficulties, especially younger respondents, those with larger families, Hispanics, and those with low income. Moreover, the more financially literate were better able to handle such shocks, indicating that knowledge can provide some additional protection during a pandemic. }, journal={AEA Papers and Proceedings}, publisher={American Economic Association}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={292–296} }
 @book{clark_lee_mason_2021, title={Fiscal Accountability and Population Aging}, ISBN={9781800370470}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800370470}, DOI={10.4337/9781800370470}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert and Lee, YoungWook and Mason, Andrew}, year={2021} }
 @article{clark_pelletier_2022, title={Impact of defaults on participation in state supplemental retirement savings plans}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747220000347}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747220000347}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study examines the impact of the adoption of automatic enrollment provisions by the state of South Dakota for its supplemental retirement saving plan (SRP). In South Dakota, state and local government employees, including teachers, are covered by a defined benefit pension plan and by Social Security. Prior to the introduction of automatic enrollment, the proportion of newly hired employees who were contributing to the SRP was less than 5% in their first year of employment. After the introduction of automatic enrollment, over 90% of newly hired workers who were auto-enrolled were participating in the plan. Using a difference-in-difference approach we find that automatic enrollment changes differences in the participation rate by age, sex, and income. We also find that prior to the adoption of auto-enrollment, agencies that ultimately chose to implement this policy had higher participation rates compared to those that did not adopt auto-enrollment.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Pelletier, Denis}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={22–37} }
 @article{clark_newhouse_2021, title={Retirement decisions in a changing labor market}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747221000056}, abstractNote={AbstractThe papers in this volume examine a series of important questions that influence the transition from full time employment to complete retirement. Retirement is shown to be a process as individuals move from career jobs to bridge jobs to being out of the labor force. The articles examine the characteristics of bridge jobs and the employment conditions that older workers prefer. Analysis provided by the authors show the importance of saving throughout work life and how pension plans and retirement saving plans influence the timing of retirement.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Newhouse, Joseph P.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={337–340} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_mansor_abe_mahidin_2021, title={Wage Differentials in Malaysia: Public Employment, Gender, and Ethnicity*}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1536-0083"]}, DOI={10.1162/asep_a_00840}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The study examines the earnings differentials between the public and private sector in the Malaysian economy in terms of the moderations of the gender and ethnic wage differences in the public sector. The study uses the annual earnings from the Salaries and Wages Survey for 2011 and 2016. The key findings are that public employees are paid higher wages compared with private sector employees and the overall gender and ethnic wage differentials have declined in recent years. We also find that both gender and ethnic wage differentials are much smaller in the public sector.}, number={3}, journal={ASIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ogawa, Naohiro and Mansor, Norma and Abe, Shigeyuki and Mahidin, Mohd Uzir}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={16–34} }
 @misc{parsons_clark_2020, title={Area-Selective Deposition: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Outlook}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1520-5002"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00722}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00722}, abstractNote={This article provides an overview of area-selective thin film deposition (ASD) with primary focus on vapor-phase thin film formation via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition ...}, number={12}, journal={CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Parsons, Gregory N. and Clark, Robert D.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={4920–4953} }
 @article{clark_ritter_2020, title={Employer Responses to an Aging Workforce}, volume={30}, ISSN={1055-3037 2053-4892}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/praa011}, DOI={10.1093/ppar/praa011}, abstractNote={The population of the United States continues to age in response to relatively low birth rates and increases in life expectancy at older ages. In response to these population trends, the American labor force has also been aging. While these macro events are well documented, much less is known about how the age structures of individual firms and organizations are evolving in the twenty-first century. The primary objectives of this analysis are to determine differences in workforce aging across the economy, to assess whether firms view the aging of their labor force as a risk to the organization, and to observe whether employers are modifying employment conditions and compensation policies in response to workforce aging. Workforce aging can take several forms, which may present employers with different types of concerns about their impact on the profitability and sustainability of the organization. Many analysts focus on the age structure of the labor force, as measured by the proportion of the workers who are over a certain age. Workforce aging could mean a rising share of employees over age 45 or over age 65. These measures may evoke different responses from employers. Alternatively, employers might focus on the average age of retirement and whether employees are staying on the job until older ages. Specific concerns of employers include how labor costs vary with the age of employees, how productivity changes with age, and the potential for a major loss of talent if a large number of employees retires within a short time period.}, number={3}, journal={Public Policy & Aging Report}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L and Ritter, Beth M}, editor={Kaskie, BrianEditor}, year={2020}, pages={113–118} }
 @misc{clark_liu_2020, title={Financial Well-being of State and Local Government Retirees in North Carolina}, ISBN={0198867522 9780198867524 9780191904295}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867524.003.0010}, DOI={10.1093/oso/9780198867524.003.0010}, abstractNote={Abstract This chapter analyzes how low- and moderate-income retirees utilize retirement savings, and how financially fragile they are, relying on survey data on public employees in North Carolina. We investigate whether retirees make systematic errors when they manage their assets so as to maintain their standards of living, and whether there are notable differences in financial management skills across subgroups. We also ask whether financial literacy is positively associated with lower rates of committing such errors and, and whether low-income households have lower levels of financial literacy leaving them likely to make poor financial decisions. We show that many retirees have no emergency cash, and one quarter maintain high-interest debt while leaving low-return funds in retirement saving plans. Suboptimal debt holding is associated with lower household income and lower financial literacy.}, journal={Remaking Retirement}, publisher={Oxford University PressOxford}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Liu, Siyan}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={184–206} }
 @article{clark_ritter_2020, title={How Are Employers Responding to an Aging Workforce?}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1758-5341"]}, DOI={10.1093/geront/gnaa031}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The American population is aging and changes in the population’s age structure are leading to an aging of the nation’s workforce. In addition, changes to age-specific participation rates are exacerbating the aging of the national labor force. An important challenge for firms and organizations is how does workforce aging affect labor costs, productivity, and the sustainability of the organization. This article examines employer responses to workforce aging, including changes to retirement policies, modification in working conditions, adoption of phased retirement plans, and reforming other employee benefits.}, number={8}, journal={GERONTOLOGIST}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ritter, Beth M.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={1403–1410} }
 @article{clark_hammond_liu_2021, title={Work after retirement: worklife transitions of career public employees}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747219000428}, abstractNote={AbstractEngaging in paid employment after claiming retirement benefits may be an important avenue for individuals to work longer as life expectancies rise. After separating from one's career employer, individuals may engage in paid work to stay active or to supplement their current level of retirement savings or both. Individuals who choose not to work after claiming may be expressing their preference to stay retired, perhaps because their retirement income is sufficient. However, the decision to work after claiming may be driven by the lack of retirement planning and insufficient savings, while the lack of post-claiming work may reflect the inability to find adequate employment opportunities. We use administrative records merged with panel data from several surveys of public employees in North Carolina to study the decision to engage in paid work after claiming retirement benefits. More than 60% of active workers plan to work after claiming benefits, while only around 42% of the same sample of individuals have engaged in post-claiming paid work in the first few years after leaving public sector employment. Despite this gap, stated work plans are strongly predictive of actual post-claiming work behavior. Our final analysis uses self-reported measures to gauge the financial well-being of our sample in the early years after leaving career employment.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hammond, Robert G. and Liu, Siyan}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={341–356} }
 @article{abashidze_clark_hammond_ritter_vanderweide_2021, title={Annuity pricing in public pension plans: importance of interest rates}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747219000271}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study examines the distribution options of 85 large public retirement plans covering general state employees, teachers, and local government employees. The interest rates used to price annuities vary considerably across the plans. As a result, retirees with the same monthly benefit if a single life benefit is chosen will have substantially different monthly benefits if they select a joint and survivor annuity. We examine the impact of variation in the pricing of annuity options using both cross-plan differences in interest rates and the change in the choice of annuity options in one plan after the price of options changes due to new assumed interest rates and mortality rates.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Abashidze, Nino and Clark, Robert L. and Hammond, Robert G. and Ritter, Beth M. and Vanderweide, David}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={27–48} }
 @article{clark_nyce_ritter_shoven_2019, title={Employer Concerns and Responses to an Aging Workforce}, volume={6}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2019.1.049}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2019.1.049}, abstractNote={Economists and public policy analysts have devoted considerable research to examining the work and retirement decisions of employees. Much less effort has been spent on understanding the concerns and challenges of employers if their workers delay retirement and remain on the job until older ages. In this study, we report findings from three employer surveys with the objective of learning how organizations are responding to the aging of their workforces. The surveys provide several important observations. First, employer concerns about workforce aging vary considerably across the economy. To some firms, these demographic changes are of immediate concern and are viewed as a significant risk to the organization, while other firms remain more concerned about the potential productivity and cost effect of an older labor force. Second, most employers expect the importance of workforce aging to increase in the next five years. In response, a significant proportion of organizations are making changes to working conditions and compensation policies. Third, firms remain reluctant to adopt formal phased retirement policies but are more willing to offer part-time employment, return to work, and other policies on a case-by-case basis. <b>TOPICS:</b>Retirement, legal/regulatory/public policy}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Nyce, Steven and Ritter, Beth and Shoven, John}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={82–99} }
 @article{clark_newhouse_2019, title={Incentives and limitations of employment policies on retirement transitions}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747219000039}, abstractNote={Robert L. Clark1* and Joseph P. Newhouse2 Professor, Department of Economics, North Carolina State University and John D. MacArthur Professor of Health Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University *Corresponding author. E-mail: robert_clark@ncsu.edu}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Newhouse, Joseph P.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={495–499} }
 @article{clark_hammond_vanderweide_2019, title={Navigating complex financial decisions at retirement: evidence from annuity choices in public sector pensions}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747218000410}, abstractNote={AbstractChoices regarding the disposition of wealth at retirement can have substantial implications for retirement income security. We analyze the factors determining annuity payout option choices within the context of a public sector defined pension plan with no default annuity option. Using combined administrative records and survey data, we explore the role of individual and household characteristics as well as risk preferences, time preferences, and financial literacy. We also document retiree well-being and satisfaction with retirement decision making. The evidence is consistent with predictions over which households might benefit most from each annuity option. Comparing retirees who chose different types of annuities, we find that these groups of retirees report very different levels of well-being in retirement. All retirees report lower levels of retirement income security over time, with strong differences among those who chose different types of annuities.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hammond, Robert G. and Vanderweide, David}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={594–611} }
 @article{clark_hammond_khalaf_2019, title={Planning for Retirement? The Importance of Time Preferences}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1936-4768"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12122-019-09287-y}, abstractNote={Ensuring retirement income security is a priority for individuals, employers, and policymakers. To achieve this, employers and policymakers sponsor and subsidize retirement saving plans and provide educational interventions. The effectiveness of these tools will depend on individuals’ interest and willingness to engage in planning and preparing for retirement. Using merged administrative and survey data for public sector workers in North Carolina, we find that individuals who more heavily discount the future are less likely to plan and save for retirement. Further, retirement planning behavior is measured both subjectively and objectively, and time preferences have an association with subjectively measured retirement planning but not with objectively measured retirement planning. Finally, individuals’ retirement timing is associated with time preferences but only among individuals with a retirement plan. In total, our results highlight the important role of time preferences in determining retirement planning and preparedness.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hammond, Robert G. and Khalaf, Christelle}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={127–150} }
 @inbook{clark_elizabeth_richard_2019, title={Retirement and economic development: an international analysis}, ISBN={9780429439193}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429439193-6}, DOI={10.4324/9780429439193-6}, abstractNote={Retirement is influenced by economic well-being and health status, labor market opportunities, retirement programs, and social norms. Social security programs significantly alter the retirement rates of older men. The labor force participation rate for men aged 65 and older is 1.3 percentage points lower for every additional 10 years that a country has had a social security law in effect. The social security retirement age variables provide mixed evidence concerning the effect of earlier ages of eligibility on retirement rates. The relationship between economic development and retirement ages differs according to the level of per capita income. Older more, mature social security systems are associated with lower retirement ages and the use of a provident fund tends to lower participation rates. The findings should also be beneficial to developing countries as they attempt to provide retirement income for emerging older populations in the presence of rapidly growing younger populations.}, booktitle={Social Policy and the Labour Market}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Elizabeth, Anne York and Richard, Anker}, editor={de Jong, Philip and Marmor, TheodoreEditors}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={117–135} }
 @article{clark_mitchell_2020, title={Target Date Defaults in a Public Sector Retirement Saving Plan}, volume={86}, ISSN={["2325-8012"]}, DOI={10.1002/soej.12415}, abstractNote={Little is known about whether employee retirement saving patterns change when public sector employers implement Target Date Funds (TDFs) as the default plan investment. We use administrative and survey data from a large government entity to track participation, contributions, and asset allocation impacts of TDF introduction. We show that those mapped into TDFs did not alter their holdings so that the reform resulted in higher equity shares, especially for women, younger workers, and low‐seniority employees. The least risk‐tolerant and financially literate employees held 12 percentage points more equity than previously. Moreover, defaulting public employees into TDF had a profoundly sticky effect on their subsequent investment behavior.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1133–1149} }
 @article{clark_ritter_2019, title={The Work Force Is Aging: Are Companies Responding?}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={World at Work Journal, Fourth Quarter}, author={Clark, Robert and Ritter, Beth}, year={2019}, pages={43–54} }
 @inbook{clark_quinn_2018, title={2 Reform of retirement programs and the future well-being of the elderly in America}, ISBN={9781315193045}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315193045-17}, DOI={10.4324/9781315193045-17}, abstractNote={REFORM OF RETIREMENT PROGRAMS ANDTHE FUTURE WELL-BEING OF THE ELDERLY IN AMERICAbyRobert L. ClarkandJoseph F. QuinnPaper Prepared for Sixth International Research SeminarOn Issues in Social Security Sponsored byFoundation for International Studies on Social SecuritySigtuna, SwedenJune 1999This paper is based on a longer study “Can Adverse Effects of Reductions in Medicare BeOffset by Improvements in Other Retirement Programs?” prepared for the NationalAcademy of Social Insurance, January 1999.}, booktitle={Domain Linkages and Privatization in Social Security}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Clark, R. and Quinn, J.}, editor={Kim, Jun-Young and Svensson, Per-GunnarEditors}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={217–240} }
 @article{clark_hammond_morrill_vanderweide_2018, title={Annuity Options in Public Pension Plans: <i>The Curious Case of Social Security Leveling}, volume={6}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2018.6.1.033}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2018.6.1.033}, abstractNote={Social Security Leveling is an annuity option that allows defined benefit pension participants to receive a level income throughout retirement by taking a larger pension benefit before they reach Social Security eligibility. This option can enable retirees to access a greater proportion of their employer pension wealth at younger ages and have a smoother income stream in retirement, at the cost of a lower pension payment during later retirement years. To evaluate the desirability of this option, a retiree must consider pricing, anticipated life expectancy, and income needs throughout retirement. We show that plan design features of this annuity option favor those who expect a shorter-than-average period of retirement and who have higher personal discount rates. This study uses detailed administrative records on all North Carolina state and local government retirees from 2009 through 2014. Among individuals claiming retirement benefits before age 62, over 20% chose the Social Security Leveling annuity option. Using multivariate regression analysis, this study finds evidence that North Carolina public sector retirees choose the Social Security Leveling option in a manner that is consistent with predictions.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hammond, Robert G. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Vanderweide, David}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={33–44} }
