@article{burkholder_kinder_dickey_reed_arellano_james_mackenzie_allen_lindor_mathis_et al._2022, title={Classic indicators and diel dissolved oxygen versus trend analysis in assessing eutrophication of potable-water reservoirs}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1002/eap.2541}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Kinder, Carol A. and Dickey, David A. and Reed, Robert E. and Arellano, Consuelo and James, Jennifer L. and Mackenzie, Linda M. and Allen, Elle H. and Lindor, Nicole L. and Mathis, Joshua G. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{meskhidze_jaimes‐correa_petters_royalty_phillips_zimmerman_reed_2019, title={Possible Wintertime Sources of Fine Particles in an Urban Environment}, volume={124}, ISSN={2169-897X 2169-8996}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031367}, DOI={10.1029/2019jd031367}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={23}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Meskhidze, Nicholas and Jaimes‐Correa, Juan C. and Petters, Markus D. and Royalty, Taylor M. and Phillips, Brittany N. and Zimmerman, Alyssa and Reed, Robert}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={13055–13070} }
 @article{meskhidze_royalty_phillips_dawson_petters_reed_weinstein_hook_wiener_2018, title={Continuous flow hygroscopicity-resolved relaxed eddy accumulation (Hy-Res REA) method of measuring size-resolved sodium chloride particle fluxes}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1521-7388"]}, DOI={10.1080/02786826.2017.1423174}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The accurate representation of aerosols in climate models requires direct ambient measurement of the size- and composition-dependent particle production fluxes. Here, we present the design, testing, and analysis of data collected through the first instrument capable of measuring hygroscopicity-based, size-resolved particle fluxes using a continuous-flow Hygroscopicity-Resolved Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (Hy-Res REA) technique. The Hy-Res REA system used in this study includes a 3D sonic anemometer, two fast-response solenoid valves, two condensation particle counters, a scanning mobility particle sizer, and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer. The different components of the instrument were tested inside the US Environmental Protection Agency's Aerosol Test Facility for sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particle fluxes. The new REA system design does not require particle accumulation, and therefore avoids the diffusional wall losses associated with long residence times of particles inside the air collectors of traditional REA devices. A linear relationship was found between the sodium chloride particle fluxes measured by eddy covariance and REA techniques. The particle detection limit of the Hy-Res REA flux system is estimated to be ∼3 × 105 m−2 s−1. The estimated sodium chloride particle classification limit, for the mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles of comparable concentrations, is ∼6 × 106 m−2 s−1. Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research}, number={4}, journal={AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Meskhidze, N. and Royalty, T. M. and Phillips, B. N. and Dawson, K. W. and Petters, M. D. and Reed, R. and Weinstein, J. P. and Hook, D. A. and Wiener, R. W.}, year={2018}, pages={433–450} }
 @article{phillips_royalty_dawson_reed_petters_meskhidze_2018, title={Hygroscopicity- and size-resolved measurements of submicron aerosol on the east coast of the United States}, volume={123}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres}, author={Phillips, B. N. and Royalty, T. M. and Dawson, K. W. and Reed, R. and Petters, M. D. and Meskhidze, N.}, year={2018}, pages={1826–1839} }
 @article{phillips_royalty_dawson_reed_petters_meskhidze_2018, title={Hygroscopicity‐ and Size‐Resolved Measurements of Submicron Aerosol on the East Coast of the United States}, volume={123}, ISSN={2169-897X 2169-8996}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027702}, DOI={10.1002/2017jd027702}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Phillips, B. N. and Royalty, T. M. and Dawson, K. W. and Reed, R. and Petters, M. D. and Meskhidze, N.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={1826–1839} }
 @article{royalty_phillips_dawson_reed_meskhidze_petters_2017, title={Aerosol Properties Observed in the Subtropical North Pacific Boundary Layer}, volume={122}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, DOI={10.1002/2017jd026897}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={18}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Royalty, T. M. and Phillips, B. N. and Dawson, K. W. and Reed, R. and Meskhidze, N. and Petters, M. D.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={9990–10012} }
 @article{meskhidze_sabolis_reed_kamykowski_2015, title={Quantifying environmental stress-induced emissions of algal isoprene and monoterpenes using laboratory measurements}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1726-4189"]}, DOI={10.5194/bg-12-637-2015}, abstractNote={Abstract. We report here production rates of isoprene and monoterpene compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene and d-limonene) from six phytoplankton monocultures as a function of irradiance and temperature. Irradiance experiments were carried out for diatom strains (Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana), prymnesiophyte strains (Pleurochrysis carterae), dinoflagellate strains (Karenia brevis and Prorocentrum minimum), and cryptophyte strains (Rhodomonas salina), while temperature experiments were carried out for diatom strains (Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana). Phytoplankton species, incubated in a climate-controlled room, were subject to variable light (90 to 900 μmol m−2 s−1) and temperature (18 to 30 °C) regimes. Compared to isoprene, monoterpene emissions were an order of magnitude lower at all light and temperature levels. Emission rates are normalized by cell count and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) content. Diatom strains were the largest emitters, with ~ 2 × 10−17 g(cell)−1h−1 (~ 35 μg (g Chl a)−1 h−1) for isoprene and ~ 5 × 10−19 g (cell)−1 h−1 (~ 1 μg (g Chl a)−1) h−1) for α-pinene. The contribution to the total monoterpene production was ~ 70% from α-pinene, ~ 20% for d-limonene, and < 10% for camphene and β-pinene. Phytoplankton species showed a rapid increase in production rates at low irradiance (< 150 μmol m−2 s−1) and a gradual increase at high (> 250 μmol m−2 s−1) irradiance. Measurements revealed different patterns for time-averaged emissions rates over two successive days. On the first day, most of the species showed a distinct increase in production rates within the first 4 h while, on the second day, the emission rates were overall higher, but less variable. The data suggest that enhanced amounts of isoprene and monoterpenes are emitted from phytoplankton as a result of perturbations in environmental conditions that cause imbalance in chloroplasts and force primary producers to acclimate physiologically. This relationship could be a valuable tool for development of dynamic ecosystem modeling approaches for global marine isoprene and monoterpene emissions based on phytoplankton physiological responses to a changing environment.
