@article{reeves_strayer-scherer_panthee_gardner_meadows_2023, title={Variable Yield Responses among Grafted and Nongrafted Late blight-resistant Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Hybrids in North Carolina}, volume={58}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI17145-23}, abstractNote={Host resistance is an environmentally and economically sustainable disease management strategy that may be especially beneficial to small-scale and organic growers for whom other management tools such as synthetic pesticides are too costly or not permitted. In western North Carolina, the demand for vine-ripened tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from local and organic farms has led to the development of cultivars bred for resistance to geographically relevant diseases, including late blight of tomato, which causes rapid defoliation and lesions on fruit. Grafting tomato plants has the potential to increase plant vigor and yield; however, this effect is known to be dependent on multiple factors, including scion and geographic location. In this study, we evaluated the yield response of one determinate (‘Mountain Gem’) and four indeterminate (‘Mountain Heritage’, ‘Mountain Girl’, ‘Mountain Rouge’, and ‘NC10291’) late blight–resistant tomato cultivars, grafted on tomato rootstock ‘Maxifort’ or nongrafted, on a commercial farm and at two research facilities in western North Carolina. Yield of marketable fruit from grafted plants was greater than that from nongrafted plants at one location (P = 0.008); however, yield response of each cultivar, grafted or not grafted, differed by location. Yield was consistently greater from ‘Mountain Gem’ plants than other cultivars, and grafted ‘Mountain Gem’ plants had greater yields later in the season at two locations than nongrafted plants. Because of the late planting date intended to expose cultivars to the late blight pathogen, the full yield potential of the indeterminate cultivars was not realized at all locations. Disease severity caused by Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold) was lowest for cultivar Mountain Heritage at two of three locations. Results from this study emphasize the importance of conducting evaluations of grafted tomato plants at multiple locations, including on farm, to optimize the benefits associated with their use.}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Reeves, Ella R. and Strayer-Scherer, Amanda and Panthee, Dilip R. and Gardner, Randolph and Meadows, Inga M.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={943–948} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2022, title={‘Mountain Bebe’: Hybrid Grape Tomato and Its Parents NC 7 Grape and NC 8 Grape}, volume={57}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16366-21}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI16366-21}, abstractNote={and fusarium wilt and The has a compact, indeterminate growth habit short It has total ’}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Panthee, Dilip R. and Gardner, Randy G.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={444–446} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2014, title={'Mountain Lion': A large-fruited, extended shelf-life hybrid tomato and its parent line, NC 2rinEC}, volume={49}, number={11}, journal={HortScience}, author={Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2014}, pages={1461–1462} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2014, title={'Mountain Rouge': A pink-fruited, heirloom-type hybrid tomato and its parent line NC 161L}, volume={49}, number={11}, journal={HortScience}, author={Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2014}, pages={1463–1464} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2013, title={'Mountain Honey' hybrid grape tomato and its parent NC 6 Grape breeding line}, volume={48}, number={9}, journal={HortScience}, author={Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2013}, pages={1192–1194} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2013, title={'Mountain Vineyard' hybrid grape tomato and its parents: NC 4 Grape and NC 5 Grape tomato breeding lines}, volume={48}, number={9}, journal={HortScience}, author={Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2013}, pages={1189–1191} }
 @article{ling_li_panthee_gardner_2013, title={First Report of Potato spindle tuber viroid Naturally Infecting Greenhouse Tomatoes in North Carolina}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-07-12-0679-pdn}, abstractNote={ In spring 2012, a severe disease was observed on a limited number of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in a research greenhouse facility in western North Carolina. The first symptoms noted were downward curling of the terminal leaves accompanied by a rough puckered darker green texture. This was followed in time by greater distortion of the leaves with pale green on leaf margins. Older leaves with symptoms developed necrosis, with necrotic spots and streaks appearing on a few fruits. On some of these affected fruits, stems, peduncles, pedicels, and sepals