@article{kiera l. o'donnell_bernhardt_yang_emanuel_ardon_lerdau_manda_braswell_bendor_edwards_et al._2024, title={Saltwater intrusion and sea level rise threatens U.S. rural coastal landscapes and communities}, volume={45}, ISSN={["2213-3054"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2024.100427}, DOI={10.1016/j.ancene.2024.100427}, abstractNote={The United States (U.S.) coastal plain is subject to rising sea levels, land subsidence, more severe coastal storms, and more intense droughts. These changes lead to inputs of marine salts into freshwater-dependent coastal systems, creating saltwater intrusion. The penetration of salinity into the coastal interior is exacerbated by groundwater extraction and the high density of agricultural canals and ditches throughout much of the rural U.S. landscape. Together saltwater intrusion and sea level rise (SWISLR) create substantial changes to the social-ecological systems situated along the coastal plain. Many scholars and practitioners are engaged in studying and managing SWISLR impacts on social, economic, and ecological systems. However, most efforts are localized and disconnected, despite a widespread desire to understand this common threat. In addition to variable rates of sea level rise across the U.S. outer coastal plain, differences in geomorphic setting, water resources infrastructure and management, and climate extremes are resulting in different patterns of saltwater intrusion. Understanding both the absolute magnitude of this rapid environmental change, and the causes and consequences for its spatial and temporal variation presents an opportunity to build new mechanistic models to link directional climate change to temporally and spatially dynamic socio-environmental impacts. The diverse trajectories of change offer rich opportunities to test and refine modern theories of ecosystem state change in systems with exceptionally strong socioecological feedbacks.}, journal={ANTHROPOCENE}, author={Kiera L. O'Donnell and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Yang, Xi and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Ardon, Marcelo and Lerdau, Manuel T. and Manda, Alex K. and Braswell, Anna E. and BenDor, Todd K. and Edwards, Eric C. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{neville_emanuel_ardon_pavelsky_2023, title={Location and Design of Flow Control Structures Differentially Influence Salinity Patterns in Small Artificial Drainage Systems}, volume={149}, ISSN={["1943-5452"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRMD5.WRENG-5840}, DOI={10.1061/JWRMD5.WRENG-5840}, abstractNote={Saltwater intrusion is a pervasive threat to coastal ecosystems. Common management strategies entail the installment of engineered flow control structures, though there is a dearth of work on their prevalence across the landscape and how different structures impact salinity under various hydrologic conditions. We manually classified more than 900 structures with most either being culvert pipes or riser structures. We then investigated how these structures impacted salinity in surface waters after the landfall of Hurricane Florence in 2018 and during the Summer of 2020. To accomplish this, we combined longitudinal and depth surveys, with long-term monitoring of salinity up and downstream of three flow control structures. Our results reveal that a flow control structure’s ability to exclude or trap saltwater from/in upstream environments depends on its position inland and design. Engineered structures were effective at excluding saltwater, while unintentional structures sometimes trapped saltwater in upstream environments. This work sheds light on important factors land managers should consider when putting in place new structures for freshwater management purposes.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Neville, Justine A. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Ardon, Marcelo and Pavelsky, Tamlin}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{gay_martin_v. caldwell_emanuel_sanchez_suttles_2023, title={Riparian buffers increase future baseflow and reduce peakflows in a developing watershed}, volume={862}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160834}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160834}, abstractNote={Land conversion and climate change are stressing freshwater resources. Riparian areas, streamside vegetation/forest land, are critical for regulating hydrologic processes and riparian buffers are used as adaptive management strategies for mitigating land conversion effects. However, our ability to anticipate the efficacy of current and alternative riparian buffers under changing conditions remains limited. To address this information gap, we simulated hydrologic responses for different levels of buffer protection under a future scenario of land/climate change through the year 2060. We used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to project future streamflow in the Upper Neuse River watershed in North Carolina, USA. We tested the capacity of riparian buffers to mitigate the effects of future land use and climate change on daily mean streamflow under three buffer treatments: present buffer widths and fully forested 15 m and 30 m buffers throughout the basin. The treatments were tested using a combination of a future climate change scenario and landcover projections that indicated a doubling of low-intensity development between 2017 and 2060. In areas with >50 % development, the 30 m buffers were particularly effective at increasing average daily streamflow during the lowest flow events by 4 % and decreasing flow during highest flow events by 3 % compared to no buffer protection. In areas between 20 and 50 % development, both 15 m and 30 m buffers reduced low flow by 8 % with minimal effects on high flow. Results indicate that standardized buffers might be more effective at a local scale with further research needing to focus on strategic buffer placement at the watershed scale. These findings highlight a novel approach for integrating buffers into hydrologic modeling and potential for improved methodology. Understanding the effects of riparian buffers on streamflow is crucial given the pressing need to develop innovative strategies that promote the conservation of invaluable ecosystem services.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gay, Elly T. and Martin, Katherine L. and V. Caldwell, Peter and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Sanchez, Georgina M. and Suttles, Kelly M.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{swails_ardon_krauss_peralta_emanuel_helton_morse_gutenberg_cormier_shoch_et al._2022, title={Response of soil respiration to changes in soil temperature and water table level in drained and restored peatlands of the southeastern United States}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1750-0680"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13021-022-00219-5}, DOI={10.1186/s13021-022-00219-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Swails, E. E. and Ardon, M. and Krauss, K. W. and Peralta, A. L. and Emanuel, R. E. and Helton, A. M. and Morse, J. L. and Gutenberg, L. and Cormier, N. and Shoch, D. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{emanuel_bird_2022, title={Stories We Tell: Unpacking Extractive Research and Its Legacy of Harm to Lumbee People}, volume={28}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2022.0025}, DOI={10.1353/scu.2022.0025}, abstractNote={Abstract:Extractive research "talks over" Indigenous peoples, silencing our voices by taking both knowledge and materials away from our communities for colonial projects that erase and devalue our identities. Left unanswered, such research can bloom into disinformation that undermines tribal sovereignty. Lumbee people, who are Indigenous to the southeastern United States, have been subjects of extractive research for more than a century. Extractive researchers have subjected Lumbee people to pseudoscientific methods of inquiry and arms-length guesswork, and they have failed to acknowledge expertise held within the Lumbee community about their own origins and collective identity. Here we consider the long history of extractive research conducted on our people, including the implications of this work for the full recognition of Lumbee people as a sovereign Indigenous nation. We share personal stories that converge around a recent example of extractive research that typifies the long pattern of "talking over" Lumbees and other Indigenous peoples.}, number={3}, journal={Southern Cultures}, publisher={Project Muse}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Bird, Karen Dial}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={48–69} }
