@article{islam_mondal_bir_sabbir_azad_wahab_borski_huq_2024, title={Impacts of integration of mola with prawn-carp gher farming: An approach to enhance household fish consumption and family income}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/jwas.13066}, abstractNote={Abstract This study investigated the production performance, household fish consumption, and commercial feasibility of prawn–carp–mola mixed gher farming system. Three treatments with different species compositions were compared: prawn + rohu, prawn + mola, and prawn + rohu + mola, each having different stocking densities. The results indicated that the integration of mola improved the utilization of feed protein by prawns. However, mola inclusion did not significantly affect the growth of prawn and rohu or the production system's cost. Mola inclusion led to a significant increase in the gross production, household consumption, and sale of mola, prawn, and rohu. It also increased gross returns, income above variable cost, and net returns to land, family labor, and management. In addition, the inclusion of mola significantly increased household consumption by increasing the intake of nutrient‐rich mola and overall fish consumption. This improvement in food consumption contributed to ensuring the nutritional requirements and food security of impoverished rural farmers, especially women and children. Consequently, the integration of small fish mola in prawn–carp gher farming systems is recommended as a beneficial practice for wider adoption, effectively addressing household nutrition security at the rural level and improving the livelihoods of farmers.}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Islam, Shikder Saiful and Mondal, Saikat Ranjan and Bir, Joyanta and Sabbir, Wasim and Azad, Md. Abul Kalam and Wahab, Md. Abdul and Borski, Russell and Huq, Khandaker Anisul}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{deck_salger_reynolds_tada_severance_ferket_egna_fatema_haque_borski_2023, title={Nutritional programming in Nile tilapia <i>(</i>Oreochromis<i> </i>niloticus<i>)</i>: Effect of low dietary protein on growth and the intestinal microbiome and transcriptome}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0292431}, abstractNote={Nutritional programming is the idea that early nutrient contributions can influence organismal structure or function and is documented in a variety of vertebrates, yet studies in fish are largely lacking. Tilapia are an important foodfish, with global production having increased rapidly since the 1990s. They exhibit high disease-resistance and grow well on formulated feeds which makes them an ideal aquaculture species, however incorporating high quality proteins into feeds can be costly. As feed constitutes 50–70% of total production costs in aquaculture, reducing protein content could curb these costs and increase revenue. Thus, we examined the effects of feeding Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fry a restricted protein diet for the first 7–21 days on growth, gut microbial flora, and the intestinal transcriptome. Fish were fed either a 25% restricted or 48% control crude protein starter (ST) diet for up to 21 days and then switched to a 25% or 38% control crude protein growout (GO) diet. Fish fed a 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by a 38% GO diet had significantly higher lengths and weights and better feed efficiency than fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet after 56 days of culture. Growth of fry on the 25% ST, 7-day/38% GO and the 25% ST,7-day/25% GO diets did not differ from the those fed the control protein diets, while fish fed the 25% ST diet for 21 days had significantly lower growth and survival rates. We observed no significant differences in either alpha or beta diversity of the gut microbial flora between diets, however species richness (Shannon Index) was higher in fry fed the 25% protein ST diet regardless of the GO diet. Similarly, fish fed the 25% ST diet for 14 days followed by the 38% GO diet had minimal changes to the intestinal transcriptome relative to fish fed the control 48% ST and 38% GO diet. However, those fed 25% ST and GO diets for the entire 56 days exhibited substantial differences in the gut transcriptome from other groups showing gene expression profiles characteristic of detrimental changes to gut physiology, protein metabolism and immune function. Results suggest protein restriction for up to 14 days early in development leads to enhanced growth and feed efficiency with minimal effects on gut microbes or intestinal function. Protein restriction beyond this period appears detrimental to fish growth and health as underscored by expression of disease related genes and higher mortality rates.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Deck, Courtney A. and Salger, Scott A. and Reynolds, Hannah M. and Tada, Michael D. and Severance, Madeline E. and Ferket, Peter and Egna, Hillary S. and Fatema, Mst. Kaniz and Haque, Shahroz M. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{deck_mankiewicz_borski_2022, title={Evidence for a leptin-insulin axis in a fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={253}, ISSN={["1479-6805"]}, DOI={10.1530/JOE-21-0139}, abstractNote={Leptin, insulin, and glucagon are involved in regulating glycaemia in vertebrates and play a role in the progression of obesity and type 2 diabetes. While mammals possess an "adipoinsular axis" whereby insulin stimulates leptin release from adipocytes and leptin in turn feeds back on the pancreas to inhibit further insulin secretion, evidence of such an axis in non-mammalian vertebrates is unknown. We investigated the interactions between these glycemic hormones and provide evidence for a leptin-insulin axisin a teleost fish, the tilapia. In the first study, hepatocytes were exposed to various concentrations of either insulin or glucagon to determine effects on leptin a (lepa) and then examined this in vivo with i.p. injections of both hormones. We also exposed isolated Brockmann bodies (pancreatic islets) to recombinant tilapia Leptin A (rtLepA) and again followed this up with an i.p. injection to examine changes in insulin a and glucagon b. We found that glucagon increases lepa in vitro and in vivo, with the latter being 18-fold higher than saline injected controls, however the effects of rtLepA on glub were more variable. Insulin increased lepa by 2.5-fold in vitro and 70-fold in vivo while rtLepA decreased insa at basal and increased it at high glucose concentrations. These data indicate that a leptin-insulin axis may be conserved among vertebrates and is thus essential for regulating nutrient balance but that the relationship is likely much more dynamic in teleosts as glycaemia is not as tightly regulated as it is in mammals.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Deck, Courtney A. and Mankiewicz, Jamie L. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={13–25} }