                    }, number={3}, journal={BIOGEOSCIENCES}, author={Meskhidze, N. and Sabolis, A. and Reed, R. and Kamykowski, D.}, year={2015}, pages={637–651} }
 @inbook{miller_lópez_mulligan_reed_liu_buonassissi_brown_2014, title={Examining Material Transport in Dynamic Coastal Environments: An Integrated Approach Using Field Data, Remote Sensing and Numerical Modeling}, ISBN={9783319063256 9783319063263}, ISSN={2211-0577 2211-0585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06326-3_14}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-06326-3_14}, abstractNote={Coastal environments are critical ecological systems and offer vital resources and functions to societies worldwide. As a major interface between terrestrial and ocean environments, coastal water bodies (rivers, estuaries, bays and coastal margins) provide key ecological services and are the major conduit and processors of terrestrially derived particulate and dissolved material as they are transported to the ocean. Consequently, coastal environments have been shown to play a major role in global bio-geochemical cycles and provide critical habitat for a host of marine species. Globally, these important environments are under considerable pressure from high population densities, increasing growth rates and are particularly vulnerable from the effects of projected climate change such as sea level rise and increased storm events. Despite their importance, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how these environments will respond to climate change, increasing human population, land use changes, and over exploitation of natural resources. This lack of understanding is due in part to the difficulties in developing effective monitoring and analysis programs using only a single measurement approach that is limited in its spatial and temporal coverage. We describe an integrated approach based on field measurements, remote sensing and numerical modeling that is being developed to examine the transport of dissolved (colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and particulate material (total suspended matter (TSM)) within a complex coastal system, the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System (APES), North Carolina USA. This integrated approach was established to overcome limitations associated with a single measurement and analysis approach. Field measurements and discrete samples are acquired using well-established protocols from small boats, bridges, and from the shore. Remotely sensed data are obtained from several sensors with diverse capabilities including SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, HICO, Landsat and FORMOSAT-2. The numerical model Delft3D is used to simulate freshwater and DOC transport in the estuaries following major rainfall events that lead to high river discharge. Challenges associated with examining the APES using a single vs. an integrated measurement approach along with representative results from a broad suite of measurements are presented. Future advances in technology and refinements in our integrated approach are also considered.}, booktitle={Remote Sensing and Modeling}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Miller, Richard L. and López, Ramón and Mulligan, Ryan P. and Reed, Robert E. and Liu, Cheng-Chien and Buonassissi, Christopher J. and Brown, Matthew M.}, year={2014}, pages={333–364} }
 @article{meskhidze_sabolis_reed_kamykowski_2014, title={Quantifying environmental stress induced emissions of algal isoprene and monoterpenes using laboratory measurements}, volume={11}, ISSN={1810-6285}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-13533-2014}, DOI={10.5194/bgd-11-13533-2014}, abstractNote={Abstract. We report here production rates of isoprene and monoterpene compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene and d-limonene) from six phytoplankton monocultures as a function of irradiance and temperature. Irradiance experiments were carried out for diatom strains – Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana; prymnesiophyte strains – Pleurochrysis carterae; dinoflagellate strains – Karenia brevis and Prorocentrum minimum; cryptophyte strains – Rhodomonas salina, while temperature experiments were carried out for diatom strains – Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Phytoplankton species, incubated in a climate-controlled room, were subject to variable light (90 to 900 μmol m−2s−1) and temperature (18 to 30 °C) regimes. Compared to isoprene, monoterpene emissions were an order of magnitude lower at all light and temperature levels. Emission rates are normalized by cell count and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) content. Diatom strains were the largest emitters, with ~2x1017g (cell)−1h−1 (~35 μg (g Chl a)−1h−1) for isoprene and ~5x10−19 g (cell)−1h−1 (~1μg (g Chl a)−1) h−1) for α-pinene. The contribution to the total monoterpene production was ~70% from α-pinene, ~20% for d-limonene, and <10% for camphene and β -pinene. Phytoplankton species showed a rapid increase in production rates at low (<150 μmol m−2s−1) and a gradual increase at high (>250 μmol m−2s−1) irradiance. Measurements revealed different patterns for time-averaged emissions rates over two successive days. On the first day most of the species showed distinct increase in production rates within the first four hours, while on the second day the emission rates were overall higher, but less variable. The data suggest that enhanced amounts of isoprene and monoterpenes are emitted from phytoplankton as a result of perturbations in environmental conditions that cause disbalance in chloroplasts and forces primary producers to acclimate physiologically. This relationship could be a valuable tool for development of dynamic ecosystem modeling approaches for global marine isoprene and monoterpene emissions based on phytoplankton physiological responses to a changing environment.