 @book{clark_maurer_mitchell_2018, title={How Persistent Low Returns Will Shape Saving and Retirement}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0001}, DOI={10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0001}, abstractNote={Financial market developments over the past decade have undermined what was once thought to be conventional wisdom about saving, investment, and retirement spending. Foremost among these is the depressingly persistent and extended period of low capital market returns, driving concerns about how to rethink saving and investments in what can be called the ‘new normal.’ This chapter introduces the themes of the book: how we arrived at our current state of affairs and what changes need to be made to achieve adequate retirement incomes for future retirees, and exploring new designs for pension plan sponsors. With increasing life expectancy adding to the problem of low market returns, the chapter urges policymakers to start reforming now to ensure retirement financial security.}, journal={Oxford Scholarship Online}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Maurer, Raimond and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @article{clark_hammond_morrill_khalaf_2019, title={INFORMING RETIREMENT SAVINGS DECISIONS: A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON SUPPLEMENTAL PLANS}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1465-7295"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85054846087&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/ecin.12731}, abstractNote={Although supplemental saving plans can be an important part of an individual's financial security in retirement, contribution rates remain low, particularly among those with lower salaries and less education. We report findings from an intervention that provided information on key aspects of the employer‐provided supplemental saving plans to older public employees in North Carolina. Among workers participating in a supplemental plan, individuals who received an informational flyer increased their contributions in the months following the intervention relative to the control group. In contrast, individuals who were not enrolled in a retirement saving plan were not moved to begin contributing to a supplemental plan. The results suggest that informational interventions can induce workers who are already engaged in the saving process to reassess their level of retirement preparedness. (JEL C93, D14, D9)}, number={1}, journal={ECONOMIC INQUIRY}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hammond, Robert G. and Morrill, Melinda S. and Khalaf, Christelle}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={188–205} }
 @inbook{clark_2018, title={Pensions in transition in the U.S. and Japan: Parallels and contrasts}, ISBN={9780429463389}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429463389-5}, DOI={10.4324/9780429463389-5}, abstractNote={Occupational or employer pensions in the United States and Japan are changing rapidly in response to the aging of national populations, modifications in social security systems, changes in the economic environment, and the introduction of new government regulations. Japan is among the most rapidly aging countries in the world. The rapid aging of the Japanese population is due to extremely low fertility rates and a life expectancy that is among the highest in the world. The population age structure of the United States has been dominated by the baby boom cohort born between 1946 and 1965. Initially, this cohort dramatically affect the school age population. The aging of the populations in the United States and Japan will increase the ratio of retirees to workers and necessitate changes in compensation and retirement policies of firms and will alter national social security policies.}, booktitle={Ageing, Social Security and Affordability}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, editor={Marmor, Theodore and de Jong, PhilipEditors}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={99–118} }
 @inbook{clark_craig_2018, title={Retirement and Pensions in American Economic History}, ISBN={9780190882617 9780199983148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190882617.013.3}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190882617.013.3}, abstractNote={Abstract The proportion of the US population that survives to retirement age has increased over time, as has the share of the older population that retires. Higher incomes at older ages explain the increase in the incidence of retirement. Pensions provide much of that income. In general, public-sector workers, especially military personnel, were covered by pensions before their private-sector counterparts, and coverage in the public sector remains more widespread, and generous, than it is in the private sector. Public-sector pension plans are more likely to be defined benefit plans than are private-sector plans. Many public-sector employers have promised their employees more in benefits than they have set aside to pay for those benefits. Estimates suggest that the federal, state, and local retirement plans currently in operation are underfunded by as much as $5 trillion.}, booktitle={The Oxford Handbook of American Economic History Volume 1}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Craig, Lee A.}, editor={Cain, Louis and Fishback, Price and Rhode, PaulEditors}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={355–374} }
 @article{clark_pathak_pelletier_2018, title={Supplemental Retirement Savings Plans in the Public Sector: Participation and Contribution Decisions by School Personnel}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1936-4768"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9270-2}, DOI={10.1007/s12122-018-9270-2}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Pathak, Aditi and Pelletier, Denis}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={383–404} }
 @inbook{clark_cowell_2017, place={Oxford, UK}, title={Annuity Options in Public Pension Plans}, booktitle={Financial Decision Making and Retirement Security in an Aging World}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Cowell, Janet}, editor={Mitchell, Olivia and Hammond, Brett and Utkus, StephenEditors}, year={2017}, pages={130–152} }
 @article{clark_newhouse_2016, title={Challenges facing public retirement plans INTRODUCTION}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747215000499}, abstractNote={State and local retirement plans around the world are confronted with rising annual expenditures and increases in their unfunded liabilities. In response to these financial challenges, government policymakers have been making fundamental changes in their pension plans. In the USA, traditional defined benefit plans continue to cover most public employees, yet some states have adopted hybrid plans, others have shifted to defined contribution or cash balance plans, and still others are now giving employees’ choices over their retirement plan. And the US state and local governments that have retained their traditional plans continue to enact policy changes that reduce plan generosity. Examples of such modifications include reducing the benefit generosity parameter, increasing the number of years used to calculate the final average salary, raising the ages and increasing the years of service needed for early and normal retirement, and boosting employee contributions to help finance pension benefits. For years, economists have examined how retirement plans influence the behavior of workers in the private sector, but only recently has attention been shifted to an examination of how state and local plan reforms affect public employees.1 This special issue of the Journal of Pension Economics and Finance includes four articles that examine various aspects of state and local retirement plans and how they affect state and local government budgets, employee behavior, and economic well-being in retirement.2 Jeffrey Brown and George Pennacchi reexamine the important issue of how the liabilities of public retirement plans should be measured and reported. Selecting an appropriate discount rate is central to understanding the true magnitude of the unfunded liabilities of the pension plans of cities, counties, and states. Robert Clark, Emma Hanson, and Olivia S. Mitchell study the impact of}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Newhouse, Joseph P.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={249–253} }
 @article{clark_lusardi_mitchell_2017, title={Employee financial literacy and retirement plan behavior: A case study}, volume={55}, DOI={10.1111/ecin.12389}, abstractNote={This article uses administrative data on all active employees of the Federal Reserve (FR) System to examine participation in and contributions to the Thrift Saving Plan, the System's defined contribution (DC) plan. We link to administrative records a unique employee survey of economic/demographic factors including a set of financial literacy questions. Not surprisingly, FR employees are substantially more financially literate than the population at large. Most importantly, financially savvy employees are also most likely to participate in their DC plan. Sophisticated workers contribute three percentage points more of their earnings to the DC plan than do the less knowledgeable, and they hold more equity in their pension accounts. We examine changes in employee plan behavior 1 year after employees completed a Learning Module about retirement planning, and we compare it to baseline patterns. We find that those employees who completed the Learning Module were more likely to start contributing and less likely to have stopped contributing to the DC plan postsurvey. In sum, employer‐provided learning programs are shown to significantly impact employee retirement saving decisions and consistent with a lot of other research, higher levels of financial literacy are found to have a beneficial impact on retirement saving patterns. (JEL J3, H7)}, number={1}, journal={Economic Inquiry}, author={Clark, R. and Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O. S.}, year={2017}, pages={248–259} }
 @book{clark_morrill_2016, title={Extending Worklife: Employer Interests and Concerns}, publisher={Upjohn Institute for Employment Research}, author={Clark, Robert and Morrill, Melinda}, year={2016} }
 @article{clark_hanson_mitchell_2016, title={Lessons for public pensions from Utah's move to pension choice}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747215000426}, abstractNote={AbstractWe explore what happened when the state of Utah moved away from its traditional defined benefit pension. In its place, it offered new hires a choice between a conventional defined contribution plan and a hybrid plan option, where the latter has both a guaranteed benefit component and a defined contribution plan where employees bear investment risk. We show that around 60% of new hires failed to make any active choice and, as a result, were automatically defaulted into the hybrid plan. Slightly more than half of those who made an active choice elected the hybrid plan. Post-reform, employees who failed to actively elect a primary retirement plan were also far less likely to enroll in a supplemental retirement account, compared with new hires who actively selected a plan. We also find that employees hired following the reform were more likely to leave public employment, resulting in higher separation rates. This could reflect a reduction in the desirability of public employment under the new pension design and an improving economic climate in the state. Our results imply that public pension reformers must consider employee responses in addition to potential cost savings, when developing and enacting major pension plan changes.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hanson, Emma and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={285–310} }
 @article{clark_hanson_morrill_pathak_2016, title={Supplemental plan offerings and retirement saving choices: an analysis of North Carolina school districts}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84979254588&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747215000414}, abstractNote={AbstractUnlike private sector employers, public school districts generally offer more than one type of supplemental retirement savings plan and allow multiple vendors to offer products. Using individual-level payroll data from over half of the public school districts in North Carolina coupled with data from an employer survey, this study examines how inter-district differences in supplemental plan administration are related to participation in these savings vehicles. We find wide variation in total participation rates and in 403(b) plan participation rates in particular, even among this population of public-sector workers with the same defined benefit pension plan, health plan, and retiree health coverage. Individual and district characteristics explain some, but not all, of the variation observed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hanson, Emma and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Pathak, Aditi}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={333–355} }
 @article{clark_hanson_morrill_pathak_2017, title={Supplemental plan offerings and retirement saving choices: an analysis of North Carolina school districts – Corrigendum}, volume={16}, ISSN={1474-7472 1475-3022}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1474747216000111}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747216000111}, abstractNote={Unlike private sector employers, public school districts generally offer more than one type of supplemental retirement savings plan and allow multiple vendors to offer products. Using individual-level payroll data from over half of the public school districts in North Carolina coupled with data from an employer survey, this study examines how inter-district differences in supplemental plan administration are related to participation in these savings vehicles. We find wide variation in total participation rates and in 403(b) plan participation rates in particular, even among this population of public-sector workers with the same defined benefit pension plan, health plan, and retiree health coverage. Individual and district characteristics explain some, but not all, of the variation observed.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics and Finance}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Hanson, Emma and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Pathak, Aditi}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={585} }
 @article{clark_lusardi_mitchell_2017, title={Financial knowledge and 401(k) investment performance: a case study}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747215000384}, abstractNote={AbstractWe explore whether investors who are more financially knowledgeable earn more on their retirement plan investments compared with their less sophisticated counterparts, using a unique new dataset linking administrative data on investment performance and financial knowledge. Results show that the most financially knowledgeable investors: (a) held 18% points more stock than their least knowledgeable counterparts; (b) could anticipate earning 8 basis points per month more in excess returns; (c) had 40% higher portfolio volatility; and (d) held portfolios with about 38% less idiosyncratic risk, as compared with their least savvy counterparts. Our results are qualitatively similar after controlling on observables as well as modeling sample selection. We also examine portfolio changes to assess the potential impact of the financial literacy intervention. Controlling on other factors, those who elected to take the financial literacy survey boosted their equity allocations by 66 basis points and their monthly expected excess returns rose by 2.3 basis points; no significant difference in volatility or non-systematic risk was detected before versus after the survey. While these findings relate to only one firm, we anticipate that they may spur other efforts to enhance financial knowledge in the workplace.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert and Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={324–347} }
 @article{allen_clark_maki_morrill_2016, title={Golden Years or Financial Fears? <i>How Plans Change after Retirement Seminars}, volume={3}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2016.3.3.096}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2016.3.3.096}, abstractNote={Many organizations provide retirement planning seminars as a benefit to their employees, to help them make moreinformed retirement plans. This study examines 85 preretirement planning seminars conducted by five companies in 2008 and 2009 to determine whether participants improved their financial knowledge and learned important facts about retirement programs—and whether, on the basis of this potential change in knowledge, they adjusted their retirement plans. Using surveys conducted before and after the seminars, we find that financial literacy and knowledge of retirement program parameters were significantly higher after the seminar. Employees with the largest increases in knowledge were most likely to change their planned retirement age and planned age of claiming Social Security benefits.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L. and Maki, Jen and Morrill, Melinda Sandler}, year={2016}, pages={96–115} }
 @article{clark_2015, title={Retiree Health Insurance and the Retirement Plans of College and University Faculty}, volume={2}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2015.2.3.055}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2015.2.3.055}, abstractNote={Economists conjecture that employer-provided pensions create an incentive for early retirement, in that employees with such pensions can afford to work fewer years and save less. A similar effect might be present with retiree health insurance (RHI). Relatively few studies of the impact of RHI on retirement and saving decisions have been carried out, however. This article reports on the results of an empirical study, based on a nationwide survey of older university faculty. Its main finding is that the expected age of retirement is not affected by whether or not the faculty member expects to have RHI. This finding may reflect the fact that university faculty tend to retire late, past age 65, at which time they are automatically enrolled in Medicare. The value of RHI is greater when a worker intends to retire well before the age of 65. <b>TOPICS:</b>Retirement, in wealth management}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={55–66} }
 @article{clark_matsukura_ogawa_shimizutani_2015, title={Retirement Transitions in Japan}, volume={25}, ISSN={1055-3037 2053-4892}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prv026}, DOI={10.1093/ppar/prv026}, abstractNote={Journal Article Retirement Transitions in Japan Get access Robert L. Clark, MA, Robert L. Clark, MA * 1 Department of Economics and Department of Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA *Address correspondence to Robert L. Clark, North Carolina State University College of Management, Box 7229 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA, E-mail: robert_clark@ncsu.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Rikiya Matsukura, Rikiya Matsukura 2 College of Economics, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Naohiro Ogawa, Naohiro Ogawa 2 College of Economics, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Satoshi Shimizutani Satoshi Shimizutani 3 Ricoh Institute of Sustainability and Business, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Policy & Aging Report, Volume 25, Issue 4, Fall 2015, Pages 129–131, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prv026 Published: 14 October 2015 Article history Received: 27 July 2015 Accepted: 04 August 2015 Published: 14 October 2015}, number={4}, journal={Public Policy & Aging Report}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Matsukura, Rikiya and Ogawa, Naohiro and Shimizutani, Satoshi}, year={2015}, pages={129–131} }
 @article{clark_newhouse_cutler_2014, title={Health insurance and the American public sector labor market}, volume={38}, ISSN={0167-6296}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEALECO.2014.08.004}, DOI={10.1016/J.JHEALECO.2014.08.004}, abstractNote={To characterize psychotropic medication use before and after traumatic brain injury (TBI) hospitalization among older adults. A secondary objective is to determine how receipt of indicated pharmacologic treatment for anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differs following TBI.Retrospective cohort.United States.Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years hospitalized with TBI between 2006 and 2010 with continuous drug coverage for 12 months before and after TBI (N = 60,276).We obtained monthly psychotropic medication use by drug class and specific drugs from Medicare Part D drug event files.ICD-9 codes were used to define anxiety (300.0x) and PTSD (309.81).Average monthly prevalence of psychotropic medication use among all patients hospitalized for TBI was 44.8%; antidepressants constituted 73%. Prevalence of psychotropic medication use increased from 2006 to 2010. Following TBI, psychotropic medication use increased slightly (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.06.) Tricyclic antidepressant use decreased post-TBI (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.79) whereas use of the sedating antidepressants mirtazapine (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.37) and trazadone (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.17) increased. Antipsychotic (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.19) use also increased post-TBI. Beneficiaries newly diagnosed with anxiety (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.48) and/or PTSD (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.84) post-TBI were less likely to receive indicated pharmacologic treatment.Older adults hospitalized with TBI have a high prevalence of psychotropic medication use yet are less likely to receive indicated pharmacological treatment for newly diagnosed anxiety and PTSD following TBI.}, journal={Journal of Health Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Newhouse, Joseph P. and Cutler, David M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={62–64} }