 @article{mankiewicz_deck_taylor_douros_borski_2021, title={Epinephrine and glucose regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion in a teleost fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={302}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113669}, abstractNote={Acute stress is regulated through the sympathetic adrenergic axis where catecholamines mobilize energy stores including carbohydrates as a principal element of the endocrine stress response. Leptin is a cytokine critical for regulating energy expenditure in vertebrates and is stimulated by various stressors in fish such as fasting, hyperosmotic challenge, and hypoxia. However, little is known about the regulatory interactions between leptin and the endocrine stress axis in fishes and other ectothermic vertebrates. We evaluated the actions of epinephrine and glucose in regulating leptin A (LepA) in vivo and in vitro in tilapia. Using hepatocyte incubations and a homologous LepA ELISA, we show that LepA synthesis and secretion decline as ambient glucose levels increase (10–25 mM). By contrast, bolus glucose administration in tilapia increases lepa mRNA levels 14-fold at 6 h, suggesting systemic factors regulated by glucose may counteract the direct inhibitory effects of glucose on hepatic lepa mRNA observed in vitro. Epinephrine stimulated glucose and LepA secretion from hepatocytes in a dose-dependent fashion within 15 min but had little effect on lepa mRNA levels. An in vivo injection of epinephrine into tilapia stimulated a rapid rise in blood glucose which was followed by a 4-fold increase in hepatic lepa mRNA levels at 2.5 and 6 h. Plasma LepA was also elevated by 6 h relative to controls. Recombinant tilapia LepA administration in vivo did not have any significant effect on plasma epinephrine levels. The results of this study demonstrate LepA is negatively regulated by rises in extracellular glucose at the level of the hepatocyte but stimulated by hyperglycemia in vivo. Further, epinephrine increases LepA. This, along with previous work demonstrating a hyperglycemic and glycogenolytic effect of LepA in tilapia, suggests that epinephrine may stimulate leptin secretion to augment and fine tune glucose mobilization and homeostasis as part of the integrated, adaptive stress response.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Mankiewicz, Jamie L. and Deck, Courtney A. and Taylor, Jordan D. and Douros, Jonathan D. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{andersen_abernathy_berlinsky_bolton_booker_borski_brown_cerino_ciaramella_clark_et al._2021, title={The status of striped bass, <scp><i>Morone saxatilis</i>,</scp> as a commercially ready species for U.S. marine aquaculture}, volume={52}, ISSN={0893-8849 1749-7345}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12812}, DOI={10.1111/jwas.12812}, abstractNote={Striped bass, Morone saxatilis , is an anadromous fish native to the North American Atlantic Coast and is well recognized as one of the most important and highly regarded recreational fisheries in the United States. Decades of research have been conducted on striped bass and its hybrid (striped bass (cid:1) white bass Morone chrysops ) and culture methods have been established, particularly for the hybrid striped bass, the fourth largest finfish aquaculture industry in the United States (US $50 million). Domesticated striped bass have been developed since the 1990s and broodstock are available from the government for commercial fry production using novel hormone-free methods along with traditional hormone-induced tank and strip spawning. No commercial-scale intensive larval rearing technologies have been developed at present and current fingerling production is conducted in fertilized freshwater ponds. Larval valued at about US $8.45 to US $9.25 per kg whole; the farm gate value for cultured striped bass may be as much as US $10.00 or more per kg depending on demand and market. The ideal market size is between 1.36 and 2.72 kg/fish, which is considerably larger than the traditional 0.68 to 0.90 kg/fish for the hybrid striped bass market. 0.57 0.91 US or US for 2.5 lb or fish). Recent for striped bass in in ranged from US $26.45 to US $41.89 per kg (US $12.00 – US $19.00 per lb) for boneless, skin-on fillets of wild caught striped bass. Market surveys conducted with Locals Seafood in North Carolina found that marketing value-added, boneless, skin-on fillets of aquacultured striped bass in the mid-Atlantic region is feasible even with a final product price of US $39.68 per kg (US $18.00 per lb). Based on these survey data, we estimate the U.S. farm gate value for striped bass can be as low as US $10.14 per kg (US $4.60 per lb) and as high as US $13.23 per kg (US $6.00 per lb) based on a 50.0% to 70.0% mark-up margin. Furthermore, assessments have shown consumer willingness to pay premium prices for striped bass (Quagrainie, 2019). These data show a clear economic and market potential for aquaculture production of striped bass, which already has a wide consumer acceptance and appeal.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the World Aquaculture Society}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Andersen, Linnea K. and Abernathy, Jason and Berlinsky, David L. and Bolton, Greg and Booker, Matthew M. and Borski, Russell J. and Brown, Travis and Cerino, David and Ciaramella, Michael and Clark, Robert W. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={710–730} }
 @article{salger_reza_deck_wahab_baltzegar_murr_borski_2020, title={Enhanced biodiversity of gut flora and feed efficiency in pond cultured tilapia under reduced frequency feeding strategies}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0236100}, abstractNote={Feed constitutes 50–70% of total production costs of tilapia, one of the most widely cultured finfishes in the world. We evaluated reduced-feeding strategies for improving production efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In a 12-week pond trial, fish were fed daily, every other day, every third day, or not at all. Ponds were fertilized to enhance natural foods. In a fifth group fish were fed daily without pond fertilization. Fish fed daily with or without pond fertilization and fish fed every other day had higher specific growth rates, survivability, and net production than the other two treatments. Fish feed efficiency and benefit to cost ratio was highest for treatments fed in a pulsatile manner (i.e. fed every other day or every third day) with fish fed on alternate days providing the best net return among all groups. Fish fed on alternate days had more moderate gene expression levels of intestinal nutrient transporters which may allow for a more balanced and efficient nutrient uptake. Fecal microbe analyses identified 145 families of prokaryotic and 132 genera of eukaryotic organisms in tilapia. The highest diversity of prokaryotes was found in fish fed either every other day or daily in fertilized ponds and the highest diversity of eukaryotes was found in fish fed every other day. These studies indicate feeding Nile tilapia on alternate days along with weekly pond fertilization has no deleterious effects on growth, survivability, or production versus daily feeding regimes, but enhances feed efficiency by 76% and provides the greatest net return on investments. Our studies also suggest for the first time that combining alternate-day feeding with pond fertilization produces the greatest microbial biodiversity in the intestine that could contribute to enhanced feed efficiency and overall health of tilapia.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Salger, Scott A. and Reza, Jimi and Deck, Courtney A. and Wahab, Md Abdul and Baltzegar, David A. and Murr, Alexander T. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{aruho_walakira_owori-wadunde_nuwamanya_bugenyi_sserwadda_rutaisire_borski_2020, title={Growth and survival of Ripon barbel (Barbus altianalis) larvae and juveniles fed five experimental diets in captivity}, volume={18}, ISSN={["2352-5134"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100441}, abstractNote={Mass production of quality seed is vital for commercial culture and requires prior knowledge of appropriate larval diets and their utilization. Four experiments were sequentially conducted at different periods to evaluate the effect of live and a processed microdiet on growth and survival of Barbus altianalis larvae and juveniles. Larvae were fed exclusively on live prey (Moina and Artemia nauplii), microdiet (57 % Crude Protein), decapsulated Artemia cysts and in combination (Moina + microdiet). The effect on growth was further evaluated in subsequent juvenile trial by co-feeding. Green water effect on larval growth was also evaluated. In the final experiment, 15 day old larvae were raised in fertilized outdoor concrete tanks. Results indicated that each diet affected larval growth significantly different (P < 0.05) with the combination diet (152.05 ± 2.51mg) and decapsulated Artemia (141.14 ± 2.43 mg) performing better than microdiet, Moina and Artemia nauplii in that order. In subsequent juvenile experiment, larvae originally fed decapsulated Artemia (510.13 ± 11.93 mg) and those fed a mixed diet (500.20 ± 11.8 mg) performed better than other diets. Ontogenetic pattern of amylase, lipase and protease activity identified larvae maturation age at 14–21 Days after hatching (DAH) (14.93 ± 0.36–31.5 ± 0.61 mg) with the combination diet. When larvae at 15 DAH were nursed in outdoor tanks, final survival and growth performance increased to 95.3 % and 1112 ± 42.70 mg compared to the indoor nursing at 90.9 % and 355.33 ± 6.44 mg respectively by 75 DAH. Therefore we recommend that any microdiet manipulations and or outdoor nursing be done during or after this period. Microalgae had no direct effect on larval growth (P > 0.05). In this study, larvae were confirmed to utilize the microdiet from exogenous stage but co-feeding produced best average weight (152.05 ± 2.51mg), specific growth rates (4.06 ± 0.19) and survival (90.9 %). This study provided guiding strategies for improved rearing of B. altianalis fingerlings in captivity.