                        }, number={9}, journal={Biogeosciences Discussions}, publisher={Copernicus GmbH}, author={Meskhidze, N. and Sabolis, A. and Reed, R. and Kamykowski, D.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={13533–13570} }
 @article{algae source to treatment (m57): awwa manual of water supply practice (awwa manuals)_2011, journal={American Water Works Association}, publisher={AWWA Manuals}, year={2011} }
 @article{null_corbett_demaster_burkholder_thomas_reed_2011, title={Porewater advection of ammonium into the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1096-0015"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2011.09.016}, abstractNote={Radon-222 (222Rn) and ammonium (NH4+) were measured in interstitial water of the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA to determine the advective flux of NH4+ from sediments to the overlying water column. Porewater samples were collected over an annual cycle from multi-level piezometers installed in nearshore sites. NH4+ concentrations in sandy environments of the NRE were 10-fold higher than concentrations in the overlying water column. Shallow porewaters exhibited seasonal variations in NH4+ concentrations, which resulted in temporal changes in NH4+ flux from the sediment. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was measured indirectly by using 222Rn as a tracer and directly via seepage meters. Discharge rates were variable depending upon the sampling location and season. The mean SGD was 9.1 ± 1.5 cm d−1 with a maximum SGD during spring at a rate of 13.6 cm d−1 based on 222Rn porewater distribution. High porewater NH4+ concentrations in sandy nearshore sediments contributed NH4+ to the overlying water via groundwater discharge as an advective process. The overall mean NH4+ flux was 11.2 ± 2.0 mmol NH4+ m−2 d−1. Seasonal trends in groundwater seepage rates and NH4+ concentration suggest that groundwater is an important mechanism advecting nutrients from porewaters to surface waters, which is comparable to riverine NH4+ discharge. SGD N:P ratios (NH4+ as N) were >16:1, indicating that SGD is an important contributor of inorganic N for phytoplankton growth and may influence the NRE toward a less N-limited system. The data from this study will advance current understanding about the role of NH4+ in the progressive eutrophication of shallow estuarine ecosystems.}, number={2-3}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Null, Kimberly A. and Corbett, D. Reide and DeMaster, David J. and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Thomas, Carrie J. and Reed, Robert E.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={314–325} }
 @inbook{reed_burkholder_allen_2010, place={Denver, CO}, series={AWWA Manual}, title={Recent developments in online monitoring technology for surveillance of algal blooms, potential toxicity and physical-chemical structure in rivers, reservoirs and lakes}, volume={M57}, ISBN={9781583217870}, booktitle={Algae: Source to Treatment}, publisher={American Water Works Association}, author={Reed, R.E. and Burkholder, J.A. and Allen, E.H.}, year={2010}, pages={3–23}, collection={AWWA Manual} }
 @article{reed_dickey_burkholder_kinder_brownie_2008, title={Water level variations in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries, North Carolina due to local and remote forcing}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1096-0015"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.049}, abstractNote={Water level time series records from the Neuse and Pamlico River Estuaries were statistically compared to local and distant wind field data, water level records within the Pamlico Sound and also coastal ocean sites to determine the relative contribution of each time series to water levels in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries. The objectives of this study were to examine these time series data using various statistical methods (i.e. autoregressive, empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOF), exploratory data analysis (EDA)) to determine short- and long-time-scale variability, and to develop predictive statistical models that can be used to estimate past water level fluctuations in both the Neuse Estuary (NE) and Pamlico Estuary (PE). Short- and long-time-scale similarities were observed in all time series of estuarine, Pamlico Sound and subtidal coastal ocean water level and wind component data, due to events (nor'easters, fronts and tropical systems) and seasonality. Empirical orthogonal function analyses revealed a strong coastal ocean and wind field contribution to water level in the NE and PE. Approximately 95% of the variation was captured in the first two EOF components for water level data from the NE, sound and coastal ocean, and 70% for the PE, sound and coastal ocean. Spectral density plots revealed strong diurnal signals in both wind and water level data, and a strong cross correlation and coherency between the NE water level and the North/South wind component. There was good agreement between data and predictions using autoregressive statistical models for the NE (R2 = 0.92) and PE (R2 = 0.76). These methods also revealed significant autoregressive lags for the NE (days 1 and 3) and for the PE (days 1, 2 and 3). Significant departures from predictions are attributed to local meteorological and hydrological events. The autoregressive techniques showed significant predictive improvement over ordinary least squares methods. The results are considered within the context of providing long time-scale hindcast data for the two estuaries, and the importance of these data for multidisciplinary researchers and managers.}, number={2}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, author={Reed, Robert E. and Dickey, David A. and Burkholder, Joann M. and Kinder, Carol A. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={431–446} }