 @article{neville_emanuel_nichols_vose_2021, title={Extreme Flooding and Nitrogen Dynamics of a Blackwater River}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020wr029106}, DOI={10.1029/2020wr029106}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Neville, J. A. and Emanuel, R. E. and Nichols, E. G. and Vose, J.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{harris_fidan_nelson_emanuel_jass_kathariou_niedermeyer_sharara_reyes_riveros-iregui_et al._2021, title={Microbial Contamination in Environmental Waters of Rural and Agriculturally-Dominated Landscapes Following Hurricane Florence}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2690-0637"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00103}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.1c00103}, abstractNote={Hurricane Florence brought unprecedented rainfall and flooding to Eastern North Carolina in 2018. Extensive flooding had the potential to mobilize microbial contaminants from a variety of sources. Our study evaluated microbial contaminants in surface waters at 40 sites across Eastern North Carolina 1 week after the hurricane made landfall (Phase 1) and one month later (Phase 2). High concentrations of Escherichia coli were detected in flowing channel and floodwater samples across both phases; however, channel samples during Phase 2 had higher concentrations of E. coli compared to Phase 1. Human- and swine-associated fecal markers were detected in 26% and 9% of samples, respectively, with no trends related to phase of sampling. Arcobacter butzleri was previously shown to be recovered from most (73%) samples, and detection of this pathogen was not associated with any source-associated fecal marker. Detection of Listeria spp. was associated with the swine-associated fecal marker. These results suggest that improved swine and human feces management should be explored to prevent microbial contamination in surface water, especially in regions where extreme rainfall may increase due to climate change. Sampling at higher frequency surrounding rainfall events would provide more detailed characterization of the risks posed by floodwater at different time scales and under different antecedent conditions.}, number={9}, journal={ACS ES&T WATER}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Harris, Angela R. and Fidan, Emine N. and Nelson, Natalie G. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Jass, Theo and Kathariou, Sophia and Niedermeyer, Jeffrey and Sharara, Mahmoud and Reyes, Francis Lajara, III and Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={2012–2019} }
 @article{emanuel_caretta_rivers_vasudevan_2021, title={Natural Gas Gathering and Transmission Pipelines and Social Vulnerability in the United States}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2471-1403"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2021gh000442}, DOI={10.1029/2021gh000442}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={GEOHEALTH}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Caretta, Martina A. and Rivers, Louie, III and Vasudevan, Pavithra}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{singh_emanuel_mcglynn_miniat_2021, title={Soil Moisture Responses to Rainfall: Implications for Runoff Generation}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, DOI={10.1029/2020WR028827}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Singh, Nitin K. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Miniat, Chelcy F.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jenkins_rosa_schmidt_band_beltran-pena_clarens_doney_emanuel_glassie_quinn_et al._2021, title={Values-Based Scenarios of Water Security: Rights to Water, Rights of Waters, and Commercial Water Rights}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biab088}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Jenkins, Willis and Rosa, Lorenzo and Schmidt, Jeremy and Band, Lawrence and Beltran-Pena, Areidy and Clarens, Andres and Doney, Scott and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Glassie, Alison and Quinn, Julianne and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={1157–1170} }
 @article{emanuel_wilkins_2020, title={Breaching Barriers: The Fight for Indigenous Participation in Water Governance}, volume={12}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/8/2113}, DOI={10.3390/w12082113}, abstractNote={Indigenous peoples worldwide face barriers to participation in water governance, which includes planning and permitting of infrastructure that may affect water in their territories. In the United States, the extent to which Indigenous voices are heard—let alone incorporated into decision-making—depends heavily on whether or not Native nations are recognized by the federal government. In the southeastern United States, non-federally recognized Indigenous peoples continue to occupy their homelands along rivers, floodplains, and wetlands. These peoples, and the Tribal governments that represent them, rarely enter environmental decision-making spaces as sovereign nations and experts in their own right. Nevertheless, plans to construct the Atlantic Coast Pipeline prompted non-federally recognized Tribes to demand treatment as Tribal nations during permitting. Actions by the Tribes, which are recognized by the state of North Carolina, expose barriers to participation in environmental governance faced by Indigenous peoples throughout the United States, and particularly daunting challenges faced by state-recognized Tribes. After reviewing the legal and political landscapes that Native nations in the United States must navigate, we present a case study focused on Atlantic Coast Pipeline planning and permitting. We deliberately center Native voices and perspectives, often overlooked in non-Indigenous narratives, to emphasize Indigenous actions and illuminate participatory barriers. Although the Atlantic Coast Pipeline was cancelled in 2020, the case study reveals four enduring barriers to Tribal participation: adherence to minimum standards, power asymmetries, procedural narrowing, and “color-blind” planning. We conclude by highlighting opportunities for federal and state governments, developers, and Indigenous peoples to breach these barriers.}, number={8}, journal={Water}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Wilkins, David E.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{scaife_singh_emanuel_miniat_band_2020, title={Non-linear quickflow response as indicators of runoff generation mechanisms}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1099-1085"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85085113521&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/hyp.13780}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={13}, journal={HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES}, author={Scaife, Charles I. and Singh, Nitin K. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Miniat, Chelcy Ford and Band, Lawrence E.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={2949–2964} }
 @article{niedermeyer_miller_yee_harris_emanuel_jass_nelson_kathariou_2020, title={Search for Campylobacter spp. Reveals High Prevalence and Pronounced Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter butzleri in Floodwater Samples Associated with Hurricane Florence in North Carolina, USA}, volume={86}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01118-20}, DOI={10.1128/aem.01118-20}, abstractNote={
            Climate change and associated extreme weather events can have massive impacts on the prevalence of microbial pathogens in floodwaters. However, limited data are available on foodborne zoonotic pathogens such as
            Campylobacter
            or
            Arcobacter
            in hurricane-associated floodwaters in rural regions with intensive animal production. With a high density of intensive animal production as well as pronounced vulnerability to hurricanes, eastern North Carolina presents unique opportunities in this regard. Our findings revealed widespread incidence of the emerging zoonotic pathogen
            Arcobacter butzleri
            in floodwaters from Hurricane Florence. We encountered high and largely unexplored diversity while also noting the potential for regionally abundant and persistent clones. We noted pronounced partitioning of the floodwater genotypes into two source-associated clades. The data will contribute to elucidating the poorly understood ecology of this emerging pathogen and highlight the importance of surveillance of floodwaters associated with hurricanes and other extreme weather events for
            Arcobacter
            and other zoonotic pathogens.