}, journal={AQUACULTURE REPORTS}, author={Aruho, Cassius and Walakira, John K. and Owori-Wadunde, Akisoferi and Nuwamanya, Ephraim and Bugenyi, Fred and Sserwadda, Martin and Rutaisire, Justus and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{seale_malintha_celino-brady_head_belcaid_yamaguchi_lerner_baltzegar_borski_stoytcheva_et al._2020, title={Transcriptional regulation ofprolactinin a euryhaline teleost: Characterisation of gene promoters through in silico and transcriptome analyses}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1365-2826"]}, DOI={10.1111/jne.12905}, abstractNote={The sensitivity of prolactin (Prl) cells of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) pituitary to variations in extracellular osmolality enables investigations into how osmoreception underlies patterns of hormone secretion. Through the actions of their main secretory products, Prl cells play a key role in supporting hydromineral balance of fishes by controlling the major osmoregulatory organs (ie, gill, intestine and kidney). The release of Prl from isolated cells of the rostral pars distalis (RPD) occurs in direct response to physiologically relevant reductions in extracellular osmolality. Although the particular signal transduction pathways that link osmotic conditions to Prl secretion have been identified, the processes that underlie hyposmotic induction of prl gene expression remain unknown. In this short review, we describe two distinct tilapia gene loci that encode Prl177 and Prl188. From our in silico analyses of prl177 and prl188 promoter regions (approximately 1000 bp) and a transcriptome analysis of RPDs from fresh water (FW)‐ and seawater (SW)‐acclimated tilapia, we propose a working model for how multiple transcription factors link osmoreceptive processes with adaptive patterns of prl177 and prl188 gene expression. We confirmed via RNA‐sequencing and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction that multiple transcription factors emerging as predicted regulators of prl gene expression are expressed in the RPD of tilapia. In particular, gene transcripts encoding pou1f1, stat3, creb3l1, pbxip1a and stat1a were highly expressed; creb3l1, pbxip1a and stat1a were elevated in fish acclimated to SW vs FW. Combined, our in silico and transcriptome analyses set a path for resolving how adaptive patterns of Prl secretion are achieved via the integration of osmoreceptive processes with the control of prl gene transcription.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Seale, Andre P. and Malintha, Gardi Hewage Tharindu and Celino-Brady, Fritzie T. and Head, Tony and Belcaid, Mahdi and Yamaguchi, Yoko and Lerner, Darren T. and Baltzegar, David A. and Borski, Russell J. and Stoytcheva, Zoia R. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{johnstone_honeycutt_deck_borski_2019, title={Nongenomic glucocorticoid effects and their mechanisms of action in vertebrates}, volume={346}, ISSN={["1937-6448"]}, DOI={10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.004}, abstractNote={Glucocorticoids (GC) act on multiple organ systems to regulate a variety of physiological processes in vertebrates. Due to their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, glucocorticoids are an attractive target for pharmaceutical development. Accordingly, they are one of the most widely prescribed classes of therapeutics. Through the classical mechanism of steroid action, glucocorticoids are thought to mainly affect gene transcription, both in a stimulatory and suppressive fashion, regulating de novo protein synthesis that subsequently leads to the physiological response. However, over the past three decades multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that glucocorticoids may work through rapid, nonclassical mechanisms that do not require alterations in gene transcription or translation. This review assimilates evidence across the vertebrate taxa on the diversity of nongenomic actions of glucocorticoids and the membrane-associated cellular mechanisms that may underlie rapid glucocorticoid responses to include potential binding sites characterized to date.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, VOL 346}, author={Johnstone, William M., III and Honeycutt, Jamie L. and Deck, Courtney A. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2019}, pages={51–96} }
 @book{sex control in aquaculture, vols i and ii_2019, ISBN={["978-1-119-12726-0"]}, DOI={10.1002/9781119127291}, journal={SEX CONTROL IN AQUACULTURE, VOLS I AND II}, year={2019}, pages={1–846} }
 @article{honeycutt_deck_miller_severance_atkins_luckenbach_buckel_daniels_rice_borski_et al._2019, title={Warmer waters masculinize wild populations of a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination}, volume={9}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Honeycutt, J. L. and Deck, C. A. and Miller, S. C. and Severance, M. E. and Atkins, E. B. and Luckenbach, J. A. and Buckel, J. A. and Daniels, H. V. and Rice, J. A. and Borski, R. J. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{thoemmes_stewart_hernandez-aguilar_bertone_baltzegar_borski_cohen_coyle_piel_dunn_2018, title={Ecology of sleeping: the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2054-5703"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047125198&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1098/rsos.180382}, abstractNote={
            The indoor environment created by the construction of homes and other buildings is often considered to be uniquely different from other environments. It is composed of organisms that are less diverse than those of the outdoors and strongly sourced by, or dependent upon, human bodies. Yet, no one has ever compared the composition of species found in contemporary human homes to that of other structures built by mammals, including those of non-human primates. Here we consider the microbes and arthropods found in chimpanzee beds, relative to the surrounding environment (
            n
             = 41 and 15 beds, respectively). Based on the study of human homes, we hypothesized that the microbes found in chimpanzee beds would be less diverse than those on nearby branches and leaves and that their beds would be primarily composed of body-associated organisms. However, we found that differences between wet and dry seasons and elevation above sea level explained nearly all of the observed variation in microbial diversity and community structure. While we can identify the presence of a chimpanzee based on the assemblage of bacteria, the dominant signal is that of environmental microbes. We found just four ectoparasitic arthropod specimens, none of which appears to be specialized on chimpanzees or their structures. These results suggest that the life to which chimpanzees are exposed while in their beds is predominately the same as that of the surrounding environment.