also showed symptoms. Infected plants were badly stunted, and fruits in the upper parts of plants displaying severe symptoms remained very small. In just a few months, the disease spread to other tomato plants inside the greenhouse. A survey in May 2012 showed a disease incidence of 18% (156 symptomatic plants out of a total of 864) in this greenhouse. Initial screenings for possible viruses using ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN), as well as a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR panel of 15 common tomato viruses in our laboratory were negative. Because of the symptoms and negative results for viruses, a viroid infection was suspected. Total plant RNA was prepared using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) from leaf tissues of eight diseased plants and one seed sample. Using real-time RT-PCR developed against Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and some related pospiviroids (1), positive signals were observed with a mean Ct = 13.24 for leaf tissues and Ct = 19.91 for the seed sample. To obtain a full viroid genome, RT-PCR using two different sets of primers, one specific for PSTVd (PSTVd-F and PSTVd-R) (2), and a universal primer set for pospiviroids (MTTVd-F and MTTVd-R) (3) was performed. RT-PCR generated amplicons with expected size of ~360 bp from all eight leaf and one seed samples, but not from a healthy control. PCR products were cloned using the TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). A total of 22 full genomic sequences were obtained. A multi-sequence alignment generated a consensus sequence of 360 nt, designated as NC12-01 (GenBank Accession No. JX280944). BLASTn search in the NCBI database revealed the highest sequence identity of 96.9% to Australian (AY962324) and UK (AJ583449) isolates of PSTVd and 95.9% identity to the tomato isolate of PSTVd-CA1 (HM753555). Similar disease symptoms were observed on two ‘Rutgers’ tomato plants 2 weeks post mechanical inoculation and the presence of PSTVd was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR (1). A mock-inoculated plant did not show any symptoms. In the U.S., natural infection of PSTVd on tomato was first identified in California in 2010 (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of PSTVd on tomato in the eastern U.S. The diseased plants were contained, properly disposed of, and eradicated in this location. The broader geographic distribution of PSTVd on tomato in the U.S., and the potential latent infection in potato and a number of ornamentals (4), emphasizes the need for better plant and seed health tests for viroids on these plants. }, number={1}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Ling, K. -S. and Li, R. and Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={148–149} }
 @article{gardner_panthee_2012, title={'Mountain Magic': An early blight and late blight-resistant specialty type F-1 hybrid tomato}, volume={47}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G. and Panthee, D. R.}, year={2012}, pages={299–300} }
 @article{sim_van deynze_stoffel_douches_zarka_ganal_chetelat_hutton_scott_gardner_et al._2012, title={High-Density SNP Genotyping of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Reveals Patterns of Genetic Variation Due to Breeding}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0045520}, abstractNote={The effects of selection on genome variation were investigated and visualized in tomato using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. 7,720 SNPs were genotyped on a collection of 426 tomato accessions (410 inbreds and 16 hybrids) and over 97% of the markers were polymorphic in the entire collection. Principal component analysis (PCA) and pairwise estimates of F st supported that the inbred accessions represented seven sub-populations including processing, large-fruited fresh market, large-fruited vintage, cultivated cherry, landrace, wild cherry, and S. pimpinellifolium. Further divisions were found within both the contemporary processing and fresh market sub-populations. These sub-populations showed higher levels of genetic diversity relative to the vintage sub-population. The array provided a large number of polymorphic SNP markers across each sub-population, ranging from 3,159 in the vintage accessions to 6,234 in the cultivated cherry accessions. Visualization of minor allele frequency revealed regions of the genome that distinguished three representative sub-populations of cultivated tomato (processing, fresh market, and vintage), particularly on chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 6, and 11. The PCA loadings and F st outlier analysis between these three sub-populations identified a large number of candidate loci under positive selection on chromosomes 4, 5, and 11. The extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) was examined within each chromosome for these sub-populations. LD decay varied between chromosomes and sub-populations, with large differences reflective of breeding history. For example, on chromosome 11, decay occurred over 0.8 cM for processing accessions and over 19.7 cM for fresh market accessions. The observed SNP variation and LD decay suggest that different patterns of genetic variation in cultivated tomato are due to introgression from wild species and selection for market specialization.