          }, number={20}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Niedermeyer, Jeffrey A. and Miller, William G. and Yee, Emma and Harris, Angela and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Jass, Theo and Nelson, Natalie and Kathariou, Sophia}, editor={Elkins, Christopher A.Editor}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1–14} }
 @article{tashie_pavelsky_emanuel_2020, title={Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Baseflow Recession in the Continental United States}, volume={56}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019wr026425}, DOI={10.1029/2019wr026425}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Water Resources Research}, author={Tashie, A. and Pavelsky, T. and Emanuel, R.E.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{saia_suttles_cutts_emanuel_martin_wear_coulston_vose_2019, title={Applying Climate Change Risk Management Tools to Integrate Streamflow Projections and Social Vulnerability}, volume={23}, ISSN={1432-9840 1435-0629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00387-5}, DOI={10.1007/s10021-019-00387-5}, number={1}, journal={Ecosystems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Saia, Sheila M. and Suttles, Kelly M. and Cutts, Bethany B. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Martin, Katherine L. and Wear, David N. and Coulston, John W. and Vose, James M.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={67–83} }
 @article{taillie_moorman_poulter_ardón_emanuel_2019, title={Decadal-Scale Vegetation Change Driven by Salinity at Leading Edge of Rising Sea Level}, volume={22}, ISSN={1432-9840 1435-0629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00382-w}, DOI={10.1007/s10021-019-00382-w}, number={8}, journal={Ecosystems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Taillie, Paul J. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Poulter, Benjamin and Ardón, Marcelo and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1918–1930} }
 @article{rice_emanuel_2019, title={Ecohydrology of Interannual Changes in Watershed Storage}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85074610023&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1029/2019WR025164}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Rice, Joshua S. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={8238–8251} }
 @article{indigenous symposium on water research, education, and engagement_2019, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019eo114313}, DOI={10.1029/2019eo114313}, abstractNote={Water in the Native World: The Intersection of Hydrology and Indigenous Knowledge; Pablo, Montana, 1–4 August 2018}, journal={Eos}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{bhattachan_jurjonas_morris_taillie_smart_emanuel_seekamp_2019, title={Linking residential saltwater intrusion risk perceptions to physical exposure of climate change impacts in rural coastal communities of North Carolina}, volume={97}, ISSN={0921-030X 1573-0840}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03706-0}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-019-03706-0}, number={3}, journal={Natural Hazards}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bhattachan, Abinash and Jurjonas, Matthew D. and Morris, Priscilla R. and Taillie, Paul J. and Smart, Lindsey S. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Seekamp, Erin L.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={1277–1295} }
 @article{emanuel_2019, title={Water in the Lumbee World: A River and Its People in a Time of Change}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1930-8892"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emy129}, DOI={10.1093/envhis/emy129}, abstractNote={This article explores relationships between Lumbee people and the riverine landscapes of their home. I draw upon my lived experience as a Lumbee person and my training as an environmental scientist to evaluate the riverine environment of the Lumbee River as both a template for change and a fragile resource. The river shapes Lumbee culture and community, on the one hand, and it is subject to human impacts, on the other. Here, I examine the bidirectional relationship between river and people in a historical context and also in the context of contemporary issues facing Lumbee people, who collectively make up one of the largest Indigenous groups in the United States and constitute the nation’s largest non-federally recognized Indian tribe. I frame historical issues related to isolation and connectivity of the landscape around a novel topological analysis of historical maps. I use contemporary issues, including industrialized agriculture and climate change, to emphasize the complex and evolving relationship between Lumbee people and their riverine environment. Recent events, including Indigenous resistance to fossil fuel pipelines and flooding of the community following Hurricane Matthew, reveal challenges and opportunities faced by the tribe in the areas of environmental justice and sovereignty.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={25–51} }
 @article{suttles_singh_vose_martin_emanuel_coulston_saia_crump_2018, title={Assessment of hydrologic vulnerability to urbanization and climate change in a rapidly changing watershed in the Southeast US}, volume={645}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.287}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.287}, abstractNote={This study assessed the combined effects of increased urbanization and climate change on streamflow in the Yadkin-Pee Dee watershed (North Carolina, USA) and focused on the conversion from forest to urban land use, the primary land use transition occurring in the watershed. We used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to simulate future (2050-2070) streamflow and baseflow for four combined climate and land use scenarios across the Yadkin-Pee Dee River watershed and three subwatersheds. The combined scenarios pair land use change and climate change scenarios together. Compared to the baseline, projected streamflow increased in three out of four combined scenarios and decreased in one combined scenario. Baseflow decreased in all combined scenarios, but decreases were largest in subwatersheds that lost the most forest. The effects of land use change and climate change were additive, amplifying the increases in runoff and decreases in baseflow. Streamflow was influenced more strongly by climate change than land use change. However, for baseflow the reverse was true; land use change tended to drive baseflow more than climate change. Land use change was also a stronger driver than climate in the most urban subwatershed. In the most extreme land use and climate projection the volume of the 1-day, 100 year flood nearly doubled at the watershed outlet. Our results underscore the importance of forests as hydrologic regulators buffering streamflow and baseflow from hydrologic extremes. Additionally, our results suggest that land managers and policy makers need to consider the implications of forest loss on streamflow and baseflow when planning for future urbanization and climate change adaptation options.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Suttles, Kelly M. and Singh, Nitin K. and Vose, James M. and Martin, Katherine L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Coulston, John W. and Saia, Sheila M. and Crump, Michael T.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={806–816} }
 @article{emanuel_2018, title={Climate Change in the Lumbee River Watershed and Potential Impacts on the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina}, volume={163}, ISSN={["1936-704X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2018.03271.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1936-704x.2018.03271.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATION}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={79–93} }
 @article{bhattachan_emanuel_ardon_bernhardt_anderson_stillwagon_ury_bendor_wright_2018, title={Evaluating the effects of and-use change and future climate change on vulnerability of coastal landscapes to saltwater intrusion}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2325-1026"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/elementa.316}, DOI={10.1525/elementa.316}, abstractNote={The exposure of freshwater-dependent coastal ecosystems to saltwater is a present-day impact of climate and land-use changes in many coastal regions, with the potential to harm freshwater and terrestrial biota, alter biogeochemical cycles and reduce agricultural yields. Land-use activities associated with artificial drainage infrastructure (canals, ditches, and drains) could exacerbate saltwater exposure. However, studies assessing the effects of artificial drainage on the vulnerability of coastal landscapes to saltwater exposure are lacking. We examined the extent to which artificial drainage infrastructure has altered the potential for saltwater intrusion in the coastal plain of eastern North Carolina. Regional spatial analyses demonstrate that artificial drainages not only lower the overall elevation in coastal landscapes, but they also alter the routing and concentration of hydrological flows. Together, these factors have the potential to increase the total proportion of the landscape vulnerable to saltwater intrusion, not only in areas adjacent to drainage infrastructure but also in places where no artificial drainages exist due to large scale effects of flow rerouting. Among all land cover types in eastern North Carolina, wetlands are most vulnerable to saltwater exposure. Droughts and coastal storms associated with climate change potentially exacerbate vulnerability to saltwater facilitated by artificial drainage.