@article{serenari_peterson_bardon_brown_2013, title={The impacts of the great recession on state natural resource extension programs}, volume={51}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Serenari, C. and Peterson, M. N. and Bardon, R. E. and Brown, R. D.}, year={2013} }
 @book{brown_wurman_2009, title={A brief history of wildlife conservation and research in the United States}, publisher={Missoula, MT: Boone & Crockett Club}, author={Brown, R. D. and Wurman, L. H.}, year={2009} }
 @article{brown_2008, title={A brief history of wildlife conservation in the United States--Part II}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={Fair Chase}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2008}, pages={30–35} }
 @book{brown_2008, title={The ethics of waterfowl hunting}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2008} }
 @article{brown_2007, title={A brief history of wildlife conservation in the United States--Part I}, volume={22}, number={4}, journal={Fair Chase}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2007}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{brown_2007, title={I've walked the line--have you?}, volume={22}, number={2}, journal={Fair Chase}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2007}, pages={42–44} }
 @article{brown_2007, title={Let's not fool with mother nature}, volume={22}, number={1}, journal={Fair Chase}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2007}, pages={36–39} }
 @inproceedings{brown_2007, title={The history of wildlife conservation and research in the United States--with implications for the future}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Taiwan Wildlife Association 2007}, publisher={Taipei: Taiwan National University}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2007}, pages={1–30} }
 @article{brown_2006, title={Serving members' needs while building a consensus: The development of the Wildlife Society's position statement on economic growth}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0091-7648"]}, DOI={10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[512:SMNWBA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The editor of Wildlife Society Bulletin asked me to respond to the Gates et al. (2006) article on The Wildlife Society's (TWS) economic growth policy statement. This was done with the concurrence of the authors of that article. I prepared a draft of this response, then ran it by Council, along with the Gates manuscript, the original proposed policy statement, and the policy statement approved by Council. In our reading of the Gates manuscript, the issues raised by the authors seem to be twofold: 1) the process by which this policy statement was adopted, and, 2) the content of the adopted policy, which varies significantly from that proposed by the TWS Working Group on Local Governance. I will address both issues.}, number={2}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Brown, RD}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={512–513} }
 @article{brown_cooper_2006, title={The nutritional, ecological, and ethical arguments against baiting and feeding white-tailed deer}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1938-5463"]}, DOI={10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[519:TNEAEA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The use of food plots, supplemental feeding, and baiting has been a common and legal practice in Texas for many years. There is now controversy as to whether Texas Parks and Wildlife Department should include this extra nutrition as part of their carrying capacity estimates used to determine harvest permits for private landowners. Managers should remember that nutrition is only one component of carrying capacity, which includes water, shelter, and space as well. Extensive data exists about the potential negative impact of feeding on deer. Studies in Texas (Murden and Risenhoover 1993) have shown that fed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can degrade rangeland by overconsuming high-quality plants and underconsuming low-quality plants. Guiterrez (1999) did not find that effect when South Texas deer were offered winter food plots. Donier et al. (1997) found in Minnesota that winter supplementation increased browse pressure within 900 m of feeders. Other reports (Williamson 2000) show increased browse pressure within a 1-mile radius of feeders, perhaps due to concentration of deer. Cooper et al. (2002) found 50% kernal home range sizes of fed deer were half that of unfed deer and that browse pressure near the feeder was 7 times that of unfed deer. Supplemental feeding has been suspected of contributing to the spread of tuberculosis in deer, chronic wasting disease in elk (Cervus canadensis) and deer, and brucellosis in elk and bison (Bison bison; Williamson 2000). Crowding due to supplemental feeding led to fighting and injuries in Michigan deer (Ozoga 1972). Feeding has actually led to starvation in deer due to increases in population when feeding was initiated (McCullough 1977, Schmitz 1990). Supplemental feed is consumed by nontarget species, possibly leading them to pass disease and to attract predators. Cooper and Ginnett (2000) found decreased survivorship of simulated turkey nests within 400 m of deer feeders in Texas. In 1998 we found illegal levels of aflatoxin in 40% of 100 randomly purchased bags of “deer corn” in Texas (N. Wilkins, Texas Cooperative Extension, USA, unpublished data). The ecological significance of deer feeding and baiting is only part of the issue. Feeding leads to ethical questions as well. Feeding is part of the domestication process, along with fencing, breeding, and health programs that, due to their expense, may lead to the desire for private ownership of wildlife. Baiting, likewise, adds to the advantages of the hunter over the hunted and may decrease hunter satisfaction and increase concerns of the antihunters and the nonhunting public (Ortega y Gasset 1995). Deer managers and agency personnel should review the data presented here and incorporate it into their decision making when considering feeding or baiting of deer.}, number={2}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Brown, Robert D. and Cooper, Susan M.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={519–524} }
 @inbook{brown_2005, title={Deer antlers - bones of contention?}, booktitle={Records of North American Big Game, 12th}, publisher={Missoula, MT: Boone & Crockett Club}, author={Brown, R. D.}, editor={Reneau, J. and Buckner, E. L.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={53–62} }
 @article{adams_brown_higginbotham_2004, title={Developing a strategic plan for future hunting participation in Texas}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0091-7648"]}, DOI={10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1156:DASPFF]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract This paper describes a 5-year planning process that addressed the decline of hunting participation in Texas. We began the planning process by examining 20 years of research that revealed a decline in hunting participation and factors contributing to the decline. We convened a Hunting Think Tank meeting where we presented the 20-year trend data to 30 individuals with vested interests in the future of hunting in Texas. One outcome of the first meeting was the development of a synthesis brochure, “The Future of Hunting in Texas,” to educate the hunting public and stakeholders about current trends and future implications and build support for the need to develop a strategic plan. The Future of Hunting information and brochure were presented to the Hunting Advisory Board of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, after which the Board added development of a strategic plan to its agenda. In fact, the 2002 Governor's Hunting Heritage Symposium was delayed one year until a strategic plan was developed. Group Solutions was hired to survey the hunting and nonhunting public about the future of hunting in Texas. Its survey data were used to define content of the strategic plan during a 2-day meeting of 60 invited stakeholders before the annual conference of the Texas Wildlife Association. The strategic plan included, among other things, all issues and problems associated with the decline in hunting participation in Texas, an action plan to address the decline, and the requirements needed to activate the plan. Several other valuable outcomes derived from the planning process, beyond development of the Strategic Plan, were included in this report.}, number={4}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Adams, CE and Brown, RD and Higginbotham, BJ}, year={2004}, pages={1156–1165} }
 @article{thomas_teer_brown_2004, title={The quest for trophies: Cloning is a step too far}, volume={Fall}, journal={Fair Chase}, author={Thomas, J. W. and Teer, J. G. and Brown, R. D.}, year={2004}, pages={15} }
 @book{preserving texas' hunting heritage: a strategic plan for ensuring the future of hunting in texas_2003, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, publisher={College Station, TX: Texas Cooperative Extension}, year={2003} }
 @inproceedings{higginbotham_brown_adams_2003, title={The future of hunting in Texas I: Think tank}, booktitle={Proceedings of the National Symposium on Sustainable Natural Resource-Based Alternative Enterprises, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS}, publisher={Starkville, MS: Mississippi State University}, author={Higginbotham, B. J. and Brown, R. D. and Adams, C. A.}, editor={J. Miller and Midtbo, J.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={93–109} }
 @inproceedings{adams_brown_higginbotham_2003, title={The future of hunting in Texas II. An overview of 20 years of research}, booktitle={Proceedings of the National Symposium on Sustainable Natural Resource-Based Alternative Enterprises}, publisher={Starkville, MS: Mississippi State University}, author={Adams, C. A. and Brown, R. D. and Higginbotham, B. J.}, editor={Miller, J. and Midtbo, J.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={109–118} }
 @inproceedings{brown_higginbotham_adams_2003, title={The future of hunting in Texas III. Input from hunters and development of the strategic plan}, booktitle={Proceedings of the National Symposium on Sustainable Natural Resource-Based Alternative Enterprises}, publisher={Starkville, MS: Mississippi State University}, author={Brown, R. D. and Higginbotham, B. J. and Adams, C. A.}, year={2003}, pages={119–125} }
 @inbook{bryant_brown_2001, title={The Boone and Crockett Scoring System: A reliable benchmark for evaluating research and management}, booktitle={Boone and Crockett Club's 24th Big Game Awards}, publisher={Missoula, MT: Boone & Crockett Club}, author={Bryant, F. C. and Brown, R. D.}, editor={G. Bettas, C. Byers and Reneau, J.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={3–9} }
 @article{brown_2001, title={The future of hunting in Texas}, volume={16}, number={9}, journal={Texas Wildlife}, author={Brown, R.}, year={2001}, pages={54–55} }
 @article{brown_2000, title={Explaining faculty development - easy as pie}, volume={10}, journal={Department Chair}, author={Brown, R.}, year={2000}, pages={23–24} }
