Rebecca Irwin

Hamon, L. E., Youngsteadt, E., Irwin, R. E., & Sorenson, C. E. (2024). As prey and pollinators, insects increase reproduction and allow for outcrossing in the carnivorous plant <i>Dionaea muscipula. American Journal of Botany. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16279

Armstead, S., Carper, A., Davidson, D., Blanchard, M., Hopwood, J., Larcom, R., … Inouye, D. (2024). Colorado Native Pollinating Insects Health Study. Denver, Colorado: Colorado Department of Natural Resources.

Ruzi, S. A., Youngsteadt, E., Cherveny, A. H., Kettenbach, J., Levenson, H. K., Carley, D. S., … Irwin, R. E. (2023). Bee species richness through time in an urbanizing landscape of the southeastern <scp>United States. Global Change Biology, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17060

Strange, J. P., Tripodi, A. D., Huntzinger, C., Knoblett, J., Klinger, E., Herndon, J. D., … Adler, L. S. (2023). Comparative analysis of 3 pollen sterilization methods for feeding bumble bees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 116(3), 662–673. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad036

Heiling, J. M., Irwin, R. E., & Morris, W. F. (2023). Conflicting constraints on male mating success shape reward size in pollen‐rewarding plants. American Journal of Botany, 110(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16158

Prather, R. M., Dalton, R. M., barr, billy, Blumstein, D. T., Boggs, C. L., Brody, A. K., … Underwood, N. (2023). Current and lagged climate affects phenology across diverse taxonomic groups. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290(1990). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2181

Giacomini, J. J., Adler, L. S., Reading, B. J., & Irwin, R. E. (2023). Differential bumble bee gene expression associated with pathogen infection and pollen diet. BMC Genomics, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09143-5

Taylor, B. W., Allf, B., Hopkins, S. R., Irwin, R. E., Jewell, M., Nevo, O., … Dunn, R. R. (2023). Nature's chefs: Uniting the hidden diversity of food making and preparing species across the tree of life. BioScience, 73(6), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad026

Malfi, R. L., McFrederick, Q. S., Lozano, G., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2023). Sunflower plantings reduce a common gut pathogen and increase queen production in common eastern bumblebee colonies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290(1996). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.0055

Figueroa, L. L., Fowler, A., Lopez, S., Amaral, V. E., Koch, H., Stevenson, P. C., … Adler, L. S. (2023). Sunflower spines and beyond: Mechanisms and breadth of pollen that reduce gut pathogen infection in the common eastern bumble bee. Functional Ecology, 37(6), 1757–1769. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14320

Campbell, D. R., Price, M. V., Waser, N. M., Irwin, R. E., & Brody, A. K. (2022). Comparative impacts of long‐term trends in snowmelt and species interactions on plant population dynamics. Journal of Ecology, 110(5), 1102–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13875

Fowler, A. E., Sadd, B. M., Bassingthwaite, T., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2022). Consuming sunflower pollen reduced pathogen infection but did not alter measures of immunity in bumblebees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1853). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0160

Pinilla-Gallego, M. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2022). Effects of an alternative host on the prevalence and intensity of infection of a bumble bee parasite. Parasitology, 149(4), 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118202200004X

Pinilla-Gallego, M. S., Ng, W. H., Amaral, V. E., & Irwin, R. E. (2022, June 12). Floral shape predicts bee-parasite transmission potential. ECOLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3730

Pardee, G. L., Griffin, S. R., Stemkovski, M., Harrison, T., Portman, Z. M., Kazenel, M. R., … Irwin, R. E. (2022). Life-history traits predict responses of wild bees to climate variation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1973). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2697

Carper, A. L., Warren, P. S., Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2022). Pollen limitation of native plant reproduction in an urban landscape. American Journal of Botany, 109(12), 1969–1980. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16080

Stemkovski, M., Dickson, R. G., Griffin, S. R., Inouye, B. D., Inouye, D. W., Pardee, G. L., … Irwin, R. E. (2022). Skewness in bee and flower phenological distributions. Ecology, 104(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3890

Giacomini, J. J., Moore, N., Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2022). Sunflower pollen induces rapid excretion in bumble bees: Implications for host-pathogen interactions. Journal of Insect Physiology, 137, 104356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104356

Fowler, A. E., Giacomini, J. J., Connon, S. J., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2022). Sunflower pollen reduces a gut pathogen in the model bee species,
            <i>Bombus impatiens
            , but has weaker effects in three wild congeners. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1968). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1909