}, journal={ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE}, author={Bhattachan, Abinash and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Ardon, Marcelo and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Anderson, Steven M. and Stillwagon, Matthew G. and Ury, Emily A. and BenDor, Todd K. and Wright, Justin P.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{bhattachan_jurjonas_moody_morris_sanchez_smart_taillie_emanuel_seekamp_2018, title={Sea level rise impacts on rural coastal social-ecological systems and the implications for decision making}, volume={90}, ISSN={1462-9011}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.006}, abstractNote={Many rural coastal regions are distinctly vulnerable to sea level rise because of their remoteness, isolation from central planning agencies, and poverty. To better plan for future sea level changes in these regions, an interdisciplinary approach to assess the social and environmental impacts of sea level rise and their dynamic feedbacks is important. In this paper, we use a socio-ecological system framework to investigate sea level rise impacts to the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, a rural, low-lying coastal region in eastern North Carolina. Specifically, we show that 42% of the region could be inundated and property losses of up to US $14 billion could be incurred with 100 cm of sea level rise. We also synthesize the impacts of sea level rise on the region’s social-ecological system and present strategies to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the ecosystem, markets and communities. We conclude with a discussion on the differing climate change risk perceptions amongst the stakeholders as well as implications for decision-making. Sea level rise will continue to threaten the functioning of this social-ecological system of rural, low-lying coastal communities. A socio-ecological system framework provides a lens through which the impacts of sea level rise can be evaluated for rural, low-lying coastal communities. The framework presented here necessitates interdisciplinary research and highlights the importance of mutual learning amongst stakeholders in other rural coastal regions.}, journal={Environmental Science & Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bhattachan, A. and Jurjonas, M.D. and Moody, A.C. and Morris, P.R. and Sanchez, G.M. and Smart, L.S. and Taillie, P.J. and Emanuel, R.E. and Seekamp, E.L.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={122–134} }
 @article{martin_emanuel_vose_2018, title={Terra incognita: The unknown risks to environmental quality posed by the spatial distribution and abundance of concentrated animal feeding operations}, volume={642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.072}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.072}, abstractNote={Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) pose wide ranging environmental risks to many parts of the US and across the globe, but datasets for CAFO risk assessments are not readily available. Within the United States, some of the greatest concentrations of CAFOs occur in North Carolina. It is also one of the only states with publicly accessible location data for classes of CAFOs that are required to obtain water quality permits from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); however, there are no public data sources for the large number of CAFOs that do not require EPA water quality permits. We combined public records of CAFO locations with data collected in North Carolina by the Waterkeeper and Riverkeeper Alliances to examine the distribution of both permitted and non-permitted CAFOs across the state. Over half (55%) of the state's 6646 CAFOs are located in the Coastal Plain, a low-lying region vulnerable to flooding associated with regular cyclonic and convective storms. We identified 19% of CAFOs ≤ 100 m of the nearest stream, and some as close as 15 m to the nearest stream, a common riparian buffer width for water quality management. Future climate scenarios suggest large storm events are expected to become increasingly extreme, and dry interstorm periods could lengthen. Such extremes could exacerbate the environmental impacts of CAFOs. Understanding the potential impacts of CAFO agroecosystems will require remote sensing to identify CAFOs, fieldwork to determine the extent of environmental footprints, and modeling to identify thresholds that determine environmental risk under changing conditions.}, journal={Science of The Total Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Martin, Katherine L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Vose, James M.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={887–893} }
 @article{singh_emanuel_nippgen_mcglynn_miniat_2018, title={The Relative Influence of Storm and Landscape Characteristics on Shallow Groundwater Responses in Forested Headwater Catchments}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018wr022681}, DOI={10.1029/2018WR022681}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Singh, Nitin K. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Nippgen, Fabian and McGlynn, Brian L. and Miniat, Chelcy F.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={9883–9900} }
 @article{zhang_li_sun_miao_noormets_emanuel_king_2018, title={Understanding coastal wetland hydrology with a new regional-scale, process-based hydrological model}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1099-1085"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13247}, DOI={10.1002/hyp.13247}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={20}, journal={HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES}, author={Zhang, Yu and Li, Wenhong and Sun, Ge and Miao, Guofang and Noormets, Asko and Emanuel, Ryan and King, John S.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={3158–3173} }
 @article{jackson_webster_knoepp_elliott_emanuel_caldwell_miniat_2018, title={Unexpected ecological advances made possible by long-term data: A Coweeta example}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2049-1948"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1273}, DOI={10.1002/wat2.1273}, abstractNote={In the 1970s, Forest Service and academic researchers clearcut the forest in Watershed 7 in the Coweeta Basin to observe how far the perturbation would move the ecosystem and how quickly the ecosystem would return to its predisturbance state. Our long‐term observations demonstrated that this view of resistance and resilience was too simplistic. Forest disturbance triggered a chain of ecological dynamics that are still evolving after 40 years. Short‐term pulses in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (3 years) and streamflows (4 years) were followed by several years in which the system appeared to be returning to predisturbance conditions. Then however, changes in forest composition triggered a regime change in DIN dynamics from biological to hydrological control as well as persistent high stream DIN levels mediated by climatic conditions. These forest composition changes also led to later reductions in streamflow. These long‐term observations of streamflows, stream DIN concentrations, stream DIN exports, and stand composition have substantially advanced our understanding of forest ecosystem dynamics; and they demonstrate the value of long‐term observational data in revealing ecosystem complexities and surprises, generating new hypotheses, and motivating mechanistic research. Shorter observational records from this experiment would have produced incomplete or erroneous inference. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1273. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1273}, number={2}, journal={WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-WATER}, author={Jackson, C. Rhett and Webster, Jackson R. and Knoepp, Jennifer D. and Elliott, Katherine J. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Caldwell, Peter V. and Miniat, Chelcy F.}, year={2018} }
 @article{reyes_epstein_li_mcglynn_riveros-iregui_emanuel_2017, title={Complex terrain influences ecosystem carbon responses to temperature and precipitation}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1944-9224"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gb005658}, DOI={10.1002/2017gb005658}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES}, author={Reyes, W. M. and Epstein, H. E. and Li, X. and McGlynn, B. L. and Riveros-Iregui, D. A. and Emanuel, R. E.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={1306–1317} }
 @misc{emanuel_2017, title={Flawed environmental justice analyses}, volume={357}, ISSN={["1095-9203"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2684}, DOI={10.1126/science.aao2684}, abstractNote={In December 2016, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) for the Atlantic Coast Pipeline, a natural gas pipeline proposed to run approximately 1000 km from West Virginia to end points in Virginia and North Carolina ([ 1 ][1]). The}, number={6348}, journal={SCIENCE}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={260–260} }
 @article{rice_emanuel_2017, title={How are streamflow responses to the El Nino Southern Oscillation affected by watershed characteristics?}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020097}, DOI={10.1002/2016wr020097}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Rice, Joshua S. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={4393–4406} }