 @article{clark_mitchell_2014, title={How does retiree health insurance influence public sector employee saving?}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1879-1646"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.03.014}, abstractNote={Economic theory predicts that employer-provided retiree health insurance (RHI) benefits have a crowd-out effect on household wealth accumulation, not dissimilar to the effects reported elsewhere for employer pensions, Social Security, and Medicare. Nevertheless, we are unaware of any similar research on the impacts of retiree health insurance per se. Accordingly, the present paper utilizes a unique data file on respondents to the Health and Retirement Study, to explore how employer-provided retiree health insurance may influence net household wealth among public sector employees, where retiree healthcare benefits are still quite prevalent. Key findings include the following: Most full-time public sector employees anticipate having employer-provided health insurance coverage in retirement, unlike most private sector workers.Public sector employees covered by RHI had substantially less wealth than similar private sector employees without RHI. In our data, Federal workers had about $82,000 (18%) less net wealth than private sector employees lacking RHI; state/local workers with RHI accumulated about $69,000 (or 15%) less net wealth than their uninsured private sector counterparts.After controlling on socioeconomic status and differences in pension coverage, net household wealth for Federal employees was $116,000 less than workers without RHI and the result is statistically significant; the state/local difference was not.}, journal={JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={109–118} }
 @article{clark_morrill_vanderweide_2014, title={The effects of retiree health insurance plan characteristics on retirees’ choice and employers’ costs}, volume={38}, ISSN={0167-6296}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.02.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.02.007}, abstractNote={To moderate the rate of growth of retiree health insurance costs, employers can modify plans and move retirees into less expensive plans. We examine policy modifications implemented by the North Carolina State Health Plan. We investigate whether incentives produce the desired plan elections and whether these changes, along with cost shifting, produce the expected reductions in cost growth. Using individual-level administrative data, along with aggregated data on expenditures for retirees, we estimate the effects of the introduction and subsequent repeal of a Comprehensive Wellness Initiative for non-Medicare eligible retirees, as well as increases in coinsurance and copayments and the introduction of a premium for all retirees. Over a third of non-Medicare retirees shifted into the least generous plan between June 2009 and December 2012. The level effects on annual costs and unfunded accrued liabilities were relatively modest, but growth rates were diminished. Increases in the retiree premiums reduced the state's projected costs.}, journal={Journal of Health Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Vanderweide, David}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={119–129} }
 @article{clark_maki_morrill_2014, title={Can Simple Informational Nudges Increase Employee Participation in a 401(k) Plan?}, volume={80}, ISSN={["2325-8012"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904630292&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4284/0038-4038-2012.199}, abstractNote={We report results from a field experiment in which a randomized subset of newly hired workers at a large financial institution received a flyer containing information about the employer's 401(k) plan and the value of contributions compounding over a career. Younger workers who received the flyer were significantly more likely to begin contributing to the plan relative to their peers in the control group. Many workers do not participate in their employers' supplemental retirement savings programs, even though these programs offer substantial tax advantages and immediate returns due to matching contributions. From a survey of new hires, we find that many workers choose not to contribute to the plan because they have other financial priorities. However, some nonparticipants lack the financial literacy to appreciate the benefit. These findings indicate that simple informational interventions can nudge workers to participate in retirement saving plans and enhance individual well‐being and retirement income security.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Maki, Jennifer A. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={677–701} }
 @article{clark_glickstein_hill_2013, title={Converting Traditional Defined Benefit Plans to Hybrid Plans:<i>A Decade of Change}, volume={1}, ISSN={2326-6899 2326-6902}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jor.2013.1.2.101}, DOI={10.3905/jor.2013.1.2.101}, abstractNote={Over the past two and a half decades, a number of large employers have converted their traditional defined benefit plans to hybrid plans. Plan conversions are based on employer and employee preferences, and the desirability of hybrid plans depends on economic conditions, the regulatory environment, and legal uncertainty. The authors examine the factors that affected plan sponsors’ decisions to convert traditional DB plans to hybrid plans during years 2000–2009, a period characterized by adverse economic conditions, legal controversies, and regulatory change. They examine the pension choices of Fortune 1000 companies and estimate the likelihood of plan conversions as a function of the financial status of the plan sponsor, pension plan funding, and costs. The timing of plan conversions relative to major changes in federal regulations, specifically the passage of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and the economic crisis, are explored. Finally, they examine whether the factors that prompted conversions in the early part of the decade were the same as those that prompted similar conversions later in the decade. <b>TOPICS:</b>Pension funds, retirement, financial crises and financial market history}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Retirement}, publisher={With Intelligence LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Glickstein, Alan and Hill, Tomeka}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={101–112} }
 @article{clark_morrill_vanderweide_2014, title={Defined benefit pension plan distribution decisions by public sector employees}, volume={116}, ISSN={0047-2727}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.005}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies examining pension distribution choices have found that the tendency of private-sector workers is to select lump sum distributions instead of life annuities resulting in leakage of retirement savings. In the public sector, defined benefit pensions usually offer lump sum distributions equal to employee contributions, not the present value of the annuity. Thus, for terminating employees that are younger or have shorter tenures, the lump sum distribution amount may exceed the present value of the annuity. We discuss the factors that may influence the choice to withdraw funds or not in this environment. Using administrative data from the North Carolina state and local government retirement systems, we find that over two-thirds of public sector workers under age 50 separating prior to retirement from public plans in North Carolina left their accounts open and did not request a cash distribution from the pension system within one year of separation. Furthermore, the evidence suggests many separating workers, particularly those with short tenure, may be forgoing substantial monetary benefits due to lack of knowledge, understanding, or accessibility of benefits. We find no evidence of a bias toward cash distributions for public employees in North Carolina.}, journal={Journal of Public Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Vanderweide, David}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={73–88} }
 @article{clark_matsukura_ogawa_2013, title={Low fertility, human capital, and economic growth: The importance of financial education and job retraining}, volume={29}, DOI={10.4054/demres.2013.29.32}, abstractNote={Background: International research has shown that workers have a rather low level of financial literacy. Financial literacy is associated with lifetime planning and saving for retirement. This article focuses on the role of financial literacy in the demand for human capital and on-the-job training among older workers in Japan. Workers with higher levels of financial literacy are more likely to demand human capital, plan to enter training programs, and desire to work after retirement. Objective: Does financial literacy affect the demand for additional human capital among older Japanese workers? How does the level of financial literacy affect the age of retirement and plans for working after retirement from a career job in Japan? Methods: This paper analyzes data from a national survey of Japanese employees. We estimate the effect of financial literacy on the demand for additional human capital to remain competitive for promotions and for finding employment after retirement. Results: Higher levels of financial literacy are associated with greater demand for additional human capital and for participation in on-the-job training programs among older workers in Japan. Conclusions: Given the rapid aging of the Japanese population and the decline in the total population, providing employment opportunities for older workers (ages 60 and older) is a key to sustaining economic growth and per capita income. The analysis indicates that greater levels of financial literacy are associated with a desire for more training and human capital. Thus, enhancing the level of financial literacy among older workers may be a key to maintaining economic wellbeing.}, journal={Demographic Research}, author={Clark, R. and Matsukura, R. and Ogawa, N.}, year={2013}, pages={865–884} }
 @article{clark_2013, title={The Predictable Surprise: The Unraveling of the U.S. Retirement System}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1474-7472"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747212000236}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={138–139} }
 @misc{clark_glickstein_hill_2012, title={Adopting Hybrid Pension Plans: Effects of Economic Crisis and Regulatory Reform}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660698.003.0011}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660698.003.0011}, abstractNote={This chapter examines the factors that affected plan sponsors’ decisions to convert a traditional defined benefit plan to a hybrid design. The study uses combined plan level data from Form 5500 filings and financial information from 10-Ks of Fortune 1000 companies to ascertain how the financial status of the plan sponsor, pension plan funding, and costs affected a decision to convert from a traditional to a hybrid design. The chapter also explores the timing of such conversions relative to major changes in federal regulations, specifically the passage of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and the ensuing regulations as well as in response to the economic crisis. The chapter examines whether firms that converted in the early part of the decade did so for reasons that were different than those who converted in later part of the decade. The chapter assesses the role of the financial status of the plan sponsor in the conversion decision and compare this to the influence of the plan funding ratio, the investment patterns, and the overall plan cost. The chapter also describes the influence the economic crisis is likely to have on the choice of plan type.}, journal={Reshaping Retirement Security}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Glickstein, Alan and Hill, Tomeka}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={215–234} }
 @article{clark_morrill_allen_2012, title={Effectiveness of Employer-Provided Financial Information: Hiring to Retiring}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0002-8282"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863198523&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1257/aer.102.3.314}, abstractNote={ Workers plan and save for retirement throughout their careers. Individuals must navigate complex financial instruments and understand public and employer-provided retirement plan characteristics. Beginning when a worker is first hired, most employers provide the option to contribute to retirement saving plans. As workers near retirement, they face many choices that have considerable consequences for their retirement income security. At these two important periods, employers can provide timely information assisting workers in making choices that optimize lifetime wellbeing. Our research, conducted in cooperation with several large employers, illustrates the importance of employer-provided education in increasing worker understanding of several retirement-related issues. }, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Allen, Steven G.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={314–318} }
 @article{clark_2012, title={Evolution of Public-Sector Retirement Plans: Crisis, Challenges, and Change}, volume={27}, journal={ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={257–274} }
 @inbook{clark_2012, place={CAEL}, title={Financial Literacy and Retirement Decisions: The Choices Facing Older Workers}, booktitle={Tapping Mature Talent: Policies for a 21st Century Workforce}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Snyder, Phyllis and Barth, MichaelEditors}, year={2012}, pages={42–55} }
 @inbook{clark_2012, place={Tokyo}, title={State and Local Pensions in the United States}, booktitle={Reforming Pensions for Civil and Military Servants}, publisher={Maruzen Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Takayama, NoriyukiEditor}, year={2012}, pages={167–182} }
 @article{clark_franzel_2011, title={Adopting Automatic Enrollment in the Public Sector: A Case Study}, journal={Government Finance Review}, author={Clark, Robert and Franzel, Joshua}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={42–48} }
 @misc{clark_morrill_allen_2011, title={Pension Plan Distributions: The Importance of Financial Literacy}, ISBN={9780199696819}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696819.003.0003}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696819.003.0003}, abstractNote={Abstract This chapter examines workers' plans to take lump sum distributions versus life annuities from employer retirement plans. The analysis is based on before and after surveys of retirement eligible workers who attended employer-provided retirement planning seminars. We consider workers' planned distributional choices from both defined benefit and 401(k) plans. A minority of respondents plan to take the non-default options, highlighting the importance of framing. Additionally, higher financial literacy is associated with lower rates of annuitization in both plans. We explore how participants change their planned distribution choices after attending seminars that enhance financial knowledge and understanding of retirement plans.}, journal={Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda S. and Allen, Steven G.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={40–58} }
 @article{clark_craig_2011, title={State Pension Plans Step Up Efforts to Adapt to 21st Century Financial Pressures}, journal={Bureau of National Affairs, Pension and Benefits Daily}, author={Clark, Robert and Craig, Lee}, year={2011}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{clark_craig_sabelhaus_2011, title={State and Local Retirement Plans in the United States}, ISBN={9780857930590 9781848447554}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9780857930590}, DOI={10.4337/9780857930590}, abstractNote={State and Local Retirement Plans in the United States explains how economic and political events have shaped the development of pension plans in the last century, and it argues that changes in the structure and generosity of these plans will continue to shape policy and funding in the future. It also brings to bear a new rationale to the policies behind public sector pension plans. The authors use the history of how early public pension plans were established, how they matured and how they have grown in generosity to analyse what changes may be expected in years to come. Unique in its scope, this comprehensive history of the development of public sector pension plans in the United States during the twentieth century expands upon current ideas relating to the changing economic environment, the passage and evolution of social security, and the expansion of the public sector.}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Craig, Lee A. and Sabelhaus, John}, year={2011}, month={Mar} }
 @article{clark_morrill_allen_2012, title={THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL LITERACY IN DETERMINING RETIREMENT PLANS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1465-7295"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84867229400&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00390.x}, abstractNote={Workers nearing retirement face many important, and often irreversible, choices. We collected detailed demographic and financial literacy data on over 1,500 workers nearing retirement at three large companies to assess how individuals are planning for retirement. Many respondents display limited knowledge and understanding of public and company‐provided retirement benefits. Controlling for basic demographics and wealth, we find that misconceptions about eligibility ages and plan generosity influence workers' expected age of retirement. Although retirement‐related decisions will affect workers' well‐being for the remainder of their lifetimes, many do not possess enough basic financial knowledge to confidently make optimal choices. (JEL J26, J320, J240)}, number={4}, journal={ECONOMIC INQUIRY}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler and Allen, Steven G.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={851–866} }
 @article{brown_clark_rauh_2011, title={The economics of state and local pensions}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747211000138}, abstractNote={AbstractThis paper provides an overview of an economics-based perspective on the financial aspects of state and local public pensions in the U.S. Drawing on the research commissioned for an NBER research program on this topic, we discuss the large degree to which public pension liabilities exceed the assets set aside to fund them. We summarize issues related to the optimality of pre-funding, portfolio allocation, the discounting of liabilities, as well as how plans operate in practice. We also lay out an agenda for future research related to financial aspects of public pensions, retiree health plans for public employees, as well as issues related to plan design and labor market outcomes.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics & Finance}, author={Brown, J. R. and Clark, R. and Rauh, J.}, year={2011}, pages={161–172} }
 @article{clark_morrill_2011, title={The funding status of retiree health plans in the public sector}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052221646&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747211000059}, abstractNote={AbstractWhile no longer common in the private sector, most public sector employers offer retiree health insurance (RHI) as a retirement benefit to their employees. While these plans are thought to be an important tool for employers to attract, retain, motivate, and ultimately retire workers, they represent a large and growing cost. This paper reviews what is currently known about RHI in the public sector, while highlighting many important unanswered questions. The analysis is informed by data produced in accordance with the 2004 Government Accounting Standards Board Rule 45 (GASB 45). We consider the extent of the unfunded liabilities states face and explore what factors may explain the variation in liabilities across states. The importance and sustainability of RHI plans in the public sector ultimately depend on how workers view and value this post-retirement benefit, yet little is known about how RHI directly impacts the public sector labor market. We conclude with a discussion of the future of RHI plans in the public sector.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={291–314} }
 @article{clark_craig_2011, title={Determinants of the generosity of pension plans for public school teachers, 1982-2006}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1474-7472"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747210000028}, abstractNote={AbstractAll states provide pension plans to their teachers and civil servants; however, these plans vary across the states. We present a history of the development of teacher retirement plans during the twentieth century, describe how teacher plans relate to retirement plans for other state employees, and assess the impact of teachers not being included in Social Security on the benefits they receive from their employer pension plan. Over the past 25 years, public school teacher retirement plans in the United States have increased in generosity as benefit formulas have been increased, salary averaging periods have been reduced, and the normal retirement age has been lowered. We employ data from retirement plans in the states to estimate the impact of social and economic factors on the replacement rates for teachers retiring with 30 years of service.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Craig, Lee A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={99–118} }
