@article{fish_foster_gruen_sherman_dorman_2017, title={Effect of wearing a Telemetry jacket on behavioral and physiologic parameters of dogs in the open-field test}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Fish, R. E. and Foster, M. L. and Gruen, M. E. and Sherman, B. L. and Dorman, D. C.}, year={2017}, pages={382–389} }
 @article{williams_long_durrant_mckeon_shive_griffith_messenger_fish_2017, title={Oral transmucosal detomidine gel in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Williams, M. D. and Long, C. T. and Durrant, J. R. and McKeon, G. P. and Shive, H. R. and Griffith, E. H. and Messenger, K. M. and Fish, R. E.}, year={2017}, pages={436–442} }
 @article{williams_fish_2016, title={A necessary consideration}, volume={45}, number={2}, journal={Lab Animal}, author={Williams, M. D. and Fish, R. E.}, year={2016}, pages={58–58} }
 @article{williams_fish_2016, title={Response to Protocol Review Scenario: A necessary consideration}, volume={45}, ISSN={0093-7355 1548-4475}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/LABAN.926}, DOI={10.1038/LABAN.926}, number={2}, journal={Lab Animal}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Williams, Morika D. and Fish, Richard E.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={58–58} }
 @article{sherman_gruen_case_foster_fish_lazarowski_depuy_dorman_2015, title={A test for the evaluation of emotional reactivity in Labrador retrievers used for explosives detection}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2014.12.007}, abstractNote={The United States Marine Corps (USMC) uses Labrador retrievers as improvised explosive device detection dogs (IDDs). Of critical importance is the selection of dogs that are emotionally suited for this highly specialized application. The goal of our study was to develop an emotional reactivity test (ERT) as a screening tool for the selection of IDDs. The ERT included a series of subtasks that expose each dog sequentially to visual, auditory, and experiential stimuli with an associated grading scale used by trained observers to rate individual dog responses. In this study, 16 Labrador retrievers that met initial selection criteria as candidate IDDs were assessed using the ERT, measurement of plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations (pre- and post-ERT), and an independent open-field test of anxiety in response to sound stimuli. Based on the sum of its responses, each dog was assigned an aggregate ERT score. Aggregate ERT scores from independent trained observers were highly concordant [Shrout-Fleiss's intraclass correlation (2,1) = 0.96] suggesting excellent inter-rater reliability. The aggregate ERT scores were also negatively correlated with the dogs' scores on the open-field anxiety test (Spearman rank correlation, n = 16, r = −0.57, P = 0.0214). In addition, there were significant increases in salivary (Wilcoxon signed rank, n = 16, S = 38.5, P = 0.0458) and plasma (Wilcoxon signed rank, n = 16, S = 68, P < 0.0001) cortisol levels after the ERT, compared with baseline, suggesting that exposure to the ERT test elements produced a physiological stress response. We conclude that the ERT is a useful pre-training screening test that can be used to identify dogs with a low threshold of emotional reactivity for rejection, and dogs with a high threshold of emotional reactivity for entry into the IDD training program.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Sherman, Barbara L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Case, Beth C. and Foster, Melanie L. and Fish, Richard E. and Lazarowski, Lucia and DePuy, Venita and Dorman, David C.}, year={2015}, pages={94–102} }
 @article{lazarowski_foster_gruen_sherman_fish_milgram_dorman_2015, title={Olfactory discrimination and generalization of ammonium nitrate and structurally related odorants in Labrador retrievers}, volume={18}, ISSN={1435-9448 1435-9456}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0894-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10071-015-0894-9}, abstractNote={A critical aspect of canine explosive detection involves the animal's ability respond to novel, untrained odors based on prior experience with training odors. In the current study, adult Labrador retrievers (N = 15) were initially trained to discriminate between a rewarded odor (vanillin) and an unrewarded odor (ethanol) by manipulating scented objects with their nose in order to receive a food reward using a canine-adapted discrimination training apparatus. All dogs successfully learned this olfactory discrimination task (≥80 % correct in a mean of 296 trials). Next, dogs were trained on an ammonium nitrate (AN, NH4NO3) olfactory discrimination task [acquired in 60-240 trials, with a mean (±SEM) number of trials to criterion of 120.0 ± 15.6] and then tested for their ability to respond to untrained ammonium- and/or nitrate-containing chemicals as well as variants of AN compounds. Dogs did not respond to sodium nitrate or ammonium sulfate compounds at rates significantly higher than chance (58.8 ± 4.5 and 57.7 ± 3.3 % correct, respectively). Transfer performance to fertilizer-grade AN, AN mixed in Iraqi soil, and AN and flaked aluminum was significantly higher than chance (66.7 ± 3.2, 73.3 ± 4.0, 68.9 ± 4.0 % correct, respectively); however, substantial individual differences were observed. Only 53, 60, and 64 % of dogs had a correct response rate with fertilizer-grade AN, AN and Iraqi soil, and AN and flaked aluminum, respectively, that were greater than chance. Our results suggest that dogs do not readily generalize from AN to similar AN-based odorants at reliable levels desired for explosive detection dogs and that performance varies significantly within Labrador retrievers selected for an explosive detection program.}, number={6}, journal={Animal Cognition}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lazarowski, Lucia and Foster, Melanie L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L. and Fish, Richard E. and Milgram, Norton W. and Dorman, David C.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={1255–1265} }