 @article{singh_reyes_bernhardt_bhattacharya_meyer_knoepp_emanuel_2016, title={Hydro-Climatological Influences on Long-Term Dissolved Organic Carbon in a Mountain Stream of the Southeastern United States}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000378856400019&KeyUID=WOS:000378856400019}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2015.10.0537}, abstractNote={In the past decade, significant increases in surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been reported for large aquatic ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere and have been attributed variously to global warming, altered hydrologic conditions, and atmospheric deposition, among other factors. We analyzed a 25‐yr DOC record (1988–2012) available for a forested headwater stream in the United States and documented two distinct regimes of stream DOC trends. From 1988 to 2001, annual mean volume‐weighted DOC concentration (DOCvw, mg L−1) and annual DOC flux (kg ha−1 yr−1) declined by 34 and 56%, respectively. During 1997 to 2012, the decline in DOCvw and DOC flux increased by 141 and 165%, respectively. Declining DOCvw from 1988 to 2001 corresponded to a decline in growing season runoff, which has the potential to influence mobilization of DOC from uplands to streams. Increasing DOCvw from 1997 to 2012 corresponded to increased precipitation early in the growing season and to an increase in the number and intensity of short‐duration fall storms capable of mobilizing long‐accrued DOC from forest litter and soils. In contrast, total annual runoff declined throughout the period. Rising air temperature, atmospheric acid deposition, and nitrogen depositions did not offer any plausible explanation for the observed bidirectional annual trends of stream DOCvw. Our study highlights the critical role of long‐term datasets and analyses for understanding the impacts of climate change on carbon and water cycles and associated functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Singh, Nitin K. and Reyes, Wilmer M. and Bernhardt, Emily S. and Bhattacharya, Ruchi and Meyer, Judy L. and Knoepp, Jennifer D. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2016}, pages={1286–1295} }
 @article{birch_emanuel_james_nichols_2016, title={Hydrologic Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation to a Temperate Forest Watershed}, volume={45}, ISSN={0047-2425}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.11.0577}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2015.11.0577}, abstractNote={Land application of municipal wastewater to managed forests is an important treatment and water reuse technology used globally, but the hydrological processes of these systems are not well characterized for temperate areas with annual rainfall of 1200 mm or greater. This study evaluated the impact of municipal wastewater irrigation to the local water balance at a 3000‐ha land application facility where secondary‐treated wastewater is land applied to a mixed hardwood–pine forest over 900 ha. Stable isotopes of hydrogen (2H) and oxygen (18O), chloride concentrations, and specific conductance were used in combination with hydrometric measurements to estimate the wastewater composition in groundwater, surface water, and at the watershed outlet during dry and wet seasonal periods and during one large rainfall event. Wastewater and water bodies receiving irrigation were found to have significantly higher δ2H, δ18O, specific conductance, and chloride concentrations. Using these tracers, a two‐component, three‐end member geochemical mixing model estimated mean wastewater compositions in the surficial aquifer receiving irrigation from 47 to 73%. Surface water onsite was found to reflect the high wastewater composition in groundwater. Land‐applied wastewater contributed an estimated 24% of total streamflow, with the highest wastewater compositions in surface water observed during major storm events and at low‐flow conditions. Groundwater and surface water within the watershed were found to have proportionally higher wastewater compositions than expected based on the proportion of irrigation to rainfall received by these areas.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Quality}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Birch, Andrew L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and James, April L. and Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={1303–1312} }
 @article{arndt_emanuel_richardson_vepraskas_craft_2016, title={Hydrology of Wetland and Related Soils}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000381642700004&KeyUID=WOS:000381642700004}, journal={Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification, 2nd Edition}, author={Arndt, James L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Richardson, Jimmie L. and Vepraskas, MJ and Craft, CB}, year={2016}, pages={39–104} }
 @inbook{arndt_emanuel_richardson_2016, title={Hydrology of wetland and related soils}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85051620926&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification: Second Edition}, author={Arndt, J.L. and Emanuel, R.E. and Richardson, J.L.}, year={2016}, pages={39–104} }
 @article{rice_emanuel_vose_2016, title={The influence of watershed characteristics on spatial patterns of trends in annual scale streamflow variability in the continental US}, volume={540}, ISSN={["1879-2707"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000382269500066&KeyUID=WOS:000382269500066}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.006}, abstractNote={As human activity and climate variability alter the movement of water through the environment the need to better understand hydrologic cycle responses to these changes has grown. A reasonable starting point for gaining such insight is studying changes in streamflow given the importance of streamflow as a source of renewable freshwater. Using a wavelet assisted method we analyzed trends in the magnitude of annual scale streamflow variability from 967 watersheds in the continental U.S. (CONUS) over a 70 year period (1940–2009). Decreased annual variability was the dominant pattern at the CONUS scale. Ecoregion scale results agreed with the CONUS pattern with the exception of two ecoregions closely divided between increases and decreases and one where increases dominated. A comparison of trends in reference and non-reference watersheds indicated that trend magnitudes in non-reference watersheds were significantly larger than those in reference watersheds. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models were used to study the relationship between watershed characteristics and the magnitude of trends in streamflow. At the CONUS scale, the balance between precipitation and evaporative demand, and measures of geographic location were of high relative importance. Relationships between the magnitude of trends and watershed characteristics at the ecoregion scale exhibited differences from the CONUS results and substantial variability was observed among ecoregions. Additionally, the methodology used here has the potential to serve as a robust framework for top-down, data driven analyses of the relationships between changes in the hydrologic cycle and the spatial context within which those changes occur.}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY}, author={Rice, Joshua S. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Vose, James M.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={850–860} }
 @article{singh_emanuel_mcglynn_2016, title={Variability in isotopic composition of base flow in two headwater streams of the southern Appalachians}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000380100200004&KeyUID=WOS:000380100200004}, DOI={10.1002/2015wr018463}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Singh, Nitin K. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and McGlynn, Brian L.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={4264–4279} }
 @article{nippgen_mcglynn_emanuel_vose_2016, title={Watershed memory at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory: The effect of past precipitation and storage on hydrologic response}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000374706300007&KeyUID=WOS:000374706300007}, DOI={10.1002/2015wr018196}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Nippgen, Fabian and McGlynn, Brian L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Vose, James M.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={1673–1695} }
 @article{rice_emanuel_vose_nelson_2015, title={Continental U.S. streamflow trends from 1940 to 2009 and their relationships with watershed spatial characteristics}, volume={51}, ISSN={0043-1397}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016367}, DOI={10.1002/2014wr016367}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Water Resources Research}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Rice, Joshua S. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Vose, James M. and Nelson, Stacy A. C.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={6262–6275} }