Palmer-Young, E. C., Malfi, R., Zhou, Y., Joyce, B., Whitehead, H., Van Wyk, J. I., … Adler, L. S. (2022). Sunflower-Associated Reductions in Varroa Mite Infestation of Honey Bee Colonies. Journal of Economic Entomology, 116(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac196

Ledbetter, T., Richman, S., Irwin, R., & Bronstein, J. (2022). What are the plant reproductive consequences of losing a nectar robber? Journal of Pollination Ecology, 32, 97–109. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)663

Rixen, C., Høye, T. T., Macek, P., Aerts, R., Alatalo, J. M., Anderson, J. T., … Zong, S. (2022). Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems. Arctic Science, 8(3), 572–608. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2020-0058

Adler, L. S., Irwin, R. E., McArt, S. H., & Vannette, R. L. (2021). Floral traits affecting the transmission of beneficial and pathogenic pollinator-associated microbes. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 44, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2020.08.006

Heiling, J. M., Bronstein, J. L., & Irwin, R. E. (2021). Nectar addition changes pollinator behavior but not plant reproduction in pollen‐rewarding <i>Lupinus argenteus. American Journal of Botany, 108(3), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1613

Rewcastle, K. E., Henning, J. A., Read, Q. D., Irwin, R. E., Sanders, N. J., & Classen, A. T. (2021). Plant removal across an elevational gradient marginally reduces rates, substantially reduces variation in mineralization. Ecology, 103(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3546

Carper, A. L., Richardson, L. L., Irwin, R. E., & Bowers, M. D. (2021). Seasonal Variation in Host Plant Chemistry Drives Sequestration in a Specialist Caterpillar. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 48(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-021-01321-7

Richman, S. K., Barker, J. L., Baek, M., Papaj, D. R., Irwin, R. E., & Bronstein, J. L. (2021). The Sensory and Cognitive Ecology of Nectar Robbing. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.698137

Giacomini, J. J., Connon, S. J., Marulanda, D., Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2021). The costs and benefits of sunflower pollen diet on bumble bee colony disease and health. Ecosphere, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3663

Prado, S. G., Collazo, J. A., Marand, M. H., & Irwin, R. E. (2021). The influence of floral resources and microclimate on pollinator visitation in an agro-ecosystem. AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT, 307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107196

Adler, L. S., Fowler, A. E., Malfi, R. L., Anderson, P. R., Coppinger, L. M., Deneen, P. M., … Stevenson, P. C. (2020). Assessing Chemical Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Sunflower Pollen on a Gut Pathogen in Bumble Bees. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 46(8), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-020-01168-4

Stemkovski, M., Pearse, W. D., Griffin, S. R., Pardee, G. L., Gibbs, J., Griswold, T., … Irwin, R. E. (2020). Bee phenology is predicted by climatic variation and functional traits. Ecology Letters, 23(11), 1589–1598. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13583

Lichtenberg, E. M., Irwin, R. E., & Bronstein, J. L. (2020). Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 170, 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.09.008

Tauber, J. P., Tozkar, C. Ö., Schwarz, R. S., Lopez, D., Irwin, R. E., Adler, L. S., & Evans, J. D. (2020). Colony-Level Effects of Amygdalin on Honeybees and Their Microbes. Insects, 11(11), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110783

Lichtenberg, E. M., Richman, S. K., Irwin, R. E., & Bronstein, J. L. (2020). Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy. Ecological Entomology, 45(4), 904–909. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12866

Ngor, L., Palmer-Young, E. C., Burciaga Nevarez, R., Russell, K. A., Leger, L., Giacomini, S. J., … McFrederick, Q. S. (2020). Cross-infectivity of honey and bumble bee-associated parasites across three bee families. Parasitology, 147(12), 1290–1304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182020001018

Adler, L. S., Barber, N. A., Biller, O. M., & Irwin, R. E. (2020). Flowering plant composition shapes pathogen infection intensity and reproduction in bumble bee colonies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(21), 11559–11565. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000074117

Fowler, A. E., Stone, E. C., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2020). Sunflower pollen reduces a gut pathogen in worker and queen but not male bumble bees. Ecological Entomology, 45(6), 1318–1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12915

Inouye, D. W., Underwood, N., Inouye, B. D., & Irwin, R. E. (2020). Support early-career field researchers. Science, 368(6492), 724–725. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1261