          }, number={5}, journal={ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE}, author={Thoemmes, Megan S. and Stewart, Fiona A. and Hernandez-Aguilar, R. Adriana and Bertone, Matthew A. and Baltzegar, David A. and Borski, Russell J. and Cohen, Naomi and Coyle, Kaitlin P. and Piel, Alexander K. and Dunn, Robert R.}, year={2018}, month={May} }
 @article{douros_baltzegar_reading_seale_lerner_grau_borski_2018, title={Leptin Stimulates Cellular Glycolysis Through a STAT3 Dependent Mechanism in Tilapia}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1664-2392"]}, DOI={10.3389/fendo.2018.00465}, abstractNote={We assessed if leptin, a cytokine hormone known to enhance energy expenditure by promoting lipid and carbohydrate catabolism in response to physiologic stress, might directly regulate cellular glycolysis. A transcriptomic analysis of prolactin cells in the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) pituitary rostral pars distalis (RPD) revealed that recombinant leptin (rtLep) differentially regulates 1,995 genes, in vitro. Machine learning algorithms and clustering analyses show leptin influences numerous cellular gene networks including metabolism; protein processing, transport, and metabolism; cell cycle and the hypoxia response. Leptin stimulates transcript abundance of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) in a covariate manner to the hypoxic stress gene network. Orthogonal tests confirm that rtLepA dose-dependently increases gapdh gene expression in the RPD along with transcript abundance of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (pfk1), the rate limiting glycolytic enzyme. Functional testing demonstrated that leptin stimulates PFK activity and glycolytic output, while Stattic (a STAT3 blocker) was sufficient to suppress these responses, indicating leptin stimulates glycolysis through a STAT3-dependent mechanism. Leptin also stimulated pfk1 gene expression and lactate production in primary hepatocyte incubations in a similar manner to those shown for the pituitary RPD. This work characterizes a critical metabolic action of leptin to directly stimulate glycolysis across tissue types in a teleost model system, and suggest that leptin may promote energy expenditure, in part, by stimulating glycolysis. These data in a teleost fish, suggest that one of leptin's ancient, highly-conserved functions among vertebrates may be stimulation of glycolysis to facilitate the energetic needs associated with various stressors.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Douros, Jonathan D. and Baltzegar, David A. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Seale, Andre P. and Lerner, Darren T. and Grau, E. Gordon and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{douros_baltzegar_mankiewicz_taylor_yamaguchi_lerner_seale_grau_breves_borski_2017, title={Control of leptin by metabolic state and its regulatory interactions with pituitary growth hormone and hepatic growth hormone receptors and insulin like growth factors in the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={240}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.017}, abstractNote={Leptin is an important cytokine for regulating energy homeostasis, however, relatively little is known about its function and control in teleost fishes or other ectotherms, particularly with regard to interactions with the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) growth regulatory axis. Here we assessed the regulation of LepA, the dominant paralog in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and other teleosts under altered nutritional state, and evaluated how LepA might alter pituitary growth hormone (GH) and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that are known to be disparately regulated by metabolic state. Circulating LepA, and lepa and lepr gene expression increased after 3-weeks fasting and declined to control levels 10days following refeeding. This pattern of leptin regulation by metabolic state is similar to that previously observed for pituitary GH and opposite that of hepatic GHR and/or IGF dynamics in tilapia and other fishes. We therefore evaluated if LepA might differentially regulate pituitary GH, and hepatic GH receptors (GHRs) and IGFs. Recombinant tilapia LepA (rtLepA) increased hepatic gene expression of igf-1, igf-2, ghr-1, and ghr-2 from isolated hepatocytes following 24h incubation. Intraperitoneal rtLepA injection, on the other hand, stimulated hepatic igf-1, but had little effect on hepatic igf-2, ghr1, or ghr2 mRNA abundance. LepA suppressed GH accumulation and gh mRNA in pituitaries in vitro, but had no effect on GH release. We next sought to test if abolition of pituitary GH via hypophysectomy (Hx) affects the expression of hepatic lepa and lepr. Hypophysectomy significantly increases hepatic lepa mRNA abundance, while GH replacement in Hx fish restores lepa mRNA levels to that of sham controls. Leptin receptor (lepr) mRNA was unchanged by Hx. In in vitro hepatocyte incubations, GH inhibits lepa and lepr mRNA expression at low concentrations, while higher concentration stimulates lepa expression. Taken together, these findings indicate LepA gene expression and secretion increases with fasting, consistent with the hormones function in promoting energy expenditure during catabolic stress. It would also appear that LepA might play an important role in stimulating GHR and IGFs to potentially spare declines in these factors during catabolism. Evidence also suggests for the first time in teleosts that GH may exert important regulatory effects on hepatic LepA production, insofar as physiological levels (0.05-1 nM) suppresse lepa mRNA accumulation. Leptin A, may in turn exert negative feedback effects on basal GH mRNA abundance, but not secretion.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Douros, Jonathan D. and Baltzegar, David A. and Mankiewicz, Jamie and Taylor, Jordan and Yamaguchi, Yoko and Lerner, Darren T. and Seale, Andre P. and Grau, E. Gordon and Breves, Jason P. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={227–237} }
 @article{won_douros_hurt_borski_2016, title={Leptin stimulates hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor gene expression in a teleost fish, the hybrid striped bass}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.003}, abstractNote={Leptin is an anorexigenic peptide hormone that circulates as an indicator of adiposity in mammals, and functions to maintain energy homeostasis by balancing feeding and energy expenditure. In fish, leptin tends to be predominantly expressed in the liver, another important energy storing tissue, rather than in fat depots as it is in mammals. The liver also produces the majority of circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which comprise the mitogenic component of the growth hormone (GH)-IGF endocrine growth axis. Based on similar regulatory patterns of leptin and IGFs that we have documented in previous studies on hybrid striped bass (HSB: Morone saxatilis×Morone chrysops), and considering the co-localization of these peptides in the liver, we hypothesized that leptin might regulate the endocrine growth axis in a manner that helps coordinate somatic growth with energy availability. Using a HSB hepatocyte culture system to