 @book{wilkins_brown_connor_engle_gilliland_hays_slack_steinbach_2000, title={Fragmented lands: Changing land ownership in Texas}, journal={(Publication MKT-3443)}, publisher={College Station, TX: Texas Cooperative Extension}, author={Wilkins, N. and Brown, R. D. and Connor, R. J. and Engle, J. and Gilliland, C. and Hays, A. and Slack, R. D. and Steinbach, D. W.}, year={2000} }
 @article{brown_nielsen_2000, title={Leading wildlife academic programs into the new millennium}, volume={28}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Brown, R. D. and Nielsen, L. A.}, year={2000}, pages={495–502} }
 @inproceedings{brown_2000, title={Making extension work for us: A natural resources course for county agents}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 9th Annual Extension Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Conference}, publisher={Orono: University of Maine Cooperative Extension}, author={Brown, R.}, year={2000} }
 @article{brown_2000, title={Sustainable forestry: Showing the world a better way}, volume={7}, number={11}, journal={Resource, Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={2000}, pages={30} }
 @inproceedings{brown_2000, title={The future of deer management in the United States}, booktitle={Nutritional ecology of the herbivores: Seminar on Feeding and Management of Cervidae in the 21st Century}, author={Brown, R.}, year={2000} }
 @inproceedings{brown_2000, title={The impact of changing U.S. demographics in the future of deer hunting}, booktitle={Wildlife, land and people: Priorities for the 21st century. Proceedings of the 2nd International Wildlife Management Congress}, publisher={Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society}, author={Brown, R.}, editor={R. Field, R. W. Warren and H. Okarma and Sievent, P. R.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={169–171} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1999, title={Deer nutrition: What do we know?}, booktitle={Proceedings of Deer Management 101: From the Ground Up}, publisher={College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Extension Service}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1999} }
 @inbook{bryant_brown_1999, title={Exotics: Impact on native wildlife and habitat}, booktitle={Conservacion y Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en el Noreste de Mejico y Sur de Texas. 4th Taller Internacional}, publisher={Saltillo, MX}, author={Bryant, F. C. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1999}, pages={253–258} }
 @article{brown_1999, title={Future challenges for natural resource programs in land grant colleges in the 21st century}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Renewable Resources Journal}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1999}, pages={12–18} }
 @article{bubenik_brown_schams_bartos_1999, title={The effect of ACTH on the GnRH-induced release of LH and testosterone in male white-tailed deer}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10101-9}, abstractNote={In order to investigate the possible link between stress and the impairment of the reproductive system, 12 yearling white-tailed bucks, born to mothers captured wild in southern Texas, were immobilized every 6 weeks over the period of 1 year. In half of experiments deer were injected i.m. with 20 i.u. of ACTH; in the second half, we used saline only. Simultaneously, in each experiment we also injected all deer i.m. with 100 micrograms of GnRH. Three blood samples were taken before and seven after treatment and plasma levels of cortisol, LH and testosterone (T) were later measured by RIA. Half of our yearlings were born to mothers which were fed high-protein-high-energy (HP-HE) diet during their pregnancy; the other half ws fed high-protein-low-energy diet (HP-LE). ACTH increased cortisol levels in both nutritional regimes. Cortisol levels in controls decreased with time but a more pronounced reduction was observed in HP-HE bucks as compared to HP-LE deer. GnRH significantly increased LH and T levels. However, only in summer, LH levels were higher in HP-LE fed deer than those fed HP-HE; in other seasons they were equal. Conversely, only in winter T levels were elevated in HP-HE fed deer as compared with HP-LE deer. We concluded that the pronounced suppression of reproductive hormones by ACTH or cortisol reported previously in domestic ungulates does not occur in white-tailed deer yearlings. Conversely, the low level of energy provided in food to mothers during their pregnancies significantly reduced peak levels of testosterone in their male offspring. This study further proved that white-tailed deer is a highly adaptable cervid species resistant to environmental stress.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Bubenik, GA and Brown, RD and Schams, D and Bartos, L}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={173–179} }
 @inproceedings{watt_higginbotham_brown_steinbach_1999, title={The future of hunting in Texas: A strategy to address the issues}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 9th National Extension Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Conference: Leading the way toward sustainability: Extension in the new millennium: Portland, Maine, September 29-October 2, 1999}, publisher={Washington, DC: Natural Resources and Environment Unit, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service - USDA}, author={Watt, C. and Higginbotham, B. and Brown, R. and Steinbach, D.}, year={1999}, pages={249–256} }
 @article{brown_1999, title={What's wrong with exotics?}, volume={9}, number={3}, journal={Exotic Wildlife}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1999}, pages={1, 10–11} }
 @article{mccall_brown_bender_1997, title={Comparison of techniques for determining the nutritional carrying capacity for white-tailed deer}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0022-409X"]}, DOI={10.2307/4002702}, abstractNote={Estimates of carrying capacity for herbivores are useful for determining the relative value of different ranges. We compared 6 estimates of nutritional carrying capacity for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus L.): digestible energy consumed by tame deer, and 5 methods using forage supplies of dry matter, digestible energy, digestible nitrogen, dry matter*digestible energy, and dry matter*digestible nitrogen in two 1-ha enclosures of different shrub plant communities in southern Texas. For the north enclosure, carrying capacity estimates (90% CI) were 3.65 (CI = 3.61-3.69), 4.5 (CI = 3.7-5.3), 9.4 (Cl = 73-11.5), 15.2 (CI = 11.6-18.8), 3.5 (CI = 2.7-4.3), and 3.5 (CI = 2.7-4.3) deer ha-1 58 days-1 for the digestible energy tame deer, dry matter, digestible energy, digestible nitrogen, dry matter*digestible energy, and dry matter*digestible nitrogen techniques, respectively. Corresponding estimates for the south enclosure were 2.6 (CI = 2.5-2.7), 3.5 (CI = 3.2-3.9), 6.8 (CI = 6.0-7.6), 10.1 (CI = 8.8-11.3), 2.1 (CI = 1.8-2.6), and 2.8 (CI = 2.4-3.1). Some methods for estimating carrying capacity provided different absolute estimates, but all produced similar relative estimates between enclosures. Similar relative results between enclosures suggests any of the methods can be used to determine the relative nutritional quality of plant communities. However, the dry matter-based technique was less expensive than the other techniques; therefore, there is no need to use more costly techniques for determining the relative stocking rates for white-tailed deer, unless forage quality differs greatly among plant communities.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT}, author={McCall, TC and Brown, RD and Bender, LC}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={33–38} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1997, title={Deer nutrition}, booktitle={Non-Native Deer Farming Symposium, Texas (Technical report, 97-1)}, publisher={Overton, TX: Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Overton}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1997}, pages={22} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1997, title={The impact of changing demographics on wildlife and fisheries extension and outreach}, booktitle={Transactions of the 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1997}, pages={66–73} }
 @inbook{brown_1996, title={Nutrient requirements of white-tailed deer}, booktitle={Supplemental feeding for deer: Beyond dogma}, publisher={College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Extension Service}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1996} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1996, title={Who are our clientele?}, booktitle={Educational Challenges for the 21st Century}, publisher={Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University}, author={Brown, R.}, year={1996}, pages={22–33} }
 @article{brown_1995, title={Aquaculture education: Are our programs relevant?}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Fisheries}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1995}, pages={14–15} }
 @inbook{brown_1995, title={Deer nutrition}, booktitle={Deer Farming Seminar (Overton Research Center technical report, no. 95-1)}, publisher={Overton, TX: Texas Agricultural Extension Service}, author={Brown, R.}, editor={Randel, R. and Higginbotham, B.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{brown_hellgren_abbott_ruthven_bingham_1995, title={Effects of dietary energy and protein restriction on nutritional indices of female white-tailed deer}, volume={59}, DOI={10.2307/3802468}, abstractNote={Several physical and physiological indices have been used to assess white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) nutritional condition and habitat quality. We tested whether indices reflected inferred nutritional circumstances under controlled conditions of dietary protein and energy at 2 time scales. Our study used adult female deer that were captured in southern Texas and placed in captivity. We randomly assigned deer (n = 51) in the long-term study to 4 diet groups representing a factorial combination of 2 levels each of crude protein (CP) and energy for 6 months. We assigned deer (n = 31) in the short-term study to 6 diets (a factorial combination of 3 levels of CP and 2 levels of energy) for 60 days. At the end of the experimental periods, we sacrificed deer and assessed their nutritional status from serum (n = 11), ruminal (n = 3), fecal (n = 4), fat (n = 7), and carcass (n = 7) indices. Protein-energy interaction effects (P < 0.05) were observed for serum (calcium [Ca], phosphorus [P]), ruminal (neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), and fecal (NDF, dry matter) indices in both experiments. Six-month trials also had protein-energy interactions (P < 0.05) for serum (urea nitrogen, creatinine), ruminal digestible energy (DE), and fecal nitrogen. Sixty-day trials had protein-energy interactions (P < 0.05) for serum alkaline phosphatase, kidney mass (KM), relative KM, back fat depth, and eviscerated body mass (EBM). Nutritional indices in all categories (e.g., fecal, ruminal, carcass) varied (P < 0.05) by dietary protein status, dietary energy status, or protein-energy interactions. Multiple indices are recommended to assess deer herd condition and habitat quality. However, because multiple indices may not be available because of limited availability and resources, we provided variables in each index category that discriminate among nutritional levels.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Brown, R. D. and Hellgren, E. C. and Abbott, M. and Ruthven, D. C. and Bingham, R. L.}, year={1995}, pages={595–609} }