 @article{emanuel_buckley_caldwell_mcnulty_sun_2015, title={Influence of basin characteristics on the effectiveness and downstream reach of interbasin water transfers: displacing a problem}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1748-9326"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000367286300012&KeyUID=WOS:000367286300012}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124005}, abstractNote={Interbasin water transfers are globally important water management strategies, yet little is known about their role in the hydrologic cycle at regional and continental scales. Specifically, there is a dearth of centralized information on transfer locations and characteristics, and few analyses place transfers into a relevant hydrological context. We assessed hydrological characteristics of interbasin transfers (IBTs) in the conterminous US using a nationwide inventory of transfers together with historical climate data and hydrological modeling. Supplying and receiving drainage basins share similar hydroclimatological conditions, suggesting that climatological drivers of water shortages in receiving basins likely have similar effects on supplying basins. This result calls into question the effectiveness of transfers as a strategy to mitigate climate-driven water shortages, as the water shortage may be displaced but not resolved. We also identified hydrologically advantageous and disadvantageous IBTs by comparing the water balances of supplying and receiving basins. Transfer magnitudes did not vary between the two categories, confirming that factors driving individual IBTs, such as patterns of human water demand or engineering constraints, also influence the continental-scale distribution of transfers. Some IBTs impact streamflow for hundreds of kilometers downstream. Transfer magnitude, hydroclimate and organization of downstream river networks mediate downstream impacts, and these impacts have the potential to expand downstream nonlinearly during years of drought. This work sheds new light on IBTs and emphasizes the need for updated inventories and analyses that place IBTs in an appropriate hydrological context.}, number={12}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Buckley, John J. and Caldwell, Peter V. and McNulty, Steven G. and Sun, Ge}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{mitchell_emanuel_mcglynn_2015, title={Land-atmosphere carbon and water flux relationships to vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture, and stream flow}, volume={208}, ISSN={["1873-2240"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000356114300010&KeyUID=WOS:000356114300010}, DOI={10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.04.003}, abstractNote={Climatic change is exerting considerable influence on the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of snow- dominated montane forest ecosystems. Growing season drought stress is a common occurrence after snowmelt-derived soil water content (WC) and stream flow (Q) have declined, leading to an increase in atmospheric water demand (i.e., vapor pressure deficit, VPD). Here, we analyzed a 6-year record (2006–2011) of H2O and CO2 fluxes from the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest, a montane forest in the northern Rocky Mountains to examine (1) how growing season evapotranspiration (ET), net ecosystem production (NEP), and water-use efficiency (WUE, NEP/ET) respond to changing WC and VPD, (2) how stream flow (Q), an integrated measure of catchment-level water availability, relates to NEP, and (3) how annual NEP is related to annual precipitation and the temperature-defined growing season length (GSL). Growing season NEP exhibited a linear relationship with WC and a log-linear relationship with Q, indicative of persistent water limitations when streamflow and soil moisture reach their annual minima late in the growing season. Nevertheless, years with long GSLs had relatively higher NEP, with a small net carbon sink maintained even at low levels of WC and Q, suggesting that trees are able to obtain water from deeper portions of the soil profile (>30 cm) during droughts. However, the warmer, drier climate projected for this region could bring this system closer to a critical threshold of GSL, WC, and VPD, introducing vegetation water stress that could alter the current relationship between GSL and annual NEP.}, journal={AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY}, author={Mitchell, Stephen R. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and McGlynn, Brian L.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={108–117} }
 @article{du_riveros-iregui_jones_mcdermott_dore_mcglynn_emanuel_li_2015, title={Landscape Position Influences Microbial Composition and Function via Redistribution of Soil Water across a Watershed}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000365212800020&KeyUID=WOS:000365212800020}, DOI={10.1128/aem.02643-15}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={24}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Du, Zhe and Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and Jones, Ryan T. and McDermott, Timothy R. and Dore, John E. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Li, Xu}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={8457–8468} }
 @article{nippgen_mcglynn_emanuel_2015, title={The spatial and temporal evolution of contributing areas}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000358301200036&KeyUID=WOS:000358301200036}, DOI={10.1002/2014wr016719}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Nippgen, Fabian and McGlynn, Brian L. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={4550–4573} }
 @article{liang_riveros-iregui_emanuel_mcglynn_2014, title={A simple framework to estimate distributed soil temperature from discrete air temperature measurements in data-scarce regions}, volume={119}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000332995300003&KeyUID=WOS:000332995300003}, DOI={10.1002/2013jd020597}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Liang, L. L. and Riveros-Iregui, D. A. and Emanuel, R. E. and McGlynn, B. L.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={407–417} }
 @article{liang_riveros-iregui_emanuel_mcglynn_2014, title={A simple framework to estimate distributed soil temperature from discrete air temperature measurements in data-scarce regions}, volume={119}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018786020&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/2013JD020597.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, author={Liang, L.L. and Riveros-Iregui, D.A. and Emanuel, R.E. and McGlynn, B.L.}, year={2014}, pages={407–417} }
 @article{band_mcdonnell_duncan_barros_bejan_burt_dietrich_emanuel_hwang_katul_et al._2014, title={Ecohydrological flow networks in the subsurface}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1936-0592"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000340541600001&KeyUID=WOS:000340541600001}, DOI={10.1002/eco.1525}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={ECOHYDROLOGY}, author={Band, L. E. and McDonnell, J. J. and Duncan, J. M. and Barros, A. and Bejan, A. and Burt, T. and Dietrich, W. E. and Emanuel, R. E. and Hwang, T. and Katul, G. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1073–1078} }
 @article{rice_emanuel_2014, title={Landscape position and spatial patterns in the distribution of land use within the southern Appalachian Mountains}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1930-0557"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000341138200005&KeyUID=WOS:000341138200005}, DOI={10.1080/02723646.2014.909218}, abstractNote={Understanding the forces that influence the distribution of land use and land-use change (LUC) is an essential step in developing effective strategies for managing these issues. We examined the influence of landscape position on spatial patterns in land-use distribution within the Little Tennessee River Basin (LTRB) of the southern Appalachian Mountains. We show that landscape position, defined with respect to both natural and anthropogenic spatial variables, provides for the identification of statistically significant differences in the distribution of common forms of land use in the study region. Using the same variables, significant differences in the landscape positions subject to land-use change in the LTRB are also examined. These results suggest landscape position exerts a strong influence on the distribution of different forms of land use and the likeliness of given area undergoing LUC. The approach presented here, of considering land use as a function of landscape position that responds to both natural and anthropogenic forces, may prove useful in aiding the development of future strategies to address the consequences of land use in many regions.}, number={5}, journal={PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY}, author={Rice, Joshua S. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2014}, pages={443–457} }
 @article{emanuel_hazen_mcglynn_jencso_2014, title={Vegetation and topographic influences on the connectivity of shallow groundwater between hillslopes and streams}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1936-0592"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000334671600056&KeyUID=WOS:000334671600056}, DOI={10.1002/eco.1409}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={ECOHYDROLOGY}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Hazen, Anna G. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Jencso, Kelsey G.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={887–895} }
 @article{kaiser_mcglynn_emanuel_2013, title={Ecohydrology of an outbreak: mountain pine beetle impacts trees in drier landscape positions first}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1936-0592"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000330539800001&KeyUID=WOS:000330539800001}, DOI={10.1002/eco.1286}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={ECOHYDROLOGY}, author={Kaiser, Kendra E. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={444–454} }
 @article{riveros-iregui_mcglynn_emanuel_epstein_2012, title={Complex terrain leads to bidirectional responses of soil respiration to inter-annual water availability}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1365-2486"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000299042500029&KeyUID=WOS:000299042500029}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02556.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY}, author={Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Epstein, Howard E.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={749–756} }