simulate autocrine or paracrine exposure that might occur within the liver, this study examines the potential for leptin to modulate metabolism and growth through regulation of IGF gene expression directly, or indirectly through the regulation of GH receptors (GHR), which mediate GH-induced IGF expression. First, we verified that GH (50nM) has a classical stimulatory effect on IGF-1 and additionally show it stimulates IGF-2 transcription in hepatocytes. Leptin (5 and/or 50nM) directly stimulated in vitro GHR2 gene expression within 8h of exposure, and both GHR1 and GHR2 as well as IGF-1 and IGF-2 gene expression after 24h. Cells were then co-incubated with submaximal concentrations of leptin and GH (25nM each) to test if they had a synergistic effect on IGF gene expression, possibly through increased GH sensitivity following GHR upregulation by leptin. In combination, however, the treatments only had an additive effect on stimulating IGF-1 mRNA despite their capacity to increase GHR mRNA abundance. This suggests that leptin's stimulatory effect on GHRs may be limited to enhancing transcription or mRNA stability rather than inducing full translation of functional receptors, at least within a 24-h time frame. Finally, leptin was injected IP (100ng/g and 1μg/gBW) to test the in vivo regulation of hepatic IGF-1 and GHR1 gene expression. The 100ng/g BW leptin dose significantly upregulated in vivo IGF-1 mRNA levels relative to controls after 24h of fasting, but neither dosage was effective at regulating GHR1 gene expression. These studies suggest that stimulation of growth axis component transcripts by leptin may be an important mechanism for coordinating somatic growth with nutritional state in these and perhaps other fish or vertebrates, and represent the first evidence of leptin regulating GHRs in vertebrates.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Won, Eugene T. and Douros, Jonathan D. and Hurt, David A. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={84–91} }
 @article{picha_biga_galt_mcginty_gross_hedgpeth_siopes_borski_2014, title={Overcompensation of circulating and local insulin-like growth factor-1 during catch-up growth in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops Chi Morone saxatilis) following temperature and feeding manipulations}, volume={428}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.02.028}, abstractNote={Teleosts and other aquatic ectotherms have the ability to withstand prolonged periods of low water temperatures (cold-acclimation) and fasting, and can often respond with phases of accelerated (compensatory) growth when favorable conditions are restored. We assessed whether complete feed restriction prior to (24 °C, days 0–23) and/or during (14 °C, days 24–114) a simulated period of cold-acclimation could elicit episodes of compensatory growth (CG) and catch-up growth upon warm-up to 24 °C and satiation feeding (days 115–148). Control hybrid striped bass (HSB: Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) were fed to satiation throughout the entire experiment under these temperature fluctuations. Compensatory growth and ultimately catch-up growth were achieved in groups of HSB that were deprived of feed during either the initial period at 24 °C (days 0–23), during the cold-acclimation period (14 °C, days 24–114), or during both of these periods (days 0–114). Further, it appears that HSB are better able to compensate for weight loss when skeletal length is not significantly compromised during the treatment period, which occurred in HSB feed restricted during cold-acclimation only. The most dramatic CG responses were defined by specific growth rates (SGRs) up to 4.2 times that of controls and were accompanied by hyperphagia and improvements in temporal and overall feed conversion. Levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and muscle IGF-1 mRNA were significantly correlated to growth rate for all groups throughout the experiment (R2 = 0.40, 0.23, respectively), with an overcompensation of both observed in HSB with the most elevated SGRs during the CG response. Interestingly, opposing trends were observed between muscle mRNA expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-1 and -2, with fasting at 24 °C and 14 °C resulting in depressed levels of GHR-1 and elevated levels of GHR-2 relative to controls. Levels of muscle myostatin (MSTN)-1 mRNA were significantly depressed in HSB fasted at 24 °C and/or 14 °C while MSTN-2 mRNA was lower following initial feed restriction at 24 °C. Likewise, levels of unprocessed pro-MSTN (precursor) and mature MSTN protein were both depressed in fasted fish at 24 °C. This study demonstrates that a previous period of feed restriction and cold-acclimation followed by realimentation at more favorable water temperatures produces a strong CG response and catch-up growth in fish. These studies also suggest that an overcompensation of circulating and local IGF-1 along with changes in MSTN mRNA and protein expression may contribute to accelerated growth rates characteristic of CG. Furthermore, our studies indicate that overall feed conversion can improve by as much as 30% with CG induced through temperature and feeding manipulations with no adverse effects on growth of HSB. This raises the possibility that CG protocols can improve production efficiency of HSB and other temperate teleosts in pond or tank culture.}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Picha, Matthew E. and Biga, Peggy R. and Galt, Nicholas and McGinty, Andy S. and Gross, Kevin and Hedgpeth, Vickie S. and Siopes, Thomas D. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={174–183} }
 @article{douros_baltzegar_breves_lerner_seale_grau_borski_2014, title={Prolactin is a major inhibitor of hepatic Leptin A synthesis and secretion: Studies utilizing a homologous Leptin A ELISA in the tilapia}, volume={207}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.007}, abstractNote={The present study identifies regulatory interactions between leptin A (LepA) and the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL). In order to measure tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) LepA, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing a rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to tilapia LepA was first developed. The antibody shows strong cross reactivity to recombinant tilapia LepA (rtLepA), and a corresponding 16 kDa protein in both tilapia and striped bass plasma, but not to recombinant human leptin (rhLep). The assay has a linear detection range of 0.25–1000 nM, with intra- and interassay variability of 9% and 16%, respectively. Plasma LepA levels measured in tilapia ranged from 0.8 to 3.9 nM, similar to that found for other vertebrates. Hypophysectomy (Hx) increased circulating LepA and lepa mRNA levels in the liver, the dominant source of hormone production. Adminstration of ovine PRL (oPRL, 5 μg/g BW) to Hx fish restored circulating LepA and hepatic lepa mRNA levels to those of control fish. Additionally, oPRL reduced lepa mRNA levels in a dose-dependent fashion in cultured hepatocytes following an 18 h incubation. Previous work in our lab indicates that rhLep stimulates PRL release in vitro from tilapia pituitaries. Here, both rtLepA and rhLep (0.5 μg/g BW) increased mRNA expression of tilapia prolactin mRNAs (prl1, prl2) in the pituitary in vivo. These results demonstrate that LepA enhances pituitary prolactin synthesis and release, while PRL in turn inhibits hepatic leptin secretion and synthesis in teleosts. We postulate this regulatory interaction may be necessary for mobilizing energy reserves during acute hyperosmotic adaptation.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Douros, Jonathan D. and Baltzegar, David A. and Breves, Jason P. and Lerner, Darren T. and Seale, Andre P. and Grau, E. Gordon and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={86–93} }