 @inbook{brown_1994, title={Deer antlers}, ISBN={0811704335}, booktitle={Deer}, publisher={Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1994} }
 @inbook{brown_1994, title={Digestion}, ISBN={0811704335}, booktitle={Deer}, publisher={Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1994}, pages={66–70} }
 @inbook{brown_1994, title={The white-tailed deer-nutrients for survival and growth}, ISBN={0811704335}, booktitle={Deer}, publisher={Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1994} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1993, title={Good fences make good neighbors--the industry perspective}, booktitle={Game Ranching and Elk Symposium, RMEF Proceedings}, publisher={Kansas City}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1993} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1993, title={Perceptions are not necessarily reality--the elk industry and its contributions to the species}, booktitle={Game Ranching and Elk Symposium, RMEF Proceedings}, publisher={Kansas City}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1993} }
 @article{brown_brunson_1993, title={Surveying the educational needs of the catfish industry}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Catfish Journal (Clinton, Miss.)}, author={Brown, R. D. and Brunson, M.}, year={1993}, pages={10–1223} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1993, title={White-tailed deer nutrition}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 1992 White-tailed Deer Shortcourse}, publisher={Mississippi State University, Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1993} }
 @book{brown_1992, title={The biology of deer}, ISBN={0387975764}, publisher={New York: Springer-Verlag}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1992} }
 @article{bubenik_brown_schams_1991, title={ANTLER CYCLE AND ENDOCRINE PARAMETERS IN MALE AXIS DEER (AXIS-AXIS) - SEASONAL LEVELS OF LH, FSH, TESTOSTERONE, AND PROLACTIN AND RESULTS OF GNRH AND ACTH CHALLENGE TESTS}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0300-9629"]}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(91)90144-2}, abstractNote={1. Antler cycles of six adult male axis deer of southern Texas were relatively well synchronized within the herd. The old antlers were cast from December to March and regenerated antlers polished between March and June. The rutting season occurred in June and July. 2. LH and FSH exhibited little seasonal variation (LH 0.7 – 1.3 ng/ml; FSH 32–65 ng/ml). Prolactin levels were lowest in December (20 ng/ml) and highest in June (115 ng/ml). Testosterone concentrations exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern: minimum in December (0.1 ng/ml) and maximum in May (1.75 ng/ml). 3. After GnRH challenge (100 μg given i.m. in November), maximal LH levels (reached 40–60 min after injection), varied from 7.7 to 11.2 ng/ml, and T levels varied from 1.3 to 1.6 ng/ml. 4. Twenty I.U. of ACTH (given in March), elevated cortisol levels from 4–8 μg/dl (pretreatment) to 16–21 μg/dl (140min post-administration).}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY}, author={BUBENIK, GA and BROWN, RD and SCHAMS, D}, year={1991}, pages={645–650} }
 @inproceedings{ramirez_brown_1991, title={Effect of biopsy site and stage of growth on antler tissue incubated in vitro}, booktitle={Global trends in wildlife management, 18th IUGB Congress Transactions}, publisher={Krakow, Poland: Swiat Press}, author={Ramirez, V. and Brown, R. D.}, editor={B. Bobek, K. Perzanowski and Regelin, W. L.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={319–322} }
 @inbook{brown_1991, title={Evolution of the cervidae: Workshop summary}, ISBN={0387975764}, booktitle={The biology of deer}, publisher={New York: Springer-Verlag}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1991}, pages={585–586} }
 @article{brown_1991, title={Hard times down under: Economic crisis in NZ's deer farming industry}, volume={4}, number={3}, journal={North American Deer Farmer's Assosiation News Roundup}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1991}, pages={6–8} }
 @article{brown_1991, title={Mobilization of the Ready Reserve}, volume={75}, number={9}, journal={Marine Corps Gazette}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1991}, pages={43–44} }
 @inproceedings{van der eems_brown_1991, title={Urinary cyclic-AMP and gammacarboxy-glutamic acid associated with antler growth in white-tailed deer}, booktitle={Global Trends in Wildlife Management, 18th IUGB Congress Transactions}, publisher={Krakow, Poland: Swiat Press}, author={Van Der Eems, K. and Brown, R. D.}, editor={B. Bobek, K. Perzanowski and Regelin, W. L.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={287–290} }
 @inproceedings{baer_brown_1991, title={Volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu)}, booktitle={Global trends in wildlife management, 18th IUGB Congress transactions}, publisher={Krakow, Poland: Swiat Press}, author={Baer, D. and Brown, R. D.}, editor={B. Bobek, K. Perzanowski and Regelin, W. L.Editors}, year={1991} }
 @inbook{brown_1990, title={Nutrition and antler development}, ISBN={0387971769}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8_16}, booktitle={Horns, pronghorns, and antlers: Evolution, morphology, physiology, and social significance}, publisher={New York: Springer-Verlag}, author={Brown, R. D.}, editor={Bubenik, G. A. and Bubenik, A. B.Editors}, year={1990}, pages={426–441} }
 @article{bubenik_brown_schams_1990, title={THE EFFECT OF LATITUDE ON THE SEASONAL PATTERN OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES IN THE MALE WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0300-9629"]}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(90)90181-q}, abstractNote={l. In order to investigate the effect of latitude on the seasonal variability of reproduction, plasma levels of LH, FSH, Prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were determined, in 6 adult male white-tailed deer of Southern Ontario (latitude 42N) and 6 deer of Southern Texas (27N). 2. LH peak (around 2 ng/ml) was found in Ontario deer in June; Texas values (almost 3 ng/ml) peaked in November. 3. FSH maxima (110 ng/ml in Ontario and 100 ng/ml in Texas deer) were detected in August (Texas) and September (Ontario). 4. PRL peak (around 90 ng/ml) was observed in Ontario in June. In Texas two peaks were observed; first (around 90 ng/ml) in May, the second one (around 50 ng/ml) in September-October. 5. Testosterone exhibited sharp peaks in both groups; in Ontario in November (13 ng/ml) and in Texas in December (12 ng/ml). 6. Significant differences between Ontario and Texas deer were found between timing of peaks of LH, PRL and T but not of FSH.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY}, author={BUBENIK, GA and BROWN, RD and SCHAMS, D}, year={1990}, pages={253–257} }
 @article{boyer_guthrey_brown_1989, title={An evaluation of shelters used in bobwhite management}, volume={17}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={Boyer, D. A. and Guthrey, F. S. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1989}, pages={264–268} }
 @article{strey_brown_1989, title={Estimating digestibilities for white-tailed deer in South Texas}, volume={41}, number={2}, journal={Texas Journal of Science}, author={Strey, O. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1989}, pages={215–222} }
 @article{strey_brown_1989, title={In vivo and in vitro digestibilities for collared peccaries}, volume={53}, DOI={10.2307/3809183}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Management}, author={Strey, O. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1989}, pages={607–612} }
 @article{bubenik_brown_1989, title={SEASONAL LEVELS OF CORTISOL, TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE IN MALE AXIS DEER}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0300-9629"]}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(89)90356-3}, abstractNote={1. Seasonal plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol were investigated between November and June in seven penned male Axis deer. 2. No distinct seasonal variation of cortisol has been detected. The levels oscillated between 1 and 5 μg/dl. 3. The stress of immobilization and sampling had little effect on cortisol levels. Concentrations remained mostly stable in three consecutive samples taken 10 min apart. 4. T3 concentrations were stable between November and March (average values 110–120 ng/dl). After a sharp decline in April (average 70 ng/dl), a strong rebound in May and June was observed. 5. A distinct seasonal peak of T4 (highest individual value, 12.1 μ/dl) was detected in March. After a sharp decline in April (lowest individual value, 4.5 μg/dl) a strong rebound followed in May.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY}, author={BUBENIK, GA and BROWN, RD}, year={1989}, pages={499–503} }
 @article{bubenik_brown_1989, title={THE EFFECT OF YOHIMBINE ON PLASMA-LEVELS OF T3, T4 AND CORTISOL IN XYLAZINE-IMMOBILIZED WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0742-8413"]}, DOI={10.1016/0742-8413(89)90060-1}, abstractNote={1. The effect of yohimbine (Y) on blood levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and cortisol was investigated in 5 mature male white-tailed deer immobilized with xylazine hydrochloride (X). 2. T4 levels were erratic in X-treated deer, but stabilized in the X- and Y-treated deer. 3. T3 remained unchanged in both groups. 4. Cortisol levels have increased in X-treated deer, but declined in X- and Y-treated deer. 5. Yohimbine is a potent and safe antidote of X not affecting T3 and T4. Caution should be used in using R or Y in cortisol studies.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={BUBENIK, GA and BROWN, RD}, year={1989}, pages={315–318} }
 @article{brown_1989, title={What is energy?}, journal={News roundup (North American Deer Farmers Association)}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1989} }
 @article{ramirez_brown_1988, title={A TECHNIQUE FOR THE INVITRO INCUBATION OF DEER ANTLER TISSUE}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0300-9629"]}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(88)91093-6}, abstractNote={1. A procedure for the in vitro incubation of velvet deer antler tissue was developed. Biopsy samples were collected in June with a trephine from 2 adult white-tailed deer and incubated in modified BGJb medium up to 48 hr. Calcium (Ca) and hydroxyproline (OH-proline) concentrations in the tissue were determined. 2. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in Ca was exhibited at 4 and 8 hr of incubation, and, after replenishment of media, at 48 hr. 3. Hydroxyproline concentrations continued to rise throughout the duration of the incubation period and were significantly higher than controls (P <0.05) at 16, 24, and 48 hr. 4. Results suggest antler tissue can be incubated in vitro with the protocol described, although length of incubation may vary with parameter measured.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY}, author={RAMIREZ, V and BROWN, RD}, year={1988}, pages={279–281} }