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Sim, Sung-Chur and Van Deynze, Allen and Stoffel, Kevin and Douches, David S. and Zarka, Daniel and Ganal, Martin W. and Chetelat, Roger T. and Hutton, Samuel F. and Scott, John W. and Gardner, Randolph G. and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gardner_panthee_2012, title={Tomato spotted wilt virus-resistant fresh-market tomato breeding lines: NC 58S, NC 123S, NC 127S, and NC 132S}, volume={47}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G. and Panthee, D. R.}, year={2012}, pages={531–532} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2011, title={'Mountain Majesty': A tomato spotted wilt virus-resistant fresh-market hybrid tomato and Its parents NC 714 and NC 1CS}, volume={46}, number={9}, journal={HortScience}, author={Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2011}, pages={1321–1323} }
 @article{panthee_gardner_2010, title={'Mountain Merit': A late blight-resistant large-fruited tomato hybrid}, volume={45}, number={10}, journal={HortScience}, author={Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G.}, year={2010}, pages={1547–1548} }
 @article{gardner_panthee_2010, title={'Plum Regal' fresh-market plum tomato hybrid and Its parents, NC 25P and NC 30P}, volume={45}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G. and Panthee, D. R.}, year={2010}, pages={824–825} }
 @article{gardner_panthee_2010, title={Grape tomato breeding lines: NC 1 Grape, NC 2 Grape, and NC 3 Grape}, volume={45}, number={12}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G. and Panthee, D. R.}, year={2010}, pages={1887–1888} }
 @article{robbins_masud_panthee_gardner_francis_stevens_2010, title={Marker-assisted selection for coupling phase resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus and phytophthora infestans (late blight) in tomato}, volume={45}, number={10}, journal={HortScience}, author={Robbins, M. D. and Masud, M. A. T. and Panthee, D. R. and Gardner, R. G. and Francis, D. M. and Stevens, M. R.}, year={2010}, pages={1424–1428} }
 @article{gardner_panthee_2010, title={NC 1 CELBR and NC 2 CELBR: Early blight and late blight-resistant fresh market tomato breeding lines}, volume={45}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G. and Panthee, D. R.}, year={2010}, pages={975–976} }
 @article{gardner_2006, title={Mountain Crest, hybrid tomato and its parent, NC 1 rinEC}, volume={41}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={2006}, pages={261–262} }
 @article{gardner_2006, title={Plum Crimson, fresh-market plum tomato hybrid and its parents, NC EBR-7 and NC EBR-8}, volume={41}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={2006}, pages={259–260} }
 @article{sato_peet_gardner_2004, title={Altered flower retention and developmental patterns in nine tomato cultivars under elevated temperature}, volume={101}, ISSN={["0304-4238"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2003.10.008}, abstractNote={Moderately elevated temperature effects on flower development were examined in nine tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Plants were grown under high (HT, 32/28 °C day/night temperatures) and control (CT, 26/22 °C) temperature conditions. Fate of flowers developed was categorized as seeded fruit, parthenocarpic fruit, undeveloped flowers, or aborted flowers. Although HT decreased seeded fruit set in all nine cultivars, the degree of sensitivity and the pattern of reaction to the elevated temperature differed among cultivars. FLA7156 was the most tolerant cultivar, although under HT seeded fruit set was less than half that at CT (22.5% compared to 46.8%). The remaining cultivars had very few or no seeded fruit set at all at HT. The percentage of parthenocarpic fruit increased at HT compared to CT in all cultivars. Aborted flowers also increased in FLA7156, NC8288, NCHS1 and NC46E, but did not change in ‘Piedmont’, NC279HS, and NC403HS, or decreased in ‘Fresh Market 9’ and TH318. Reduction of flower abortion and increase of parthenocarpic fruit set can be advantageous traits for breeding of high temperature tolerant tomato cultivars.}, number={1-2}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Sato, S and Peet, MM and Gardner, RG}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={95–101} }