 @article{baltzegar_reading_douros_borski_2014, title={Role for leptin in promoting glucose mobilization during acute hyperosmotic stress in teleost fishes}, volume={220}, ISSN={["1479-6805"]}, DOI={10.1530/joe-13-0292}, abstractNote={Osmoregulation is critical for survival in all vertebrates, yet the endocrine regulation of this metabolically expensive process is not fully understood. Specifically, the function of leptin in the regulation of energy expenditure in fishes, and among ectotherms, in general, remains unresolved. In this study, we examined the effects of acute salinity transfer (72 h) and the effects of leptin and cortisol on plasma metabolites and hepatic energy reserves in the euryhaline fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Transfer to 2/3 seawater (23 ppt) significantly increased plasma glucose, amino acid, and lactate levels relative to those in the control fish. Plasma glucose levels were positively correlated with amino acid levels (R2=0.614), but not with lactate levels. The mRNA expression of liver leptin A (lepa), leptin receptor (lepr), and hormone-sensitive and lipoprotein lipases (hslandlpl) as well as triglyceride content increased during salinity transfer, but plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels remained unchanged. Both leptin and cortisol significantly increased plasma glucose levelsin vivo, but only leptin decreased liver glycogen levels. Leptin decreased the expression of liverhslandlplmRNAs, whereas cortisol significantly increased the expression of these lipases. These findings suggest that hepatic glucose mobilization into the blood following an acute salinity challenge involves both glycogenolysis, induced by leptin, and subsequent gluconeogenesis of free amino acids. This is the first study to report that teleost leptin A has actions that are functionally distinct from those described in mammals acting as a potent hyperglycemic factor during osmotic stress, possibly in synergism with cortisol. These results suggest that the function of leptin may have diverged during the evolution of vertebrates, possibly reflecting differences in metabolic regulation between poikilotherms and homeotherms.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Baltzegar, David A. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Douros, Jonathon D. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={61–72} }
 @article{johnstone_mills_alyea_thomas_borski_2013, title={Characterization of membrane receptor binding activity for cortisol in the liver and kidney of the euryhaline teleost, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.025}, abstractNote={Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate an array of physiological responses in vertebrates. Genomic GC actions mediated by nuclear steroid receptors require a lag time on the order of hours to days to generate an appreciable physiological response. Experimental evidence has accumulated that GCs, can also act rapidly through a nongenomic mechanism to modulate cellular physiology in vertebrates. Causal evidence in the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) suggests that the GC cortisol exerts rapid, nongenomic actions in the gills, liver, and pituitary of this euryhaline teleost, but the membrane receptor mediating these actions has not been characterized. Radioreceptor binding assays were conducted to identify a putative GC membrane receptor site in O. mossambicus. The tissue distribution, binding kinetics, and pharmacological signature of the GC membrane-binding activity were characterized. High affinity (Kd=9.527±0.001 nM), low-capacity (Bmax=1.008±0.116 fmol/mg protein) [(3)H] cortisol binding was identified on plasma membranes prepared from the livers and a lower affinity (Kd=30.08±2.373 nM), low capacity (Bmax=4.690±2.373 fmol/mg protein) binding was found in kidney membrane preparations. Competitors with high binding affinity for nuclear GC receptors, mifepristone (RU486), dexamethasone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone, displayed no affinity for the membrane GC receptor. The association and dissociation kinetics of [(3)H] cortisol binding to membranes were orders of magnitude faster (t1/2=1.7-2.6 min) than those for the intracellular (nuclear) GC receptor (t1/2=10.2h). Specific [(3)H] cortisol membrane binding was also detected in the gill and pituitary but not in brain tissue. This study represents the first characterization of a membrane GC receptor in fishes and one of only a few characterized in vertebrates.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Johnstone, William M., III and Mills, Kathryn A. and Alyea, Rebecca A. and Thomas, Peter and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={107–114} }
 @article{duffy_picha_borski_conover_2013, title={Circulating levels of plasma IGF-I during recovery from size-selective harvesting in Menidia menidia}, volume={166}, ISSN={1095-6433}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CBPA.2013.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.CBPA.2013.06.001}, abstractNote={Selection for growth-related traits in domesticated fishes often results in predictable changes within the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF-1) axis. Little is known about the mechanisms controlling changes in growth capacity resulting from fishery-induced evolution. We took advantage of a long-term study where Menidia menidia were selected for size at age over multiple generations to mimic fisheries-induced selection. This selection regime produced three populations with significant differences in intrinsic growth rate. These growth differences partially rebounded, but persisted even after selection was relaxed, resulting in fast, intermediate, and slow-growing lines. Plasma IGF-1 was measured in these populations as a potential target of selection on growth. IGF-1 was significantly correlated with current length and mass, and was positively correlated with growth rate (g d(-1)) in two lines, indicating it may be an appropriate indicator of growth capacity. The slow-growing line exhibited higher overall IGF-1 levels relative to the depressed IGF-1 seen in the fast-growing line, contrary to our prediction. We offer possible explanations for this unusual pattern and argue that somatic growth is likely to be under control of mechanism(s) downstream to IGF-1. IGF-1 provides an interesting basis for understanding endocrine control of growth in response to artificial selection and recovery.}, number={2}, journal={Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duffy, Tara A. and Picha, Matthew E. and Borski, Russell J. and Conover, David O.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={222–227} }