 @misc{clark_morrill_allen_2010, title={Employer‐Provided Retirement Planning Programs}, ISBN={9780199592609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0003}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0003}, abstractNote={As older workers approach the end of their working career, they face a series of important decisions that will determine their economic wellbeing during their remaining lifetime. They must decide when to retire, when to start Social Security and company pensions, whether to annuitize 401(k) balances and/or take lump sums from defined benefit plans. Lack of knowledge or insufficient financial literacy may lead to decisions that eventually will be regretted. This paper examines employer provided financial education and pre-retirement planning programs and assesses their effectiveness in increasing knowledge and altering retirement behavior. This research is funded by a grant from the FINRA Investor Education Foundation and has been conducted in close collaboration with the employer partners who sponsor the pre-retirement benefit programs examined in this research.}, journal={Reorienting Retirement Risk Management}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda S. and Allen, Steven G.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={36–63} }
 @misc{clark_2010, title={Pension policy: The search for better solutions}, volume={64}, number={1}, journal={Industrial & Labor Relations Review}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={2010}, pages={205–206} }
 @article{clark_2010, title={RETIREE HEALTH PLANS FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS AFTER GASB 43 AND 45}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1557-3060"]}, DOI={10.1162/edfp_a_00009}, abstractNote={ Most public elementary and high school teachers are covered by health insurance provided by their employer while they are employed. In most cases, these health plans are managed at the state level. At retirement, teachers with sufficient years of service are allowed to remain in the health plan. Retiree health plans for teachers vary widely across the country, with some states paying the full premium for the retired teacher while other states require that the retiree pay 100 percent of the premium. Recent changes in the accounting rules now mandate that public sector employers report the accrued liabilities associated with these plans. This article documents the unfunded liabilities of teacher retiree health plans in the various states, examines the reasons for differences in these liabilities, and considers how these plans might evolve in the future. }, number={4}, journal={EDUCATION FINANCE AND POLICY}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={2010}, pages={438–462} }
 @book{clark_mitchell_2010, title={Reorienting Retirement Risk Management}, ISBN={9780199592609}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.001.0001}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.001.0001}, abstractNote={Abstract Retirement risk management must be dramatically overhauled if workers and retirees are to better prepare themselves to meet future retirement challenges. Recent economic events including the global financial crisis have upended expectations about what pension and endowment fund managers can do. Employers and employees have found it difficult to make pension contributions, despite drops in retirement plan funding. In many countries, government social security systems are also facing insolvency. These factors, coupled with an aging population and rising longevity, are giving rise to serious questions about the future of retirement in America and around the world. This volume explores how workers and firms can reassess the risks associated with retirement saving and dissaving, to identify creative adjustments to adapt to these new risks and realities. One area explored is the key role for financial literacy and education programs. In addition, those acting as plan sponsors and fiduciaries must reconsider pension design to help them better address the new realities. Also novel financial products are described that can help retirement plan financing innovate. Experts provide new research and offer policy recommendations, illustrating how retirement plans can be amended to better meet the retirement needs of workers and firms. This volume will be a welcome addition to the libraries of everyone focused on retirement security.}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2010}, month={Aug} }
 @article{robinson_clark_2010, title={Retiree Health Insurance and Disengagement from a Career Job}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1936-4768"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12122-010-9091-4}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH}, author={Robinson, Christina and Clark, Robert}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={247–262} }
 @misc{clark_morrill_2010, title={Retiree Health Plans for Public School Teachers}, ISBN={9781849808132 9781848447585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781849808132.00013}, DOI={10.4337/9781849808132.00013}, journal={Retiree Health Plans in the Public Sector}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Morrill, Melinda Sandler}, year={2010}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{clark_mitchell_2010, title={The Evolution of Retirement Risk Management}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0001}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0001}, abstractNote={Retirement risk management will require significant modification if it is to be effective in helping position retirees to withstand the challenges of the future. Recent economic events, including the massive upheaval in global financial markets, have altered the landscape in which pension and endowment funds operate. Plummeting retirement asset values, along with employers’ and employees’ inability to make pension contributions, are contributing to sharp drops in retirement plan funding. In many countries, government social security systems are also facing insolvency. These factors, in tandem with an aging population and rising longevity, are giving rise to serious questions about the future of retirement in America and around the world. This volume explores how workers and firms can reassess the risk associated with retirement saving and make creative adjustments to adapt to these new risks and realities. Our effort is grouped into three areas. First, we take up the key role for financial knowledge, implying a need for greater financial education programs. Second, we show how employers, acting as plan sponsors, and workers, must reconsider pension plan design so as to help them better address the new realities. Third, we argue that novel financial products will be required to help retirement plans innovate in the financing arena. The chapter authors of this volume, each an expert in his or her field, take up all these important aspects of retirement planning, providing new research and policy recommendations, and showing how retirement plans can be amended to better meet the retirement needs of workers and firms. This introductory chapter provides an orientation and a brief overview of key findings.}, journal={Reorienting Retirement Risk Management}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1–10} }
 @inbook{clark_ambrosio_2009, title={Adjusting Retirement Goals and Saving Behavior}, ISBN={9780226497099 9780226497105}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226497105.003.0009}, DOI={10.7208/chicago/9780226497105.003.0009}, booktitle={Overcoming the Saving Slump}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ambrosio, Madeleine}, editor={Lusardi, AnnamariaEditor}, year={2009}, pages={237–256} }
 @inbook{clark_craig_ahmed_2009, title={Chapter 14 The Evolution of Public Sector Pension Plans in the United States}, ISBN={0199573344 9780199573349 9780191721946}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0014}, DOI={10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0014}, abstractNote={Abstract Municipal governments in the United States began offering retirement plans for their workers in the mid-nineteenth century, and state governments followed in the early twentieth century. As these plans matured, they confronted economic, social, and political challenges, including the creation of the Social Security system, which subsequently shaped their structure, governance, and generosity. After reviewing this history, the authors employ data from all fifty states to estimate a pension benefit equation for hypothetical workers and explain differences in the generosity of plans across states and types of workers covered. The authors show that population growth, plan funding, union representation, and participation in Social Security influenced the generosity of the plans.}, booktitle={The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems}, publisher={Oxford University PressOxford}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Craig, Lee A. and Ahmed, Neveen}, editor={Anderson, Gary and Mitchell, OliviaEditors}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={239–270} }
 @article{clark_sabelhaus_2009, title={How Will the Stock Market Crash Affect the Choice of Pension Plans?}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0028-0283"]}, DOI={10.17310/ntj.2009.3.08}, abstractNote={For the past three decades, there has been a significant movement away from defined benefit pension plans in the private sector toward greater use of defined contribution plans, especially 401(k) plans. In contrast, retirement plans in the public sector remain primarily defined benefit plans. The stock market crash of 2008 had a dramatic effect on pension balances across all types of plans; private defined benefit, private defined contribution, and state and local plan assets all fell by more than 25 percent in 2008. This paper examines the trends in plan type up to 2008, the impact of the crash on pension holdings, and the likely responses by employers and employees to the current economic climate.}, number={3}, journal={NATIONAL TAX JOURNAL}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Sabelhaus, John}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={477–496} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_kondo_matsukura_2010, title={Population Decline, Labor Force Stability, and the Future of the Japanese Economy}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0168-6577"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10680-009-9179-9}, number={2}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ogawa, Naohiro and Kondo, Makoto and Matsukura, Rikiya}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={207–227} }
 @article{clark_ghent_2010, title={Strategic HR Management with an Aging Workforce: Using Demographic Models to Determine Optimal Employment Policies}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0167-5923"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11113-009-9143-8}, number={1}, journal={POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ghent, Linda S.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={65–80} }
 @inbook{clark_2009, place={Kingston, Canada}, title={The Emergence of Phased Retirement: Economic Implications and Policy Concerns}, booktitle={Retirement Policy Issues in Canada}, publisher={John Deutsch Institute and McGill-Queen’s University Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Abbott, Michael and Beach, Charles and Boadway, Robin and MacKinnon, JamesEditors}, year={2009}, pages={237–252} }
 @article{clark_2009, title={Will Public Sector Retiree Health Benefit Plans Survive? Economic and Policy Implications of Unfunded Liabilities}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1944-7981"]}, DOI={10.1257/aer.99.2.533}, abstractNote={Recent articles have reported a large and growing financial crisis associated with retiree health plans offered by state and local governments, and have expressed alarm over their impact on the financial status of these governmental
units (Goldman Sachs 2007; David Zion and Amit Varshney 2007). The concern about the unfunded liabilities of retiree health plans follows from a change in the public accounting rules issued by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). GASB Statement No. 45 requires state and local governments to report unfunded accrued liabilities and annual required contributions needed to fully fund the retiree health promises. The GASB 45 statements produced by state governments indicate that unfunded liabilities for state employees and retirees total approximately $500 billion. This
does not include additional liabilities associated with retiree health plans for local governments and public school teachers with plans that are not managed at the state level. The explicit acknowledgement of these liabilities and their
absolute and relative size has created considerable concern and debate among economists, policymakers, and voters. This article presents data from state actuarial reports on the size of retiree health liabilities, examines the key assumptions used to determine the unfunded liabilities, and then assesses the potential future of retiree health plans in the public sector.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={533–537} }
 @article{clark_ghent_2008, title={Mandatory retirement and faculty retirement decisions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0019-8676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1468-232X.2008.00510.x}, abstractNote={As a result of the 1986 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, colleges and universities were no longer allowed to impose mandatory retirement on faculty members at age seventy after 1994. This paper estimates the change in retirement rates of faculty before and after the ending of mandatory retirement using data from the University of North Carolina (UNC) system. The analysis reveals a sharp decline in the probability of faculty at UNC retiring at age seventy once the university was unable to impose forced retirement.}, number={1}, journal={INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ghent, Linda S.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={153–163} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_lee_matsukura_2008, title={Older workers and national productivity in Japan}, volume={34}, journal={Population and Development Review}, author={Clark, R. L. and Ogawa, N. and Lee, S. H. and Matsukura, R.}, year={2008}, pages={257–274} }
 @article{clark_craig_2007, title={A History of Employer Pension Plans}, journal={Financial History}, author={Clark, Robert and Craig, Lee}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={30–34} }
 @misc{clark_2007, title={Aging gracefully: Ideas to improve retirement security in America.}, volume={60}, number={4}, journal={Industrial & Labor Relations Review}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={2007}, pages={590–592} }
 @article{matsukura_ogawa_clark_2007, title={Analysis of Employment Patterns and the Changing Demographic Structure of Japan}, volume={34}, ISSN={1097-203X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jes1097-203x340103}, DOI={10.2753/jes1097-203x340103}, abstractNote={Japan's economic development has been achieved through a demographic structure characterized by total fertility rate decline and increasing longevity. These changes in the demographic structure have had an impact on such factors as economic growth, savings rates, and labor productivity, and have helped Japan to grow. However, as the pace of population aging accelerates, due to birthrate decline, and the workforce population decreases, there are concerns that economic growth could suffer. This report uses data from the Employment Status Surveys conducted from 1982 to 2002 to study the potential pool of workers that will be able to sustain Japan's workforce over the next ten years.}, number={1}, journal={Japanese Economy}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Matsukura, Rikiya and Ogawa, Naohiro and Clark, Robert L.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={82–153} }
 @misc{clark_mason_ogawa_2007, title={Economic and Policy Implications of Population Aging}, ISBN={9781847208583 9781847200990}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781847208583.00007}, DOI={10.4337/9781847208583.00007}, abstractNote={Population aging is a global phenomenon that influences not only the industrialized countries of Asia and the West, but also many middle- and low- income countries that have experienced rapid fertility decline and achieved long life expectancies. This book explores how workers and consumers are responding to population aging and examines how economic growth, generational equity, trade and international capital flows are influenced by population aging.}, journal={Population Aging, Intergenerational Transfers and the Macroeconomy}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert and Mason, Andrew and Ogawa, Naohiro}, year={2007}, month={Sep} }
 @book{matsukura_ogawa_clark_nemoto_akaike_2007, place={Tokyo}, title={Japan’s Changing Demographic Structure and Its Employment Status Patterns}, publisher={Nihon University Population Research Institute}, author={Matsukura, Rikiya and Ogawa, Naohiro and Clark, Robert and Nemoto, Kazuo and Akaike, Katsuya}, year={2007} }
 @inbook{clark_ogawa_matsukura_2007, title={Population Aging, Changing Retirement Policies and Lifetime Earnings Profiles in Japan}, ISBN={9781847208583 9781847200990}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781847208583.00009}, DOI={10.4337/9781847208583.00009}, abstractNote={Population aging is a global phenomenon that influences not only the industrialized countries of Asia and the West, but also many middle- and low- income countries that have experienced rapid fertility decline and achieved long life expectancies. This book explores how workers and consumers are responding to population aging and examines how economic growth, generational equity, trade and international capital flows are influenced by population aging.}, booktitle={Population Aging, Intergenerational Transfers and the Macroeconomy}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert and Ogawa, Naohiro and Matsukura, Rikiya}, editor={Clark,, Robert and Ogawa, Naohiro and Mason, AndrewEditors}, year={2007}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{clark_ogawa_mason_2007, title={Population Aging, Intergenerational Transfers and the Macroeconomy}, ISBN={9781847208583 9781847200990}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781847208583}, DOI={10.4337/9781847208583}, abstractNote={Population aging is a global phenomenon that influences not only the industrialized countries of Asia and the West, but also many middle- and low- income countries that have experienced rapid fertility decline and achieved long life expectancies. This book explores how workers and consumers are responding to population aging and examines how economic growth, generational equity, trade and international capital flows are influenced by population aging.}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, year={2007}, month={Sep} }
 @article{clark_2006, title={Employer-Provided Retiree Health Insurance: A Dying Employee Benefit}, journal={Change}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={15} }
 @inbook{clark_2006, title={Health and Retirement Benefits}, booktitle={Faculty Career Paths: Multiple Routes to Academic Success and Satisfaction}, publisher={Praeger Publishers}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Bataille, Gretchen and Brown, BetsyEditors}, year={2006}, pages={122–125} }
 @inbook{clark_2006, place={Antwerpen}, title={Immigration Trends, Changes in Retirement Ages, and the Future of Social Security}, booktitle={Ageing and the Labour Market: Issues and Solutions}, publisher={Intersentia}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Emanuel, HanEditor}, year={2006}, pages={139–150} }
 @inbook{brown_clark_2006, title={North Carolina’s Commitment to Higher Education: Access and Affordability}, booktitle={What’s Happening to Public Higher Education}, publisher={Greenwood Press}, author={Brown, Betsy and Clark, Robert}, editor={Ehrenberg, RonaldEditor}, year={2006}, pages={183–205} }
 @article{clark_ghent_mcdermed_2006, title={Pension plan choice among University faculty}, volume={72}, ISSN={["2325-8012"]}, DOI={10.2307/20111833}, abstractNote={A pension plan is an important component of lifetime earnings, and thus the decision between a defined benefit pension and a defined contribution pension is an important one. This study uses data from annual faculty censuses of the University of North Carolina system, where new hires are given a choice between a state defined benefit pension and a defined contribution plan. Newly hired faculty members who are older, female, and nonwhite are found to be more likely to choose the defined benefit plan. Some differences across university Carnegie classification are also seen. In addition, a declining trend in defined benefit participation is shown.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL}, author={Clark, RL and Ghent, LS and McDermed, AA}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={560–577} }
 @article{clark_d'ambrosio_mcdermed_sawant_2006, title={Retirement plans and saving decisions: the role of information and education}, volume={5}, ISSN={1474-7472 1475-3022}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1474747205002271}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747205002271}, abstractNote={Increasingly, individuals are being required to take more responsibility for their own retirement saving. Lifecycle theories of resource allocation provide a framework to examine work, retirement, consumption, and saving decisions. However, optimal decision making requires adequate knowledge of financial mathematics, risk and return properties of investments, and expectations concerning wage growth and tax policy. This paper explores the response of individuals to financial education seminars. Using data from three surveys of participants in seminars offered by TIAA-CREF, we estimate changes in retirement goals and saving behavior after the respondents have attended a seminar which discusses keep components of saving for retirement. The results indicate that financial education can produce significant changes in how individuals think and plan for retirement. Throughout the analysis, women were found to be more responsive to the seminar and were more likely to raise their desired retirement age, increase their target income replacement goal, and alter their savings behavior.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics and Finance}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and d'Ambrosio, Madeleine B. and McDermed, Ann A. and Sawant, Kshama}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={45–67} }