 @misc{burkholder_dickey_kinder_reed_mallin_mciver_cahoon_melia_brownie_smith_et al._2006, title={Comprehensive trend analysis of nutrients and related variables in a large eutrophic estuary: A decadal study of anthropogenic and climatic influences}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1939-5590"]}, DOI={10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0463}, abstractNote={We used a decadal data set, with weekly to biweekly sampling in April—October and monthly sampling in November—March, to characterize climatic (hurricane‐level storms, a sustained 3‐yr drought) and anthropogenic influences on N and P concentrations and loadings to a large eutrophic, poorly flushed estuary, the Neuse Estuary of the Albemarle—Pamlico Estuarine System. Mass volume transport data were obtained with cross‐estuary transect flow measurements taken near the entrance to the estuary. Although trends were minimally influenced by hurricanes, analyses were significantly affected by the sustained drought near the end of the study. As examples, decreasing trends in total N (TN), total P (TP), and bottom‐water dissolved oxygen concentrations, and in TN loadings were significant considering all data, but these trends were not significant when the sustained drought was excluded from analysis. In addition, the trend in TN loading was especially sensitive to the initial sampling period. NH4+ concentrations dramatically increased (overall by ~500%) as a persistent trend regardless of attempts to control for climatic events. An increasing trend in NH4+ also was documented in an adjacent, rapidly flushed Coastal Plain estuary, the Cape Fear. The NH4+ data suggest a regional‐scale effect of high inputs from inadequately controlled, increasing nonpoint sources. The fragility of TN loading trends, the striking increase in NH4+ concentrations, and the lack of management emphasis on controlling nonpoint sources such as “new” industrialized swine production collectively do not support recent reports of achievement of a 30% reduction in TN loading to the Neuse. Nonpoint sources remain a critical target for reduction to alleviate the negative effects of cultural eutrophication in this system, as in many estuaries throughout the world.}, number={1}, journal={LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Dickey, David A. and Kinder, Carol A. and Reed, Robert E. and Mallin, Michael A. and McIver, Matthew R. and Cahoon, Lawrence B. and Melia, Greg and Brownie, Cavell and Smith, Joy and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={463–487} }
 @misc{glasgow_reed_toms_burkholder_2006, title={Variable depth automated dynamic water profiler}, volume={7,040,157}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Glasgow, H., Jr. and Reed, R. E. and Toms, D. C. and Burkholder, J.}, year={2006} }
 @misc{variable depth automated dynamic water profiler_2006, url={http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.2/1017}, journal={U.S. Patent and Trade Office}, year={2006}, month={May} }
 @article{springer_burkholder_glibert_reed_2005, title={Use of a real-time remote monitoring network (RTRM) and shipborne sampling to characterize a dinoflagellate bloom in the Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, USA}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1878-1470"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.hal.2004.08.017}, abstractNote={The spatial-temporal distribution of a dinoflagellate bloom dominated or co-dominated by Prorocentrum minimum was examined during autumn through early spring in a warm temperate, eutrophic estuary. The developing bloom was first detected from a web-based alert provided by a network of real-time remote monitoring (RTRM) platforms indicating elevated dissolved oxygen and pH levels in upper reaches of the estuary. RTRM data were used to augment shipboard sampling, allowing for an in-depth characterization of bloom initiation, development, movement, and dissipation. Prolonged drought conditions leading to elevated salinities, and relatively high nutrient concentrations from upstream inputs and other sources, likely pre-disposed the upper estuary for bloom development. Over a 7-month period (October 2001–April 2002), the bloom moved toward the northern shore of the mesohaline estuary, intensified under favorable conditions, and finally dissipated after a major storm. Bloom location and transport were influenced by prevailing wind structure and periods of elevated rainfall. Chlorophyll a within bloom areas averaged 106 ± 13 μg L−1 (mean ± 1 S.E.; maximum, 803 μg L−1), in comparison to 20 ± 1 μg L−1 outside the bloom. There were significant positive relationships between dinoflagellate abundance and TN and TP. Ammonium, NO3−, and SRP concentrations did not decrease within the main bloom, suggesting that upstream inputs and other sources provided nutrient-replete conditions. In addition, PAM fluorometric measurements (09:00–13:00 h) of maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) were consistently 0.6–0.8 within the bloom until late March, providing little evidence of photo-physiological stress as would have been expected under nutrient-limiting conditions. Nitrogen uptake kinetics were estimated for P. minimum during the period when that species was dominant (October–December 2001), based on literature values for N uptake by an earlier P. minimum bloom (winter 1999) in the Neuse Estuary. The analysis suggests that NH4+ was the major N species that supported the bloom. Considering the chlorophyll a concentrations during October and December and the estimated N uptake rates, phytoplankton biomass was estimated to have doubled once per day. Bloom displacement (January–February) coincided with higher diversity of heterotrophic dinoflagellate species as P. minimum abundance decreased. This research shows the value of RTRM in bloom detection and tracking, and advances understanding of dinoflagellate bloom dynamics in eutrophic estuaries.}, number={3}, journal={HARMFUL ALGAE}, author={Springer, JJ and Burkholder, JM and Glibert, PM and Reed, RE}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={533–551} }