 @article{kedrowicz_fish_hammond_2015, title={Relationship between Anticipatory Socialization Experiences and First-Year Veterinary Students' Career Interests}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0814-083r}, abstractNote={The purpose of this project was to explore first-year veterinary students' anticipatory socialization—life, education, and social experiences that assist in preparation for professional occupations—and determine what relationship exists between those experiences and career interests. Seventy-three first-year veterinary students enrolled in the Careers in Veterinary Medicine course completed the Veterinary Careers survey. Results show that students' anticipatory vocational socialization experiences are significantly related to their stated career interests. The career interests with the highest percentage of students expressing “a great deal of interest” included specialty private practice (37%), research and teaching in an academic setting (33%), and international veterinary medicine (31%). The career interests with the highest percentage of students expressing “no interest at all” included the military (50%), equine private practice (42%), and the pharmaceutical industry (41%). Less than half of the students (42%) stated that they reconsidered their career path after the first semester of veterinary school, but the majority (87%) developed a better understanding of how to pursue a nontraditional career path should they choose to do so.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Kedrowicz, April A. and Fish, Richard E. and Hammond, Sarah}, year={2015}, pages={18–27} }
 @article{gruen_case_foster_lazarowski_fish_landsberg_depuy_dorman_sherman_2015, title={The use of an open-field model to assess sound-induced fear and anxiety-associated behaviors in Labrador retrievers}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2015.03.007}, abstractNote={Previous studies have shown that the playing of thunderstorm recordings during an open-field task elicits fearful or anxious responses in adult beagles. The goal of our study was to apply this open field test to assess sound-induced behaviors in Labrador retrievers drawn from a pool of candidate improvised explosive devices (IED)-detection dogs. Being robust to fear-inducing sounds and recovering quickly is a critical requirement of these military working dogs. This study presented male and female dogs, with 3 minutes of either ambient noise (Days 1, 3 and 5), recorded thunderstorm (Day 2), or gunfire (Day 4) sounds in an open field arena. Behavioral and physiological responses were assessed and compared to control (ambient noise) periods. An observer blinded to sound treatment analyzed video records of the 9-minute daily test sessions. Additional assessments included measurement of distance traveled (activity), heart rate, body temperature, and salivary cortisol concentrations. Overall, there was a decline in distance traveled and heart rate within each day and over the five-day test period, suggesting that dogs habituated to the open field arena. Behavioral postures and expressions were assessed using a standardized rubric to score behaviors linked to canine fear and anxiety. These fear/anxiety scores were used to evaluate changes in behaviors following exposure to a sound stressor. Compared to control periods, there was an overall increase in fear/anxiety scores during thunderstorm and gunfire sound stimuli treatment periods. Fear/anxiety scores were correlated with distance traveled, and heart rate. Fear/anxiety scores in response to thunderstorm and gunfire were correlated. Dogs showed higher fear/anxiety scores during periods after the sound stimuli compared to control periods. In general, candidate IED-detection Labrador retrievers responded to sound stimuli and recovered quickly, although dogs stratified in their response to sound stimuli. Some dogs were robust to fear/anxiety responses. The results suggest that the open field sound test may be a useful method to evaluate the suitability of dogs for IED-detection training.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Case, Beth C. and Foster, Melanie L. and Lazarowski, Lucia and Fish, Richard E. and Landsberg, Gary and Depuy, Venita and Dorman, David C. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2015}, pages={338–345} }
 @article{lazarowski_foster_gruen_sherman_case_fish_milgram_dorman_2014, title={Acquisition of a visual discrimination and reversal learning task by Labrador retrievers}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1435-9456"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10071-013-0712-1}, abstractNote={Optimal cognitive ability is likely important for military working dogs (MWD) trained to detect explosives. An assessment of a dog’s ability to rapidly learn discriminations might be useful in the MWD selection process. In this study, visual discrimination and reversal tasks were used to assess cognitive performance in Labrador retrievers selected for an explosives detection program using a modified version of the Toronto General Testing Apparatus (TGTA), a system developed for assessing performance in a battery of neuropsychological tests in canines. The results of the current study revealed that, as previously found with beagles tested using the TGTA, Labrador retrievers (N = 16) readily acquired both tasks and learned the discrimination task significantly faster than the reversal task. The present study confirmed that the modified TGTA system is suitable for cognitive evaluations in Labrador retriever MWDs and can be used to further explore effects of sex, phenotype, age, and other factors in relation to canine cognition and learning, and may provide an additional screening tool for MWD selection.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL COGNITION}, author={Lazarowski, Lucia and Foster, Melanie L. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L. and Case, Beth C. and Fish, Richard E. and Milgram, Norton W. and Dorman, David C.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={787–792} }