 @book{the new balancing act in the business of higher education_2006, ISBN={1845427319}, publisher={Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: E. Elgar}, year={2006} }
 @misc{clark_d’ambrosio_2006, title={Walking the Financial Tightrope: Balancing Costs and Revenues with Commitment to Mission}, ISBN={9781847202871 9781845427313}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781847202871.00007}, DOI={10.4337/9781847202871.00007}, journal={The New Balancing Act in the Business of Higher Education}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert L. and d’Ambrosio, Madeleine B.}, year={2006}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{clark_2005, title={Changing faculty demographics and the need for new policies}, ISBN={9781845425548 9781845421854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781845425548.00008}, DOI={10.4337/9781845425548.00008}, journal={Recruitment, Retention and Retirement in Higher Education}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={2005}, month={Jul} }
 @inbook{clark_mitchell_2005, title={Chapter 1 The Changing Retirement Paradigm}, ISBN={0199284601 9780199284603 9780191603013}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199284601.003.0001}, DOI={10.1093/0199284601.003.0001}, abstractNote={Abstract This chapter begins with a discussion of the need for a new retirement paradigm brought about by labour changes. It then discusses retirement policy changes, old and new retirement patterns; the roles of workers, firms, financial services providers, and the government, in the provision of retirement security; and international experiences of Social Security reform.}, booktitle={Reinventing the Retirement Paradigm}, publisher={Oxford University PressOxford}, author={Clark, R. and Mitchell, O.}, editor={Clark, Robert and Mitchell, Olivia S.Editors}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={3–13} }
 @misc{clark_d'ambrosio_2005, title={Developing new employment and compensation policies in higher education}, ISBN={9781845425548 9781845421854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781845425548.00022}, DOI={10.4337/9781845425548.00022}, journal={Recruitment, Retention and Retirement in Higher Education}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert L. and d'Ambrosio, Madeleine B.}, year={2005}, month={Jul} }
 @inbook{clark_quinn_2005, place={Washington}, title={Effects of Pensions on Labor Markets and Retirement}, booktitle={The Evolving Pension System: Trends, Effects, and Proposals for Reform}, publisher={The Brookings Institution Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Quinn, Joseph}, editor={Gale, William and Warshawsky, Mark and Shoven, JohnEditors}, year={2005}, pages={77–102} }
 @article{allen_clark_ghent_2005, title={Managing a phased retirement program: The case of UNC}, volume={2005}, ISSN={0271-0560 1536-0741}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/he.196}, DOI={10.1002/he.196}, abstractNote={AbstractThe implications of the policy choices made in setting up a phased retirement system are demonstrated by its variety of outcomes.}, number={132}, journal={New Directions for Higher Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L. and Ghent, Linda S.}, year={2005}, pages={47–60} }
 @inbook{clark_2005, place={Tokyo}, title={Measuring the Financial Status of the U.S. Social Security System}, booktitle={The Balance Sheet of Social Security Pensions}, publisher={Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Takayama, NoriyukiEditor}, year={2005}, pages={54–61} }
 @inbook{allen_clark_ghent_2005, place={San Francisco}, title={Phased Retirement Programs: Administrative Objectives, Faculty Preferences, and Changes in Retirement Behavior}, booktitle={New Ways to Phase into Retirement: Options for Faculty and Institutions}, publisher={Jossey-Bass}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert and Ghent, Linda}, editor={Leslie, David and Conley, V.M.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={47–60} }
 @book{recruitment, retention and retirement in higher education: building and managing the faculty of the future_2005, ISBN={184542185X}, publisher={Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub.}, year={2005} }
 @article{clark_d'ambrosio_2005, title={Recruitment, retention, and retirement: Compensation and employment policies for higher education}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0360-1277"]}, DOI={10.1080/03601270590921663}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Faculties are aging along with the rest of society. Low retirement rates and slow growth limit the number of new hiring opportunities in many institutions. Universities face a series of common challenges that will shape higher education in the 21st century. In order to maintain high quality faculties in the coming years, universities must develop compensation policies and employment practices that are appropriate for the new economic and demographic environment. This paper examines existing human resources (HR) policies and considers potential modifications that will enable institutions to recruit, retain, and retire faculty in the coming years. The analysis reviews the soaring cost of health insurance for active and retired faculty and how these plans are being amended. We also review the widespread adoption of phased retirement plans and the use of early retirement programs as components of HR policy. The increasing reliance on nontenure track faculty is also described. The analysis focuses on the challenges that universities face in the current economic and demographic conditions and the methods that administrators can adopt to fulfill their teaching and research missions. The paper presents the results from a national conference consisting of new research and intense discussion by scholars, administrators, policymakers, and HR consultants.}, number={5}, journal={EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY}, author={Clark, RL and d'Ambrosio, MB}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={385–403} }
 @book{reinventing the retirement paradigm_2005, ISBN={0199284601}, publisher={Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press}, year={2005} }
 @inbook{clark_2005, place={Tokyo}, title={The Approach and Choice in the U.S}, booktitle={Pension Reforms in Five Developed Countries and Their Implications for Japan}, publisher={Maruzen Planet}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Seike, A. and Fukawa, T.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={173–190} }
 @article{clark_schieber_2004, title={Adopting cash balance pension plans: implications and issues}, volume={3}, ISSN={1474-7472 1475-3022}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1474747204001738}, DOI={10.1017/S1474747204001738}, abstractNote={Over the past 15 to 20 years, many companies have converted their traditional defined benefit plans to cash balance or pension equity plans. In a cash balance plan, the worker's ‘account’ is based on an annual contribution rate for each year of employment, plus accumulating interest on annual contributions. A pension equity plan defines the benefit as a percentage of final average earnings for each year of service under the plan. Both types of plans specify the benefit as a lump sum payable at termination. In contrast, traditional defined benefit plans specify benefits in terms of an annuity payable at retirement. From the employees' perspective, cash balance and pension equity plans look somewhat like defined contribution plans. However, they are funded, administered, and regulated as defined benefit plans.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Pension Economics and Finance}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Schieber, Sylvester J.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={271–295} }
 @inbook{clark_schieber_2004, place={Washington}, title={An Empirical Analysis of the Transition to Hybrid Pension Plans in the United States}, booktitle={Private Pensions and Public Policies}, publisher={The Brookings Institution}, author={Clark, Robert and Schieber, Sylvester}, editor={Gale, William and Shoven, John and Warshawsky, MarkEditors}, year={2004}, pages={11–42} }
 @inbook{clark_mulvey_schieber_2004, place={Washington}, title={Effects of Pension Nondiscrimination Rules on Private Sector Pension Participation}, booktitle={Private Pensions and Public Policies}, publisher={The Brookings Institution}, author={Clark, Robert and Mulvey, Janemarie and Schieber, Sylvester}, editor={Gale, William and Shoven, John and Warshawsky, MarkEditors}, year={2004}, pages={259–279} }
 @misc{clark_2004, title={India Working: Essays on Society and Economy}, volume={15}, ISSN={1049-0078}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2004.03.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.asieco.2004.03.002}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Asian Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={441–442} }
 @article{clark_2004, title={Liabilities, debts, revenues, and expenditures: Accounting for the actuarial balance of Social Security}, volume={41}, number={1}, journal={Harvard Journal on Legislation}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={2004}, pages={161–171} }
 @article{allen_clark_ghent_2004, title={Phasing into retirement}, volume={58}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-9744261743&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/001979390405800106}, abstractNote={To help workers navigate the transition from work to retirement more effectively, employers have been launching phased retirement programs, which allow older employees to work part-time and receive full retirement benefits. This paper examines the experience of the phased retirement system for tenured faculty in the University of North Carolina system over the years 1996–98. After phased retirement was introduced, there was a sizable increase in the overall separation rate in the system. The key finding from an empirical analysis of the retirement decision as a function of pension incentives, employee performance, demographics, and campus characteristics is that the odds of entering phased retirement were strongly and inversely related to employee performance, as measured by recent pay increases.}, number={1}, journal={Industrial and Labor Relations Review}, author={Allen, Steve and Clark, R.L. and Ghent, L.S.}, year={2004}, pages={112–127} }
 @article{clark_d’ambrosio_2004, title={Recruitment, Retention, and Retirement: Compensation and Employment Practices for Higher Education}, journal={Research Dialogue}, author={Clark, Robert and d’Ambrosio, Madeleine}, year={2004}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{clark_d'ambrosio_mcdermed_sawant_2004, title={Sex Differences, Financial Education, and Retirement Goals}, ISBN={0199273391 9780199273393 9780191601675}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199273391.003.0010}, DOI={10.1093/0199273391.003.0010}, abstractNote={Abstract This chapter examines sex differences in retirement goals and responses to financial education seminars. Gender differences were observed in terms of desired retirement age, and savings and investment choices. Financial education seminars alter individual retirement objectives, with participants likely to raise their income objectives after the seminar.}, journal={Pension Design and Structure}, publisher={Oxford University PressOxford}, author={Clark, Robert L. and d'Ambrosio, Madeleine B. and McDermed, Ann A. and Sawant, Kshama}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={185–206} }
 @article{clark_2004, title={Social security financing: Facts, fantasies, foibles, and follies}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1944-7981"]}, DOI={10.1257/0002828041301678}, abstractNote={Reforming Social Security to restore its financial balance is one of the most important public policy issues of the 21st century. Reform is essential whether one favors maintaining the basic structure of the current system or transforming this retirement program to include individual accounts. The needed national debate on Social Security must be based on the best, unbiased measures of the financial status of the program and on appropriate economic research. Unfortunately, projections, data, and research are often misused in reform debates. Even some “experts” are often uninformed about various aspects of the current and future financial status of Social Security. This paper highlights misconceptions and focuses on the facts of Social Security financing.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW}, author={Clark, RL}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={182–186} }
 @misc{clark_mitchell_2004, title={Strengthening employment-based pensions}, ISBN={9781845420758 9781843766827}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781845420758.00012}, DOI={10.4337/9781845420758.00012}, abstractNote={This book provides a comprehensive appraisal of social security in Japan, where traditionally the burden of welfare provision has been the main responsibility of the family and employers, rather than the state. However, an ageing population, changes in family structure and continued recession has led to an urgent reappraisal of this situation.}, journal={The Economics of Social Security in Japan}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Mitchell, Olivia S.}, year={2004}, month={Aug} }
 @book{clark_burkhauser_moon_quinn_smeeding_2004, place={Oxford UK}, title={The Economics of an Aging Society}, publisher={Blackwell Publishers}, author={Clark, Robert and Burkhauser, Richard and Moon, Marilyn and Quinn, Joseph and Smeeding, Timothy}, year={2004} }
 @book{clark_craig_wilson_2003, title={A history of public sector pensions in the United States}, ISBN={0812237145}, publisher={Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, R. L. and Craig, L. A. and Wilson, J. W.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{clark_york_anker_2003, title={Cross-national Analysis of Women in the Labour Market}, ISBN={9780199261123 9781383040272}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199261123.003.0002}, DOI={10.1093/oso/9780199261123.003.0002}, abstractNote={Abstract Despite the continuing high levels of sexual inequality in the labour market, an increasing proportion of women joined the labour force and entered male dominated occupations in the final decades of the twentieth century. This paper documents and explains recent levels, trends, and patterns in female labour force activity in both developed and developing countries. First, the chapter examines the increasing proportion of women who are in the labour force and how activity rates vary around the world along with economic development and the accompanying higher income and lower fertility. Second, the diffusion of women throughout the labour force is assessed based on recent evidence on occupational segregation by sex.}, booktitle={Women in the Labour Market in Changing Economies: Demographic Issues}, publisher={Oxford University PressOxford}, author={Clark, Robert L and york, Anne and Anker, Richard}, editor={Garcia, Bridga and Anker, Richard and Pinnelli, AntonellaEditors}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={13–34} }
 @article{clark_d’ambrosio_2003, title={Ignorance is Not Bliss}, journal={Research Dialogue}, author={Clark, Robert and d’Ambrosio, Madeleine}, year={2003}, month={Dec} }
 @article{clark_2003, title={Reforming Social Security: Distributional, Equity, and Economic Considerations}, journal={Japanese Journal of Social Security Policy}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={83–94} }
 @article{clark_2003, title={Social Security Reform in the United States: Implications for Japan}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Japanese Journal of Social Security Policy}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={14–23} }
 @book{clark_2003, place={Washington}, title={Technical Panel on Assumptions and Methods}, institution={Technical Panel on Assumptions and Methods to the Social Security Advisory Board}, author={Clark, R.}, year={2003} }
 @inbook{clark_2002, place={Westport, CT}, title={Aging Populations and Income Security: The Challenges in East Asia}, booktitle={Public Policy in Asia}, publisher={Quorum Books}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Asher, Mukul and Newman, David and Snyder, ThomasEditors}, year={2002}, pages={61–80} }
 @inproceedings{clark_d’ambrosio_2002, title={Financial Education and Retirement Savings}, booktitle={Retirement Implications of Demographic Family Change Symposium}, publisher={Society of Actuaries}, author={Clark, Robert and d’Ambrosio, Madeleine}, year={2002} }
 @article{clark_quinn_2002, title={Patterns of work and retirement for a new century}, volume={26}, number={2}, journal={Generations (San Francisco, Calif.)}, author={Clark, R. L. and Quinn, J. F.}, year={2002}, pages={17–24} }
 @inbook{clark_2002, place={New York}, title={Retirement, Early Retirement Incentives}, booktitle={The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Aging}, publisher={Macmillan Reference USA}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Ekerdt, DavidEditor}, year={2002} }
 @article{clark_mitchell_2002, title={Strengthening Employment-Based Pensions in Japan}, number={Second Quarter}, journal={Benefits Quarterly}, author={Clark, Robert and Mitchell, Olivia}, year={2002}, pages={22–43} }
 @inbook{clark_schieber_2002, place={Philadelphia}, title={Taking the Subsidy Out of Early Retirement: Converting to Hybrid Pensions}, booktitle={Innovations in Retirement Financing}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Schieber, Sylvester}, editor={Mitchell, Olivia and Bodie, Zvi and Hammond, Brett and Zeldes, SteveEditors}, year={2002}, pages={149–174} }
 @inbook{clark_ghent_kreps_2001, title={2. Faculty Retirement at Three North Carolina Universities}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781512821635-003}, DOI={10.9783/9781512821635-003}, booktitle={To Retire or Not?}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ghent, Linda S. and Kreps, Juanita}, editor={Clark, Robert and Hammond, BrettEditors}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={21–38} }
 @article{clark_hammond_2001, title={Academic Retirement Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Opportunities and Challenges}, volume={11}, number={4}, journal={The Department Chair}, author={Clark, Robert and Hammond, Brett}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={14–16} }
 @article{clark_haley_schieber_2001, title={Adopting Hybrid Pension Plans: Financial and Communication Issues}, number={First Quarter}, journal={Benefits Quarterly, first quarter}, author={Clark, Robert and Haley, John and Schieber, Sylvester}, year={2001}, pages={7–17} }
 @article{clark_york_2001, title={Economic Status of Older German Immigrants}, volume={70}, ISSN={1861-1559 0340-1707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.70.1.166}, DOI={10.3790/vjh.70.1.166}, abstractNote={<bold>Abstract</bold> The income of married couples in which the husband is an immigrant aged 50 and older is compared to that of native-born Germans for the period 1995 to 1997. Immigrants are divided into households that arrived in Germany before and after 1984. Using Samples A, B, and D of the GSOEP, the income of immigrants is shown to be significantly lower than that of the native-born German population for households aged 50 to 59 as well as those aged 60 and older. Differences in income appear to be the result of lower earnings for the younger households and lower retirement benefits for the older households.}, number={1}, journal={Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung}, publisher={Duncker & Humblot GmbH}, author={Clark, Robert L and York, Anne}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={166–171} }
 @inbook{clark_2001, place={New York}, title={Economics}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Aging}, publisher={Springer Publishing Company}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Maddox, GeorgeEditor}, year={2001}, pages={319–321} }
 @article{clark_munzenmaier_2001, title={Impact of Replacing a Defined Benefit Pension with a Defined Contribution Plan or a Cash Balance Plan}, volume={5}, ISSN={1092-0277 2325-0453}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2001.10595952}, DOI={10.1080/10920277.2001.10595952}, abstractNote={Abstract Four pension plan conversions are examined to determine the impact on retirement benefits of workers. The study was based on interviews with top management, employee surveys, and actuarial analysis of retirement benefits under the old and new pension plans. In general, workers who leave the firm prior to the age of early retirement can expect increased benefits under the new defined contribution and cash balance plans, whereas older, more senior workers can expect to accrue smaller benefits after the plan conversions. Recognizing these potential adverse effects, the employers in our studies provided various types of transition benefits to existing workers or gave employees the choice of remaining in the old defined benefit plan. Employee surveys reveal that younger workers are more supportive of the new pension plans than are older workers. These case studies also indicate that communication by managements with their employees is very important to the successful implementation of plan conversions.}, number={1}, journal={North American Actuarial Journal}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Munzenmaier, Fred W.}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={32–56} }
 @article{clark_2001, title={Keep Senior Faculty or Urge Them to Retire?}, journal={Trusteeship}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={34–35} }