Irwin, R. E., Youngsteadt, E., Warren, P. S., & Bronstein, J. L. (2020). The Evolutionary Ecology of Mutualisms in Urban Landscapes. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836841.003.0007

Woodard, S. H., Federman, S., James, R. R., Danforth, B. N., Griswold, T. L., Inouye, D., … Wehling, W. (2020). Towards a US national program for monitoring native bees. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, 252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108821

Pinilla-Gallego, M. S., Williams, E. E., Davis, A., Fitzgerald, J. L., McArt, S. H., & Irwin, R. E. (2020). Within-Colony Transmission of Microsporidian and Trypanosomatid Parasites in Honey Bee and Bumble Bee Colonies. Environmental Entomology, 49(6), 1393–1401. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa112

Prado, S. G., Collazo, J. A., Stevenson, P. C., & Irwin, R. E. (2019). A comparison of coffee floral traits under two different agricultural practices. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43753-y

Figueroa, L. L., Blinder, M., Grincavitch, C., Jelinek, A., Mann, E. K., Merva, L. A., … Adler, L. S. (2019). Bee pathogen transmission dynamics: deposition, persistence and acquisition on flowers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1903), 20190603. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0603

Palmer‐Young, E. C., Farrell, I. W., Adler, L. S., Milano, N. J., Egan, P. A., Junker, R. R., … Stevenson, P. C. (2019). Chemistry of floral rewards: intra‐ and interspecific variability of nectar and pollen secondary metabolites across taxa. Ecological Monographs, 89(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1335

LoCascio, G. M., Pasquale, R., Amponsah, E., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2019). Effect of timing and exposure of sunflower pollen on a common gut pathogen of bumble bees. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, 44(5), 702–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12751

Fowler, A. E., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2019). Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 4(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20190069

Heiling, J. M., Cook, D., Lee, S. T., & Irwin, R. E. (2019). Pollen and vegetative secondary chemistry of three pollen‐rewarding lupines. American Journal of Botany, 106(5), 643–655. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1283

LoCascio, G. M., Aguirre, L., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2019). Pollen from multiple sunflower cultivars and species reduces a common bumblebee gut pathogen. Royal Society Open Science, 6(4), 190279. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190279

Michaud, K. M., Irwin, R. E., Barber, N. A., & Adler, L. S. (2019). Preinfection Effects of Nectar Secondary Compounds on a Bumble Bee Gut Pathogen. Environmental Entomology, 48(3), 685–690. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz018

Palmer‐Young, E. C., Farrell, I. W., Adler, L. S., Milano, N. J., Egan, P. A., Irwin, R. E., & Stevenson, P. C. (2019). Secondary metabolites from nectar and pollen: a resource for ecological and evolutionary studies. Ecology, 100(4), e02621. https://doi.org/10.1002/ECY.2621

Pardee, G. L., Jensen, I. O., Inouye, D. W., & Irwin, R. E. (2019). The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs. Journal of Ecology, 107(4), 1970–1981. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13152

Richman, S. K., Irwin, R. E., Bosak, J. T., & Bronstein, J. L. (2018). Consequences of secondary nectar robbing for male components of plant reproduction. American Journal of Botany, 105(5), 943–949. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1082

Lichtenberg, E. M., Irwin, R. E., & Bronstein, J. L. (2018). Costs and benefits of alternative food handling tactics help explain facultative exploitation of pollination mutualisms. Ecology, 99(8), 1815–1824. https://doi.org/10.1002/ECY.2395

Egan, P. A., Adler, L. S., Irwin, R. E., Farrell, I. W., Palmer-Young, E. C., & Stevenson, P. C. (2018). Crop Domestication Alters Floral Reward Chemistry With Potential Consequences for Pollinator Health. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01357

Adler, L. S., Michaud, K. M., Ellner, S. P., McArt, S. H., Stevenson, P. C., & Irwin, R. E. (2018). Disease where you dine: plant species and floral traits associated with pathogen transmission in bumble bees. Ecology, 99(11), 2535–2545. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2503

Rothchild, K. W., Adler, L. S., Irwin, R. E., Sadd, B. M., Stevenson, P. C., & Palmer‐Young, E. C. (2018). Effects of short‐term exposure to naturally occurring thymol concentrations on transmission of a bumble bee parasite. Ecological Entomology, 43(5), 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12631