 @article{burkholder_eggleston_glasgow_brownie_reed_janowitz_posey_melia_kinder_corbett_et al._2004, title={Comparative impacts of two major hurricane seasons on the Neuse River and western Pamlico Sound ecosystems}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0306842101}, abstractNote={Ecosystem-level impacts of two hurricane seasons were compared several years after the storms in the largest lagoonal estuary in the U.S., the Albemarle–Pamlico Estuarine System. A segmented linear regression flow model was developed to compare mass-water transport and nutrient loadings to a major artery, the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), and to estimate mean annual versus storm-related volume delivery to the NRE and Pamlico Sound. Significantly less water volume was delivered by Hurricane Fran (1996), but massive fish kills occurred in association with severe dissolved oxygen deficits and high contaminant loadings (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended solids, and fecal bacteria). The high water volume of the second hurricane season (Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene in 1999) delivered generally comparable but more dilute contaminant loads, and no major fish kills were reported. There were no discernable long-term adverse impacts on water quality. Populations of undesirable organisms, such as toxic dinoflagellates, were displaced down-estuary to habitats less conducive for growth. The response of fisheries was species-dependent: there was no apparent impact of the hurricanes on commercial landings of bivalve molluscs or shrimp. In contrast, interacting effects of hurricane floodwaters in 1999 and intensive fishing pressure led to striking reductions in blue crabs. Overall, the data support the premise that, in shallow estuaries frequently disturbed by hurricanes, there can be relatively rapid recovery in water quality and biota, and benefit from the scouring activity of these storms.}, number={25}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Burkholder, J and Eggleston, D and Glasgow, H and Brownie, C and Reed, R and Janowitz, G and Posey, M and Melia, G and Kinder, C and Corbett, R and et al.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={9291–9296} }
 @article{glasgow_burkholder_reed_lewitus_kleinman_2004, title={Real-time remote monitoring of water quality: a review of current applications, and advancements in sensor, telemetry, and computing technologies}, volume={300}, ISSN={["1879-1697"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jembe.2004.02.022}, abstractNote={Recent advances in communication and sensor technology have catalyzed progress in remote monitoring capabilities for water quality. As a result, the ability to characterize dynamic hydrologic properties at adequate temporal and spatial scales has greatly improved. These advances have led to improved statistical and mechanistic modeling in monitoring of water quality trends at local, watershed and regional scales for freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems. In addition, they have greatly enhanced rapid (e.g., real-time) detection of hydrologic variability, recognized as a critical need for early warning systems and rapid response to harmful algal bloom events. Here, we present some of the landmark developments and technological achievements that led to the advent of real-time remote monitors for hydrologic properties. We conclude that increased use and continuing advancements of real-time remote monitoring (RTRM) and sensing technologies will become a progressively more important tool for evaluating water quality. Recent engineering and deployment of RTRM technologies by federal and state regulatory agencies, industries, and academic laboratories is now permitting rapid detection of, and responses to, environmental threats imposed by increased nutrient loadings, development of hypoxic and anoxic areas, toxicants, and harmful algal bloom outbreaks leading to fish kill events and potential human health impacts.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY}, author={Glasgow, HB and Burkholder, JM and Reed, RE and Lewitus, AJ and Kleinman, JE}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={409–448} }
 @article{reed_glasgow_burkholder_brownie_2004, title={Seasonal physical–chemical structure and acoustic Doppler current profiler flow patterns over multiple years in a shallow, stratified estuary, with implications for lateral variability}, volume={60}, ISSN={0272-7714}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.02.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2004.02.010}, abstractNote={The overall goal of this study was to strengthen understanding of the hydrographic structure in shallow estuaries as influenced by seasonal and depth-dependent variability, and by variability from extreme meteorological events. The mesohaline Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, U.S.A., which was the focus, receives surface inputs from upriver and tributary freshwater sources and bottom inputs from downriver high-salinity sound water sources, resulting in varying degrees of stratification. To assess depth-dependent, estuary-wide changes in salinity, a multiple time series was created using data from four discrete depths (surface and 1, 2, and 3m±0.25m). The database was developed from weekly to biweekly sampling of the entire water column, and included side-channel as well as mid-channel data. We characterized seasonal differences in halocline depth affecting the hydrographic structure of the mesohaline estuary and site-specific variation in nutrient concentrations, based on a comprehensive eight-year physical/chemical database. The first two years of the record showed an expected seasonal signal and included events that impacted the surface layer from freshwater inputs. Remaining years had greater variability over seasons and depths, with freshening events that affected all depths. Halocline depth was compared at specific locations, and a “snapshot” view was provided of the relative depth of these water masses within the estuary by season. We also examined flow patterns at the same cross-estuary sites over a three-year period, using a boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) with bottom-tracking capability. Composite visualizations constructed with single-transect ADCP data revealed a classical estuarine circulation pattern of outflow at the surface/southern shore and inflow at the bottom/northern shore. Although this pattern deviated under extreme climatological events and was sometimes variable, the estuary generally exhibited a high probability of direction of flow. Wind fields, hurricanes, and small-scale, high-precipitation events represented significant forcing variables.}, number={4}, journal={Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Reed, Robert E. and Glasgow, Howard B. and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Brownie, Cavell}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={549–566} }