 @inbook{clark_2001, place={New York}, title={Pensions}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Aging}, publisher={Springer Publishing Company}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Maddox, GeorgeEditor}, year={2001}, pages={791–793} }
 @inbook{clark_schieber_2001, title={The Emergence of Hybrid Pensions and Their Implications for Retirement Income Security in the 21st Century}, booktitle={Cash Balance Plans Symposium, Society of Actuaries}, author={Clark, Robert and Schieber, Sylvester}, year={2001}, month={Jan} }
 @inbook{clark_craig_wilson_2001, place={Philadelphia}, title={The Life and Times of a Public-Sector Pension Plan Before Social Security: The U.S. Navy Pension Plan in the Nineteenth Century}, booktitle={Pensions in the Public Sector}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Craig, Lee and Wilson, Jack}, editor={Mitchell, Olivia and Hustead, EdwinEditors}, year={2001}, pages={241–266} }
 @article{ghent_allen_clark_2001, title={The impact of a new phased retirement option on faculty retirement decisions}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0164-0275"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034781270&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0164027501236003}, abstractNote={Life-cycle theory suggests that workers would prefer to gradually enter retirement from their career jobs. Using data from 15 campuses of the University of North Carolina system, this study provides a first look at the effects of the introduction of a phased retirement program on faculty retirement decisions. The authors’ analysis indicates that most of the faculty members choosing phased retirement would have likely remained full-time at their universities if the phased retirement option had not been available.}, number={6}, journal={RESEARCH ON AGING}, author={Ghent, LS and Allen, SG and Clark, RL}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={671–693} }
 @book{clark_hammond_2001, title={To retire or not?: Retirement policy and practice in higher education}, ISBN={081223572X}, publisher={Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, R. L. and Hammond, P. B.}, year={2001} }
 @article{clark_hammond_2000, title={As Professors Age, Retirement Policies Need Rejuvenation}, journal={The Chronicle of Higher Education}, author={Clark, Robert and Hammond, Brett}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={7–8} }
 @article{clark_york_2000, title={Discussion: Income Security of Elderly Migrants in Germany}, volume={120}, ISSN={2568-762X 2568-7603}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.120.2.275}, DOI={10.3790/schm.120.2.275}, abstractNote={Die Zuwanderer, die während des wirtschaftlichen Aufschwungs nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg nach Mittel-Europa kamen, erreichen nun das Rentenalter. Im Gegensatz zu den ursprünglichen Erwartungen sind viele von ihnen geblieben und in dem Land, in das sie einwanderten, alt geworden. Die ökonomische Lage dieser alternden Zuwanderer stellt eine große Herausforderung für viele Länder der EU im 21. Jahrhundert dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Einkommen älterer Zuwanderer in Deutschland und vergleicht deren ökonomische Situation mit der der einheimischen Bevölkerung. Ein erster Blick auf den Wohlfahrtstatus von Zuwanderern im Ruhestand lässt erste Anzeichen von Probleme erkennen, die sich im 21. Jahrhundert ausweiten könnten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass das Einkommen von Zuwanderern im Alter von 50 Jahren und höher 25 bis 30 Prozent unter dem der einheimischen Bevölkerung in dieser Altersgruppe liegt. In Haushalten mit 50 bis 59 jährigem Haushaltsvorstand ist das niedrigere Einkommen in erster Linie auf geringere Einkünfte aus Erwerbsarbeit zurückzuführen, während die Einkommensunterschiede bei Haushalten, deren Haushaltsvorstand 60 Jahre und älter ist, den geringeren Einkünften aus Renten/Pensionen zuzuschreiben sind. Ursachen für die niedrigeren Einkünfte von Zuwanderern sind unterschiedliche Erwerbsverläufe und Erwerbsmuster sowie niedrigere Stundenlöhne. Zusätzliche Analysen sind notwendig, um die Ursachen für die Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Deutschen und Zuwanderern näher zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, ob diese Unterschiede weiter bestehen bleiben. Schließlich wäre zu untersuchen, ob die Erfahrungen von Zuwanderern in Deutschland denen von Zuwanderern in anderen europäischen Ländern gleichen.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch}, publisher={Duncker & Humblot GmbH}, author={Clark, Robert L. and York, Anne}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={275–289} }
 @inbook{allen_clark_schieber_2000, place={New York}, title={Has Job Security Vanished in Large Corporations?}, booktitle={On the Job: Is Long-Term Employment a Thing of the Past}, publisher={Russell Sage Foundation}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert and Schieber, Sylvester}, editor={Neumark, DavidEditor}, year={2000}, pages={196–223} }
 @inbook{clark_hammond_2000, place={Philadelphia}, title={Life After the End of Mandatory Retirement}, booktitle={To Retire Or Not? Faculty Retirement Policy in Higher Education}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Hammond, Brett}, editor={Clark, Robert and Hammond, BrettEditors}, year={2000}, pages={1–20} }
 @inbook{clark_goodfellow_schieber_warwick_2000, place={Philadelphia}, title={Making the Most of 401(k) Plans: Who's Choosing What and Why}, booktitle={Forecasting Retirement Needs and Retirement Wealth}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Goodfellow, Gordon and Schieber, Sylvester and Warwick, Drew}, editor={Mitchell, Olivia and Hammond, Brett and Rappaport, AnnaEditors}, year={2000}, pages={95–138} }
 @misc{clark_2000, title={Pension plans and employee performance: Evidence, analysis, and policy.}, volume={38}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Literature}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={2000}, pages={148–149} }
 @article{clark_schieber_2000, title={The Shifting Sands of Retirement Plans}, volume={9}, number={4}, journal={WorldatWork Journal}, author={Clark, Robert and Schieber, Sylvester}, year={2000}, pages={6–14} }
 @article{clark_york_anker_1999, title={Economic development and labor force participation of older persons}, volume={18}, number={5}, journal={Population Research and Policy Review}, author={Clark, R. L. and York, E. A. and Anker, R.}, year={1999}, pages={411–432} }
 @article{clark_pitts_1999, title={Faculty choice of a pension plan: Defined benefit versus defined contribution}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0019-8676"]}, DOI={10.1111/0019-8676.00108}, abstractNote={Worker preferences between defined‐benefit and defined‐contribution pension plans are estimated using a sample of faculty members at North Carolina State University. Newly hired faculty must decide between the state retirement plan (a final pay, defined‐benefit plan) and one of three defined‐contribution plans (TIAA/CREF, VALIC, Lincoln National). This analysis allows the authors to estimate the choice of a pension plan holding constant the place of employment. The study uses both university employment records and a faculty survey to examine the factors that determine the choice of a pension.}, number={1}, journal={INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS}, author={Clark, RL and Pitts, MM}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={18–45} }
 @article{clark_craig_wilson_1999, title={Managing a Pension Portfolio in the Nineteenth Century: The U.S. Navy Pension Fund}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Business and Economic History}, author={Clark, Robert and Craig, Lee and Wilson, Jack}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={94–104} }
 @article{clark_craig_wilson_1999, title={Privatization of Public-Sector Pensions: The U.S. Navy Pension Fund, 1800-1842}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={Independent Review}, author={Clark, Robert and Craig, Lee and Wilson, Jack}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={549–564} }
 @inbook{clark_schieber_1998, place={Philadelphia}, title={Factors Affecting Participation Rates and Contribution Levels in 401(k) Plans}, booktitle={Living with Defined Contribution Plans}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Schieber, Sylvester}, editor={Mitchell, OliviaEditor}, year={1998}, pages={69–97} }
 @inbook{clark_1998, place={Malta}, title={Income and Health Assistance for the Elderly in Developed Countries}, booktitle={Malta Ageing Forum: 1997, Malta: International Institute on Ageing}, publisher={International Institute on Ageing}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Calleja, JamesEditor}, year={1998}, pages={51–54} }
 @article{clark_1998, title={Retirement policy for an aging society}, volume={29}, number={1998}, journal={American Sociologist (Albany, N.Y.)}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={1998} }
 @article{burkhauser_clark_suzman_1998, title={Symposium on work, retirement and wealth: Current data and future needs: an international perspective}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0726-4240"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1741-6612.1998.tb00847.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  This symposium brought together a unique set of scholars who are both actively involved in ageing research and in the creation of the new generation of multiperiod social science‐based longitudinal datasets for research. The symposium provided a description of the new data and examples of its use with respect to the work, retirement and wealth of older persons. The datasets discussed included: the US Health and Retirement Study, the Netherlands Household Panel Study, the German Socioeconomic Panel, the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and several East and Southeast Asian datasets.}, number={1}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING}, author={Burkhauser, RV and Clark, R and Suzman, R}, year={1998}, pages={11–13} }
 @article{clark_hammond_1998, title={To Retire or Not? Examining Life after the End of Mandatory Retirement in Higher Education}, number={58}, journal={TIAA-CREF Research Dialogues}, author={Clark, Robert and Hammond, Brett}, year={1998}, month={Dec} }
 @inbook{clark_york_1997, place={Malta}, title={Economic Development and Labor Market Activity of Older Persons}, booktitle={Eliminating Poverty in Old Age}, publisher={International Institute on Ageing}, author={Clark, Robert and York, Anne}, editor={Calleja, JamesEditor}, year={1997}, pages={174–195} }
 @article{clark_harper_pitts_1997, title={Pension Choices Facing University Faculty}, journal={TIAA-CREF Research Dialogues}, author={Clark, Robert and Harper, Loretta and Pitts, Melinda}, year={1997}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{clark_wolper_1997, title={Pension Tax Expenditures: Magnitude, Distribution, and Economic Effects}, booktitle={Public Policy Towards Pensions, Twentieth Century Fund}, author={Clark, Robert and Wolper, Elisa}, editor={Schieber, Sylvester and Shoven, JohnEditors}, year={1997}, pages={41–84} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_1997, title={Transitions from career jobs to retirement in Japan}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0019-8676"]}, DOI={10.1111/0019-8676.511997014}, abstractNote={Most Japanese workers are required to retire from their career firm by age 60. Yet the labor force participation rate of older men in Japan is the highest among industrialized countries, and most Japanese express a strong desire to continue working past age 60. One explanation for this paradox is that many firms reemploy their own retirees or provide them with assistance in finding new jobs with their subsidiaries or client firms.}, number={2}, journal={INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS}, author={Clark, RL and Ogawa, N}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={255–270} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_1996, title={Human Resource Policies and Older Workers in Japan}, volume={36}, ISSN={0016-9013 1758-5341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/36.5.627}, DOI={10.1093/geront/36.5.627}, abstractNote={Substantial changes in human resource policies are occurring in Japanese firms in response to the rapid aging of the population. Employers are reconsidering the concept of lifetime employment, seniority-based wages, retirement policies, and employment opportunities for older workers. In response to government pressure, mandatory retirement ages are being raised. These trends are examined using a variety of sources of information concerning employment practices in Japan. The analysis indicates that important changes in human resource management practices are underway and further changes are anticipated as the labor force continues to age.}, number={5}, journal={The Gerontologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, R. L. and Ogawa, N.}, year={1996}, month={Oct}, pages={627–636} }
 @article{clark_1996, title={Japanese Pensions in Transition}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={Benefits Quarterly}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1996}, pages={59–74} }
 @inbook{clark_1996, place={Philadelphia}, title={Problems, Puzzles, and Predictions Concerning Japanese Pensions}, booktitle={Securing Employer-based Pensions: An International Perspective}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Mitchell, OliviaEditor}, year={1996}, pages={143–147} }
 @article{clark_ogawaf_1996, title={Public Attitudes and Concerns about Population Ageing in Japan}, volume={16}, ISSN={0144-686X 1469-1779}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00003627}, DOI={10.1017/s0144686x00003627}, abstractNote={Abstract Japan is the most rapidly ageing developed country in the world. Economic, political, and social changes will be necessary in the next 20 years as Japan attempts to adjust to the rapid ageing of its population. This paper examines survey responses by Japanese men and women regarding their attitudes toward the ageing of their country's population, concerns about the impact of anticipated demographic changes on their economic well-being in retirement, and preferences among alternative policy options for changes in the Japanese social security programme. Responses to a nationally representative survey, conducted by Mainichi Newspapers in 1992, were analysed. Key findings indicate that: (1) the Japanese are concerned about the impact of population ageing on their economic well-being in retirement, (2) most Japanese anticipate that earnings will be an important source of their retirement income, but they are worried about employment opportunities, (3) they favour increasing social security taxes instead of cutting retirement benefits, and (4) they favour raising the age of eligibility for social security benefits.}, number={4}, journal={Ageing and Society}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ogawaf, Naohiro}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={443–465} }
 @article{ogawa_clark_1995, title={Earnings Patterns of Japanese Women: 1976-1988}, volume={43}, ISSN={0013-0079 1539-2988}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452151}, DOI={10.1086/452151}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessEarnings Patterns of Japanese Women: 1976-1988Naohiro Ogawa and Robert L. ClarkNaohiro Ogawa Search for more articles by this author and Robert L. Clark Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 43, Number 2Jan., 1995 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452151 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 14Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1995 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Naohiro Ogawa, Rikiya Matsukura, Sang-Hyop Lee Women’s changing work arrangements, career paths, and marital fertility in Japan, Advances in Life Course Research 46 (Dec 2020): 100375.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100375Naohiro Ogawa, Robert D. Retherford, Yasuhiko Saito Care of the Elderly and Women’s Labour Force Participation in Japan, (Mar 2010): 223–261.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3553-0_10Sang-Hyop Lee, Naohiro Ogawa, Rikiya Matsukura IS CHILDCARE LEAVE EFFECTIVE IN RAISING FERTILITY IN JAPAN?, Asian Population Studies 5, no.33 (Dec 2009): 349–369.https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730903351750Naohiro Ogawa, Rikiya Matsukura, Maliki Rapid Population Aging and Changing Intergenerational Transfers in Japan, (Jan 2009): 133–156.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8356-3_7Rikiya Matsukura, Naohiro Ogawa, Robert L. Clark Analysis of Employment Patterns and the Changing Demographic Structure of Japan, Japanese Economy 34, no.11 (Dec 2014): 82–153.https://doi.org/10.2753/JES1097-203X340103DAIJI KAWAGUCHI The Incidence and Effect of Job Training among Japanese Women, Industrial Relations 45, no.33 (Jul 2006): 469–477.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2006.00433.xJames M. Raymo, Miho Iwasawa Marriage Market Mismatches in Japan: An Alternative View of the Relationship between Women's Education and Marriage, American Sociological Review 70, no.55 (Jun 2016): 801–822.https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000504Naohiro Ogawa Japan’s changing fertility mechanisms and its policy responses, Journal of Population Research 20, no.11 (Mar 2003): 89–106.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031797James M. Raymo Educational Attainment and the Transition to First Marriage Among Japanese Women, Demography 40, no.11 (Jan 2003): 83–103.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2003.0008Roblyn Simeon, Joel D. Nicholson, Yim Yu Wong Comparisons of Asian and US workplace gender roles, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 8, no.22 (Aug 2001): 47–59.https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600110797236Robert D. Retherford, Naohiro Ogawa, Rikiya Matsukura Late Marriage and Less Marriage in Japan, Population and Development Review 27, no.11 (Jan 2004): 65–102.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00065.xBenjamin S. Cheng Cointegration and causality between fertility and female labor participation in Taiwan: A multivariate approach, Atlantic Economic Journal 27, no.44 (Dec 1999): 422–434.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298338Terri R. Lituchy Japanese Women in the Workplace, (Jan 1999): 209–219.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4593-4_12Mohsin-Ul Islam Attitude and consciousness of Japanese men and women towards career commitment and continuity: the role of expected change in HRM policies, The International Journal of Human Resource Management 8, no.22 (Jan 1997): 150–171.https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199700000046}, number={2}, journal={Economic Development and Cultural Change}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Ogawa, Naohiro and Clark, Robert L.}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={293–313} }
 @article{allen_clark_mcdermed_1995, title={Postretirement Increases in Pensions in the 1980s}, volume={17}, ISSN={0164-0275 1552-7573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027595172005}, DOI={10.1177/0164027595172005}, abstractNote={ Many firms give postretirement increases in pension benefits to retirees even though the formal pension contract does not require them. A leading explanation for the existence of postretirement increases is that they are part of an implicit employment contract that requires the firm to award postretirement increases when the financial performance of the pension fund is better than expected. Data from the 1986 Employee Benefit Survey is combined with financial information from the Form 5500 tax reporting forms for 1985 to estimate the determinants of postretirement increases in pension benefits between 1980 and 1985. The results indicate that financial factors are not closely related to the incidence of postretirement benefit increases but are important determinants of the magnitude of benefit increases. Other results reveal that proxies for the presence of an implicit contract are positively associated with the probability that a firm will award a postretirement benefit increase. }, number={2}, journal={Research on Aging}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L. and McDermed, Ann A.}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={190–208} }
 @inbook{clark_mcdermed_trawick_1994, place={Philadelphia}, title={Firm Choice of Type of Pension Plan: Trends and Determinants}, booktitle={The Future of Pensions in the United States}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert and McDermed, Ann and Trawick, Michelle White}, editor={Schmitt, RaymondEditor}, year={1994}, pages={115–25} }
 @article{clark_ghent_headen_1994, title={Retiree Health Insurance and Pension Coverage Variations by Firm Characteristics}, volume={49}, ISSN={0022-1422}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/49.2.s53}, DOI={10.1093/geronj/49.2.s53}, abstractNote={This study examined coverage by employer-sponsored retiree health insurance using the 1988 and 1989 Employee Benefits Surveys. The effects affirm characteristics on the probability of offering retiree health insurance and pension coverage are also estimated. We find that coverage by retiree health insurance varies across occupational groups, industries, and firm sizes. In addition, we find a strong relationship between a firm's decisions to offer retiree health insurance and pension coverage, with the retiree health insurance decision being more sensitive to specific firm characteristics}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Gerontology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, R. L. and Ghent, L. S. and Headen, A. E.}, year={1994}, month={Mar}, pages={S53–S61} }
 @inbook{clark_1994, place={New York}, title={The Decision to Retire: Economic Factors and Population Trends}, booktitle={The Columbia Retirement Handbook}, publisher={Columbia University Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Monk, AbrahamEditor}, year={1994}, pages={31–43} }
