@article{silva-guillen_arellano_wiegert_boyd_martinez_heugten_2024, title={Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-023-00981-7}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Silva-Guillen, Ysenia V. and Arellano, Consuelo and Wiegert, Jeffrey and Boyd, R. Dean and Martinez, Gabriela E. and Heugten, Eric}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{anderson_holt_boyd_heugten_2021, title={Impact of Replacing Soybean Meal with Corn DDGS and Crystalline Amino Acids on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Pigs}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab054.119}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, Brooke E. and Holt, Jon P. and Boyd, R. D. and Heugten, Eric}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={72–72} }
 @article{lents_supakorn_dedecker_phillips_boyd_vallet_rohrer_foxcroft_flowers_trottier_et al._2020, title={Dietary lysine-to-energy ratios for managing growth and pubertal development in replacement gilts}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2590-2865"]}, DOI={10.15232/aas.2020-02016}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Objective Our objectives were to determine growth rates, body composition, and pubertal development in replacement gilts fed diets with different ratios of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine to ME. Materials and Methods Diets with low, medium, and high ratios of SID lysine to ME (grower: 2.3, 2.6, and 2.8; finisher; 1.7, 1.9, and 2.1 g/Mcal) were fed from 100 to 200 d of age, after which gilts were moved from the gilt development unit to sow farms. Boar exposure and estrus detection began at 160 d of age and continued until first detected estrus. Estimates of BW and body composition were determined at 100, 142, 160, and 200 d of age and at puberty. Results and Discussion Body weights and growth rates were reduced (P Implications and Applications Reducing SID lysine–to–ME ratios in gilt diets can increase the number of gilts within optimal BW range at first estrus, but overall pubertal development is delayed if ratios are reduced below 2.8 and 2.1 g of SID lysine to megacalorie of ME in grower and finisher diets, respectively.}, number={5}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Lents, C. A. and Supakorn, C. and DeDecker, A. E. and Phillips, C. E. and Boyd, R. D. and Vallet, J. L. and Rohrer, G. A. and Foxcroft, G. R. and Flowers, W. L. and Trottier, N. L. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={701–714} }
 @article{silva-guillen_arellano_boyd_martinez_heugten_2020, title={Growth performance, oxidative stress and immune status of newly weaned pigs fed peroxidized lipids with or without supplemental vitamin E or polyphenols}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-0431-9}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-020-0431-9}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Silva-Guillen, Y. V. and Arellano, C. and Boyd, R. D. and Martinez, G. and Heugten, E.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{jackman_boyd_elrod_2020, title={Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-020-00446-1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Jackman, Joshua A. and Boyd, R. Dean and Elrod, Charles C.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mendoza_boyd_remus_wilcock_martinez_heugten_2020, title={Sow performance in response to natural betaine fed during lactation and post-weaning during summer and non-summer months}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-020-00471-0}, abstractNote={Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary natural betaine on sow reproductive performance during summer (Exp. 1) and non-summer months (Exp. 2). Treatments were designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors including dietary betaine (0 or 0.2%) and period of supplementation (lactation or post-weaning until 35 days post-insemination). In Exp. 1, 322 and 327 sows and in Exp. 2, 300 and 327 sows representing young (parity 1 and 2) and mature (parity 3 to 6) sows, respectively, were used. In Exp. 1, supplementation of betaine during lactation increased sow body weight losses (− 11.95 vs. −14.63 kg; P = 0.024), reduced feed intake (4.12 vs. 4.28 kg/d; P = 0.052), and tended to reduce percentage of no-value pigs (P = 0.071). Betaine fed post-weaning reduced weaning-to-estrus interval (5.75 vs. 6.68 days; P = 0.054) and farrowing rate (86.74% vs. 91.36%; P = 0.060), regardless of parity group. Post-hoc analysis with sows clustered into 3 parity groups (1, 2 and 3, and 4+) indicated that betaine fed in lactation to parity 4+ sows (P = 0.026) and betaine fed post-weaning to parity 1 sows increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle (P ≤ 0.05). In Exp. 2, betaine fed during lactation tended to reduce the weaning-to-estrus interval (6.64 vs. 7.50 days; P = 0.077) and farrowing rate (88.23% vs. 83.54%; P = 0.089), regardless of parity group. Feeding betaine post-weaning reduced number of pigs born (13.00 vs. 13.64; P = 0.04) and pigs born alive (12.30 vs. 12.82; P = 0.075), regardless of parity group. Using 0.2% betaine during the non-summer months did not benefit sow performance. During the summer, betaine supplementation in lactation increased subsequent litter size in parity 4+ sows. Betaine fed during the post-weaning period reduced the wean-to-estrus interval and farrowing rate, increased total number of pigs born for parity 1 sows and reduced total number of pigs born to parity 4+ sows. Further research is needed to determine if the detrimental effects on feed intake and farrowing rate may be correlated and depend on dietary betaine level.