 @inproceedings{burkholder_glasgow_melia_kinder_reed_2004, place={Raleigh}, title={Water quality impairment in the Neuse Estuary from nutrient loading: progress and ongoing challenges}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Water Resources Research Institute Conference}, publisher={University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute}, author={Burkholder, J.A. and Glasgow, H. and Melia, G. and Kinder, C. and Reed, R.}, year={2004} }
 @article{brownie_glasgow_burkholder_reed_tang_2003, title={Re-evaluation of the relationship between Pfiesteria and estuarine fish kills}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1435-0629"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10021-002-0194-5}, number={1}, journal={ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Brownie, C and Glasgow, HB and Burkholder, JM and Reed, R and Tang, YQ}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={1–10} }
 @phdthesis{reed_2001, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Effects of Natural Irradiance Fluctuations on the Photosynthetic Responses of Gymnodinium Breve (Karenia Brevis) and Thalassiosira Pseudonana and Hydrographic Structure Associated with Persistent Gymnodinium Breve (Karenia Brevis) Subsurface Accumulations with Implications for Red Tide Patch Information}, school={North Carolina State University}, author={Reed, R.E.}, year={2001} }
 @article{glasgow_burkholder_mallin_deamer-melia_reed_2001, title={Field ecology of toxic Pfiesteria complex species and a conservative analysis of their role in estuarine fish kills.}, volume={109}, ISSN={0091-6765 1552-9924}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s5715}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.01109s5715}, abstractNote={Within the past decade, toxic Pfiesteria outbreaks have been documented in poorly flushed, eutrophic areas of the largest and second largest estuaries on the U.S. mainland. Here we summarize a decadal field effort in fish kill assessment, encompassing kills related to Pfiesteria (49 major kills in North Carolina estuaries since 1991 and 4 in Maryland estuaries in 1997) and to other factors such as low oxygen stress (79 major fish kills in North Carolina estuaries). The laboratory and field data considered in developing our protocols are described, including toxic Pfiesteria behavior, environmental conditions conducive to toxic Pfiesteria activity, and impacts of toxic clonal Pfiesteria on fish health. We outline the steps of the standardized fish bioassay procedure that has been used since 1991 to diagnose whether actively toxic Pfiesteria was present during estuarine fish kills. Detailed data are given for a 1998 toxic Pfiesteria outbreak in the Neuse Estuary in North Carolina to illustrate of the full suite of diagnostic steps completed. We demonstrate that our conservative approach in implicating toxic Pfiesteria involvement in fish kills has biased in favor of causes other than Pfiesteria. Data are summarized from experiments that have shown stimulation of toxic Pfiesteria strains by nutrient (N, P) enrichment, supporting field observations of highest abundance of toxic strains in eutrophic estuaries. On the basis of a decade of research on toxic Pfiesteria, we present a conceptual model of the seasonal dynamics of toxic strains as affected by changing food resources and weather patterns. We also recommend protocols and research approaches that will strengthen the science of fish kill assessment related to Pfiesteria and/or other causative factors.}, number={suppl 5}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, publisher={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Glasgow, H B and Burkholder, J M and Mallin, M A and Deamer-Melia, N J and Reed, R E}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={715–730} }
 @article{kamykowski_milligan_reed_liu_1999, title={Geotaxis/phototaxis and biochemical patterns in Heterocapsa (=Cachonina) illdefina (Dinophyceae) during diel vertical migrations}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1529-8817"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561397.x}, abstractNote={Two separate experiments with Heterocapsa (=Cachonina) illdefina Herman et Sweeney, one with and the other without water volume replacement, were performed in a 250‐L laboratory mesocosm (45‐cm diameter × 150‐cm height) to examine how diel vertical migration (DVM) relates to taxis sign and strength and to cellular biochemical state. Although only the cell population grown with water volume replacement maintained a division per day over the course of the experiment, periodic measurements during both experiments demonstrated that cells aggregating at the surface during the light period generally were deficient in all measured biochemical constituents compared to cells obtained from a midcolumn depth. More specifically, H. illdefina cells that aggregated at the surface during the light period in both experiments exhibited weakened positive geotaxis but strengthened positive phototaxis and were very deficient in lipid and free amino acid compared to midcolumn cells. Cells sampled at midcolumn during the light period exhibited similar but weaker taxes changes compared to surface samples, and geotaxis strength was inversely correlated with cell diameter, cellular DNA and protein content, and RNA/DNA ratio. In comparison, published data on Gymnodinium breve Davis, a harmful algal bloom species, showed that cells aggregating at the surface during the light period generally exhibited weakened negative geotaxis and strengthened positive phototaxis and were very deficient in lipid and chl a compared to midcolumn cells. Although the persistent tendency toward negative geotaxis was weaker in midcolumn subpopulations throughout the day, its strength was inversely correlated with cell diameter and cellular lipid content. The combined results for both species support a revised conceptual model of optimized DVM in autotrophic marine dinoflagellates incorporating generalized expressions of taxis and biochemical state of individual cells.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY}, author={Kamykowski, D and Milligan, EJ and Reed, RE and Liu, WC}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1397–1403} }