Giacomini, J. J., Leslie, J., Tarpy, D. R., Palmer-Young, E. C., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2018). Medicinal value of sunflower pollen against bee pathogens. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32681-y

Irwin, R. E., Warren, P. S., & Adler, L. S. (2018). Phenotypic selection on floral traits in an urban landscape. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1884), 20181239. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1239

Urbanowicz, C., Virginia, R. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2018). Pollen limitation and reproduction of three plant species across a temperature gradient in western Greenland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2017.1414485

Hamon, L. E., Youngsteadt, E., Irwin, R. E., & Sorenson, C. E. (2018). Pollination Ecology and Morphology of Venus Flytrap in Sites of Varying Time Since Last Fire. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 112(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say032

Urbanowicz, C., Virginia, R. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2018). Publisher Correction to: The response of pollen-transport networks to landscape-scale climate variation. Polar Biology, 41(8), 1651–1651. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00300-018-2304-7

Prado, S. G., Collazo, J. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2018). Resurgence of specialized shade coffee cultivation: Effects on pollination services and quality of coffee production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 265, 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.002

Madden, A. A., Epps, M. J., Fukami, T., Irwin, R. E., Sheppard, J., Sorger, D. M., & Dunn, R. R. (2018). The ecology of insect–yeast relationships and its relevance to human industry. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1875), 20172733. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2733

Youngsteadt, E., Irwin, R. E., Fowler, A., Bertone, M. A., Giacomini, S. J., Kunz, M., … Sorenson, C. E. (2018). Venus Flytrap Rarely Traps Its Pollinators. The American Naturalist, 191(4), 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1086/696124

Heiling, J. M., Ledbetter, T. A., Richman, S. K., Ellison, H. K., Bronstein, J. L., & Irwin, R. E. (2018). Why are some plant–nectar robber interactions commensalisms? Oikos, 127(11), 1679–1689. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.05440

Palmer-Young, E. C., Hogeboom, A., Kaye, A. J., Donnelly, D., Andicoechea, J., Connon, S. J., … Adler, L. S. (2017). Context-dependent medicinal effects of anabasine and infection-dependent toxicity in bumble bees. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0183729. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183729

Pardee, G. L., Inouye, D. W., & Irwin, R. E. (2017). Direct and indirect effects of episodic frost on plant growth and reproduction in subalpine wildflowers. Global Change Biology, 24(2), 848–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13865

Richman, S. K., Irwin, R. E., Nelson, C. J., & Bronstein, J. L. (2017). Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants. Journal of Ecology, 105(1), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12657

Richman, S. K., Irwin, R. E., & Bronstein, J. L. (2017). Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber. Oikos, 126(9), 1250–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.04229

Ogilvie, J. E., Griffin, S. R., Gezon, Z. J., Inouye, B. D., Underwood, N., Inouye, D. W., & Irwin, R. E. (2017). Interannual bumble bee abundance is driven by indirect climate effects on floral resource phenology. Ecology Letters, 20(12), 1507–1515. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12854

McArt, S. H., Urbanowicz, C., McCoshum, S., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2017). Landscape predictors of pathogen prevalence and range contractions in US bumblebees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1867), 20172181. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2181

Palmer-Young, E. C., Tozkar, C. Ö., Schwarz, R. S., Chen, Y., Irwin, R. E., Adler, L. S., & Evans, J. D. (2017). Nectar and Pollen Phytochemicals Stimulate Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Immunity to Viral Infection. Journal of Economic Entomology, 110(5), 1959–1972. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox193

Palmer‐Young, E. C., Sadd, B. M., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2017). Synergistic effects of floral phytochemicals against a bumble bee parasite. Ecology and Evolution, 7(6), 1836–1849. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2794

Bronstein, J. L., Barker, J. L., Lichtenberg, E. M., Richardson, L. L., & Irwin, R. E. (2017). The behavioral ecology of nectar robbing: why be tactic constant? Current Opinion in Insect Science, 21, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.013

Urbanowicz, C., Virginia, R. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2017). The response of pollen-transport networks to landscape-scale climate variation. Polar Biology, 40(11), 2253–2263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2138-8

Palmer-Young, E. C., Sadd, B. M., Stevenson, P. C., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2016). Bumble bee parasite strains vary in resistance to phytochemicals. Scientific Reports, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37087

Schaeffer, R. N., Mei, Y. Z., Andicoechea, J., Manson, J. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2016). Consequences of a nectar yeast for pollinator preference and performance. Functional Ecology, 31(3), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12762