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Mendoza, S. M. and Boyd, R. D. and Remus, J. and Wilcock, P. and Martinez, G. E. and Heugten, E.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{moran_wilcock_elsbernd_zier-rush_boyd_heugten_2019, title={Effects of super-dosing phytase and inositol on growth performance and blood metabolites of weaned pigs housed under commercial conditions}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz156}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Moran, Kory and Wilcock, Pete and Elsbernd, Amanda and Zier-Rush, Cate and Boyd, R. Dean and Heugten, Eric}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={3007–3015} }
 @article{silva-guillen_padilla_wiegert_arellano_boyd_heugten_2019, title={Impact of heat stress and antioxidant supplements in feed or drinking water on growth, intestinal morphology, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.131}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Silva-Guillen, Ysenia Victoria and Padilla, Gabriela E. Martinez and Wiegert, Jeffrey and Arellano, Consuelo and Boyd, R. Dean and Heugten, Eric}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={71–71} }
 @article{chang_boyd_zier-rush_rosero_heugten_2019, title={Lipid peroxidation impairs growth and viability of nursery pigs reared under commercial conditions}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz183}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Chang, Petra L. and Boyd, R. Dean and Zier-Rush, Cate and Rosero, David S. and Heugten, Eric}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={3379–3389} }
 @misc{boyd_zier-rush_moeser_culbertson_stewart_rosero_patience_2019, title={Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1751-732X"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1751731119001915}, abstractNote={This article involved a broad search of applied sciences for milestone technologies we deem to be the most significant innovations applied by the North American pork industry, during the past 10 to 12 years. Several innovations shifted the trajectory of improvement or resolved significant production limitations. Each is being integrated into practice, with the exception being gene editing technology, which is undergoing the federal approval process. Advances in molecular genomics have been applied to gene editing for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and to identify piglet genome contributions from each parent. Post-cervical artificial insemination technology is not novel, but this technology is now used extensively to accelerate the rate of genetic progress. A milestone was achieved with the discovery that dietary essential fatty acids, during lactation, were limiting reproduction. Their provision resulted in a dose-related response for pregnancy, pregnancy maintenance and litter size, especially in maturing sows and ultimately resolved seasonal infertility. The benefit of segregated early weaning (12 to 14 days of age) was realized for specific pathogen removal for genetic nucleus and multiplication. Application was premature for commercial practice, as piglet mortality and morbidity increased. Early weaning impairs intestinal barrier and mucosal innate immune development, which coincides with diminished resilience to pathogens and viability later in life. Two important milestones were achieved to improve precision nutrition for growing pigs. The first involved the updated publication of the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs, a collaboration between scientists from America and Canada. Precision nutrition advanced further when ingredient description, for metabolically available amino acids and net energy (by source plant), became a private sector nutrition product. The past decade also led to fortuitous discoveries of health-improving components in ingredients (xylanase, soybeans). Finally, two technologies converged to facilitate timely detection of multiple pathogens in a population: oral fluids sampling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pathogen analysis. Most critical diseases in North America are now routinely monitored by oral fluid sampling and prepared for analysis using PCR methods.}, number={12}, journal={ANIMAL}, author={Boyd, R. D. and Zier-Rush, C. E. and Moeser, A. J. and Culbertson, M. and Stewart, K. R. and Rosero, D. S. and Patience, J. F.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={2951–2966} }
 @article{mendoza_boyd_zier-rush_ferket_haydon_heugten_2017, title={Effect of natural betaine and ractopamine HCl on whole-body and carcass growth in pigs housed under high ambient temperatures}, volume={95}, DOI={10.2527/jas2017.1622}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Mendoza, S. M. and Boyd, R. D. and Zier-Rush, C. E. and Ferket, P. R. and Haydon, K. D. and Heugten, E.}, year={2017}, pages={3047–3056} }