 @article{riveros-iregui_mcglynn_marshall_welsch_emanuel_epstein_2011, title={A watershed-scale assessment of a process soil CO(2) production and efflux model}, volume={47}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000291111100012&KeyUID=WOS:000291111100012}, DOI={10.1029/2010WR009941}, abstractNote={Growing season soil CO2 efflux is known to vary laterally by as much as seven fold within small subalpine watersheds (<5 km2), and such degree of variability has been strongly related to the landscape‐imposed redistribution of soil water. Current empirical or process models offer low potential to simulate this variability or to simulate watershed‐scale dynamics of soil CO2 efflux. We modified an existing process soil CO2 production and efflux model to include spatially variable soil moisture, and applied it to a well‐studied and moderately complex watershed of the northern Rocky Mountains. We started at the point scale and progressively modeled processes up to the watershed scale. We corroborated model performance using an independent data set of soil CO2 efflux measurements from 53 sites distributed across the 393 ha watershed. Our approach (1) simulated the seasonality of soil CO2 efflux at riparian sites; (2) reproduced short‐term (diel) dynamics of soil CO2 concentration ([CO2]) at riparian sites, particularly observed hysteresis patterns in the soil [CO2]–soil temperature relationship; and (3) simulated growing season estimates of soil CO2 efflux at dry sites across the landscape (98% of area). Model limitations included poor simulation of growing season (cumulative) soil CO2 efflux at sites with a large drainage area, likely as a result of poorly modeled soil water content and challenges in parametrization of root and microbial activities. Our study provides important insight into coupling hydrological and biogeochemical models at landscape scales, and highlights the role of landscape structure and heterogeneity when modeling spatial variability of biogeochemical processes.}, number={5}, journal={Water Resources Research}, author={Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Marshall, Lucy A. and Welsch, Daniel L. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Epstein, Howard E.}, year={2011} }
 @article{nippgen_mcglynn_marshall_emanuel_2011, title={Landscape structure and climate influences on hydrologic response}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000298613400002&KeyUID=WOS:000298613400002}, DOI={10.1029/2011wr011161}, abstractNote={Climate variability and catchment structure (topography, geology, vegetation) have a significant influence on the timing and quantity of water discharged from mountainous catchments. How these factors combine to influence runoff dynamics is poorly understood. In this study we linked differences in hydrologic response across catchments and across years to metrics of landscape structure and climate using a simple transfer function rainfall‐runoff modeling approach. A transfer function represents the internal catchment properties that convert a measured input (rainfall/snowmelt) into an output (streamflow). We examined modeled mean response time, defined as the average time that it takes for a water input to leave the catchment outlet from the moment it reaches the ground surface. We combined 12 years of precipitation and streamflow data from seven catchments in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (Little Belt Mountains, southwestern Montana) with landscape analyses to quantify the first‐order controls on mean response times. Differences between responses across the seven catchments were related to the spatial variability in catchment structure (e.g., slope, flowpath lengths, tree height). Annual variability was largely a function of maximum snow water equivalent. Catchment averaged runoff ratios exhibited strong correlations with mean response time while annually averaged runoff ratios were not related to climatic metrics. These results suggest that runoff ratios in snowmelt dominated systems are mainly controlled by topography and not by climatic variability. This approach provides a simple tool for assessing differences in hydrologic response across diverse watersheds and climate conditions.}, number={12}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Nippgen, Fabian and McGlynn, Brian L. and Marshall, Lucy A. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2011}, month={Dec} }
 @article{emanuel_riveros-iregui_mcglynn_epstein_2011, title={On the spatial heterogeneity of net ecosystem productivity in complex landscapes}, volume={2}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000208810800014&KeyUID=WOS:000208810800014}, DOI={10.1890/ES11-00074.1}, abstractNote={Micrometeorological flux towers provide spatially integrated estimates of net ecosystem production (NEP) of carbon over areas ranging from several hectares to several square kilometers, but they do so at the expense of spatially explicit information within the footprint of the tower. This finer-scale information is crucial for understanding how physical and biological factors interact and give rise to tower-measured fluxes in complex landscapes. We present a simple approach for quantifying and evaluating the spatial heterogeneity of cumulative growing season NEP for complex landscapes. Our method is based on spatially distributed information about physical and biological landscape variables and knowledge of functional relationships between constituent fluxes and these variables. We present a case study from a complex landscape in the Rocky Mountains of Montana (US) to demonstrate that the spatial distribution of cumulative growing season NEP is rather large and bears the imprint of the topographic and vegetation variables that characterize this complex landscape. Net carbon sources and net carbon sinks were distributed across the landscape in manner predictable by the intersection of these landscape variables. We simulated year-to-year climate variability and found that some portions of the landscape were consistently either carbon sinks or carbon sources, but other portions transitioned between sink and source. Our findings reveal that this emergent behavior is a unique characteristic of complex landscapes derived from the interaction of topography and vegetation. These findings offer new insight for interpreting spatially integrated carbon fluxes measured over complex landscapes.}, number={7}, journal={Ecosphere}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Epstein, Howard E.}, year={2011} }
 @article{ledee_barnes_emanuel_fisher_henkel_marlon_2011, title={Training a New Scientist to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Environment}, volume={92}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79957470783&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1029/2011EO160002}, abstractNote={The transboundary nature of global environmental change demands collaborative, multiscale, interdisciplinary research [U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 2005]. This requires “a new kind of scientist” [Schmidt and Moyer, 2008]; collaborators must develop both sufficient understanding of one another's work and the skills to integrate data sets and expertise. Although numerous interdisciplinary academic programs have emerged to address this demand, success varies widely. While many address cultural and financial impediments to interdisciplinary research [Weingart, 2000; Rhoten, 2004], there is little discussion of the skills that facilitate interdisciplinary scholarship and how to obtain them.}, number={16}, journal={Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union}, author={Ledee, O.E. and Barnes, R.T. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Fisher, P.B. and Henkel, S. K. and Marlon, J. R.}, year={2011}, pages={135–136} }
 @article{anderson_emanuel_2010, title={Effect of interannual climate oscillations on rates of submarine groundwater discharge}, volume={46}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000277266300006&KeyUID=WOS:000277266300006}, DOI={10.1029/2009WR008212}, abstractNote={Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important component of the coastal hydrologic cycle, affecting mixing and biogeochemistry in the nearshore environment. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences rates of precipitation and groundwater recharge in many regions, including barrier islands of the southeastern U.S. coast; however, the influence of ENSO on SGD is poorly understood for this region. Here we investigate the role of ENSO in controlling recharge and SGD at interannual time scales, using modeling results for both real and generic barrier island environments. Results of our 57 year simulations show that the freshwater component of seasonally averaged SGD as well as groundwater discharge velocity, water table elevation, and submarine groundwater recharge are significantly correlated with ENSO for a real barrier island (Hatteras Island, North Carolina) and, under certain conditions, for generics. These correlations persist for lag times as great as 5 months during winter, creating anomalies of up to 35% between El Niño and La Niña conditions and suggesting that both hydrologic cycling and biogeochemical cycling in these systems are significantly influenced by ENSO.}, number={5}, journal={Water Resources Research}, author={Anderson, William P., Jr. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2010} }