Carper, A. L., Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2016). Effects of florivory on plant-pollinator interactions: Implications for male and female components of plant reproduction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 103(6), 1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600144

Conroy, T. J., Palmer-Young, E. C., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2016). Food Limitation Affects Parasite Load and Survival of <i>Bombus impatiens</i>  (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Infected With<i>Crithidia</i>(Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae). Environmental Entomology, 45(5), 1212–1219. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvw099

Adler, L. S., Leege, L. M., & Irwin, R. E. (2016). Geographic variation in resistance to nectar robbing and consequences for pollination. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 103(10), 1819–1828. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600114

Richardson, L. L., Bowers, M. D., & Irwin, R. E. (2016). Nectar chemistry mediates the behavior of parasitized bees: consequences for plant fitness. Ecology, 97(2), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0263.1

Gezon, Z. J., Inouye, D. W., & Irwin, R. E. (2016). Phenological change in a spring ephemeral: implications for pollination and plant reproduction. Global Change Biology, 22(5), 1779–1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13209

Cook, D., Slominski, A., Gardner, D. R., Pfister, J. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2016). Seasonal variation in the secondary chemistry of foliar and reproductive tissues of Delphinium nuttallianum. BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY, 65, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2016.02.006

Stevanovic, J., Schwarz, R. S., Vejnovic, B., Evans, J. D., Irwin, R. E., Glavinic, U., & Stanimirovic, Z. (2016). Species-specific diagnostics of Apis mellifera trypanosomatids: A nine-year survey (2007-2015) for trypanosomatids and microsporidians in Serbian honey bees. JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY, 139, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2016.07.001

Hung, K.-L. J., Ascher, J. S., Gibbs, J., Irwin, R. E., & Bolger, D. T. (2015). Effects of fragmentation on a distinctive coastal sage scrub bee fauna revealed through incidental captures by pitfall traps. Journal of Insect Conservation, 19(1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10841-015-9763-8

Schaeffer, R. N., Vannette, R. L., & Irwin, R. E. (2015). Nectar yeasts in Delphinium nuttallianum (Ranunculaceae) and their effects on nectar quality. Fungal Ecology, 18, 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUNECO.2015.09.010

Richardson, L. L., & Irwin, R. E. (2015). Pollination ecology and floral visitor spectrum of turtlehead (<i>Chelone glabra</i> L.; Plantaginaceae). Journal of Pollination Ecology, 17, 132–144. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2015)18

Biller, O. M., Adler, L. S., Irwin, R. E., McAllister, C., & Palmer-Young, E. C. (2015). Possible Synergistic Effects of Thymol and Nicotine against Crithidia bombi Parasitism in Bumble Bees. PLOS ONE, 10(12), e0144668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144668

Irwin, R. E., Howell, P., & Galen, C. (2015). Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness. Journal of Ecology, 103(6), 1487–1497. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12476

Richardson, L. L., Adler, L. S., Leonard, A. S., Andicoechea, J., Regan, K. H., Anthony, W. E., … Irwin, R. E. (2015). Secondary metabolites in floral nectar reduce parasite infections in bumblebees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1803), 20142471. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2471

Anthony, W. E., Palmer-Young, E. C., Leonard, A. S., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2015). Testing Dose-Dependent Effects of the Nectar Alkaloid Anabasine on Trypanosome Parasite Loads in Adult Bumble Bees. PLOS ONE, 10(11), e0142496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142496

Gezon, Z. J., Wyman, E. S., Ascher, J. S., Inouye, D. W., & Irwin, R. E. (2015). The effect of repeated, lethal sampling on wild bee abundance and diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(9), 1044–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12375

Thorburn, L. P., Adler, L. S., Irwin, R. E., & Palmer-Young, E. C. (2015). Variable effects of nicotine and anabasine on parasitized bumble bees. F1000Research, 4, 880. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6870.1

McArt, S. H., Koch, H., Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2014). Arranging the bouquet of disease: floral traits and the transmission of plant and animal pathogens. Ecology Letters, 17(5), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12257

Carper, A. L., Adler, L. S., Warren, P. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2014). Effects of Suburbanization on Forest Bee Communities. Environmental Entomology, 43(2), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1603/en13078