 @article{vandereems_brown_gundberg_1988, title={CIRCULATING LEVELS OF 1,25 DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D, ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE, HYDROXYPROLINE, AND OSTEOCALCIN ASSOCIATED WITH ANTLER GROWTH IN WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={118}, ISSN={["0001-5598"]}, DOI={10.1530/acta.0.1180407}, abstractNote={Abstract. Alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline, osteocalcin, and 1,25(OH)2D were measured in biweekly serum samples obtained from 6 adult (> 4 years), 4 juvenile (1–4 years) and 4 fawn (< 1 year) male white-tailed deer from Oct. 1983 to Oct. 1984. Antler length, from the pedicle to the tip, was measured at the time of serum sampling. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and levels of hydroxyproline and osteocalcin were higher (P < 0.05) in fawns compared with juveniles and adults reflecting increased bone metabolism in the younger deer. In adult deer serum alkaline phosphatase activity and hydroxyproline levels were elevated (P < 0.05) during the period of antler growth, whereas serum osteocalcin and 1,25(OH)2D increased (P < 0.05) during antler mineralization. Similar but less pronounced trends occurred in juvenile deer, possibly a reflection of skeletal growth in the younger animals. The data lend support for utilization of the deer antler cycle as a model for studies of bone disorders. Further work is needed to help clarify the role of hydroxyproline, osteocalcin, and 1,25(OH)2D in the antler cycle.}, number={3}, journal={ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA}, author={VANDEREEMS, KI and BROWN, RD and GUNDBERG, CM}, year={1988}, month={Jul}, pages={407–414} }
 @article{lautier_dailey_brown_1988, title={EFFECT OF WATER RESTRICTION ON FEED-INTAKE OF WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3800915}, abstractNote={We offered 9 male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) feed and water ad libitum for 34 days, and measured intake of both daily. We provided separate groups (3 x 3 balanced, simple crossover design) 33, 67, and 100% of ad libitum water intake for 4 days. Mean dry-matter intake (DMI) (g/kg body wt [BW]VP.7) for 3-4 days prerestriction was compared to each of the 4 days on restriction. Dry matter intake decreased (P < 0.01) for deer receiving 33% of ad libitum water intake on days 3 and 4. One deer refused feed on day 4. There was a difference (P < 0.05) in mean DMI on day 3 between the group receiving 100% of ad libitum water and the group that received 33% of ad libitum water. Differences in DMI existed on day 4 among all 3 groups (P < 0.05). The group receiving 33% of ad libitum water lost more weight than the other groups (P < 0.05). Because of lower than expected BW losses by the water-restricted animals, it appears that white-tailed deer possess some degree of physiological adaptation to dehydration. High daily maximum temperatures (36 C) may have exacerbated the effect of water restriction on DMI. Because of high temperatures and frequent summer droughts in southern Texas, the need for adequate water for whitetailed deer may be critical. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 52(4):602-606 Knowledge of the role of water in deer physiology and ecology in hot, arid environments is limited. Experimental studies examining the role of water in deer physiology are limited, and most work has addressed ad libitum water intake or distribution and habitat preferences of deer in relation to water (Elder 1954, Welch 1960, Michael 1968, Longhurst et al. 1970, Hervert and Krausman 1986). The need for supplemental water may be especially important in southern Texas because prolonged periods of high temperature and drought are common (Norwine and Bingham 1986, Rappole et al. 1986). Understanding water needs of deer could help explain their productivity, forage selection, and activity patterns. Robbins (1983:24) noted that wildlife biologists have often used water development without adequate understanding of the importance of water to target species. We report the effect of water restriction on feed intake of white-tailed deer in a hot environment. We thank A. Aguilar, L. G. Arguelles, and D. A. Boyer for assistance with animal handling; R. L. Bingham and N. E. Koerth for assistance with statistical analyses; and J. H. Rappole and F. S. Guthery for review of this manuscript. This project was partially funded by National Institute of Health Grant 506-RR-08107.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={LAUTIER, JK and DAILEY, TV and BROWN, RD}, year={1988}, month={Oct}, pages={602–606} }
 @article{mccall_brown_young_1988, title={Mortality of pen-raised and wild white-tailed bucks}, volume={16}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={McCall, T. C. and Brown, R. D. and Young, C. A.}, year={1988}, pages={380–384} }
 @article{priebe_brown_swakon_1987, title={Comparative in vitro digestive efficiency of cattle, goats, nilgai antelope and white-tailed deer}, volume={39}, number={4}, journal={Texas Journal of Science}, author={Priebe, J. and Brown, R. D. and Swakon, D.}, year={1987}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{creixell_brown_1987, title={Effect of salted grain on intake of forage and grain by beef cattle}, volume={39}, journal={Texas Journal of Science}, author={Creixell, A. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1987}, pages={183–189} }
 @article{priebe_brown_1987, title={PROTEIN-REQUIREMENTS OF SUBADULT NILGAI ANTELOPE}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0300-9629"]}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(87)90070-3}, abstractNote={1. The maintenance crude protein (CP) requirements of subadult nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) were determined by nitrogen balance. Four isocaloric pelleted diets, ranging from 8.4 to 23.8% CP, were fed. 2. Subadults maintained a positive nitrogen balance on all diets. Linear regression showed that 95.8% of diet CP was truly digested and estimated metabolic fecal nitrogen (NFN) excretion at 0.388 gN/W0.75/day. 3. Estimates for endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion and maintenance nitrogen requirement, derived through linear regression, were erroneous. Consequently, the former was calculated based on metabolic size (0.126gN/W0.75/day) and added to MFN to obtain an 0.514gN/W0.75/day estimate of required nitrogen for maintenance. This value is between the levels recommended for maintenance of yearling deer and cattle. 4. Given the same level of dry matter intake (68.6 g/W0.75/day) and true CP digestibility, study animals would be able to meet N equilibrium on a 4.89% CP (dry matter basis) diet. 5. Based on data from other sources, natural diets containing 6.98% CP would need to be consumed by free-ranging subadults to maintain body weight.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY}, author={PRIEBE, JC and BROWN, RD}, year={1987}, pages={495–501} }
 @inbook{boyer_brown_1987, title={Survey of translocations of mammals in the United States in 1985}, booktitle={Translocation of wildlife}, publisher={Wisconsin Humane Society and Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute}, author={Boyer, D. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1987}, pages={1–11} }
 @book{nielsen_brown_1987, title={Translocation of wild animals}, journal={Wisconsin Humane Society and Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute}, author={Nielsen, L. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1987} }
 @article{payne_brown_guthery_1987, title={Wild game in Texas}, volume={9}, number={5}, journal={Rangelands}, author={Payne, J. M. and Brown, R. D. and Guthery, F. S.}, year={1987}, pages={207–211} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1983, title={Antler development in Cervidae}, DOI={10.1086/414814}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksAntler Development in Cervidae. A Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Held September 23-25, 1981, at Texas A & I University, Kingsville, Texas. Robert D. Brown P. F. A. MadersonP. F. A. Maderson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 61, Number 1Mar., 1986 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/414814 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright 1986 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research}, publisher={Kingsville, TX: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1983} }
 @article{carl_brown_1986, title={COMPARATIVE DIGESTIVE EFFICIENCY AND FEED-INTAKE OF THE COLLARED PECCARY}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0038-4909"]}, DOI={10.2307/3670963}, abstractNote={TWO digestion trials were conducted with six adult collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) to determine the effect of diet on digestive efficiency. Digestive efficiency of all nutrients except either extract was higher (P 0.05) for both diets and exceeded maintenance requirements. Mean rate of digesta passage of the high fiber diet was 52.5 h. The peccaries digested fiber efficiently, which we attribute to the slow rate of digesta passage. Mean daily feed intake was higher (P < 0.01) during a four week summer period than during a four week winter period. The collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu, L., 1758) is an inhabitant of desert and rangelands of south Texas, extreme southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. Its range extends south into Central and South America. This game animal is of interest for hunting as well as for its aesthetic value as a unique, New World species. The peccary has not been as thoroughly studied as many other North American game species. It is chiefly herbivorous, consuming mostly succulent plant parts and fruits, and at times consuming large amounts of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia engelmannii) (Jennings and Harris, 1953; Neal, 1959; Eddy, 1961; Everitt et al., 1981; Corn and Warren, 1985a). Aspects of the peccary's nutrition studied thus far include: volatile fatty acid production, comparative digestive efficiency, energy requirements, protein requirements, the effects of physiological status on digestive efficiency and variation in nutritional indices (Dyson, 1969; Shively, 1979; Zervanos and Handley, 1973; Carl and Brown, 1985; Gallagher et al., 1984; Corn and Warren, 1985b; Lochmiller et al., 1985). The peccary is monogastric; however, it has a large, segmented stomach and may digest fiber in a manner similar to ruminants (Langer, 1978, 1979). This study compared the peccary's feed intake in summer and winter, and the digestibility of two diets of different fiber content. Rate of digesta passage was determined with an inert indicator. This basic nutritional knowledge may give insight as to the peccary's impact on rangeland and allow its comparison to other species of herbivores. MATERIALS AND METHODS-All peccaries used in this study were hand reared and accustomed to handling by humans. Daily intake of a custom mixed, pelleted deer ration (Wheaton and Brown, 1983) was determined for four adult peccaries, 1.5 years of age. We compared a 4-week winter intake period (Dec-Jan) to a 4-week summer intake period (Aug). The animals were kept in outdoor, roofed, individual pens 2.5 X 2.5 m. Feed was provided ad libitum in a small hog feeder mounted on the door of each pen. Orts were taken every three days or sooner if the pellets in any feeder were crushed. Water was provided to each pen by a tab-activated hog waterer. Average daily feed consumption for each animal was calculated from weekly intakes. Peccaries were weighed at the beginning and end of each trial to determine feed intake per unit body weight. If there was a weight change, the average weight was used for the two weeks in the middle of the month. THE SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 31(1):79-85 MARCH 31, 1986 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.136 on Thu, 19 May 2016 04:40:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 80 The Southwestern Naturalist vol. 31, no. 1 TABLE I-Proximate and Van Soest analysis of 2 rations used for the comparison of digestive efficiencies of 6 collared peccaries. Analysis (%)' Hog ration Deer ration}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST}, author={CARL, G and BROWN, RD}, year={1986}, month={Mar}, pages={79–85} }