 @article{seale_yamaguchi_johnstone_borski_lerner_grau_2013, title={Endocrine regulation of prolactin cell function and modulation of osmoreception in the Mozambique tilapia}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.011}, abstractNote={Prolactin (PRL) cells of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, are osmoreceptors by virtue of their intrinsic osmosensitivity coupled with their ability to directly regulate hydromineral homeostasis through the actions of PRL. Layered upon this fundamental osmotic reflex is an array of endocrine control of PRL synthesis and secretion. Consistent with its role in fresh water (FW) osmoregulation, PRL release in tilapia increases as extracellular osmolality decreases. The hyposmotically-induced release of PRL can be enhanced or attenuated by a variety of hormones. Prolactin release has been shown to be stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP), PRL-releasing peptide (PrRP), angiotensin II (ANG II), leptin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), ghrelin, and inhibited by somatostatin (SS), urotensin-II (U-II), dopamine, cortisol, ouabain and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This review is aimed at providing an overview of the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic hormones that regulate PRL release in euryhaline Mozambique tilapia, particularly in the context on how they may modulate osmoreception, and mediate the multifunctional actions of PRL. Also considered are the signal transduction pathways through which these secretagogues regulate PRL cell function.}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Seale, A. P. and Yamaguchi, Y. and Johnstone, W. M., III and Borski, R. J. and Lerner, D. T. and Grau, E. G.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={191–203} }
 @article{mankiewicz_godwin_holler_turner_murashige_shamey_daniels_borski_2013, title={Masculinizing Effect of Background Color and Cortisol in a Flatfish with Environmental Sex-Determination}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1557-7023"]}, DOI={10.1093/icb/ict093}, abstractNote={Environmental sex-determination (ESD) is the phenomenon by which environmental factors regulate sex-determination, typically occurring during a critical period of early development. Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) exhibit temperature-dependent sex-determination that appears to be restricted to the presumed XX female genotype with the extremes of temperature, both high and low, skewing sex ratios toward males. In order to evaluate other environmental factors that may influence sex-determination, we investigated the influence of background color and cortisol on sex-determination in southern flounder. Experiments involving three sets of tanks, each painted a different color, were conducted at different temperatures using southern flounder of mixed XX-XY genotype. The studies involved rearing juvenile southern flounder in either black, gray, or blue tanks and sex-determination was assessed by gonadal histology. In both studies, blue tanks showed significant male-biased sex ratios (95 and 75% male) compared with black and gray tanks. The stress corticosteroid cortisol may mediate sex-determining processes associated with environmental variables. Cortisol from the whole body was measured throughout the second experiment and fishes in blue tanks had higher levels of cortisol during the period of sex-determination. These data suggest that background color can be a cue for ESD, with blue acting as a stressor during the period of sex-determination, and ultimately producing male-skewed populations. In a separate study using XX populations of southern flounder, cortisol was applied at 0, 100, or 300 mg/kg of gelatin-coated feed. Fish were fed intermittently prior to, and just through, the period of sex-determination. Levels of gonadal P450 aromatase (cyp19a1) and forkhead transcription factor L2 (FoxL2) messenger RNA (mRNA) were measured by qRT-PCR as markers for differentiation into females. Müllerian-inhibiting substance mRNA was used as a marker of males' gonadal development. Control fish showed female-biased sex ratios approaching 100%, whereas treatment with 100 mg/kg cortisol produced 28.57% females and treatment with 300 mg/kg cortisol produced only 13.33% females. These results suggest that cortisol is a critical mediator of sex-determination in southern flounder by promoting masculinization. This linkage between the endocrine stress axis and conserved sex-determination pathways may provide a mechanism for adaptive modification of sex ratio in a spatially and temporally variable environment.}, number={4}, journal={INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Mankiewicz, Jamie L. and Godwin, John and Holler, Brittany L. and Turner, Poem M. and Murashige, Ryan and Shamey, Renzo and Daniels, Harry V. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={755–765} }
 @article{baltzegar_reading_brune_borski_2013, title={Phylogenetic revision of the claudin gene family}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1876-7478"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.margen.2013.05.001}, abstractNote={Claudins are four-transmembrane proteins acting to collectively regulate paracellular movement of water and ions across cellular tight junctions in vertebrate tissues. Despite the prominence of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a developmental model and the existence of an annotated genome, the diversity and evolutionary history of these claudins, with respect to other vertebrate groups, is poorly described. In this study, we identify 54 zebrafish claudins, including 24 that were previously unreported, and infer homology of the encoded polypeptide sequences with other vertebrate claudin groups using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. In this analysis, 197 vertebrate claudin and claudin-like proteins were classified into discrete 'superclades' of related proteins. Based on these groupings, an interim reclassification is proposed, which will resolve ambiguity in the present nomenclature of several vertebrate models. Fifty-two of the 54 identified claudins were detected in cDNA preparations from whole, adult zebrafish, and 43 exhibited distinct tissue expression profiles. Despite prolific expansion of the claudin gene family in teleost genomes, these claudins can still be broadly separated into two functional groups: (1) "classic" claudins that characteristically contain an equal number of opposing, charged residues in the first extracellular loop (ECL1) and (2) "non-classic" claudins that typically have an ECL1 containing a variable number of charged residues. Functional analysis of these groups indicates that 'classic' claudins may act to reduce overall paracellular permeability to water and dissolved ions, whereas 'non-classic' claudins may constitute pores that facilitate selective ion permeability.}, journal={MARINE GENOMICS}, author={Baltzegar, David A. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Brune, Emily S. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={17–26} }