 @article{sato_peet_gardner_2001, title={Formation of parthenocarpic fruit, undeveloped flowers and aborted flowers in tomato under moderately elevated temperatures}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0304-4238"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-4238(00)00262-4}, abstractNote={Incidence of parthenocarpic fruit, undeveloped flowers and flower abortion in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were compared under optimal temperature (OT, 28/22°C day/night) and chronic, mild high temperature conditions (HT, 32/26°C). Seeded fruits were found only under OT conditions, where 37±9% of all flowers developed into seeded fruit. However, flower aborted was also higher under OT, with an additional 24±7% of flowers aborted under optimal temperature conditions, compared to only 4±1% of flowers aborted under HT conditions. Under HT, most flowers (53±8%) developed into parthenocarpic fruit, and the remainder (43±7%) stayed on the plant as undeveloped flowers. A slow transition of undeveloped flowers to parthenocarpic fruit was also observed under HT. Factors determining whether flowers abort, develop parthenocarpically, remain on the plant without developing further, or develop into seeded fruit were discussed in relation to carbohydrate availability and the presence of seeded fruit on the vine.}, number={3-4}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Sato, S and Peet, MM and Gardner, RG}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={243–254} }
 @article{gardner_2000, title={A male-sterile cherry tomato breeding line, NC2C ms-10,aa}, volume={35}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={2000}, pages={964–965} }
 @article{koka_cerny_gardner_noguchi_fujioka_takatsuto_yoshida_clouse_2000, title={A putative role for the tomato genes DUMPY and CURL-3 in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and response}, volume={122}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.122.1.85}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Koka, CV and Cerny, RE and Gardner, RG and Noguchi, T and Fujioka, S and Takatsuto, S and Yoshida, S and Clouse, SD}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={85–98} }
 @article{gardner_2000, title={Carolina Gold, a hybrid tomato, and its parents, NC1Y and NC2Y}, volume={35}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={2000}, pages={966–967} }
 @article{lawrence_singh_qiu_gardner_tuzun_2000, title={Constitutive hydrolytic enzymes are associated with polygenic resistance of tomato to Alternaria solani and may function as an elicitor release mechanism}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0885-5765"]}, DOI={10.1006/pmpp.2000.0298}, abstractNote={Abstract Foliar resistance to early blight disease of tomato, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani , is inherited in a complex quantitative manner. Our previous studies revealed that three moderately-resistant tomato breeding lines with different sources of early blight resistance, all possessed higher constitutive and more rapid accumulation of PR proteins, including specific antifungal isozymes of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase than susceptible genotypes. In the present study, additional early blight resistant tomato breeding lines and susceptible genotypes were investigated for their constitutive levels of PR proteins. All resistant lines possessed higher constitutive levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase than susceptible genotypes supporting earlier reported findings. Constitutive and pathogen-induced expression of PR genes during early stages of the interaction was found to be much higher in the highly resistant breeding line NC 24-E than a susceptible line. In vitro elicitor release experiments were performed with purified A. solani cell walls treated with constitutive total enzyme preparations isolated from resistant and susceptible plants. Enzyme preparations from resistant and susceptible genotypes differed in their ability to produce hypersensitive response (HR) elicitors from fungal cell walls: the enzyme preparations from resistant breeding lines released HR elicitors, while enzyme preparations from susceptible lines did not. Additionally, experiments with a partially purified preparation of basic tomato chitinases demonstrated that these enzymes were able to release HR elicitors from germinating spores of A. solani , but not mature, intact cell walls. The possibility that constitutively produced hydrolytic enzymes may act as an elicitor-releasing mechanism in resistance to early blight of tomato is discussed.}, number={5}, journal={PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Lawrence, CB and Singh, NP and Qiu, JS and Gardner, RG and Tuzun, S}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={211–220} }
 @article{gardner_2000, title={Plum Dandy, a hybrid tomato, and its parents, NC EBR-5 and NC EBR-6}, volume={35}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={2000}, pages={962–963} }
 @article{gardner_2000, title={Sun Leaper, a hybrid tomato, and its parent, NCHS-1}, volume={35}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={2000}, pages={960–961} }
 @article{gardner_1999, title={Monte Verde tomato}, volume={34}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1999}, pages={940} }
 @article{gardner_shoemaker_1999, title={Mountain supreme early blight-resistant hybrid tomato and its parents, NC EBR-3 and NC EBR-4}, volume={34}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G. and Shoemaker, P. B.}, year={1999}, pages={745–746} }