 @article{vandereems_brown_1986, title={EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SODIUM BENZOATE, KETAMINE-HYDROCHLORIDE, AND YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE-INDUCED ANOREXIA IN WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-22.3.403}, abstractNote={Fifteen male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were administered xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg BW i.m.), xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg i.m.) followed by caffeine sodium benzoate (10 mg/kg i.m.), xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) and ketamine hydrochloride (4.5 mg/kg i.m.), and xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg i.m.) followed by yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg i.m.), in a Latin Square design. Mean dry matter intake (DMI) for 4 days pre-treatment was compared to each of 4 days post-treatment. A significant (P < 0.01) decrease in DMI was found only on the first day following treatment for each of the four drug combinations. The percent decreases in DMI on the first 24-hr period after immobilization were: xylazine hydrochloride 47%, xylazine hydrochloride/caffeine sodium benzoate 36%, xylazine hydrochloride/yohimbine hydrochloride 36%, and xylazine hydrochloride/ketamine hydrochloride 31%. The xylazine hydrochloride/ketamine hydrochloride combination was found to be insufficient to adequately sedate the deer. The use of caffeine or yohimbine hydrochloride is recommended to reduce recumbency time, but offers no improvement in xylazine hydrochloride-induced anorexia.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={VANDEREEMS, K and BROWN, RD}, year={1986}, month={Jul}, pages={403–406} }
 @inproceedings{lawrence_demarias_brown_abbott_1986, title={Nutritional effects on thyroids, ovaries and thymases in white-tailed deer}, volume={40}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies}, author={Lawrence, R. K. and Demarias, S. and Brown, R. D. and Abbott, M.}, year={1986}, pages={416–423} }
 @inbook{brown_1986, title={Water requirements of domestic and wild animals}, booktitle={Wildlife and livestock management during drought}, publisher={Kingsville, TX: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1986}, pages={19, 26} }
 @book{brown_1986, title={Wildlife and livestock management during drought}, publisher={Kingsville, TX: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1986} }
 @article{chao_brown_deftos_1985, title={METABOLISM OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={109}, ISSN={["0001-5598"]}, DOI={10.1530/acta.0.1090269}, abstractNote={Abstract. The effects of pregnancy and early lactation on blood parameters were studied in 4 white-tailed does in 1981-82 and 8 in 1982-83. No year or fecundity effects (P < 0.05) were found on plasma calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), calcitonin (CT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), or oestradiol -17β (E2). An increase (P < 0.05) in dry matter and metabolic feed intake occurred during pregnancy and lactation. Plasma Ca tended to increase during pregnancy and peaked 5–7 weeks pre-partum, while hypocalcaemia was observed 1–2 weeks pre-partum. Elevated concentrations of plasma Ca and P were found during lactation. During the last trimester of pregnancy, plasma concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (AP), PTH, and E2 but not of CT were higher (P < 0.05) than in the other trimesters. The results indicate a physiological hyperparathyroidism in pregnant deer. Plasma concentrations of CT were higher (P <0.05) during lactation and post-weaning than during pregnancy. Increased AP and PTH during late pregnancy may be responsible for Ca absorption and mobilization, whereas elevated plasma concentrations of E2 may function to block excessive bone resorption. After parturition, lowered E2 may allow bone resorption to proceed, relatively high PTH may enhance Ca absorption and mobilization, and elevated CT may protect the skeleton against excessive bone resorption.}, number={2}, journal={ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA}, author={CHAO, CC and BROWN, RD and DEFTOS, LJ}, year={1985}, pages={269–275} }
 @article{carl_brown_1985, title={PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF ADULT COLLARED PECCARIES}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3801529}, abstractNote={Besoins en proteine precises pour Tayassu tajacu vivant dans le sud du Texas, dans le but d'amenager l'habitat de ce gibier important}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={CARL, GR and BROWN, RD}, year={1985}, pages={351–355} }
 @article{meyer_brown_1985, title={SEASONAL TRENDS IN THE CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION OF 10 RANGE PLANTS IN SOUTH TEXAS}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0022-409X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3899260}, abstractNote={The chemical composition of 10 range plants of dietary importance to cattle and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was determined on the Texas A&I University Range and Wildlife Research Pastures from October 198~September 1981. Samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, organic matter (OM), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) concentration. The grasses were lower (K.05) in CP and Ca concentration than the non-grasses, while non-grasses had lower (K.05) NDF content. On the basis of digestibility, fiber content, protein, and mineral concentration, forage quality was highest in the spring. Winter forage samples were of a higher quality than were late summer samples. Low phosphorus concentrations were common throughout the year. Optimum economic return from the proper utilization of forages on rangeland is a common goal. Knowledge of range animal nutritional requirements and how well those needs are met by the forage provided is essential. Only after the relative seasonal availability of nutrients is known can livestock be managed to obtain a maximum return from the available resources (Raleigh 1970). The nutritional quality of Texas range plants generally peaks in the spring, decreases in the summer and fall, and reaches its lowest levels in the winter (Huston et al. 1981). Recent studies investigating the nutritional quality of deer forages in South Texas have found a different pattern. Varner et al. (1977) and Everitt and Gonzales (1981) found the quality of winter forage to be high and the quality of summer forage to be the lowest. The subtropical climate with its mild winter temperatures allowed several browse and forb species to remain green and nutritious through the winter. To further investigate the seasonal trends in forage quality in South Texas, we chose to analyze the chemical composition of 10 plant species of dietary importance to cattle and white-tailed deer in the region. The seasonal trends in the chemical composition of the species were used to identify periods of maximum and minimum nutritional quality.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT}, author={MEYER, MW and BROWN, RD}, year={1985}, pages={154–157} }
 @article{chao_brown_1985, title={Thyroid parathyroid response to EDTA and CaCl2 infusions in white-tailed deer}, volume={37}, number={2-3}, journal={Texas Journal of Science}, author={Chao, C. C. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1985}, pages={164–171} }
 @article{stephenson_brown_1984, title={CALCIUM KINETICS IN MALE WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={114}, ISSN={["0022-3166"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/114.6.1014}, abstractNote={Calcium kinetic analysis was combined with calcium balance data on two 2-year-old and two 4-year-old male white-tailed deer. There were three 10-day trials. Trial 1, February 3-13, was conducted after velvet shedding. Trial 2, May 26-June 5, was conducted after about a month of slow antler growth. Trial 3, August 18-28, was conducted shortly before velvet shedding, after the peak of antler growth. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between trials 1 and 2 included increased calcium absorption and fractional calcium absorption from the intestine. Skeletal resorption decreased, resulting in an increased calcium balance. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between trials 1 and 3 included increased skeletal accretion and total calcium flow into the pool. Nonsignificant differences (P greater than 0.05) between trials 2 and 3 included decreased average intestinal calcium absorption and increased skeletal resorption resulting in a decreased calcium balance. The younger deer had nonsignificantly lower (P greater than 0.1) endogenous fecal and significantly lower (P less than 0.1) urinary calcium excretions. The younger deer also maintained higher fractional absorption rates from the intestine than the older deer. The percent decrease in skeletal resorption and increase in calcium balance was greater in the younger deer between trials 1 and 2 and between trials 1 and 3.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={STEPHENSON, DC and BROWN, RD}, year={1984}, pages={1014–1024} }
 @article{chao_brown_deftos_1985, title={Effects of xylazine immobilization on biochemical and endocrine values in white-tailed deer}, volume={20}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-20.4.328}, abstractNote={The effect of xylazine hydrochloride on biochemical and endocrine parameters in plasma was examined in adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann)). In the first experiment, seven animals were injected intramuscularly via a blowgun dart with 0.65 mg/kg xylazine (100 mg/ml) and were bled 10, 20, 30, and 60 min post-injection. In the second experiment, eight animals were manually restrained for the first blood sampling and then injected manually and bled as before. Plasma calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were measured spectrophotometrically. Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and Cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma PTH, CT, T4, T3, and AP activity did not differ (P > 0.05) during the 1 hr period studied in either experiment. Plasma Ca and P decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the second experiment, whereas Cortisol levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) 10 min post-injection in both experiments. The results may have been due to a drug effect or a combined drug and stress effect. It is suggested that xylazine may be safely used as an anesthetic in measuring PTH, CT, T4 and T3, and plasma AP up to 60 min post-injection in deer. Caution should be taken in using xylazine as an anesthetic to study adrenocortical function.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, author={Chao, C. C. and Brown, R. D. and Deftos, L. J.}, year={1985}, pages={328–332} }