 @misc{odle_jacobi_boyd_bauman_anthony_bazer_lock_serazin_2017, title={The Potential Impact of Animal Science Research on Global Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health: A Landscape Review}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2156-5376"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.013896}, DOI={10.3945/an.116.013896}, abstractNote={High among the challenges facing mankind as the world population rapidly expands toward 9 billion people by 2050 is the technological development and implementation of sustainable agriculture and food systems to supply abundant and wholesome nutrition. In many low-income societies, women and children are the most vulnerable to food insecurity, and it is unequivocal that quality nutrition during the first 1000 d of life postconception can be transformative in establishing a robust, lifelong developmental trajectory. With the desire to catalyze disruptive advancements in global maternal and child health, this landscape review was commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to examine the nutritional and managerial practices used within the food-animal agricultural system that may have relevance to the challenges faced by global human health. The landscape was categorized into a framework spanning 1) preconception, 2) gestation and pregnancy, 3) lactation and suckling, and 4) postweaning and toddler phases. Twelve key findings are outlined, wherein research within the discipline of animal sciences stands to inform the global health community and in some cases identifies gaps in knowledge in which further research is merited. Notable among the findings were 1) the quantitative importance of essential fatty acid and amino acid nutrition in reproductive health, 2) the suggested application of the ideal protein concept for improving the amino acid nutrition of mothers and children, 3) the prospect of using dietary phytase to improve the bioavailability of trace minerals in plant and vegetable-based diets, and 4) nutritional interventions to mitigate environmental enteropathy. The desired outcome of this review was to identify potential interventions that may be worthy of consideration. Better appreciation of the close linkage between human health, medicine, and agriculture will identify opportunities that will enable faster and more efficient innovations in global maternal and child health.}, number={2}, journal={ADVANCES IN NUTRITION}, author={Odle, Jack and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Boyd, R. Dean and Bauman, Dale E. and Anthony, Russell V. and Bazer, Fuller W. and Lock, Adam L. and Serazin, Andrew C.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={362–381} }
 @article{victora_martorell_ganapathi_boyd_bauman_odle_2017, title={What global maternal and child nutrition can learn from animal science}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2214-109X"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28716344}, DOI={10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30249-8}, abstractNote={The main challenges to ensuring optimal nutrition of children in low-income and middle-income settings are prevention of undernutrition—including intrauterine growth restriction, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies—and avoidance of becoming overweight.1Black RE Victora CG Walker SP et al.Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries.Lancet. 2013; 382: 427-451Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4307) Google Scholar Birth cohort studies show that linear growth in early life is associated with improved human capital (including intelligence, educational performance, and productivity) and has few, if any, deleterious effects regarding future risk of non-communicable diseases.2Adair LS Fall CH Osmond C et al.Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies.Lancet. 2013; 382: 525-534Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (521) Google Scholar By contrast, rapid weight gain, above and beyond what is required for linear growth, does not confer any benefits in terms of human capital and is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.2Adair LS Fall CH Osmond C et al.Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies.Lancet. 2013; 382: 525-534Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (521) Google Scholar Early undernutrition followed by exposure to an obesogenic diet in later childhood seems to result in especially poor outcomes. Ensuring that young children achieve optimal linear growth without putting on excessive weight represents a major challenge to public health and nutrition. In 1951, the British nutritionist Isabella Leitch proposed an analogy between the growth of piglets and children.3Leitch I Growth and health.Br J Nutr. 1951; 5: 142-151Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar Studying pigs that were undernourished early in life and then fed appropriately, she concluded that “skeleton and muscle will not grow as they would have done if they had had the opportunity at the right time, and the extra food will be used mainly to lay on fat”.3Leitch I Growth and health.Br J Nutr. 1951; 5: 142-151Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar She referred to these animals as “low-high”3Leitch I Growth and health.Br J Nutr. 1951; 5: 142-151Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar pigs, and proposed they would be better off by remaining thin than by putting on weight, arguing that this condition “can probably be prevented only by the continuation of a spartan regime throughout life, which seems a bit hard”.3Leitch I Growth and health.Br J Nutr. 1951; 5: 142-151Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar Whether Leitch's ideas were correct and her proposed interventions feasible, she was undoubtedly a pioneer in attempting to translate results from applied animal science to human nutrition.4Victora CG Barros FC Commentary: the catch-up dilemma—relevance of Leitch's ‘low-high’ pig to child growth in developing countries.Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 217-220Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar Anyone who has seen or eaten pork for the past few decades will have noticed that today's animals have a larger skeletal frame and that their meat has become much leaner over time. This is partly because of breeding, but also because of precise formulation of animal diets.5National Research CouncilNutrient requirements of swine. 11th edn. The National Academy Press, Washington, DC2012Google Scholar Could new approaches to global nutrition lead to interventions that would make children grow tall without putting on excessive fat, as is the case for present-day piglets? Animal science has been addressing this issue for a long time, although with rigorous studies that cannot be conducted in humans. More than 60 years after Leitch's paper,3Leitch I Growth and health.Br J Nutr. 1951; 5: 142-151Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar Jack Odle and colleagues produced a landscape review6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar to address a crucial question: what can global human nutrition learn from animal science? The review covered four main areas, known in the global health literature as the continuum of care: preconception, gestation and pregnancy, lactation and suckling, and post-weaning and toddler phases. This review6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar resulted in more than a dozen key findings, suggesting some potential interventions that receive scant attention in global nutrition at present. In particular, the review highlighted “the quantitative importance of essential fatty acid and aminoacid nutrition in reproductive health; the suggested application of the ideal protein concept for improving the aminoacid nutrition of mothers and children; the prospect of using dietary phytase to improve the bioavailability of trace minerals in plant and vegetable-based diets; and nutritional interventions to mitigate environmental enteropathy”.6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar The table shows the contrast between Odle and colleagues' potential recommendations and the comprehensive list of effective diet-related interventions published in the 2013 Lancet Nutrition Series (table).7Bhutta ZA Das JK Rizvi A et al.Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?.Lancet. 2013; 382: 452-477Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1625) Google ScholarTableMain findings from Odle and colleagues' review6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar and status of interventions in global nutrition programmes7Bhutta ZA Das JK Rizvi A et al.Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?.Lancet. 2013; 382: 452-477Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1625) Google ScholarMain effects on animal healthGlobal health considerationsPreconception–conceptionEarly correction of nutrition excessNormalises fetal growth, adiposity, and glucose–insulin metabolismAt present, no emphasis on correction of overweight before conceptionCorrection of energy deficitImproves oocyte and embryo qualityEmphasis has so far been on correction of pre-conceptional underweight (through balanced energy–protein supplementation) and micronutrient deficiencies (eg, iron–folic acid and multiple micronutrients)Optimisation of essential fatty acid intakeImproves oestrus expression, conception, and maintenance of pregnancyInterventions for increasing intake of essential fatty acids are not part of global programmesGestation–pregnancyAlleviation of hyperthermiaImproves placental and fetal weight, and postnatal lean growth (more protein and less lipid)No global recommendations for reduction of exposure to heat among pregnant women, which might represent a growing problem because of climate changeOptimisation of energy and aminoacid feeding, especially to young mothers to support gestation and lactationImproves maternal tissue, fetal growth, milk production, and postnatal growthBalanced energy-protein supplementation has long been a cornerstone of maternal nutrition in poor settings, but emphasis seems to have shifted to supplementation with specific micronutrients; prevention of adolescent pregnancies and improvement of the health of adolescent girls are priority actionsOptimisation of essential aminoacid intakes by formulation of diets for so-called ideal proteinSupports protein accretion rates in conceptus and maternal tissues by preventing aminoacid deficitEmphasis on specific essential aminoacids is not an important component of global health and nutrition interventionsOptimisation of intake of functional aminoacids and fatty acidsImproves conceptus viability, development, and growthEmphasis on specific essential aminoacids is not an important component of global health and nutrition interventionsLactation–sucklingEnsuring adequate intake of quality colostrum; maternal vaccinationReduces mortality and improves intestinal health of the youngIntake of colostrum and early initiation of breastfeeding receive growing attentionIncreased fat content in lactation dietsIncreases milk fat content and neonatal growth and developmentManipulation of maternal