 @book{clark_1994, place={Washington}, title={The Impact of Market Access and Investment Restrictions on Japanese Pension Funds}, institution={Employee Benefit Research Institute}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1994}, month={Oct} }
 @article{clark_anker_1993, title={Cross-National Analysis of Labor Force Participation of Older Men and Women}, volume={41}, ISSN={0013-0079 1539-2988}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452029}, DOI={10.1086/452029}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessCross-National Analysis of Labor Force Participation of Older Men and WomenRobert L. Clark and Richard AnkerRobert L. Clark and Richard AnkerPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 41, Number 3Apr., 1993 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452029 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1993 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Wentian Lu, Denes Stefler, Albert Sanchez-Niubo, Josep Maria Haro, Michael Marmot, Martin Bobak The associations of physical incapacity and wealth with remaining in paid employment after age 60 in five middle-income and high-income countries, Ageing and Society 171 (Mar 2022): 1–24.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X22000265Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Junaid Khan, David E. Bloom, Debashree Sinha, Itishree Nayak, Sangeeta Gupta, Jinkook Lee, Arokiasamy Perianayagam Insights into Labor Force Participation among Older Adults: Evidence from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, Journal of Population Ageing 15, no.11 (Feb 2022): 39–59.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-022-09357-7Adéla Zubíková, Katarína Švejnová-Höesová, Zdeněk Chytil Selected Determinants of Employment of Persons in Post Productive Age on Labour Market in Czech Republic and Slovakia, Politická ekonomie 69, no.22 (Apr 2021): 170–192.https://doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1302Anela Kadić Abaz, Anesa Hadžić Economic activity of women and young women in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the umbrella of traditional views of women's role in society, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 33, no.11 (May 2020): 2591–2605.https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1751671Janna Besamusca, Kea Tijdens, Maarten Keune, Stephanie Steinmetz Working Women Worldwide. Age Effects in Female Labor Force Participation in 117 Countries, World Development 74 (Oct 2015): 123–141.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.015J. K. M. Johnson, N. Sarkisian, J. B. Williamson Using a Micro-Level Model to Generate a Macro-Level Model of Productive Successful Aging, The Gerontologist 55, no.11 (Sep 2014): 107–119.https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu089Ramesh Adhikari, Kusol Soonthorndhada, Fariha Haseen Labor force participation in later life: Evidence from a cross-sectional study in Thailand, BMC Geriatrics 11, no.11 (Apr 2011).https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-15 Namcheol Moon Regional Difference of the Job Search, the Job Offer and the Taking a Job, Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea 14, no.22 (Jun 2011): 176–191.https://doi.org/10.23841/egsk.2011.14.2.176Jeungkun Kim Early Retirement in the Three Types of Welfare States, Research on Aging 31, no.55 (May 2009): 520–548.https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027509337192Mark M. Gray, Miki Caul Kittilson, Wayne Sandholtz Women and Globalization: A Study of 180 Countries, 1975–2000, International Organization 60, no.0202 (Apr 2006).https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060176Jed Friedman, Daniel Goodkind, Bui The Cuong, Truong Si Anh Work and Retirement among the Elderly in Vietnam, Research on Aging 23, no.22 (Aug 2016): 209–232.https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027501232004K.P. Kalirajan, G. Shantakumar Ageing labour force in a labour shortage economy: the case of Singapore, International Journal of Social Economics 25, no.2/3/42/3/4 (Mar 1998): 486–503.https://doi.org/10.1108/03068299810193704Robert L. Clark, Naohiro Ogawaf Public Attitudes and Concerns about Population Ageing in Japan, Ageing and Society 16, no.44 (Nov 2008): 443–465.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X00003627}, number={3}, journal={Economic Development and Cultural Change}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Anker, Richard}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={489–512} }
 @article{clark_ghent_headen_1993, title={Influence of Employer-Provided Retiree Health Insurance on Retirement Decisions}, number={38}, journal={TIAA-CREF Research Dialogues}, author={Clark, Robert and Ghent, Linda Shumaker and Headen, Alvin}, year={1993}, month={Sep} }
 @inbook{furuya_clark_1993, place={Singapore}, title={Labour Force Developments and Emerging Human Resource Policies in Japan}, booktitle={Human Resources in Development Along the Asia-Pacific Rim}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Furuya, Kenichi and Clark, Robert}, editor={Ogawa, Naohiro and Jones, Gavin W. and Williamson, Jeffrey G.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={210–225} }
 @article{allen_clark_mcdermed_1993, title={Pensions, Bonding, and Lifetime Jobs}, volume={28}, ISSN={0022-166X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146155}, DOI={10.2307/146155}, abstractNote={A well-known, if underappreciated, finding in the mobility literature is that turnover is much lower in jobs covered by pensions than in other jobs. This could result from capital losses for job changes created by most benefit formulas, the tendency of turnover-prone individuals to avoid jobs covered by pensions, or higher overall compensation levels in such jobs. A switching bivariate probit model of pension coverage and turnover is developed to estimate the effect of each of these factors. The results show that capital losses are the main factor responsible for lower turnover in jobs covered by pensions, but self-selection and compensation levels also play an important role. This is the first direct evidence that bonding is important for understanding long-term employment relationships.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Human Resources}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L. and McDermed, Ann A.}, year={1993}, pages={463} }
 @inbook{clark_1993, place={Westport, Conn}, title={Population Aging and Retirement Policy: An International Perspective}, booktitle={Demography and Retirement: The 21st Century}, publisher={Praeger}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Rappaport, Anna and Schieber, SylvesterEditors}, year={1993}, pages={255–284} }
 @inbook{clark_1993, place={Ithaca, NY}, title={Population Aging and Work Rates of Older Persons: An International Comparison}, booktitle={As the Workforce Ages: Costs, Benefits and Policy Challenges}, publisher={ILR Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Mitchell, OliviaEditor}, year={1993}, pages={57–77} }
 @article{clark_1993, title={Trends in Income Maintenance Policies in the United States}, volume={11}, number={4}, journal={Aging and Work}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1993}, month={Mar}, pages={4–16} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_1992, title={Employment Tenure and Earnings Profiles in Japan and the United States: Comment}, volume={82}, number={1}, journal={American Economic Review}, author={Clark, Robert and Ogawa, Naohiro}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={336–45} }
 @article{shumaker_clark_1992, title={Population Dependency Rates and Savings Rates: Stability of Estimates}, volume={40}, ISSN={0013-0079 1539-2988}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451942}, DOI={10.1086/451942}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessPopulation Dependency Rates and Savings Rates: Stability of EstimatesLinda D. Shumaker and Robert L. ClarkLinda D. Shumaker Search for more articles by this author and Robert L. Clark Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 40, Number 2Jan., 1992 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451942 Views: 17Total views on this site Citations: 9Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1992 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Neha Jain, Srinivas Goli Demographic change and private savings in India, Journal of Social and Economic Development 24, no.11 (Feb 2022): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-022-00175-3Gökhan KONAT, Eda FENDOĞLU BRICS - T ÜLKELERİNİN NÜFUS ARTIŞ HIZI İLE KALKINMA İLİŞKİSİ: YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi 1, no.5151 (Sep 2021): 279–295.https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.976501NEHA JAIN, Srinivas Goli Demographic Change and Private Savings in India, SSRN Electronic Journal 61 (Jan 2021).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916184Peter Hess Determinants of the adjusted net saving rate in developing economies, International Review of Applied Economics 24, no.55 (Sep 2010): 591–608.https://doi.org/10.1080/02692170903426070Paresh Kumar Narayan, Seema Narayan Savings behaviour in Fiji: an empirical assessment using the ARDL approach to cointegration, International Journal of Social Economics 33, no.77 (Jul 2006): 468–480.https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290610673243 Anand V. Swamy and Brian Fikkert Estimating the Contributions of Capital and Labor to GDP: An Instrumental Variable Approach Anand V. Swamy and Brian Fikkert, Economic Development and Cultural Change 50, no.33 (Jul 2015): 693–708.https://doi.org/10.1086/342250Mumtaz Hussain, Oscar T. Brookins On the determinants of national saving: An extreme-bounds analysis, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 137, no.11 (Mar 2001): 150–174.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707604F. Landis MacKellar Population and Development: Assessment Before the 1994 Conference, Development Policy Review 12, no.22 (Jun 1994): 165–192.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1994.tb00062.xKOKILA DOSHI DETERMINANTS OF THE SAVING RATE: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON, Contemporary Economic Policy 12, no.11 (Jan 1994): 37–45.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00410.x}, number={2}, journal={Economic Development and Cultural Change}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Shumaker, Linda D. and Clark, Robert L.}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={319–332} }
 @inbook{allen_clark_mcdermed_1992, place={Washington}, title={Post-Retirement Benefit Increases in the 1980s}, booktitle={Trends in Pensions 1992}, publisher={USGPO}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert and McDermed, Ann}, editor={Turner, JohnEditor}, year={1992}, pages={319–339} }
 @article{clark_ogawa_1992, title={The Effect of Mandatory Retirement on Earnings Profiles in Japan}, volume={45}, ISSN={0019-7939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524833}, DOI={10.2307/2524833}, number={2}, journal={Industrial and Labor Relations Review}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Ogawa, Naohiro}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={258} }
 @inbook{clark_1992, place={Economy, Philadelphia}, title={The Use of International Private Pension Statistics for Policy Analysis: Comments}, booktitle={Pensions and the U.S}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Bodie, Zvi and Munnell, AliciaEditors}, year={1992}, pages={239–43} }
 @inbook{clark_1991, place={NY}, title={Aging Urban Populations and the Economic Vitality of the Cities of the World}, booktitle={Aging Populations in the Context of Urbanization}, publisher={United Nations}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1991}, pages={239–246} }
 @inbook{clark_1991, place={Washington, DC}, title={Inflation Protection of Retiree Benefits}, booktitle={Pension Policy: An International Perspective}, publisher={USGPO}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Turner, John and Dailey, LornaEditors}, year={1991}, pages={53–58} }
 @article{agree_clark_1991, title={Retirement in Four Asian Countries}, volume={6}, journal={Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology}, author={Agree, Emily and Clark, Robert}, year={1991}, pages={413–429} }
 @book{clark_1991, title={Retirement systems in Japan}, ISBN={0256091412}, journal={Homewood, IL: Published for the Pension Research Council of the Wharton School by Irwin, c1991. (Ralph H. Blanchard memorial endowment series ; v.4)}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={1991} }
 @book{clark_1990, title={Amerika Nenkin Seido no Genjo to Kadai (Retirement Income Plans in the United States),Tokyo: Japan Foundation for Research and Development of Pension Schemes}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1990} }
 @book{clark_1990, place={Washington}, title={Employee Benefits for American Workers}, publisher={National Commission for Employment Policy}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1990} }
 @inbook{clark_1990, place={San Diego}, edition={3rd}, title={Income Maintenance Policies in the United States}, booktitle={Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences}, publisher={Academic Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Binstock, Robert and George, LindaEditors}, year={1990}, pages={382–397} }
 @article{clark_anker_1990, title={Labour Force Participation Rates of Older Persons: An International Comparison}, volume={129}, number={2}, journal={International Labour Review}, author={Clark, Robert and Anker, Richard}, year={1990}, pages={255–271} }
 @inbook{clark_1990, place={Detroit}, title={Pensions in An Aging Society}, booktitle={The Aging of the American Work Force}, publisher={Wayne State University Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Bluestone, Irving and Montgomery, Rhonda and Owen, JohnEditors}, year={1990}, pages={75–100} }
 @inbook{clark_1990, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Social Security Systems in Japan}, booktitle={Japan's Economic Challenge}, publisher={Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={229–239} }
 @book{clark_mcdermed_1990, place={Washington}, title={The Choice of Pension Plans in a Changing Regulatory Environment}, publisher={American Enterprise Institute}, author={Clark, Robert and McDermed, Ann}, year={1990} }
 @inbook{clark_1989, place={Washington}, title={Defined Contribution Plans: Are They The Pension of the Future?}, booktitle={What is the Future for Defined Benefit Pension Plans?}, publisher={EBRI}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1989}, pages={5–14} }
 @article{clark_mcdermed_1989, title={Determinants of Retirement by Married Women}, volume={89}, number={1}, journal={Social Security Bulletin}, author={Clark, Robert and McDermed, Ann}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={33–35} }
 @article{clark_1989, title={Economic well-being of the elderly: Theory and measurement}, volume={4}, ISSN={0169-3816 1573-0719}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00116147}, DOI={10.1007/bf00116147}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={19–34} }
 @article{clark_kreps_1989, title={Employer-Provided Health Care Plans for Retirees}, volume={11}, ISSN={0164-0275 1552-7573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027589112004}, DOI={10.1177/0164027589112004}, abstractNote={Many large employers extend health care coverage to retired workers. The unfounded liabilities associated with these plans are large and growing rapidly. Currently, there is relatively little explicit federal regulation governing the administration and funding of these plans. As a result, public policy is evolving through a series of court decisions and FASB guidelines. This article examines the incidence of retiree health insurance, the economic issues involved in this type of compensation, and the emerging public policies associated with employer-provided health insurance for retirees.}, number={2}, journal={Research on Aging}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Kreps, Juanita M.}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={206–224} }
 @inbook{mcdermed_clark_allen_1989, place={Chicago}, title={Pension Wealth, Age Wealth Profiles, and the Distribution of Net Worth}, booktitle={The Measurement of Savings, Investment, and Wealth}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={McDermed, Ann and Clark, Robert and Allen, Steven}, editor={Lipsey, Robert and Stone, HelenEditors}, year={1989}, pages={689–731} }
 @article{gohmann_clark_1989, title={Retirement Responses to Social Security Changes}, volume={44}, ISSN={0022-1422}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.6.s218}, DOI={10.1093/geronj/44.6.s218}, abstractNote={Workers often retire at an age later than the age at which they accept Social Security benefits. This study employed a life-cycle model of individual utility to examine the effects of Social Security provisions on the timing of benefit acceptance and retirement. The behavioral responses of older workers are estimated with a two-equation logit model using data from the Retirement History Study. The results indicate that the legislated increase in the age of eligibility for full Social Security benefits beginning in the 21st century will have relatively small effects on the ages of retirement and benefit acceptance. The mandated decrease in the earnings test tax also is predicted to have only a small effect on the behavior of older persons.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Gerontology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gohmann, S. F. and Clark, R. L.}, year={1989}, month={Nov}, pages={S218–S225} }
 @inbook{clark_1988, place={New York}, title={Compelling Trends in Aging and Retirement}, booktitle={Employing Older Americans: Opportunities and Constraints}, publisher={The Conference Board}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Axel, HelenEditor}, year={1988}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{clark_1988, title={De economie van eenvergrijzende beroepsbevolking}, journal={Economisch Statistische Berichten}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1988}, month={Nov}, pages={1021–1025} }
 @article{clark_mcdermed_1988, title={Pension Wealth and Job Changes: The Effects of Vesting, Portability and Lump-Sum Distributions}, volume={28}, ISSN={0016-9013 1758-5341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/28.4.524}, DOI={10.1093/geront/28.4.524}, abstractNote={Workers who change jobs tend to have lower retirement benefits than single-job workers with similar lifetime earnings. This loss in pension benefits is attributable to vesting rules, portability requirements, and availability of lump-sum cash distributions. The importance of each of these issues in determining the loss in pension wealth associated with job changes is analyzed and a simulation model is used to illustrate their magnitude for a hypothetical worker. Finally, changes in public policy aimed at reducing the loss in benefits for job changers are examined.}, number={4}, journal={The Gerontologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, R. L. and McDermed, A. A.}, year={1988}, month={Aug}, pages={524–532} }
 @article{clark_1988, title={The Future of Work and Retirement}, volume={10}, ISSN={0164-0275 1552-7573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027588102002}, DOI={10.1177/0164027588102002}, abstractNote={The trend toward earlier retirement of men began in the twentieth century and has continued during the 1980s. In contrast, no such trend has emerged for women. The determinants of retirement are examined in this article along with expected changes in these factors. These data are then used to assess the prospects for reversing the trend toward early retirement among men as well as examining future retirement decisions of women.}, number={2}, journal={Research on Aging}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={169–193} }
 @article{allen_clark_mcdermed_1988, title={The Pension Cost of Changing Jobs}, volume={10}, ISSN={0164-0275 1552-7573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027588104001}, DOI={10.1177/0164027588104001}, abstractNote={ Workers covered by defined benefit pension plans receive lower benefits at retirement if they leave their current jobs before reaching retirement age. This study estimates the magnitude of this pension loss for workers in the May 1983 supplement of the Current Population Survey, using pension formula estimates from the 1983 Employee Benefit Survey. The pension loss is generally greatest between the ages of 35 and 54 and represents roughly half of a year's earnings for that age group. The loss tends to be quite high in the declining mining and manufacturing sectors. This probably resulted in lower voluntary attrition at a time of massive layoffs and plant closings. }, number={4}, journal={Research on Aging}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L. and McDermed, Ann A.}, year={1988}, month={Dec}, pages={459–471} }
 @inproceedings{allen_clark_mcdermed_1988, title={Why Do Pensions Reduce Mobility?}, booktitle={IRRA Proceedings of the Fortieth Annual Meeting}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert and McDermed, Ann}, year={1988}, pages={204–212} }
 @inbook{clark_1987, place={London}, title={Aging Populations}, booktitle={The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economic Theory and Doctrine}, publisher={The MacMillan Press Ltd}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Eatwell, John and Milgate, Murray and Newman, PeterEditors}, year={1987}, pages={37–39} }
 @inbook{clark_1987, place={New York}, title={Aging and Relative Earnings}, booktitle={The Problem Isn't Age: Work and Older Americans}, publisher={Praeger Publishers}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Sandell, StevenEditor}, year={1987}, pages={71 83} }
 @inbook{clark_1987, place={New York}, title={Economics}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Aging}, publisher={Springer Publishing Co}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Maddox, GeorgeEditor}, year={1987}, pages={199 202} }
 @inbook{clark_1987, place={New York}, title={Pensions}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Aging}, publisher={Springer Publishing Co}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Maddox, GeorgeEditor}, year={1987}, pages={513 516} }