 @article{kopf_brown_drawe_1984, title={PREDICTION OF PROTEIN-INTAKE IN WHITE-TAILED DEER IN SOUTH TEXAS}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.2307/3801184}, abstractNote={The relationships between blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, total serum protein (TSP), packed cell volume (PCV), and recent nitrogen intake (NI) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were investigated. Five isocaloric diets containing 11.4, 15.2, 17.3, 22.2, and 23.8% crude protein were evaluated. The diets were fed to groups of four to eight deer in 30-day feeding trials with subsequent evaluation of the blood characteristics. Differences in NI significantly (P < 0.001) affected only BUN values with the relationship estimated by the equation: NI = 12.719 + 0.782(BUN mg %) (r2 = 0.606). In a collateral study, 97 free-ranging deer were collected over a 1-year period to estimate their dietary NI and digestible energy intake from rumen contents analysis. The relationship between estimated dietary NI derived in this manner and the condition of the deer as indicated by body weight and kidney fat index compared to the BUN prediction equation indicated only marginal usefulness of the latter technique for evaluation of the nutritional plane of wild deer. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 48(2):518-526 The search for a method to directly assess nutritional condition of deer and indirectly assess the quality of their habitat has included physical measurements of fat deposits (Harris 1945, Cheatum 1949, Riney 1955, Ransom 1965, Anderson et al. 1972b, Ratcliffe 1980, Finger et al. 1981), organ size (Ozoga and Verme 1978), postmortem analyses of rumen material (Klein 1962, Briiggemann et al. 1968, Kie 1977), and blood characteristics (Rosen and Bischoff 1952, Browman and Sears 1955). The latter work led to subsequent studies of a wide range of blood characteristics in white-tailed deer (Johnson et al. 1968, White and Cook 1974, Coblentz 1975, Hoff and Trainer 1975, Seal et al. 1978a), mule deer (0. hemionus) (Anderson et al. 1972a), elk (Cervus elaphus) (Herin 1968, Pedersen and Pedersen 1975), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) (Barrett and Chalmers 1977a,b; Seal and Hoskinson 1978), moose (Alces alces) (Franzmann and LeResche 1978), mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) (Franzmann 1972), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) (Timisjairvi et al. 1981). These studies have proved promising, but quantification of deviations in blood characteristics caused by nutrition requires the determination of responses under controlled conditions. Responses of blood characteristics to different levels of dietary protein and/or energy were investigated in white-tailed deer fawns (Teeri et al. 1958, Ullrey et al. 1967, Kirkpatrick et al. 1975, Seal et al. 1978b), pregnant or lactating female white-tailed deer (Youatt et al. 1965, Seal et al. 1972, Hartsook et al. 1975, Bahnak et al. 1979), and mule deer fawns and does (deCalesta et al. 1975, 1977). The objectives of our study were to evaluate responses of specific blood characteristics to different levels of dietary protein under controlled conditions and to test the predictive value of a derived equation on free-ranging deer. We thank R. L. Bingham for assistance with the statistical analysis and A. J. Kay for help in diet formulation. This project 'Present address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 518 J. Wildl. Manage. 48(2):1984 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.51 on Sat, 18 Jun 2016 05:50:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms PREDICTING PROTEIN INTAKE IN DEER * Kopf et al. 519 Table 1. Ration formulas and analyses of diets used in nitrogen balance and feeding trials with white-tailed deer in south Texas.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={KOPF, V and BROWN, RD and DRAWE, DL}, year={1984}, pages={518–526} }
 @article{meyer_brown_graham_1984, title={PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONTENT OF WHITE-TAILED DEER DIETS IN THE TEXAS COASTAL BEND}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.2307/3801185}, abstractNote={The monthly botanical composition of diets selected by five adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a 24-ha enclosure was determined from October 1980-September 1981 using the bite-count method. Samples of plant species consumed were analyzed for crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible energy (DE). Browse made up 50-70% of the diets in autumn (Oct-Dec) and July. Forbs accounted for 52- 88% of the January-April and September intake. Grasses comprised 35-42% of the May and June forage. Browse maintained the highest CP content and forbs the highest DE values. Dietary CP ranged from a maximum of 19% in February and March to a low of 10% in August. Dietary DE content ranged from 2.70 kcal/g DM in February to 1.77 kcal in July. Results indicate that the marginal quality of late summer diets may limit white-tailed deer populations in the Coastal Bend region of Texas.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={MEYER, MW and BROWN, RD and GRAHAM, MW}, year={1984}, pages={527–534} }
 @article{chao_brown_deftos_1984, title={SEASONAL LEVELS OF SERUM PARATHYROID-HORMONE, CALCITONIN AND ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE IN RELATION TO ANTLER CYCLES IN WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={106}, ISSN={["0001-5598"]}, DOI={10.1530/acta.0.1060234}, abstractNote={Abstract. Seasonal levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were studied in relation to antler growth cycles in 8 male (2.5–6 years old) white-tailed deer. Feed consumption was recorded weekly, whereas body weight was recorded biweekly. Antler length was measured from the pedicle to the tip after velvet growth was initiated. Serum samples were obtained biweekly while animals were tranquilized with xylazine hydrochloride. Serum Ca was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated during the summer. Serum P was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated only during early fall. There was an increase in serum PTH during velvet initiation in April–May, but not thereafter. CT increased during the rapid antler growth period. Serum PTH levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated (0.628 vs 0.884 ng/ml) during post-velvet shedding and decreased (0.602 vs 0.346 ng/ml, P < 0.05) during postantler casting. Serum AP activity was highest during rapid velvet antler growth. Feed intake was lowest in early winter, but a compensatory increase was found in late winter. Feed intake peaked in May, then gradually decreased. Body weight was maximum in November and minimum in March. It is concluded that increased PTH during velvet initiation is responsible for Ca absorption and/or mobilization. Increasing PTH levels are related to final mineralization of antlers post-velvet shedding. Higher levels of serum Ca in June–July inhibit continued increase in PTH. Increased CT during rapid antler growth may have prevented excessive bone resorption.}, number={2}, journal={ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA}, author={CHAO, CC and BROWN, RD and DEFTOS, LJ}, year={1984}, pages={234–240} }
 @article{chao_brown_1984, title={Seasonal relationships of thyroid, sexual and adrenocortical hormones to nutritional parameters in white-tailed deer of South Texas}, volume={77A}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(84)90064-1}, abstractNote={1. Annual cycles of serum testosterone (T), estradiol 17-β (E), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol (C) and their relationship with dry matter intake (DMI), ambient temperature and daylength (DL) were examined in four male and four female white-tailed deer. 2. Serum T in bucks correlated (P < 0.05) with DMI during the rut. In does, E correlated (P < 0.05) with DMI and body wt. Both serum T and E were DL and temperature dependent. 3. Serum T4 in bucks correlated (P < 0.05) with body wt and increasing temperature while T3 correlated (P < 0.05) with DMI and body wt. In does, T4 was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with DMI and body wt, while T3 was not. 4. Serum C levels were not correlated (P > 0.05) with either DMI or body wt. 5. It appears that serum T4 and T3 in bucks and T4 in does offer the best year-round indicators of nutritional stress in deer. 6. Male DMI was temperature and DL dependent. In does, only a short-term effect on DMI was found. 7. After the breeding season in bucks, and throughout the year in does, DL and temperature may control intake via the thyroid hormones.}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology}, author={Chao, C. C. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1984}, pages={299–309} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1984, title={The use of physical and physiological indices to predict the nutritional condition of deer: a review}, publisher={Tucson: Arizona Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit and the University of Arizona}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1984}, pages={52–63} }
 @article{wheaton_brown_1983, title={FEED-INTAKE AND DIGESTIVE EFFICIENCY OF SOUTH TEXAS WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0022-541X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3808517}, abstractNote={Twelve white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns were studied from October 1978 to October 1980 to determine mean daily feed intake'and seasonal digestive efficiency. Five adult bucks were added to the intake study as they became available. Mean daily feed intake/wtkg-75 declined through the 1st year for fawns with a sharper rate of decline evident during winter. Intake peaked in yearling deer in December and was markedly reduced during late winter, remaining at lowered levels until May. There was an upward trend, somewhat modified by summer heat, until the termination of the experiment in October. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in consumption/unit body weight between sexes and no seasonal difference (P > 0.05) in the digestibility of the feed. Bucks digested only protein better than does. Fiber digestion improved (P < 0.05) in both sexes with age. These data indicate a single period of intake suppression encompassing both the rut and winter in southern deer and no compensatory change in digestive efficiency. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 47(2):442-450 Deer in northern climates experience a predictable seasonal variation in feed intake. Studies of white-tailed deer by French et al. (1955, 1956), McEwen et al. (1957), Cowan and Long (1962), and Long et al. (1965) showed that males voluntarily decrease their intake during the rut and in midwinter while females and immature males exhibit moderate declines. Browse use (Ozoga and Verme 1970) and physical activities (Moen 1978) also decrease in white-tailed deer during the winter in northern areas. Periodicity of feeding activity has also been reported in other cervids in northern climates: mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) (Wood et al. 1962), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) (Robbins et al. 1981), caribou (Rangifer tarandus) (McEwen and Whitehead 1970), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Drozdz 1979). The cause of winter intake decline has been attributed to an inherited adaptation to winter food shortages (French et al. 1956), decreased metabolic requirements (Silver et al. 1969, Thompson et al. 1973, Holter et al. 1977, Moen 1978), endocrine changes (Mazur 1974, Ozoga and Verme 1978, McMillin et al. 1980), and photoperiod (McMillin et al. 1980, Bahnak et al. 1981). It is less clear how the temperate climate of southern states influences deer nutritional status. Studies of white-tailed deer in Louisiana by Fowler et al. (1967) and Short et al. (1969) showed a winter reduction in feed intake and body weights of yearling and adult deer and an additional decline in intake in summer. The latter decrease was attributed to high summer temperatures and humidities. Equally as important as intake is the quality and digestibility of the deer's diet. The seasonal variation in the quality (nutrient content) of deer diets and its effect on digestibility has been thoroughly demonstrated (Kirkpatrick et al. 1969; Short 1971, 1975; Smith et al. 1975; Blair et al. 1977; Holter et al. 1979). In domestic animals, high ambient temperatures are generally associated with low feed intake, whereas low temperatures are reflected in increased intake (Conrad 1966). Concur'Present address: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 1904 Sixth Ave., Canyon, TX 79015. 442 J. Wildl. Manage. 47(2):1983 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.122 on Fri, 01 Apr 2016 04:24:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms INTAKE AND EFFICIENCY OF SOUTH TEXAS DEER * Wheaton and Brown 443 rently, digestibility generally varies inversely with intake due to associated changes in the rate of passage (Church et al. 1971). Holter et al. (1977) found that the overall digestibility of deer feeds declined in midsummer in New Hampshire whitetails due to an increase in feed intake. Little work has been done on seasonal digestibility in deer. Baker et al. (1979) found that the digestibility of an experimental ration did not vary with the stresses of winter in mule deer fawns. Cederlund and Nystrom (1981) found no seasonal variation in the ability of moose (Alces alces) to digest browse, whereas roe deer on the same range demonstrated an increased ability to digest fiber during the winter. The objectives of this study were to determine the seasonal pattern of feed intake, body weight changes, and digestive efficiency in south Texas white-tailed deer and to examine the effect of sex and ageclass on these parameters. We thank R. Bingham for help with statistical analysis of the data. This project was funded by the Caesar Kleberg Foundation for Wildlife Conservation.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={WHEATON, C and BROWN, RD}, year={1983}, pages={442–450} }
 @article{brown_chao_faulkner_1983, title={HORMONE LEVELS AND ANTLER DEVELOPMENT IN WHITE-TAILED AND SIKA FAWNS}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0300-9629"]}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(83)90098-1}, abstractNote={1. Overall mean values of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), thyroxine (T4), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were (T) 2.56 ± 2.44 ng/ml, (A) 3.16 ± 2.58 ng/ml, (T4) 8.22 ± 4.18 μg/dl. (Ca), 10.88 ± 0.65 mg%, (P) 8.03 ± 0.68 mg%. and (AP) 81.89 ± 19.45 IU/1 in white-tailed fawns and (T) 3.69 ± 2.76 ng/ml, (A) 18.26 ± 17.58 ng/ml, (T4) 4.41 ± 1.59 ug/dl, (Ca) 10.08 + 0.80 mg%, (P) 9.42 ± 1.69 mg% and (AP) 95.35 ± 22.65 IU/1 in sika fawns. 2. High T titers correlated with antler button growth, and A titers peaked as buttons hardened in both groups. 3. Higher T4 levels in late fall and early winter may have had a synergistic role for button growth in both groups. 4. Generally higher P levels in sika fawns and relatively higher Ca levels in white-tailed fawns might be species dependent. 5. However, relatively constant Ca and P in both groups represented mineral homeostasis. 6. The mineralization role of AP activity was evident in both groups.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY}, author={BROWN, RD and CHAO, CC and FAULKNER, LW}, year={1983}, pages={385–390} }
 @article{pacheco_brown_bingham_1983, title={NUTRITIVE-VALUE AND INTAKE OF KLEBERG BLUESTEM BY BEEF-CATTLE}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0022-409X"]}, DOI={10.2307/3898167}, abstractNote={Four cuttings of Kleberg bluestem (Dicanthium anndatum) were fed to 15 Santa Gertrudis steers to develop prediction equations for intake based on nutrient analyses of the forage with 4 replications. The 4 forages were found to differ in nutrient content (PC.05) and intake (P<.OOS). DE and DMD of Kleberg bluestem can be accurately predicted by laboratory means; however, prediction of intake of this forage with present analysis is impractical. In order to adequately and economically supplement cattle on low quality pastures it is important to first ascertain the level of nutrients supplied by forage. Thus the ability to measure nutrients and predict the intake of low quality forage by grazing cattle is critical. Kleberg bluestem (Dichnnthium unnulutum) is a common forage in the South Texas region. Previous studies (Hertel 1976) have found this forage to be of generally low nutrient content, and to exhibit a wider annual variation in DE than other local grasses. The purpose of this study was to measure the intake of this forage in relation to its nutrient content in order to develop a predictive equation. Materials and Methods Kleberg bluestem was harvested from three different locations in South Texas. A fourth cutting was taken from regrowth in one location. After harvesting, the forages were stored as square bales. The hays were analyzed for IVDMD and found to be different (x.05) in this aspect of their quality. Sixteen Santa Gertrudis steers, with an average beginning weight of 204.3 kg, were maintained in a single 29 X 12 m pen. A shed at one end housed 16 Calan Electronic Feeding Gates’, thus allowing individual feed intake to be measured on each animal. Water was available ad libitum. During each of 4 2-week trials the steers were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, each group assigned to one hay. The cattle were weighed before and after each trial and the average weight of each individual was used for intake calculations. The hays were chopped to a length of 315 cm ad libitum. The amount of feed offered was measured daily while orts were collected weekly for the calculation of average daily feed intake per animal. During each trial, a 7-day adjustment period was followed by a 7daycollection period. During each trial 1 steer in each of the 4 treatment groups was fitted with a fecal collection bag. Feces were collected and weighed, and aliquots were taken daily. Daily collections were combined at the end of the week and frozen until analysis. At the end of each 1Cday trial the animals were maintained on the same hay and supplemented with .908 kg of a grain mix to allow for growth and recuperation from the nutritional stress of the low quality forage. After each IO-day supplementation period, the grain was withdrawn, the cattle randomly reassigned to another forage, and the experiment repeated. Due to an animal handling Authors arc research assistant, College of Agriculture, associate research scientist and statistician, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&I University, Box 218, Kingsville 78363. Manuscript received August 10, 1982. ‘American Calan Inc. Rt. 4, Northwood, NH 03261. 222 problem, one of the forages had 4 steers in only 3 trials. Samples of the forages offered were taken daily. Proximate (AOAC 1970) and Van Soest (Goering and Van Soest 1970) analyses were made on weekly composite aliquots. Crude protein was determined by a modified, micro-Kjeldahl procedure (Bremner 1965). Gross energy of feed and fecal samples was determined with a Parr bomb calorimeter. Calcium, phosphorus, and nitrates were determined spectrophotometrically on 1 sample of each forage by the Texas A&M Feed Analysis Lab, College Station. In vitro digestibility determinations were done by the Tilley and Terry two-stage method as modified by Moore and Dunham (1971). In vivo digestibility determinations were performed by procedures outlined by Schneider and Flatt (1975). Density of each of the 4 forages was determined by the plywood box method (Penn State Mimeo. 1978). For statistical analysis, the intakes of inividual animals on each trial were compared with the nutrient analysis of the 4 hays for that specific trial. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Biomedical Computer Programs Statistical Package (BMDP), P-Series (1977). Multiple stepwise regression (EMDPZR) was used to investigate the relationships between intake (DMI/ bw.7L) and the laboratory analyses and digestibility values. The relationship between intake and 13 of the more practically measured variables was also examined using all possible~subsets regression (BMDPSR). Statistical analyses were also conducted using DE, TDN, and DMD as dependent variables in order to determine predictive equations for these from the other laboratory determinations. Results and Discussion The overall findings indicate that the nutritive value of this grass was low (Table 1). The results of the Proximate and Van Soest analyses are similar to those of other tropical grasses (Moore and Mott 1973) and to the results of Hertel(1976) of the analyses of 40 samples of Kleberg bluestem. The digestibilities of all of the components determined on this forage were depressed (Table 2). This was probably a consequence of the high fiber and silica and low protein content of these forages. Tropical grasses tend to be lower in quality and digestibility than temperate grasses of the same maturity (Moore and Mott 1973). Van Soest and Jones (1967) reported a 3% decrease in digestibility for every 1% increase in silica content of forages. The nutritive value of the hays also affected intake, as the overall intake of the forages was less than 2.0% of the body weights of the steers throughout the experiment. An analysis of variance showed the difference of the DMl/ bw .‘& of the 4 hays to be highly significant (x.005). A multiple stepwise regression analysis regressing DMI/ bw’& on all 33 laboratory and digestibility variables resulted in the equation, DMI/ bw.‘&= .856.014 (DM) -I .004 (NFE) -I .007 (HEMI) -I.015 (CPD) with r*=.38. Since in vivo CPD is an impractical value for routine analysis, an all possible subsets regression analysis was conducted utilizing I3 of the 33 variables. The 13 variables were selected for their ease of determination in the laboratory. The regression analysis yielded the prediction equation, DMl/bw .‘L = -.551 -I .015 (CP) .006 (CF) .019 (NDIASH) + .015 (LIG) + .OlO (SIL+ .022 (HEMI) JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 36(2), March 1993}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT}, author={PACHECO, ME and BROWN, RD and BINGHAM, RL}, year={1983}, pages={222–224} }
