@article{sloop_ade_fornes_gilbert_smith_2001, title={Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy of a polycarbonate/poly (acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) blend}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1099-0488"]}, DOI={10.1002/1099-0488(20010301)39:5<531::AID-POLB1026>3.0.CO;2-Q}, abstractNote={Blends of polycarbonate (PC), poly(styrene/acrylonitrile) (SAN), and polybutadiene (PB), commonly called PC/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) blends, are complex mixtures. The ABS component consists of free SAN copolymer and SAN grafted onto PB (SAN-g-PB). PC/ABS blends are materials that typically require heavy metal staining to differentiate the separate phases at a high spatial resolution in an electron microscope. Our eventual goal is the characterization of blends of PC and ABS as a function of increasing thermomechanical cycles. Because heavy metal staining is not directly sensitive to potential compositional changes in these polymers, we explored the characterization of PC/ABS blends with a directly sensitive imaging technique: near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) microscopy. Here we report NEXAFS spectra of the carbon K shell of PC, SAN, and SAN-gPB, and we evaluate the contrast in a PC/ABS blend across an energy range of 280–295 eV in the presence of TiO2 additives. We unambiguously observed free SAN in the PC matrix. NEXAFS spectroscopy exhibits spectral variations that are sensitive to numerous chemical functionalities and permits the characterization of the composition of organic materials. The information is analogous to what can be obtained in the near edge of core loss features in electron energy loss spectroscopy. During the last few years, the combination of NEXAFS and a high spatial resolution of about 50 nm has been achieved. The resolution has not reached a fundamental limit and is expected to approach 10 nm in the future. NEXAFS microscopy has already been used to image biological systems and examine the morphology and orientation of polymer systems near the K-shell absorption edge of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. NEXAFS spectroscopy without spatial resolution has also been successfully used to investigate various polymer surfaces (see refs. 19–26). One advantage of NEXAFS microscopy in imaging polymer systems is that materials of similar electron density and elemental chemistry can be differentiated and complex compositions can be quantified at much higher spatial resolutions than are possible with IR or Raman microscopy. In addition, organic materials can be differentiated directly on the basis of differences in chemical composition rather than through the indirect and aggressive Correspondence to: C. C. Sloop (E-mail: ccsloop@us. ibm.com) Present Address: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD *Present Address: IBM Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Sloop, CC and Ade, H and Fornes, RE and Gilbert, RD and Smith, AP}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={531–535} }
 @article{fornes_demaster_levin_blair_1999, title={Bioturbation and particle transport in Carolina slope sediments: A radiochemical approach}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1543-9542"]}, DOI={10.1357/002224099321618245}, abstractNote={In situ tracer experiments investigated short-term sediment mixing processes at two Carolina continental margin sites (water depth = 850 m) characterized by different organic C fluxes, 234 Th mixing coefficients (D b ) and benthic assemblages. Phytoplankton, slope sediment, and sand-sized glass beads tagged with 210 Pb, 113 Sn, and 228 Th, respectively, were placed via submersible at the sediment-water interface at both field sites (Site I off Cape Fear, and Site III off Cape Hatteras). Experimental plots were sampled at 0, 1.5 days, and 90 days after tracer emplacement to examine short-term, vertical transport. Both sites are initially dominated by nonlocal mixing. Transport to the bottom of the surface mixed layer at both sites occurs more rapidly than 234 Th-based D b values predict; after 1.5 days, tagged particles were observed 5 cm below the sediment-water interface at Site I and 12 cm below at Site III. Impulse tracer profiles after 90 days at Site III exhibit primarily diffusive distributions, most likely due to a large number of random, nonlocal mixing events. The D b values determined from 90-day particle tagging experiments are comparable to those obtained from naturally occurring 234 Th profiles (∼100-day time scales) from nearby locations. The agreement between impulse tracer mixing coefficients and steady-state natural tracer mixing coefficients suggests that the diffusive analogue for bioturbation on monthly time scales is a realistic and useful approach. Tracer profiles from both sites exhibit some degree of particle selective mixing, but the preferential transport of the more labile carbon containing particles only occurred 30% of the time. Consequently, variations in the extent to which age-dependent mixing occurs in marine sediments may depend on factors such as faunal assemblage and organic carbon flux.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH}, author={Fornes, WL and DeMaster, DJ and Levin, LA and Blair, NE}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={335–355} }
 @misc{batra_fornes_hersh_1980, title={HUMIDIFIERS AS A SOURCE OF RESPIRABLE DUST IN TEXTILE MILLS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051758005000711}, abstractNote={We wish to bring to your attention some recent observations concerning the source of respirable dust in cotton textile mills. A considerable fraction of the airborne lint-free respirable cotton dust, as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ~14], present in a textile plant might be introduced by the humidification system. This suggestion is based on our work in the model card room at the School of Textiles, North Carolina State University. Specifically we have observed that, with the model card}, number={7}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={BATRA, SK and FORNES, RE and HERSH, SP}, year={1980}, pages={454–455} }