Schaeffer, R. N., Phillips, C. R., Duryea, M. C., Andicoechea, J., & Irwin, R. E. (2014). Nectar Yeasts in the Tall Larkspur Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae) and Effects on Components of Pollinator Foraging Behavior. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e108214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108214

Irwin, R. E., Warren, P. S., Carper, A. L., & Adler, L. S. (2014). Plant–animal interactions in suburban environments: implications for floral evolution. Oecologia, 174(3), 803–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00442-013-2797-2

Irwin, R. E., Cook, D., Richardson, L. L., Manson, J. S., & Gardner, D. R. (2014). Secondary Compounds in Floral Rewards of Toxic Rangeland Plants: Impacts on Pollinators. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(30), 7335–7344. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF500521W

Schaeffer, R. N., & Irwin, R. E. (2014). Yeasts in nectar enhance male fitness in a montane perennial herb. Ecology, 95(7), 1792–1798. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1740.1

Manson, J. S., Cook, D., Gardner, D. R., & Irwin, R. E. (2013). Dose‐dependent effects of nectar alkaloids in a montane plant–pollinator community. Journal of Ecology, 101(6), 1604–1612. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12144

Cook, D., Manson, J. S., Gardner, D. R., Welch, K. D., & Irwin, R. E. (2013). Norditerpene alkaloid concentrations in tissues and floral rewards of larkspurs and impacts on pollinators. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 48, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2012.11.015

McDermott, S. M., Irwin, R. E., & Taylor, B. W. (2013). Using economic instruments to develop effective management of invasive species: insights from a bioeconomic model. Ecological Applications, 23(5), 1086–1100. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0649.1

Schaeffer, R. N., Manson, J. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2012). Effects of abiotic factors and species interactions on estimates of male plant function: a meta‐analysis. Ecology Letters, 16(3), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12044

Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2012). Nectar alkaloids decrease pollination and female reproduction in a native plant. Oecologia, 168(4), 1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00442-011-2153-3

Irwin, R. E. (2012). The role of trait-mediated indirect interactions for multispecies plant–animal mutualisms. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511736551.018

Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2012). What you smell is more important than what you see? Natural selection on floral scent. New Phytologist, 195(3), 510–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04229.x

Brody, A. K., & Irwin, R. E. (2012). When resources don't rescue: flowering phenology and species interactions affect compensation to herbivory in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata. Oikos, 121(9), 1424–1434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20458.x

Irwin, R. E., & Brody, A. K. (2011). Additive effects of herbivory, nectar robbing and seed predation on male and female fitness estimates of the host plant Ipomopsis aggregata. Oecologia, 166(3), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1898-4

Zhang, C., Irwin, R. E., Wang, Y., He, Y. P., Yang, Y. P., & Duan, Y. W. (2011). Selective seed abortion induced by nectar robbing in the selfing plant <i>Comastoma pulmonarium. New Phytologist, 192(1), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03785.x

Burkle, L. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2010). Beyond biomass: measuring the effects of community‐level nitrogen enrichment on floral traits, pollinator visitation and plant reproduction. Journal of Ecology, 98(3), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01648.x

Irwin, R. E. (2010). Evolutionary Ecology: When Pollinators Are Also Herbivores. Current Biology, 20(3), R100–R101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.005

Irwin, R. E., Bronstein, J. L., Manson, J. S., & Richardson, L. (2010). Nectar Robbing: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 41(1), 271–292. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120330

Wilke, B. J., & Irwin, R. E. (2010). Variation in the phenology and abundance of flowering by native and exotic plants in subalpine meadows. Biological Invasions, 12(7), 2363–2372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9649-3

Sloan, C. D., Duell, E. J., Shi, X., Irwin, R., Andrew, A. S., Williams, S. M., & Moore, J. H. (2009). Ecogeographic genetic epidemiology. Genetic Epidemiology, 33(4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20386

Mitchell, R. J., Irwin, R. E., Flanagan, R. J., & Karron, J. D. (2009). Ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator interactions. Annals of Botany, 103(9), 1355–1363. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp122

Elliott, S. E., & Irwin, R. E. (2009). Effects of flowering plant density on pollinator visitation, pollen receipt, and seed production in <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i> (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany, 96(5), 912–919. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800260

Burkle, L., & Irwin, R. (2009). Nectar Sugar Limits Larval Growth of Solitary Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environmental Entomology, 38(4), 1293–1300. https://doi.org/10.1603/022.038.0441