 @article{carl_brown_1983, title={PROTOZOA IN THE FORESTOMACH OF THE COLLARED PECCARY (TAYASSU-TAJACU)}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0022-2372"]}, DOI={10.2307/1380536}, abstractNote={Journal Article Protozoa in the Forestomach of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu) Get access Gary R. Carl, Gary R. Carl Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A∓I University, Kingsville, TX 78363 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert D. Brown Robert D. Brown Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A∓I University, Kingsville, TX 78363 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 64, Issue 4, 25 November 1983, Page 709, https://doi.org/10.2307/1380536 Published: 25 November 1983 Article history Received: 11 November 1982 Accepted: 14 March 1983 Published: 25 November 1983}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={CARL, GR and BROWN, RD}, year={1983}, pages={709–709} }
 @article{brown_chao_faulkner_1983, title={THE ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF ANTLERS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={103}, ISSN={["0001-5598"]}, DOI={10.1530/acta.0.1030138}, abstractNote={Abstract. Five fawn and 5 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were maintained in individual pens, fed a complete diet, and bled bi-weekly for one year. Blood serum was analyzed for testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), thyroxine (T4), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and alkaline phsophatase (AP). Adults grew velvet antlers from mid-April and shed their velvet in mid-September. Hardened antlers were cast in March. Fawns grew velvet antler buttons which hardened in February and cast in March, prior to the growth of the first antlers. Adults had higher (P < 0.05) titres of T and A over the year. Fawns had higher T4 levels and AP activity (P < 0.05), while Ca and P levels were not different between the groups (P > 0.05). In the adults, T peaked in December and April and was correlated with the periods of hard antlers and the initiation of antler growth. In the fawns, T peaked in November and April and was correlated with hardened buttons and the initiation of the first antlers. Adult A peaked in June but hit nadirs in May and July and generally was not correlated with the antler cycle. In the fawns, A was similar to the T cycle. Thyroxine was relatively constant over the year in adults, but was elevated in the winter in fawns during the period of hardened buttons. Calcium and P levels were relatively constant throughout the year in both groups. AP activity was elevated over winter in adults and then decreased sharply when antlers were cast. Activity increased gradually again as new antlers grew. AP activity in fawns was elevated over the winter and spring and gradually declined as the first antlers developed.}, number={1}, journal={ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA}, author={BROWN, RD and CHAO, CC and FAULKNER, LW}, year={1983}, pages={138–144} }
 @article{wheaton_brown_1983, title={The comparative digestive efficiency of white-tailed and sika deer}, volume={35}, number={1}, journal={Texas Journal of Science}, author={Wheaton, C. C. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1983}, pages={89–92} }
 @article{brown_chao_faulkner_1983, title={Thyroxine levels and antler development in white-tailed deer}, volume={75A}, DOI={10.1016/0300-9629(83)90046-4}, abstractNote={1. Five normal male, 5 female, and 3 castrated fawns and 5 adult male white-tailed deer were housed in individual pens for one year to compare the relationships between thyroxine (T4) and other blood parameters and the antler cycle. 2. Biweekly serum samples were examined for T4 titers and levels of serum calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), and alkaline phosphatase activity (AP). 3. Seasonal T4 changes were found in all deer groups, with elevated titers in the fall. Female fawns had overall lowered T4 levels. In male fawns and adult bucks, T4 seemed to play a synergistic role in antler initiation and growth. 4. Serum Ca levels remained constant throughout the year, but with lower levels in the female fawns. 5. Serum P levels were also constant seasonally, but with higher levels in the female fawns. There was no age effect on either Ca or P. 6. An age effect was evident on plasma alkaline phosphatase with lower activity in adult bucks. There was no sex effect on AP activity. 7. T4 might have an indirect association with the enzyme AP in Ca and P transport system in white-tailed deer.}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology}, author={Brown, R. D. and Chao, C. C. and Faulkner, L. W.}, year={1983}, pages={1–75} }
 @article{brown_1981, title={Losing weight by the book}, volume={65}, number={10}, journal={Marine Corps Gazette}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1981}, pages={68–71} }
 @article{brown_cowan_1981, title={The effect of parathyroidectomy on antler growth in white-tailed deer}, volume={33}, number={2-4}, journal={Texas Journal of Science}, author={Brown, R. D. and Cowan, R. L.}, year={1981}, pages={113–120} }
 @article{carl_brown_1981, title={The javelina in South Texas}, volume={Winter}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Carl, G. and Brown, R. D.}, year={1981}, pages={8–942} }
 @article{brown_1980, title={A guide to weight control}, volume={April}, journal={Marine Corps Gazette}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1980}, pages={21–24} }
 @article{brown_1980, title={Energy - the non-nutrient for deer}, volume={8}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1980}, pages={9, 38} }
 @article{brown_1979, title={Least cost ration balancing saves}, journal={Animal Industry Today}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1979}, pages={10–11} }
 @article{brown_1979, title={Minerals for deer?}, volume={15}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1979}, pages={52–53} }
 @article{brown_1979, title={When is a horn not a horn?}, journal={Texas Hunting}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1979}, pages={6–8} }
 @article{brown_cowan_griel_1978, title={Correlation between antler and long bone relative bone mass and circulating androgens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)}, volume={39}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Brown, R. D. and Cowan, R. L. and Griel, L. C.}, year={1978}, pages={1053–1056} }
 @article{brown_cowan_kavanaugh_1978, title={EFFECT OF PINEALECTOMY ON SEASONAL ANDROGEN TITERS, ANTLER GROWTH AND FEED-INTAKE IN WHITE-TAILED DEER}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas1978.472435x}, abstractNote={A 1-year experiment was conducted to determine the role of the pineal gland in the seasonal sexual, antler development and feeding patterns of deer. Three mature male whitetailed deer were pinealectomized. These animals along with four normal bucks were housed in individual outdoor pens. Blood samples were drawn bi-weekly and analyzed for calcium and phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and total androgens. Changes in antler growth, pelage, body weight and feed consumption were recorded. Both groups of deer followed the same pattern of increased body weight and feed consumption in the summer and a decline during rut and throughout the following winter months. While the feed consumptions of the ablated bucks were lower (P<.05) than the controls, the intakes of DDM/BW'7 s and DE/ .75 9 Kg . BW kg were not different. Serum alkahne phosphatase activity was lower in the ablated animals, and it did not peak in early antler growth as it did in the controls. Serum androgens were lower in the ablated deer but followed the same seasonal pattern as the intact deer with an annual low in May and a peak in late November. The pinealectomized bucks shed their velvet later and dropped their antlers earlier than the control deer. Pelage changes were slightly altered. A pair of twin bucks raised in normal daylight until pinealectomized and sham operated exhibited more striking differences. The former buck shed its antlers 5 months later than normal. It is suggested that}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={BROWN, RD and COWAN, RL and KAVANAUGH, JF}, year={1978}, pages={435–440} }
 @article{brown_1978, title={Fawn research}, volume={Summer}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1978}, pages={45} }
 @article{brown_1978, title={Free computerized cattle rations}, volume={91}, journal={Texas Farmer-Stockman}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1978}, pages={11–28} }
 @article{brown_1978, title={Nutritional diseases of white-tailed deer}, volume={Fall}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1978}, pages={35, 65–66} }
 @article{brown_1978, title={Two minutes can change cost price situation}, volume={2}, number={8}, journal={Beefmaster}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1978}, pages={8–9} }
 @article{brown_1977, title={Don't fool with mother nature: The dangers of oversupplementing deer}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1977}, pages={40–4150} }
 @article{brown_1977, title={Modern cattle feeding in the old west}, volume={13}, number={9}, journal={Cattleman}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1977}, pages={52, 100} }
 @article{brown_1977, title={The biomedical implications of antler growth in deer}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1977}, pages={48–49} }
 @article{brown_1977, title={The nutritional phases of a deer's life}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1977}, pages={58–5969} }
 @article{brown_1976, title={Antlers and hormones}, volume={Winter}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1976}, pages={20–21} }
 @article{brown_1976, title={More than a trophy}, volume={Summer}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1976}, pages={27, 46} }
 @article{brown_1976, title={Nutritional problems of ruminants in a subtropical environment}, volume={9}, number={1}, journal={TAIUS: Journal of Texas A & I University}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1976}, pages={147–152} }
 @article{salinas_brown_mclendon_1976, title={Statement before House Committee on Agriculture, H.R. 11743, National Research Policy Act of 1976}, volume={Feb. 17}, journal={Congressional Record}, author={Salinas, M. and Brown, R. D. and McLendon, T.}, year={1976} }
 @article{brown_1976, title={The buck's biological clock}, volume={Fall}, journal={Texas Hunters' Hotline}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1976}, pages={8–9} }
 @inproceedings{brown_1974, title={Current antler research at Penn State}, booktitle={Proceedings of the NE Deer Study Group Meetings, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia}, author={Brown, R. D.}, year={1974} }
 @article{cowan_brown_clark_1974, title={Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Cooperative Research Unit Quarterly Report}, volume={37}, number={1}, journal={Quarterly Report (Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit)}, author={Cowan, R. L. and Brown, R. D. and Clark, A.}, year={1974}, pages={24–26} }
 @article{knox_nagy_brown_1969, title={WATER TURNOVER IN MULE DEER}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1937-2817"]}, DOI={10.2307/3799840}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={KNOX, KL and NAGY, JG and BROWN, RD}, year={1969}, pages={389-+} }