diets to change the volume and composition of breastmilk is not part of global programmes, other than supplementary feeding for severely undernourished women during lactationOptimisation of essential aminoacid intakes by formulation of diets for so-called ideal proteinSupports milk production, growth, and development of suckling offspring, and maternal body condition by prevention of aminoacid deficitsManipulation of maternal diets to change the volume and composition of breastmilk is not part of global programmes, other than supplementary feeding for severely undernourished women during lactationJudicious supplementation with nutritionally balanced full-strength milk formulaMaintains neonatal growth when breastmilk is insufficient because of infection, agalactia, or heat stressGlobal recommendations discourage introduction of formula or animal milk, particularly before the age of 6 months, because of the increased risk of infectious diseasesPostweaning–toddlerOptimisation of essential aminoacid intakes by formulating diets for so-called ideal proteinSupports healthy lean growthAlthough nutrition counselling programmes promote the intake of high-quality animal protein, no emphasis on specific aminoacidsSupplementation of diets with phytaseImproves bioavailability of iron and zinc in plant foodsPhytase supplementation is not part of global nutrition programmesDietary medium-chain fatty acids, glutamine, arginine, plasma proteins, lactoferrin, and zincImproves aspects of intestinal health and might promote growth, especially under challenging environmental conditionsIron and zinc supplements are promoted in global programmes, but not fatty acids, aminoacids, or plasma proteins Open table in a new tab From the end of World War 2, the global community regarded protein deficiency to be the major nutritional problem in poor countries and called for policies and programmes to close the so-called protein gap. In the mid-1970s, prominent nutritionists declared this to be fallacious using terms such as “the great protein fiasco”8Semba RD The rise and fall of protein malnutrition in global health.Ann Nutr Metab. 2016; 69: 79-88Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar and world attention shifted from protein quantity and quality, to quantity of food. More recently, the concern with quality returned but with a focus on micronutrients. The first major difference with respect to animal research is the extent to which human programmes today focus on micronutrients. At different stages during the continuum of care, global nutrition relies on promotion of intake of folic acid, iron, calcium, iodine, vitamin K, vitamin A, and multiple micronutrient supplements. By contrast, animal studies give more comprehensive attention to macronutrients, such as specific aminoacids and fatty acids, which are not considered at all in global human nutrition programmes. Even programmes that promote nutrition counselling with use of locally grown foods or provision of protein-energy supplements do not focus on specific macronutrients. Odle and colleagues6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar emphasise that, in the case of protein and fat, it is crucial to consider both the quantity provided by the diet as well as the pattern of essential aminoacids and fatty acids ingested. They further declare that “the basic information needed to formulate diets to meet aminoacid needs in humans represents a serious gap in knowledge”,6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar unlike animal science where aminoacid patterns resulting in ideal proteins are well described and widely used.5National Research CouncilNutrient requirements of swine. 11th edn. The National Academy Press, Washington, DC2012Google Scholar, 6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar This is not to imply that micronutrient supplementation does not have a major place in global nutrition. Indeed, animal studies are strongly supportive, for example, of zinc supplementation to prevent environmental enteropathy leading to growth failure. What strikes us is how concerns with micronutrients might have distracted attention from consideration of essential macronutrients and the interplay between micronutrient and macronutrient deficiencies that commonly exist in low-income and middle-income countries. Odle and colleagues6Odle J Jacobi SK Boyd RD et al.The potential impact of animal science research on global maternal and child nutrition and health: a landscape review.Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 362-381Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar also suggest some innovative potential interventions in areas that are unexplored in global nutrition. Temperature control, widely used in animals to avoid heat stress, is not mentioned in global programmes. Admittedly, temperature control is difficult to implement at large scale in a cost-effective manner. Dietary microaddition of phytase aimed at destruction of phytic acid, a powerful antinutrient, is also worthy of further exploration in global nutrition. Regarding lactation, maternal supplementation to modulate the quantity and quality of human milk has received little attention in global health, as there is a common assumption that the quality of breastmilk is relatively constant even among undernourished mothers, and that these women are able to produce enough milk. By stark contrast, such interventions are widely used in animal science, with well-documented effects on milk quality and quantity, and a striking effect on litter growth. Animal scientists sometimes use formula to supplement breastmilk if there is evidence of growth faltering. By contrast, the risk of infections and mortality led the global nutrition community to strongly discourage the use of formula and feeding bottles in early infancy. Renewed attention to maternal diets might help improve infant growth in the first 6 months of life, when exclusive breastfeeding is essential for preventing infections, yet growth faltering is already taking place.9Victora CG de Onis M Hallal PC Blössner M Shrimpton R Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions.Pediatrics. 