 @article{kamykowski_milligan_reed_1998, title={Biochemical relationships with the orientation of the autotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve under nutrient replete conditions}, volume={167}, ISSN={0171-8630 1616-1599}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps167105}, DOI={10.3354/meps167105}, abstractNote={Swimming orientation in autotrophic marine dinoflagellates often follows a pattern attributed to positive phototaxis during the day and positive geotaxis at night. Exceptions that occur in field and laboratory observations most often describe ascents or descents that anticipate sunrise or sunset. These exceptions may originate in biochemical synthesis patterns that use sequential photosynthate (carbohydrate and lipid) production and dissolved nltrogen absorption for subsequent cell gro\vth (RNA and protein) and division (DNA), instantaneous biocheinical state may influence onentation either through mechanical ballastlng or through growth optimization that ~nfluences sensory-medlated responses to environmental cues. In the present mesocosm (150 cm length X 44 cm diameter) study. samples from a quantized (all cells divide together at approximately 3 d intervals) population of Gymnodinium breve Davis collected at the surface and mid-column support comparisons of die1 orientation preferences and cellular biochemical states over a 3 d period. Up to 50% of the column populatlon aggregates at the surface during the day, but this percentage decreases with time since cell division. Withln a given day, G h]-eve exhibits continuous negative geotaxis associated with surface aggregation when the taxis is stronger and with dispersion through the water column when the taxis is weaker Posit~ve phototaxis helps maintain surface aggregation during the afternoon as negatlve geotaxis weakens. The surface cells exhibit only slightly lower concentrations of DNA and RNA, somewhat lower concentrations of protein and carbohydrate, and significantly lower concentrations of chlorophyll a and lipid, compared to the cells sampled from mid-column. The strength of the negative geotaxis of the mid-column cells negatively correlates with lipid concentration. These results support the case for a biochemical influence on orientation but require more experimental data to establish cause and effect.}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Kamykowski, D and Milligan, EJ and Reed, RE}, year={1998}, pages={105–117} }
 @article{kamykowski_milligan_reed_1998, title={Relationships between geotaxis/phototaxis and diel vertical migration in autotrophic dinoflagellates}, volume={20}, ISSN={0142-7873 1464-3774}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/20.9.1781}, DOI={10.1093/plankt/20.9.1781}, abstractNote={Marine dinoflagellate diel vertical migrations are often conceptually explained by a species' geotactic and phototactic preferences, but actual simultaneous measurements are rare. Newly collected simultaneous measurements on Heterocapsa (Cachonina) illdefina (Herman and Sweeney) and Gymnodinium breve (Davis) are combined with similar literature information on Amphidinium carterae (Hulbert), Peridinium faeroense (Paulsen) and Prorocentrum micans (Ehrenberg) to explore several examples of the actual relationships between diel vertical migration and geotaxis/phototaxis. Amphidinium carterae does not migrate, but it exhibits a negative geotaxis that may counter a small sinking velocity. The four other species all exhibit diel vertical migrations that yield surface aggrega- tions during daylight, but the associated combinations of geotaxis and phototaxis precision (which is strongest when every cell in a population exhibits the same response to a stimulus and weakest when the response is random) and sign (which is positive (negative) when motion is toward (away from) the stimulus) are different in each case. These different taxis combinations may be related to species- specific sensor structure and/or placement. Furthermore, variations in the different biochemical pools over a species* cell cycle may contribute to structural/mechanical changes that influence how a given sensory array functions at a given time. If so, this coupling may be an important link in the growth optimization mechanisms and occasional bloom successes of different autotrophic dinoflagellate species under varying environmental conditions.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Plankton Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kamykowski, D. and Milligan, E.J. and Reed, R.E}, year={1998}, pages={1781–1796} }
 @article{kamykowski_janowitz_kirkpatrick_reed_1997, title={A study of time-dependent primary productivity in a natural upper-ocean mixed layer using a biophysical model}, volume={44}, number={3}, journal={Oceanographic Literature Review}, author={Kamykowski, D. and Janowitz, G.S. and Kirkpatrick, G.J. and Reed, R.E.}, year={1997}, pages={231} }
 @inproceedings{kirkpatrick_kamykowski_reed_1997, title={Phytoplankton quantum yield measured on minute time scales in situ}, volume={2963}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266417}, DOI={10.1117/12.266417}, abstractNote={We measure simultaneously, on sub-minute time scales, the downwelling irradiance spectra and the vertical attenuation spectra for downwelling irradiance of a contained phytoplankton culture while the culture is exposed to the full spectrum of an in situ light treatment. This technique incorporates miniature, fiber optical spectrometers and twin self-contained, underwater photosynthesis apparatus (SUPA). One SUPA serves as the reference, with filtered culture media in the exposure chamber. The other SUPA contains the phytoplankton sample in the exposure chamber. Using the assumptions that irradiance reflectance is small in the SUPA and that upwelling vertical attenuation equals downwelling vertical attenuation in the culture, it is possible to approximate the flux absorbed by the phytoplankton by the product of downwelling irradiance and downwelling vertical attenuation. The concurrent measurements of net carbon uptake and net oxygen production in SUPA, each minute, support calculations of net quantum yield of the phytoplankton in situ. Results from a field study using the red tide organism Gymnodinium breve illustrate the ability to quantify the effects high, fluctuating irradiance exposure near the surface.}, booktitle={Ocean Optics XIII}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Kirkpatrick, Gary J. and Kamykowski, Dan and Reed, Robert E.}, editor={Ackleson, Steven G. and Frouin, Robert J.Editors}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={868–873} }