 @inbook{allen_clark_1987, place={Madison}, title={Pensions and Firm Performance}, booktitle={Human Resources and Firm Performance}, publisher={Industrial Relations Research Association}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert}, editor={Kleiner, Morris and Block, Richard and Roomkin, Myron and Salsbury, SidneyEditors}, year={1987}, pages={195–242} }
 @article{clark_mcdermed_1986, title={Earnings and Pension Compensation: The Effect of Eligibility}, volume={101}, ISSN={0033-5533}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1891119}, DOI={10.2307/1891119}, abstractNote={Journal Article Earnings and Pension Compensation: The Effect of Eligibility Get access Robert L. Clark, Robert L. Clark North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ann A. McDermed Ann A. McDermed North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 101, Issue 2, May 1986, Pages 341–361, https://doi.org/10.2307/1891119 Published: 01 May 1986}, number={2}, journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L. and McDermed, Ann A.}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={341} }
 @inbook{allen_clark_sumner_1986, place={Chicago}, title={Inflation and Pension Benefits}, booktitle={The Handbook of Pension Statistics 1985}, publisher={Commerce Clearing House}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert and Sumner, Daniel}, editor={Ippolito, Richard and Kolodrubetz, WalterEditors}, year={1986}, pages={177 250} }
 @article{clark_cantrell_1986, title={Personnel policies and the age structure of an occupation: the case of the academic labor market}, volume={5}, ISSN={0167-5923 1573-7829}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00124879}, DOI={10.1007/bf00124879}, number={1}, journal={Population Research and Policy Review}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Cantrell, R. Stephen}, year={1986}, pages={63–82} }
 @article{allen_clark_sumner_1986, title={Postretirement Adjustments of Pension Benefits}, volume={21}, ISSN={0022-166X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145960}, DOI={10.2307/145960}, abstractNote={This paper examines why pension plans increased their liabflities by giving benefit increases to persons no longer working even though almost al lof them were not required to do so by any legally enforceable contract. In our model workers and firms have implicit contracts under which post-retirement increases in benefits are purchased by workers through lower wages or initial benefits. Such arrangements permit both plans and workersto share the risk of uncertain rates of return. They also allow beneficiaries to invest at a higher net rate of return than they could obtain elsewhere because of tax advantages and, in large plans, economies of scale. We also discuss how post-retirement adjustments can be used to influence turnover. Some empirical implications of the model are tested over a sample of beneficiaries of defined benefit plans. The major empirical findings are:(1) There is strong evidence of compensating differentials in final salary and initial pension benefits for beneficiaries receiving post-retirement adjustments.(2) Regardless of how the size of pension plans is measured(beneficiaries, participants, amount of benefits paid), large pension plans provide larger post-retirement benefit increases.(3) Beneficiaries of collectively bargained plans are more likelyto receive benefit increases and, among those receiving benefit increases, receive larger increases.(4) Benefit increases are larger in percentage terms for those who have been retired the longest and for those with the most years of service.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Human Resources}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L. and Sumner, Daniel A.}, year={1986}, pages={118} }
 @article{allen_clark_1986, title={Unions, Pension Wealth, and Age-Compensation Profiles}, volume={39}, ISSN={0019-7939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523243}, DOI={10.2307/2523243}, abstractNote={This paper examines the effect of unions on both the magnitude and distribution of pension benefits.Our empirical results show that beneficiaries in collectively bargained plans receive larger benefits when they retire, receive larger increases in their benefits after they retire, and retire at an earlier age than beneficiaries in other pension plans.As a result, the pension wealth of union beneficiaries is 50 to 109 percent greater than that of nonunion beneficiaries.Just as wage differentials within and across establishments are smaller among union workers, benefit differentials within and across cohorts of retirees are smaller among union beneficiaries.This results from the smaller weight given to salary average in determining initial benefits and the larger percentage increases given to those who have been retired the longest under post-retirement increases.The more compressed benefit structure under unionism causes the union-nonunion compensation (wages plus pension contributions) differential to decline more quickly than the union-nonunion wage differential over the life cycle.}, number={4}, journal={Industrial and Labor Relations Review}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Allen, Steven G. and Clark, Robert L.}, year={1986}, month={Jul}, pages={502} }
 @inbook{clark_erickson_1985, place={Washington}, title={Energy and Aging: Home Heating and Cooling}, booktitle={Energy Costs and the Elderly}, publisher={DHHS}, author={Clark, Robert and Erickson, Edward}, year={1985}, pages={37–60} }
 @article{schrimper_clark_1985, title={Health Expenditures and Elderly Adults}, volume={40}, ISSN={0022-1422}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/40.2.235}, DOI={10.1093/geronj/40.2.235}, abstractNote={The purpose of the study was to examine how health expenditures vary among elderly households and how expenditure patterns across other commodity groups are influenced by various factors, including higher medical expenditures. Household expenditure data for five different age groups of elderly households included in the 1972-1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used in the analysis. Multiple regression procedures were used to estimate a complete set of budget share equations with and without health expenditures as an independent variable. Results indicate readjustments in expenditure patterns resulting from higher direct medical payments are likely to lead to significant reductions in food, housing, transportation, and taxes under current policy. This could have important long-run implications for elderly adults as well as for the entire economy. The research also indicated the importance of controlling for age differences when studying expenditure patterns of elderly adults.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Gerontology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Schrimper, R. A. and Clark, R. L.}, year={1985}, month={Mar}, pages={235–243} }
 @inbook{clark_baumer_1985, place={New York}, edition={2nd}, title={Income Maintenance Policies}, booktitle={Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences}, publisher={Van Nostrand Reinhold Company}, author={Clark, Robert and Baumer, David}, editor={Binstock, Robert and Shanas, EthelEditors}, year={1985}, pages={666–696} }
 @misc{clark_sumner_1985, title={Inflation and the Economic Well-Being of Older Americans}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/9780880995498.ch5}, DOI={10.17848/9780880995498.ch5}, journal={The Economics of Aging}, publisher={W.E. Upjohn Institute}, author={Clark, Robert and Sumner, Danile A.}, year={1985}, month={Nov}, pages={77–112} }
 @article{clark_sumner_1985, title={Inflation and the Real Income of the Elderly: Recent Evidence and Expectations for the Future}, volume={25}, ISSN={0016-9013 1758-5341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.2.146}, DOI={10.1093/geront/25.2.146}, number={2}, journal={The Gerontologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, R. L. and Sumner, D. A.}, year={1985}, month={Apr}, pages={146–152} }
 @article{allen_clark_sumner_1984, title={A Comparison of Pension Benefit Increases and Inflation, 1973 79}, volume={107}, number={5}, journal={Monthly Labor Review}, author={Allen, Steven and Clark, Robert and Sumner, Daniel}, year={1984}, month={May}, pages={42–46} }
 @misc{clark_1984, title={Aging and Labor Force Participation}, ISBN={9781461294641 9781461324010}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2401-0_5}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4613-2401-0_5}, journal={Aging and Technological Advances}, publisher={Springer US}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={1984}, pages={39–54} }
 @misc{clark_1984, title={Beyond Sixty-Five: The Dilemma of Old Age in America's Past. By Carole Haber. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Pp. ix, 181. $19.95.}, volume={44}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700033428}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700033428}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, year={1984}, month={Dec}, pages={1140–1141} }
 @inbook{clark_1984, place={Paris}, title={Consumption Patterns of the Elderly}, volume={1}, booktitle={Aging Well Through Living Better}, publisher={International Center for Social Gerontology}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1984}, pages={231 243} }
 @book{clark_maddox_schrimper_sumner_1984, place={Baltimore}, title={Inflation and the Economic Well being of the Elderly}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Maddox, George and Schrimper, Ronald and Sumner, Daniel}, year={1984} }
 @article{clark_gohmann_sumner_1984, title={Wages and hours of work of elderly men}, volume={12}, ISSN={0197-4254 1573-9678}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304511}, DOI={10.1007/bf02304511}, number={4}, journal={Atlantic Economic Journal}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Gohmann, Stephan F. and Sumner, Daniel A.}, year={1984}, month={Dec}, pages={31–40} }
 @inbook{clark_1983, title={Increasing Labor Force Participation by the Elderly: Fact or Fiction}, booktitle={Delayed Retirement: Does America Need Older Workers?}, publisher={Brookdale Institute on Aging, Columbia University}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1983}, pages={29 36} }
 @article{clark_gohmann_1983, title={RETIREMENT AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS}, volume={36}, ISSN={0028-0283 1944-7477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ntj41862548}, DOI={10.1086/ntj41862548}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessNOTES AND COMMENTSRETIREMENT AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITSROBERT L. CLARK and STEPHAN F. GOHMANNROBERT L. CLARK Search for more articles by this author and STEPHAN F. GOHMANN Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by National Tax Journal Volume 36, Number 4December 1983 Published for: The National Tax Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41862548 Views: 3Total views on this site © 1983 National Tax Association. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={4}, journal={National Tax Journal}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Gohmann, Stephan F.}, year={1983}, month={Dec}, pages={529–534} }
 @article{clark_1982, title={A Symposium on Pension Policy: Introduction}, volume={22}, number={6}, journal={The Gerontologist}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1982}, month={Dec}, pages={473} }
 @inbook{clark_kreps_spengler_1982, place={New York}, title={Aging Population: United States}, volume={I}, booktitle={International Encyclopedia of Population}, publisher={The Free Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Kreps, Juanita and Spengler, Joseph}, editor={Ross, JohnEditor}, year={1982}, pages={31–40,} }
 @book{clark_1982, place={New York}, title={Cost effective Pension Planning}, publisher={Pergamon Press}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1982} }
 @article{clark_1982, title={Federal Expenditures for the Elderly: Dr. Clark Replies}, volume={22}, ISSN={0016-9013 1758-5341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/22.2.131}, DOI={10.1093/geront/22.2.131}, abstractNote={Journal Article Dr. Clark Replies Get access R. L. Clark R. L. Clark Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Gerontologist, Volume 22, Issue 2, April 1982, Pages 131–133, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/22.2.131 Published: 01 April 1982}, number={2}, journal={The Gerontologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, R. L.}, year={1982}, month={Apr}, pages={131–133} }
 @article{cantrell_clark_1982, title={Individual Mobility, Population Growth and Labor Force Participation}, volume={19}, ISSN={0070-3370 1533-7790}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061187}, DOI={10.2307/2061187}, number={2}, journal={Demography}, publisher={Duke University Press}, author={Cantrell, R. Stephen and Clark, Robert L.}, year={1982}, month={May}, pages={147–159} }
 @article{clark_mcdermed_1982, title={Inflation, Pension Benefits, and Retirement}, volume={49}, ISSN={0022-4367}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/252574}, DOI={10.2307/252574}, abstractNote={Participation in an employer pension plan will influence the retirement decision of older workers. This paper derives the change in the expected present value of the lifetime flow of wages and pension benefits from an additional year of work under a defined benefit pension plan using an earnings formula. Pension and personal characteristics are explicitly modeled and their effect on the accumulation of pension benefits as a worker approaches retirement is examined. Increases in inflation are shown to reduce the value of this pension compensation and also to lower the present value of lifetime benefits. Thus the relatively high rates of inflation that have prevailed in the United States throughout the 1970's have altered the real pension wealth and annual total compensation of older workers through pension effects.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Risk and Insurance}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Clark, Robert L. and McDermed, Ann Archibald}, year={1982}, month={Mar}, pages={19} }
 @article{clark_1981, place={New York}, title={Aging, Retirement, and the Economic Security of the Elderly}, volume={II}, journal={The Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics}, publisher={Springer Publishing Co}, author={Clark, Robert}, editor={Eisderfer, CarlEditor}, year={1981}, pages={299–319} }
 @article{clark_menefee_1981, title={Federal Expenditures for the Elderly: Past and Future}, volume={21}, ISSN={0016-9013 1758-5341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/21.2.132}, DOI={10.1093/geront/21.2.132}, abstractNote={Journal Article Federal Expenditures for the Elderly: Past and Future Get access Robert L. Clark, PhD, Robert L. Clark, PhD Assoc. Prof 1Dept. of Economics & BusinessNorth Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27607 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John A. Menefee, PhD John A. Menefee, PhD 2Senior economic analyst, Office of Research and Statistics, Social Security Admn., Dept. of Health & Human Services1875 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20009 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Gerontologist, Volume 21, Issue 2, April 1981, Pages 132–137, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/21.2.132 Published: 01 April 1981}, number={2}, journal={The Gerontologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, R. L. and Menefee, J. A.}, year={1981}, month={Apr}, pages={132–137} }
 @book{clark_barker_1981, place={Washington}, title={Reversing the Trend Toward Early Retirement}, publisher={American Enterprise Institute}, author={Clark, Robert and Barker, David}, year={1981} }
 @article{clark_johnson_mcdermed_1980, title={Allocation of Time by Married Couples Approaching Retirement}, volume={43}, number={4}, journal={Social Security Bulletin}, author={Clark, Robert and Johnson, Thomas and McDermed, Ann}, year={1980}, month={Apr}, pages={3 16} }
 @inbook{clark_spengler_1980, place={Greenwich, Connecticut}, title={Dependency Ratios: Their Use in Economic Analysis}, volume={II}, booktitle={Research in Population Economics}, publisher={JAI Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Spengler, Joseph}, editor={DaVanzo, Julie and Simon, JulianEditors}, year={1980}, pages={63 76} }
 @inbook{clark_menefee_1980, title={Economic Responses to Demographic Fluctuations}, volume={1}, booktitle={Special Study on Economic Change}, publisher={Human Resources and Demographics, Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress}, author={Clark, Robert and Menefee, John}, year={1980}, month={Dec}, pages={1–31} }
 @inbook{clark_spengler_1980, place={Durham, NC}, title={Economic Responses to Population Aging with Special Emphasis on Retirement Policy}, booktitle={Retirement Policy in an Aging Society}, publisher={Duke University Press}, author={Clark, Robert and Spengler, Joseph}, editor={Clark, RobertEditor}, year={1980}, pages={156 166} }
 @article{barker_clark_1980, title={Mandatory Retirement and Labor Force Participation of Respondents in the Retirement History Study}, volume={43}, number={11}, journal={Social Security Bulletin}, author={Barker, David and Clark, Robert}, year={1980}, month={Nov}, pages={20 29} }
 @article{cantrell_clark_1980, title={Retirement Policy and Promotional Prospects}, volume={20}, ISSN={0016-9013 1758-5341}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.5_part_1.575}, DOI={10.1093/geront/20.5_part_1.575}, abstractNote={Raising the age of mandatory retirement will retard the rate of promotional prospects only slightly in the economy. Larger delays will occur for top positions than for the lower labor force ranks. Individual firms may experience greater delays depending on their rate of growth, previous retirement age, and willingness of older workers to remain on the job.}, number={5 Part 1}, journal={The Gerontologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cantrell, R. S. and Clark, R. L.}, year={1980}, month={Oct}, pages={575–580} }
 @book{clark_1980, place={Durham, NC}, title={Retirement Policy in an Aging Society}, publisher={Duke University Press}, year={1980} }
 @inbook{anderson_clark_johnson_1980, place={Durham, NC}, title={Retirement in Dual Career Families}, booktitle={Retirement Policy in an Aging Society}, publisher={Duke University Press}, author={Anderson, Kathryn and Clark, Robert and Johnson, Thomas}, editor={Clark, RobertEditor}, year={1980}, pages={109 127} }
 @misc{clark_spengler_1980, title={The Economics of Individual and Population Aging}, ISBN={9780521297028 9780521228831 9780511572074}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511572074}, DOI={10.1017/cbo9780511572074}, abstractNote={This study aims to identify and describe the principle economic issues associated with individual and population ageing. In addition, the study surveys and assess the existing knowledge - including research by scholars of many countries and different fields in the social sciences - of the economic and social problems associated with ageing. Although the study covers a wide range of issues, it focuses primarily on the economic complexities of individual ageing and the macro-economic problems that arise from age-structure changes in the population. The authors, giving examples from many countries, trace the development of concern for population ageing and examine theoretical concepts and changing demographic conditions. Cross-national econometric studies are cited along with time series and cross-sectional research on individual countries. In assessing the state of the literature on the economic problems of ageing, the authors have attempted to indicate fruitful avenues for further research.}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Spengler, Joseph J.}, year={1980}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{clark_1979, title={Old Age in the New Land: The American Experience since 1790. By W. Andrew Achenbaum. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1979. Pp. xii, 237. $13.95.}, volume={39}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002205070009255X}, DOI={10.1017/S002205070009255X}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Clark, Robert}, year={1979}, month={Jun}, pages={583–583} }
 @article{clark_kreps_spengler_1978, title={Economics of Aging}, volume={16}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic Literature}, author={Clark, Robert and Kreps, Juanita and Spengler, Joseph}, year={1978}, month={Sep}, pages={919–962} }
 @inbook{clark_1978, title={Policy Implications and Future Research Needs}, ISBN={9780122424502}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-242450-2.50018-x}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-242450-2.50018-x}, booktitle={The Economic Consequences of Slowing Population Growth}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Clark, Robert L.}, editor={Espenshade, Thomas and Serow, WilliamEditors}, year={1978}, pages={247–261} }
 @article{clark_spengler_1978, title={Population Aging in the Twenty first Century}, number={279–280}, journal={Aging}, author={Clark, Robert and Spengler, Joseph}, year={1978}, month={Jan}, pages={6–13} }
 @book{clark_1978, place={Washington, D.C}, title={Worktime and Employment Decisions, National Commission for Manpower Policy}, institution={USGPO}, year={1978}, month={Oct} }
 @article{clark∗_1977, title={Increasing Income Transfers to the Elderly Implied by Zero Population Growth}, volume={35}, ISSN={0034-6764 1470-1162}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346767700000004}, DOI={10.1080/00346767700000004}, abstractNote={(1977). Increasing Income Transfers to the Elderly Implied by Zero Population Growth. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 37-54.}, number={1}, journal={Review of Social Economy}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Clark∗, Robert}, year={1977}, month={Apr}, pages={37–54} }
 @article{baumer_clark, title={Effects of Alternative Strategies for Social Security Reform}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Texas Business Review}, author={Baumer, David and Clark, Robert}, pages={193–198} }