2010; 125: e473-e480Crossref PubMed Scopus (899) Google Scholar Animal scientists have been remarkably successful in reducing mortality and growth faltering in controlled breeding situations, and in producing animals that are lean and achieve their full growth potential. Global nutrition has much to learn in this respect. Not all interventions will be effective, feasible, or even desirable for humans. Furthermore, neurocognitive outcomes—a priority for global child health—are not assessed in animal science. However, robust findings from the long history of experimentation in animal science suggest that the time for some lateral thinking in global nutrition is long overdue. JO reports grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation during the conduct of the study. All other authors declare no competing interests.}, number={8}, journal={LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH}, author={Victora, Cesar G. and Martorell, Reynaldo and Ganapathi, Sindura and Boyd, R. Dean and Bauman, Dale E. and Odle, Jack}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={E749–E751} }
 @article{rosero_boyd_mcculley_odle_heugten_2016, title={Essential fatty acid supplementation during lactation is required to maximize the subsequent reproductive performance of the modern sow}, volume={168}, ISSN={["1873-2232"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84979483427&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.010}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental essential fatty acids (EFA) on sow reproductive efficiency and to estimate the concentrations of EFA required by the lactating sow for maximum subsequent reproduction. Data were collected on 480 sows (PIC Camborough) balanced by parity, with 241 and 239 sows representing Parity 1, and 3-5 (P3+), respectively. Sows were assigned randomly, within parity, to a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement plus a control diet without added lipids. Factors included linoleic (2.1%, 2.7%, and 3.3%) and α-linolenic acid (0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45%), obtained by adding 4% of different mixtures of canola, corn and flaxseed oils to diets. Diets were corn-soybean meal based with 12% wheat middlings. The benefits of supplemental EFA were more evident for the subsequent reproduction of mature P3+ sows. For these sows, supplemental α-linolenic acid improved the proportion of sows that farrowed relative to sows weaned (linear P=0.080; 82.8, 80.5, and 92.8% for sows fed 0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45% α-linolenic acid, respectively). In addition, supplemental linoleic acid, fed to Parity 1 and P3+ sows, tended to increase subsequent litter size (linear P=0.074; 13.2, 13.8 and 14.0 total pigs born for 2.1%, 2.7% and 3.3% linoleic acid, respectively). These results demonstrate that a minimum dietary intake of both α-linolenic and linoleic acid is required for the modern lactating sow to achieve a maximum reproductive outcome through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, increased maintenance of pregnancy and improved subsequent litter size.}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rosero, David S. and Boyd, R. Dean and McCulley, Mark and Odle, Jack and Heugten, Eric}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={151–163} }
 @misc{rosero_boyd_odle_heugten_2016, title={Optimizing dietary lipid use to improve essential fatty acid status and reproductive performance of the modern lactating sow: a review}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85008336841&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-016-0092-x}, abstractNote={Dietary lipid supplementation benefits the prolific and high-producing modern lactating sow. A comprehensive review of recent studies showed that lipid supplementation increases average daily energy intake, which is partitioned for lactation as indicated by greater milk fat output and improved litter growth rate. Recent compelling findings showed that addition of particular lipids during lactation improved the subsequent reproductive outcome of sows. Such benefits were related to the level of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA, linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3) during lactation. Lactation diets without supplemental EFA resulted in a pronounced negative balance (intake minus milk output) of linoleic (−25.49 g/d) and α-linolenic acid (−2.75 g/d); which compromised sow fertility (farrowing rate < 75 % and culling rates > 25 % of weaned sows). This phenomenon seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age because of a progressive reduction of body EFA pool over successive lactations. The net