 @inproceedings{reed_kirkpatrick_kamykowski_1997, title={Short-period photophysiological responses of <emph type="1">Thalassiosira}, volume={2963}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266494}, DOI={10.1117/12.266494}, abstractNote={A two-day deployment of the self-contained underwater photosynthetic apparatus (SUPS) was conducted to examine the effects of high and variable natural irradiance on the optical properties and primary productivity of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Study objectives included the determination of short time response in the cycling of diadinoxanthin (DD) and diatoxanthin (DT), and associated changes in the rates of primary production, and quantum yield, and in cell absorption characteristics over a tow day period. A nutrient replete, lowlight acclimated diatom culture was placed in SUPA and in a collocated culture reservoir fitted with a quartz top. The instrument was deployed in shallow water in Sarasota Bay under fluctuating, high irradiance typical for June. A pigment sampling series reveals a correlation of DD to DT cycling with exposure to high irradiance. Net quantum yields, determined by cell absorption spectra and minute-to-minute SUPA net primary productivity values, exhibit high values initially which decay to lower values upon exposure to high light. Short time scale changes in quantum yield are observed due to changes in DD/DT cycling and fluctuating irradiance.}, booktitle={Ocean Optics XIII}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Reed, Robert E. and Kirkpatrick, Gary J. and Kamykowski, Dan}, editor={Ackleson, Steven G. and Frouin, Robert J.Editors}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={514–519} }
 @article{kamykowski_janowitz_kirkpatrick_reed_1996, title={A study of time-dependent primary productivity in a natural upper-ocean mixed layer using a biophysical model}, volume={18}, ISSN={0142-7873 1464-3774}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/18.8.1295}, DOI={10.1093/plankt/18.8.1295}, abstractNote={A one-dimensional biophysical model of time-dependent photosynthesis in the upper-ocean mixed layer was applied near 36.5°N, 74.5°W. The photosynthesis submodel was formulated and para- meterized based on daylong, light-manipulation experiments performed on two phytoplankton com- munities collected prior to dawn on October 13,1992: one from 5 m depth in the upper mixed layer and the other from 28 m depth below the pycnocline. Time course biological measurements included chlorophyll a concentration, primary productivity and DCMU fluorescence ratio. The biophysical model was then used to predict the physical and biological response of the water column on October 14,1992. A pre-dawn conductivity-temperarure-depth-fluorescence-transmission-rosette (CTDFT- rosette) cast provided data to initialize the water column stratification and the distribution of phyto- plankton biomass. The biophysical model was forced using meteorological and oceanographic measurements collected continuously throughout the subsequent daylight period. CTDFT-rosette casts and measurements of chlorophyll a concentration, primary productivity and DCMU fluor- escence ratio throughout that daylight period provided the data for comparison with the model pre- dictions. In general, the biophysical model predicted the physical and biological evolution of the sampled water column. Although the inclusion of vertical mixing initially improved the accuracy of prediction, agreement decreased with time, especially in the lower part of the water column. The one- dimensional model suffered from the effects of excluded horizontal gradients.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Plankton Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kamykowski, Daniel and Janowitz, Gerald S. and Kirkpatrick, Gary J. and Reed, Robert E.}, year={1996}, pages={1295–1322} }
 @article{kamykowski_reed_kirkpatrick_1992, title={Comparison of sinking velocity, swimming velocity, rotation and path characteristics among six marine dinoflagellate species}, volume={113}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00347287}, DOI={10.1007/BF00347287}, number={2}, journal={Marine Biology}, author={Kamykowski, D. and Reed, R.E. and Kirkpatrick, G.J.}, year={1992}, pages={319–328} }
 @article{kirkpatrick_curtin_kamykowski_feezor_sartin_reed_1990, title={Measurement of Photosynthetic Response to Euphotic Zone Physical Forcing}, volume={3}, ISSN={1042-8275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1990.16}, DOI={10.5670/oceanog.1990.16}, abstractNote={THE INFLUENCE of vertical water motion on the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton entrained in the upper mixed layer of the ocean is an aspect of biological oceanography that has received considerable interest for a number of years.Thorough reviews ofphytoplankton response parameters, environmental variables, and the space and time scales of interest to phytoplankton ecology can be found in Harris (1980( , 1984( ), Richardson etal.(1983)), Denman and Gargett (1983), Falkowski (1984), Legendre and Demers (1984) and Harding et al. (1987).Light, temperature and nutrients are the principal environmental variables eliciting responses that ultimately are biochemically based but are manifested in changes to phytoplankton photosynthetic rates, behavior and growth.These biological responses, resulting from physical forcing, consist of nonlinear, multivariate relations on broad time and space scales involving complications such as time delays, hysteresis and filtering, to name a few.The discipline of establishing an understanding of this complex biophysical system was termed "dynamic biological oceanography" by Legendre and Demers (1984) to emphasize the non-steady-state nature of the problem.Due to the primary position that the phytoplankton occupy in the cycle of life in the ocean and the importance of the oceans to the rest of the earth, considerable effort has been and will continue to be dedicated to investigating this system.}, number={1}, journal={Oceanography}, publisher={The Oceanography Society}, author={Kirkpatrick, Gary and Curtin, Thomas and Kamykowski, Daniel and Feezor, Michael and Sartin, Mickey and Reed, Robert}, year={1990}, pages={18–22} }
 @book{glasgow_reed_burkholder, title={Expanded Monitoring and Watershed Characterization of the Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, for Improved Model and Nutrient TMDL Development}, author={Glasgow, H.B. and Reed, R.E. and Burkholder, J.A.M.} }