Irwin, R. E. (2009). Realized tolerance to nectar robbing: compensation to floral enemies in Ipomopsis aggregata. Annals of Botany, 103(9), 1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp056

Burkle, L. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2009). The effects of nutrient addition on floral characters and pollination in two subalpine plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Linum lewisii. Plant Ecology, 203(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9512-0

Burkle, L., & Irwin, R. (2009). The importance of interannual variation and bottom–up nitrogen enrichment for plant–pollinator networks. Oikos, 118(12), 1816–1829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17740.x

Egan, J. F., & Irwin, R. E. (2008). Evaluation of the field impact of an adventitious herbivore on an invasive plant, yellow toadflax, in Colorado, USA. Plant Ecology, 199(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9415-0

Brody, A. K., Irwin, R. E., McCutcheon, M. L., & Parsons, E. C. (2008). Interactions between nectar robbers and seed predators mediated by a shared host plant, Ipomopsis aggregata. Oecologia, 155(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0879-8

Irwin, R. E., Galen, C., Rabenold, J. J., Kaczorowski, R., & McCutcheon, M. L. (2008). MECHANISMS OF TOLERANCE TO FLORAL LARCENY IN TWO WILDFLOWER SPECIES. Ecology, 89(11), 3093–3104. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0081.1

Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2008). NECTAR SECONDARY COMPOUNDS AFFECT SELF-POLLEN TRANSFER: IMPLICATIONS FOR FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTION. Ecology, 89(8), 2207–2217. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1359.1

Irwin, R. E., Mitchell, R. J., & Karron, J. D. (2008). Pre-meeting Conference; The Ecology and Evolution of Plant–Pollinator Interactions. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 89(4), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[481:pteaeo]2.0.co;2

Elliott, S. E., Irwin, R. E., Adler, L. S., & Williams, N. M. (2008). The nectar alkaloid, gelsemine, does not affect offspring performance of a native solitary bee, <i>Osmia lignaria</i> (Megachilidae). Ecological Entomology, 33(2), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00974.x

Irwin, R. E. (2007). Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization N. M. Waser, J. Ollerton . 2006. Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization. University of Chicago Press.<i>xii</i>+. 445 15 × 23 cm, softcover, US$45.00. ISBN: 0-226-87400-1. [Review of Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization, by N. M. Waser & J. Ollerton]. Ecoscience, 14(1), 135–136. https://doi.org/10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[135:pifstg]2.0.co;2

Burkle, L. A., Irwin, R. E., & Newman, D. A. (2007). Predicting the effects of nectar robbing on plant reproduction: implications of pollen limitation and plant mating system. American Journal of Botany, 94(12), 1935–1943. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.12.1935

Irwin, R. E., & Adler, L. S. (2006). Correlations among traits associated with herbivore resistance and pollination: implications for pollination and nectar robbing in a distylous plant. American Journal of Botany, 93(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.1.64

McCall, A. C., & Irwin, R. E. (2006). Florivory: the intersection of pollination and herbivory. Ecology Letters, 9(12), 1351–1365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00975.x

Irwin, R. E. (2006). The Consequences of Direct versus Indirect Species Interactions to Selection on Traits: Pollination and Nectar Robbing in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata. The American Naturalist, 167(3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.2307/3844755

Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2005). Comparison of Pollen Transfer Dynamics by Multiple Floral Visitors: Experiments with Pollen and Fluorescent Dye. Annals of Botany, 97(1), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj012

Adler, L. S., & Irwin, R. E. (2005). ECOLOGICAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DEFENSES IN NECTAR. Ecology, 86(11), 2968–2978. https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0118

Irwin, R. E., & Strauss, S. Y. (2005). Flower Color Microevolution in Wild Radish: Evolutionary Response to Pollinator‐Mediated Selection. The American Naturalist, 165(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/3473147

Price, M. V., Waser, N. M., Irwin, R. E., Campbell, D. R., & Brody, A. K. (2005). TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION IN POLLINATION OF A MONTANE HERB: A SEVEN-YEAR STUDY. Ecology, 86(8), 2106–2116. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1274

Irwin, R. E., Adler, L. S., & Agrawal, A. A. (2004). Community and Evolutionary Ecology of Nectar<sup>1. Ecology, 85(6), 1477–1478. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0717

Cariveau, D., Irwin, R. E., Brody, A. K., Garcia‐Mayeya, L. S., & Von Der Ohe, A. (2004). Direct and indirect effects of pollinators and seed predators to selection on plant and floral traits. Oikos, 104(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12641.x