 @article{emanuel_epstein_mcglynn_welsch_muth_d'odorico_2010, title={Spatial and temporal controls on watershed ecohydrology in the northern Rocky Mountains}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000284711600002&KeyUID=WOS:000284711600002}, DOI={10.1029/2009wr008890}, abstractNote={Vegetation water stress plays an important role in the movement of water through the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum. However, the effects of water stress on evapotranspiration (ET) and other hydrological processes at the watershed scale remain poorly understood due in part to spatially and temporally heterogeneous conditions within the watershed, especially in areas of mountainous terrain. We used a spatially distributed model to understand and evaluate the relationship between water stress and ET in a forested mountain watershed during the snow‐free growing season. Vegetation water stress increased as the growing season progressed, due to continued drying of soils, and persisted late into the growing season, even as vapor pressure deficit decreased with lower temperatures. As a result, ET became decoupled from vapor pressure deficit and became increasingly dependent on soil moisture later in the growing season, shifting from demand limitation to supply limitation. We found water stress and total growing season ET to be distributed nonuniformly across the watershed due to interactions between topography and vegetation. Areas having tall vegetation and low topographic index experienced the greatest water stress, yet they had some of the highest evapotranspiration rates in the watershed.}, number={11}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Epstein, Howard E. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Welsch, Daniel L. and Muth, Daniel J. and D'Odorico, Paolo}, year={2010}, month={Nov} }
 @article{anderson_emanuel_2008, title={Effect of interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations on groundwater in North Carolina}, volume={35}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000261471200007&KeyUID=WOS:000261471200007}, DOI={10.1029/2008GL036054}, abstractNote={Multi‐year climate oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect precipitation and stream discharge rates in the western hemisphere. While inferences may be drawn between these hydroclimatological relationships and groundwater conditions, few studies explicitly link groundwater conditions to these cycles. Here we investigate relationships between winter ENSO, PDO, and lagging baseflow rates in the southeastern United States. We find strong correlation between winter ENSO and lagged baseflow in coastal North Carolina which, coupled with anomalies in mean baseflow, decrease with distance inland from the coast. Our results demonstrate that interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations in the Pacific Ocean have a strong effect on hydrological processes in eastern North America despite filtering by the groundwater flow process. These results have implications for water resource availability in regions where water management is complicated by population growth and climatic uncertainty.}, number={23}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Anderson, William P., Jr. and Emanuel, Ryan E.}, year={2008} }
 @article{emanuel_d’odorico_epstein_2007, title={A dynamic soil water threshold for vegetation water stress derived from stomatal conductance models}, volume={43}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000245203700001&KeyUID=WOS:000245203700001}, DOI={10.1029/2005WR004831}, abstractNote={In many terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation experiences limitation by different resources at different times. These resources include, among others, light, nutrients, and water. Frequently, however, leaf‐level modeling frameworks that unite these limitations rely on empirical functions to scale stomatal conductance as a function of water stress. These functions use prescribed values of soil water content to mark the transition between water‐stressed and unstressed conditions without accounting for the dependence of such a water content threshold on atmospheric and hydrologic conditions and nutrient availability. To address the phenomenon of a variable threshold to water stress, we combine an existing water‐limited stomatal conductance model with an existing assimilation (photosynthesis)‐limited stomatal conductance model. In this manner, we simulate variable controls on stomatal conductance and use a combination of the two models to define the threshold at which soil water content becomes limiting to transpiration. Modeled plant processes are used to define this water stress threshold as functionally dependent upon local environmental conditions (light, temperature, and atmospheric vapor pressure), parameters representing different vegetation types, and nutrient status. Simulations demonstrate that as environmental conditions become more favorable for assimilation, the likelihood of water stress increases. Specifically, there exist ranges of leaf temperature, light, and atmospheric humidity for which water stress is maximized.}, number={3}, journal={Water Resources Research}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and D’Odorico, Paolo and Epstein, Howard E.}, year={2007} }
 @article{riveros-iregui_emanuel_muth_mcglynn_epstein_welsch_pacific_wraith_2007, title={Diurnal hysteresis between soil CO2 and soil temperature is controlled by soil water content}, volume={34}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000249518200004&KeyUID=WOS:000249518200004}, DOI={10.1029/2007GL030938}, abstractNote={Recent years have seen a growing interest in measuring and modeling soil CO2 efflux, as this flux represents a large component of ecosystem respiration and is a key determinant of ecosystem carbon balance. Process‐based models of soil CO2 production and efflux, commonly based on soil temperature, are limited by nonlinearities such as the observed diurnal hysteresis between soil CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and temperature. Here we quantify the degree to which hysteresis between soil [CO2] and soil temperature is controlled by soil water content in a montane conifer forest, and how this nonlinearity impacts estimates of soil CO2 efflux. A representative model that does not consider hysteresis overestimated soil CO2 efflux for the entire growing season by 19%. At high levels of soil water content, hysteresis imposes organized, daily variability in the relationship between soil [CO2] and soil temperature, and at low levels of soil water content, hysteresis is minimized.}, number={17}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Riveros-Iregui, Diego A. and Emanuel, Ryan E. and Muth, Daniel J. and McGlynn, Brian L. and Epstein, Howard E. and Welsch, Daniel L. and Pacific, Vincent J. and Wraith, Jon M.}, year={2007} }
 @article{emanuel_d’odorico_epstein_2007, title={Evidence of optimal water use by vegetation across a range of North American ecosystems}, volume={34}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000245578300003&KeyUID=WOS:000245578300003}, DOI={10.1029/2006GL028909}, abstractNote={We present empirical evidence for a relationship between the modal (most frequent) soil moisture level and the soil moisture level at which maximum evapotranspiration occurs for twenty‐four flux tower sites in North America. We considered correlations and linear regressions between these two variables at annual, seasonal, bimonthly and monthly time scales for unimodal distributions of soil moisture, and found significant relationships between these two soil moisture variables at all time scales. Correlation was stronger during the summer than the winter, suggesting stronger coupling during the growing season. This coupling of modal soil moisture and soil moisture of maximum evapotranspiration suggests that vegetation may be optimizing productivity with respect to water use across different systems.}, number={7}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and D’Odorico, Paolo and Epstein, Howard E.}, year={2007} }
 @article{emanuel_albertson_epstein_williams_2006, title={Carbon dioxide exchange and early old-field succession}, volume={111}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000240986000001&KeyUID=WOS:000240986000001}, DOI={10.1029/2005JG000069}, abstractNote={Old‐field succession is a widespread process active in shaping landscapes in the eastern United States, contributing significantly to the terrestrial sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly at midlatitudes. However, few studies document ecosystem‐scale carbon dioxide exchange during the early years of old‐field succession, particularly during the temporal transition from cultivation to abandonment. Rates of carbon dioxide exchange were measured for 20 months over a field in Virginia during the transition from an actively cultivated crop field to an unmanaged old field, including one season of crop growth and two seasons of successional growth. Ecosystem carbon respiration exceeded carbon assimilation during growing seasons and dormant periods, resulting in a net flux of carbon dioxide from the biosphere to the atmosphere of between 1.27 and 1.85 kg C m−2 for the entire 20‐month period (an average loss to the atmosphere of 2.07 to 3.01 g C m−2 day −1). Crop growth (from 10 January 2001 to 6 June 2001) resulted in a net loss of between 0.22 and 0.32 kg C m−2 to the atmosphere (an average daily loss of 1.5 to 2.2 g C m−2), whereas the two seasons of successional growth combined contributed an additional 1.05 to 1.53 kg C m−2 to the atmosphere (an average daily loss of 2.2 to 3.3 g C m−2). Empirical modeling was used to demonstrate control of ecosystem carbon respiration by soil temperature, soil moisture status, and the status of vegetation growth activity. Tower‐based estimates of carbon loss were compared at both short (half hourly) and long (seasonal) timescales to independent, ground‐based measurements. Using estimates of carbon exchange from previously published studies, these results are placed in the context of a trajectory of old‐field succession.}, number={G1}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences}, author={Emanuel, Ryan E. and Albertson, John D. and Epstein, Howard E. and Williams, Christopher A.}, year={2006} }