 @article{fish_griffith_2014, title={Career Attitudes of First-Year Veterinary Students Before and After a Required Course on Veterinary Careers}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0114-008r}, abstractNote={ Careers in Veterinary Medicine is a required, one-credit-hour course at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM), which meets once weekly during veterinary students' first semester. Lectures in this course are presented by one or more veterinarians representing diverse career areas. A voluntary, anonymous survey was distributed before the first class meeting in 2011 (PRE) and at the end of the semester (POST) to assess if students' career interests changed during the semester. The survey collected basic demographic data and students' preferences (on a Likert scale) for 17 veterinary career paths. Out of 63 students, 36 (57%) in the POST survey said that their career interests had changed during the semester, and 17 of the 26 students (65%) who gave a reason credited the careers course as one factor in reconsidering their career choice. Only 3 of the 17 career paths had statistically significant PRE/POST survey differences in Likert response frequency (equine practice, pathology, and wildlife medicine), but both informal discussions with students and responses to open-ended survey questions indicated that many students valued the introduction to unfamiliar veterinary career areas. Careers in Veterinary Medicine is a vital component of recent career-planning initiatives in the college, which will be especially important to veterinary students as they face continued changes in the profession, such as the increased debt load of the new graduate and the threat of veterinary workforce oversupply. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Fish, Richard E. and Griffith, Emily H.}, year={2014}, pages={243–252} }
 @article{sorrell_fish_taylor_2010, title={Pediculosis in two research ponies (Equus caballus)}, volume={49}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Sorrell, M. S. and Fish, R. E. and Taylor, K. H.}, year={2010}, pages={487–490} }
 @article{alworth_simmons_franklin_fish_2009, title={Clostridial typhlitis associated with topical antibiotic therapy in a Syrian hamster}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1758-1117"]}, DOI={10.1258/la.2008.008072}, abstractNote={ A Syrian hamster that had been treated with topical antibiotic ointment for 10 days following injuries sustained during fighting was presented moribund. Postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed lesions consistent with clostridial typhlitis and enteritis. Anaerobic culture of caecal contents resulted in the isolation of two Clostridium species, and caecal contents contained Clostridium difficile enterotoxins. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of acute C. difficile enterotoxaemia was made. This report discusses the pathogenesis of C. difficile enterotoxaemia and the potential role of topical antibiotic ointment therapy in initiating the disease. }, number={3}, journal={LABORATORY ANIMALS}, author={Alworth, L. and Simmons, J. and Franklin, C. and Fish, R.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={304–309} }
 @book{fish_2008, title={Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals}, publisher={Amsterdam ;|aBoston: Academic}, author={Fish, R. E.}, year={2008} }
 @article{sorrell_taylor_fish_2008, title={Secondary acute anterior uveitis with hyphema in a purpose-bred kitten}, volume={47}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Sorrell, M. S. and Taylor, K. H. and Fish, R. E.}, year={2008}, pages={57–60} }
 @misc{meyer_fish_2005, title={A review of tribromoethanol anesthesia for production of genetically engineered mice and rats}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1548-4475"]}, DOI={10.1038/laban1105-47}, abstractNote={Tribromoethanol (TBE) is easy and inexpensive to make in the laboratory from readily available reagents, requires no special equipment for its administration, and is not subject to federal or state drug enforcement agency regulations. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of TBE results in the simple and rapid induction of short-term surgical anesthesia; however, recent adverse reports about the efficacy and safety of TBE make its continued routine use as a rodent anesthetic controversial. The authors review the history and use of TBE as an animal anesthetic and conclude that TBE should be relegated to acute terminal studies when administered i.p.}, number={10}, journal={LAB ANIMAL}, author={Meyer, RE and Fish, RE}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={47–52} }
 @article{mccrory_fish_2002, title={Otitis interna as a result of Pasteurella multocida infection in a laboratory woodchuck}, volume={41}, number={1}, journal={Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science}, author={McCrory, W. P. and Fish, R. E.}, year={2002}, pages={43–45} }