 @article{gardner_1999, title={NC 109 tomato breeding line: 'Mountain Fresh' F-1 hybrid}, volume={34}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1999}, pages={941–942} }
 @article{peet_sato_gardner_1998, title={Comparing heat stress effects on male-fertile and male-sterile tomatoes}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0140-7791"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00281.x}, abstractNote={To separate the effects of heat stress on male and female reproductive tissues, male‐sterile (MSs) and male‐fertile tomatoes (MFs) were placed in growth chambers at 12 h day/12 h night temperatures of 28/22, 30/24 or 32/26 °C from flower appearance to seed maturation (daily mean temperatures of 25, 27 or 29 °C). Pollen from MFs was applied individually to MS flowers. As MFs were self‐pollinated, heat stress was experienced by both male and female tissues. At growth temperatures of 29 °C fruit number, fruit weight per plant, and seed number per fruit were only 10%, 6·4% and 16·4%, respectively, compared with those at 25 °C. Heat stress also adversely affected fruitset in MSs, especially when experienced by donor pollen. No fruit at all developed on MSs receiving pollen produced at 29 °C, even when ovule development, pollen germination and subsequent embryo development all took place at 25 °C. Effects on fruitset in MSs were reduced if donor pollen had not experienced heat stress. MSs grown at 29 °C but receiving pollen developing at 25 °C produced 73% as much fruit (both on number and weight basis), had 40% as high fruitset and produced 87% of the seed per fruit as MSs grown at 25 °C. This use of male‐sterile and male‐fertile lines of tomato provides new evidence that impairment of pollen and anther development by elevated temperature will be an important contributing factor to decreased fruit set in tomato, and possibly other crops, with global warming.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Peet, MM and Sato, S and Gardner, RG}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={225–231} }
 @article{peet_willits_gardner_1997, title={Response of ovule development and post-pollen production processes in male-sterile tomatoes to chronic, sub-acute high temperature stress}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0022-0957"]}, DOI={10.1093/jxb/48.1.101}, abstractNote={In order to determine the effects of high temperature on ovule development and reproductive processes subsequent to pollen production, nine day/night temperature combinations were imposed over a 9 month period as four separate experiments, each with three treatments, including one common treatment. In order to eliminate known effects of high temperatures on pollen production and stylar position, high temperature treatments were applied only to male-sterile tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Pollen was obtained from male-fertile plants given optimal growth conditions. This allowed comparison of mean daily temperatures from 25-29 °C; day/night temperature differentials (DIFs) of 2, 6, and 10 °C; day temperatures of 28, 30 and 32 °C at night temperatures of 22, 24, and 26 C; and night temperatures of 22, 24 and 26 °C at day temperatures of 28, 30 and 32 °C. Average weight per fruit and flower number did not demonstrate a consistent pattern of response to high temperature. Other reproductive characteristics (% fruitset, total number and weight of fruit per plant, and seediness index) decreased as mean daily temperature rose from 25 °C to 26 °C and from 28 °C to 29 °C. The primary parameter affecting these variables was mean daily temperature, with day temperature having a secondary role. Thus, in determining reproductive responses of tomato to temperatures within this range, day temperature, night temperature and DIFs do not need to be considered independently of their effect on mean daily temperature. If this relationship holds true in other species, and for pre-pollen production processes as well, modelling the effects of projected climate change should be simplified.}, number={306}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={Peet, MM and Willits, DH and Gardner, R}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={101–111} }
 @article{gardner_1993, title={'Mountain Belle' cherry tomato; NC 1C and NC 2C cherry tomato breeding lines}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1993}, pages={349} }
 @article{gardner_1993, title={'Mountain Gold' tomato}, volume={28}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1993}, pages={348} }
 @article{gardner_1992, title={'Mountain Spring' tomato; NC 8276 and NC 84173 tomato breeding lines}, volume={27}, number={11}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1992}, pages={1233} }
 @article{gardner_1990, title={'Mountain Delight' tomato. NC 8288 tomato breeding line}, volume={25}, number={8}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1990}, pages={989} }
 @article{gardner_1990, title={Greenhouse disease screen facilitates breeding resistance to tomato early blight}, volume={25}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Gardner, R. G.}, year={1990}, pages={222} }