effect of supplemental EFA during lactation was to create a positive EFA balance, which improved the subsequent reproduction of sows. Adequate linoleic acid intake improved the proportion of sows that farrowed in the subsequent cycle (Farrowing rate (%) = [(−1.5 × 10−3 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.53 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (45.2)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). In addition, increasing linoleic acid intake increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle (total pigs born (n) = [(9.4 × 10−5 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.04 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (10.94)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). Supplemental α-linolenic acid resulted in a rapid return to estrus (sows bred: sows weaned = 94.2 %; wean-to-estrus interval = 4.0 d) and achieved a high retention of pregnancy (sows pregnant: sows bred = 98 %). Collectively, we conclude that a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid should be provided to ≥ 95 % of the sows; thereby, achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and large subsequent litter size in mature sows, that appear to be susceptible to EFA deficiency.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Rosero, David S. and Boyd, R. Dean and Odle, Jack and Heugten, Eric}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @article{rosero_odle_arellano_boyd_heugten_2015, title={Development of prediction equations to estimate the apparent digestible energy content of lipids when fed to lactating sows}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84965190994&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-8402}, abstractNote={Two studies were conducted 1) to determine the effects of free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and the degree of saturation of lipids (unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio [U:S]) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and DE content of lipids and 2) to derive prediction equations to estimate the DE content of lipids when added to lactating sow diets. In Exp. 1, 85 lactating sows were assigned randomly to a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments plus a control diet with no added lipid. Factors included 1) FFA concentrations of 0, 18, 36, and 54% and 2) U:S of 2.0, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, and 4.9. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and lipid was supplemented at 6%. Concentrations of FFA and U:S were obtained by blending 4 lipid sources: choice white grease (CWG; FFA = 0.3% and U:S = 2.0), soybean oil (FFA = 0.1% and U:S = 5.5), CWG acid oil (FFA = 57.8% and U:S = 2.1), and soybean-cottonseed acid oil (FFA = 67.5% and U:S = 3.8). Titanium dioxide was added to diets (0.5%) as a digestibility marker. Treatments started on d 4 of lactation and fecal samples were collected after 6 d of adaptation to diets on a daily basis from d 10 to 13. The ATTD of added lipid and DE content of lipids were negatively affected (linear, < 0.001) with increasing FFA concentrations, but negative effects were less pronounced with increasing U:S (interaction, < 0.05). Coefficients of ATTD for the added lipid and DE content of lipids increased with increasing U:S (quadratic, = 0.001), but these improvements were less pronounced when the FFA concentration was less than 36%. Digestible energy content of added lipid was described by DE (kcal/kg) = [8,381 - (80.6 × FFA) + (0.4 × FFA) + (248.8 × U:S) - (28.1 × U:S) + (12.8 × FFA × U:S)] ( = 0.74). This prediction equation was validated in Exp. 2, in which 24 lactating sows were fed diets supplemented with 6% of either an animal-vegetable blend (A-V; FFA = 14.5% and U:S = 2.3) or CWG (FFA = 3.7% and U:S = 1.5) plus a control diet with no added lipids. Digestible energy content of A-V (8,317 and 8,127 kcal/kg for measured and predicted values, respectively) and CWG (8,452 and 8,468 kcal/kg for measured and predicted values, respectively) were accurately estimated using the proposed equation. The proposed equation involving FFA concentration and U:S resulted in highly accurate estimations of DE content (relative error, +0.2 to -2.3%) of commercial sources of lipids for lactating sows.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rosero, D. S. and Odle, J. and Arellano, C. and Boyd, R. D. and Heugten, E.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={1165–1176} }
 @article{rochell_alexander_rocha_van alstine_boyd_pettigrew_dilger_2015, title={Effects of dietary soybean meal concentration on growth and immune response of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus}, volume={93}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-8462}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) concentration on the growth performance and immune response of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Four experimental treatments included a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 dietary SBM concentrations, 17.5% (LSBM) or 29% (HSBM), and 2 levels of PRRSV infection, uninfected sham or PRRSV infected. Sixty-four weanling pigs of split sex (21 d of age, 7.14 ± 0.54 kg) were individually housed in disease containment chambers. Pigs were provided a common diet for 1 wk postweaning before being equalized for BW and sex and allotted to 4 treatment groups with 16 replicate pigs per group. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 1 wk before receiving either a sham inoculation (sterile PBS) or a 1 × 10 50% tissue culture infective dose of PRRSV at 35 d of age (0 d postinoculation, DPI). Pig BW and feed intake were recorded weekly, and rectal temperatures were measured daily beginning on 0 DPI. Blood was collected on 0, 3, 7, and 14 DPI for determination of serum PRRSV load, differential complete blood cell counts, and haptoglobin and cytokine concentrations. Infection with PRRSV increased (P < 0.01) rectal temperatures of pigs throughout the infection period, with no influence of dietary SBM concentration. Pigs in the PRRSV-infected group had lower (P < 0.01) ADFI and G:F from 0 to 14 DPI compared with uninfected pigs. In the PRRSV-infected group, pigs fed HSBM tended to have improved ADG (P = 0.06) compared with pigs fed LSBM, whereas there was no influence of SBM concentration on growth of pigs in the uninfected group. At 14 DPI, PRRSV-infected pigs fed HSBM had a lower serum PRRSV load (P < 0.05), a higher (P = 0.02) hematocrit value, and a tendency for greater hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.09) compared with pigs fed LSBM. Serum haptoglobin and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations of PRRSV-infected pigs were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed HSBM at 3 and 14 DPI, respectively, than in pigs fed LSBM. Overall, increasing the dietary SBM concentration modulated the immune response and tended to improve the growth of nursery pigs during a PRRSV infection.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Rochell, S. J. and Alexander, L. S. and Rocha, G. C. and Van Alstine, W. G. and Boyd, R. D. and Pettigrew, J. E. and Dilger, R. N.}, year={2015}, pages={2987–2997} }
 @article{rosero_odle_mendoza_boyd_fellner_heugten_2015, title={Impact of dietary lipids on sow milk composition and balance of essential fatty acids during lactation in prolific sows}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84965094122&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2014-8529}, abstractNote={Two studies were designed to determine the effects of supplementing diets with lipid sources of EFA (linoleic and α-linolenic acid) on sow milk composition to estimate the balance of EFA for sows nursing large litters. In Exp. 1, 30 sows, equally balanced by parity (1 and 3 to 5) and nursing 12 pigs, were fed diets supplemented with 6% animal-vegetable blend (A-V), 6% choice white grease (CWG), or a control diet without added lipid. Diets were corn-soybean meal based with 8% corn distiller dried grains with solubles and 6% wheat middlings and contained 3.25 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal ME. Sows fed lipid-supplemented diets secreted greater amounts of fat (P = 0.082; 499 and 559 g/d for control and lipid-added diets, respectively) than sows fed the control diet. The balance of EFA was computed as apparent ileal digestible intake of EFA minus the outflow of EFA in milk. For sows fed the control diet, the amount of linoleic acid secreted in milk was greater than the amount consumed, throughout lactation. This resulted in a pronounced negative balance of linoleic acid (-22.4, -38.0, and -14.1 g/d for d 3, 10, and 17 of lactation, respectively). In Exp. 2, 50 sows, equally balanced by parity and nursing 12 pigs, were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets plus a control diet without added lipids. Factors included linoleic acid (2.1% and 3.3%) and α-linolenic acid (0.15% and 0.45%). The different concentrations of EFA were obtained by adding 4% of different mixtures of canola, corn, and flaxseed oils to diets. The n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios in the diets ranged from 5 to 22. Increasing supplemental EFA increased (P < 0.001) milk concentrations of linoleic (16.7% and 20.8%, for 2.1% and 3.3% linoleic acid, respectively) and α-linolenic acid (P < 0.001; 1.1 and 1.9% for 0.15 and 0.45% α-linolenic acid, respectively). Increasing supplemental EFA increased the estimated balance of α-linolenic acid (P < 0.001; -0.2 and 5.3 g/d for 0.15% and 0.45% α-linolenic acid, respectively), but not linoleic acid (P = 0.14; -3.4 and 10.0 g/d for 2.1% and 3.3% linoleic acid, respectively). In conclusion, lipid supplementation to sow lactation diets improved milk fat secretion. The fatty acid composition of milk fat reflected the dietary supplementation of EFA. The net effect of supplemental EFA was to create a positive balance during lactation, which may prove to be beneficial for the development of nursing piglets and the subsequent reproduction of sows.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rosero, D. S. and Odle, J. and Mendoza, S. M. and Boyd, R. D. and Fellner, V. and Heugten, E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={2935–2947} }
 @article{rosero_odle_moeser_boyd_heugten_2015, title={Peroxidised dietary lipids impair intestinal function and morphology of the small intestine villi of nursery pigs in a dose-dependent manner}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1475-2662"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949192029&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s000711451500392x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Rosero, David S. and Odle, Jack and Moeser, Adam J. and Boyd, R. Dean and Heugten, Eric}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1985–1992} }