Strauss, S. Y., & Irwin, R. E. (2004). Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Multispecies Plant-Animal Interactions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35(1), 435–466. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130215

Taylor, B. W., & Irwin, R. E. (2004). Linking economic activities to the distribution of exotic plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(51), 17725–17730. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405176101

Strauss, S. Y., Irwin, R. E., & Lambrix, V. M. (2004). Optimal defence theory and flower petal colour predict variation in the secondary chemistry of wild radish. Journal of Ecology, 92(1), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00843.x

Irwin, R. E., Adler, L. S., & Brody, A. K. (2004). THE DUAL ROLE OF FLORAL TRAITS: POLLINATOR ATTRACTION AND PLANT DEFENSE. Ecology, 85(6), 1503–1511. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0390

Irwin, R. E. (2003). Attraction and defense: the role of floral traits for scarlet gilia. Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Newsletter.

Irwin, R. E. (2003). IMPACT OF NECTAR ROBBING ON ESTIMATES OF POLLEN FLOW: CONCEPTUAL PREDICTIONS AND EMPIRICAL OUTCOMES. Ecology, 84(2), 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0485:ionroe]2.0.co;2

Cayenne Engel, E., & Irwin, R. E. (2003). Linking pollinator visitation rate and pollen receipt. American Journal of Botany, 90(11), 1612–1618. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.11.1612

Irwin, R. E., Strauss, S. Y., Storz, S., Emerson, A., & Guibert, G. (2003). THE ROLE OF HERBIVORES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF A FLOWER COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN WILD RADISH. Ecology, 84(7), 1733–1743. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1733:trohit]2.0.co;2

Irwin, R. (2002). Alpine plants of North America [Review of Alpine Plants of North America, by G. Nicholls]. Plant Science Bulletin, 49(2), 68–69.

Strauss, S. Y., Rudgers, J. A., Lau, J. A., & Irwin, R. E. (2002). Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(6), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02483-7

Irwin, R. (2002). Pollination Biology—Linking Botany and Zoology [Review of Cognitive ecology of pollination: animal behavior and floral evolution, by L. Chittka & J. D. Thomson]. Ecology, 83(4), 1168–1169. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1168:PBLBAZ]2.0.CO;2

Irwin, R. E., & Maloof, J. E. (2002). Variation in nectar robbing over time, space, and species. Oecologia, 133(4), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1060-z

Irwin, R. E., & Dorsett, B. (2002). Volatile Production by Buds and Corollas of Two Sympatric, Confamilial Plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28, 565–578. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014596129601

Irwin, R. E. (2001). Field and allozyme studies investigating optimal mating success in two sympatric spring-ephemeral plants, Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum. Heredity, 87(2), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00896.x

Irwin, R. (2001). Invasive Plants of California Wildlands [Review of Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands, by C. C. Bossard, J. M. Randall, & M. C. Hoshovsky]. Plant Science Bulletin, 47(4), 161–162.

Irwin, R. E., Brody, A. K., & Waser, N. M. (2001). The impact of floral larceny on individuals, populations, and communities. Oecologia, 129(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100739

Irwin, R. E., & Brody, A. K. (2000). CONSEQUENCES OF NECTAR ROBBING FOR REALIZED MALE FUNCTION IN A HUMMINGBIRD-POLLINATED PLANT. Ecology, 81(9), 2637–2643. https://doi.org/10.2307/177481

Irwin, R. E. (2000). Hummingbird avoidance of nectar‐robbed plants: spatial location or visual cues. Oikos, 91(3), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910311.x

Irwin, R. E. (2000). Morphological variation and female reproductive success in two sympatric <i>Trillium</i> species: evidence for phenotypic selection in <i>Trillium erectum</i> and <i>Trillium grandiflorum</i> (Liliaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656907

Irwin, R. E., & Brody, A. K. (1999). Nectar-Robbing Bumble Bees Reduce the Fitness of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae). Ecology, 80(5), 1703. https://doi.org/10.2307/176558

Jones, K. N., Reithel, J. S., & Irwin, R. E. (1998). A trade-off between the frequency and duration of bumblebee visits to flowers. Oecologia, 117(1-2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050644

Irwin, R. E., & Brody, A. K. (1998). Nectar robbing in Ipomopsis aggregata  : effects on pollinator behavior and plant fitness. Oecologia, 116(4), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050617