 @article{won_baltzegar_picha_borski_2012, title={Cloning and characterization of leptin in a Perciform fish, the striped bass (Morone saxatilis): Control of feeding and regulation by nutritional state}, volume={178}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.04.019}, abstractNote={In mammals, leptin is an anorexigenic peptide hormone that regulates energy homeostasis. It is produced predominantly by white adipose tissue and circulates as an endocrine indicator of energy reserves. Teleost leptin has been characterized in a few fish species, but its regulation is not well understood, particularly in response to nutritional status. In this study, we cloned a putative leptin in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and report the first characterization of leptin in a Perciforme, the largest and most diverse order of fish. The striped bass leptin coding sequence was 65% homologous with pufferfish, 52% with Atlantic salmon, and 46% with human. PCR showed that leptin mRNA was exclusively expressed in the liver, and not adipose or other tissues. The leptin coding sequence of striped bass and the more widely cultured hybrid striped bass variety (HSB; Morone chrysops, white bass × M. saxatilis) were identical. We then evaluated whether the metabolic status of HSB might alter leptin gene expression. Juvenile HSB were subjected to 3 weeks feed deprivation followed by 3 weeks of refeeding. Quantitative PCR showed that fasting for 3 weeks reduced hepatic leptin mRNA levels relative to fed controls. Leptin mRNA levels then increased upon refeeding, albeit levels were not completely restored to those seen in control fish fed throughout the experiment. Intraperitoneal injection of human leptin suppressed appetite in HSB. In as much as hepatic HSB leptin mRNA is regulated by nutritional state and has a corresponding anorexigenic effect, our results suggest that leptin may play a role in energy homeostasis in these advanced Perciformes.}, number={1}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Won, Eugene T. and Baltzegar, David A. and Picha, Matthew E. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={98–107} }
 @article{grau_nishioka_bern_hirano_borski_clarke_foskett_guillette_iguchi_jones_et al._2012, title={In memory of Professor Howard A. Bern In Memoriam}, volume={176}, ISSN={["0016-6480"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.02.004}, abstractNote={Howard A. Bern, a professor emeritus of Integrative Biology and a research endocrinologist of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, died at the age of 91 on January 3, 2012 at his home. Howard Bern will be remembered as a gentleman and a scholar, and as a mentor and friend. He was brilliant and captivating; he enlightened and inspired. Few have been so loved and admired by so many or for such good reasons. His memory is cherished; his magnificent impact on science and on people’s lives continues. Professor Bern’s accomplishments as a scientist and the honor it brought him is well documented. His importance to his students, postdoctoral associates, colleagues, and many friends transcends quantification. Professor Bern was born in Montreal, Canada, on January 30, 1920, and lived with his family in Los Angeles from 1933. At 13, during the Great Depression, he became a primary breadwinner for his family. He received his BA in 1941 and his PhD in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles. He served in the military in the Medical Department in the Pacific duringWWII (1942-6). He began as an instructor in the Zoology Department of the University of California, Berkeley in 1948, and spent the rest of his career there. With his late colleague and friend Aubrey Gorbman, former Professor of Zoology at the University of Washington, Professor Bern co-authored the definitive volume, A Textbook of Comparative Endocrinology, in 1962. It ‘‘contained concepts that were key to the development of the emerging field of comparative endocrinology and guided the thinking and careers of a vast number of scientists around the world,’’ according to a colleague and friend.}, number={2}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Grau, E. Gordon and Nishioka, Richard S. and Bern, Alan and Hirano, Tetsuya and Borski, Russell and Clarke, Craig and Foskett, Kevin and Guillette, Louis J., Jr. and Iguchi, Taisen and Jones, Lovell A. and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={121–123} }
 @article{kiilerich_tipsmark_borski_madsen_2011, title={Differential effects of cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone on ion transport protein mRNA levels in gills of two euryhaline teleosts, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis)}, volume={209}, ISSN={["0022-0795"]}, DOI={10.1530/joe-10-0326}, abstractNote={The role of cortisol as the only corticosteroid in fish osmoregulation has recently been challenged with the discovery of a mineralocorticoid-like hormone, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and necessitates new studies of the endocrinology of osmoregulation in fish. Using an in vitro gill explant incubation approach, DOC-mediated regulation of selected osmoregulatory target genes in the gill was investigated and compared with that of cortisol in two euryhaline teleosts, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis). The effects were tested in gills from both fresh water (FW)- and seawater (SW)-acclimated fish. Both cortisol and DOC caused an up-regulation of the Na+,K+-ATPase α1 subunit in SW-acclimated tilapia but had no effect in FW-acclimated fish. Cortisol conferred an increase in Na+,K+,2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) isoform 1a transcript levels in FW- and SW-acclimated tilapia, whereas DOC had a stimulatory effect only in SW-acclimated fish. Cortisol had no effect on NKCC isoform 1b mRNA levels at both salinities, while DOC stimulated this isoform in SW-acclimated fish. In striped bass, cortisol conferred an up-regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase α1 and NKCC transcript levels in FW- and SW-acclimated fish, whereas DOC resulted in down-regulation of these transcripts in FW-acclimated fish. It was also found that both corticosteroids may rapidly (30 min) alter the mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway in gill, inducing phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 in a salinity-dependent manner. The study shows a disparate organisation of corticosteroid signalling mechanisms involved in ion regulation in the two species and adds new evidence to a role of DOC as a mineralocorticoid hormone in teleosts.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Kiilerich, Pia and Tipsmark, Christian K. and Borski, Russell J. and Madsen, Steffen S.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={115–126} }
 @article{ozden_black_ashwell_tipsmark_borski_grubb_2010, title={Developmental Profile of Claudin-3,-5, and-16 Proteins in the Epithelium of Chick Intestine}, volume={293}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.21163}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Ozden, Ozkan and Black, Betty L. and Ashwell, Christopher M. and Tipsmark, Christian K. and Borski, Russell J. and Grubb, Brenda J.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={1175–1183} }
 @article{tipsmark_mahmmoud_borski_madsen_2010, title={FXYD-11 associates with Na+-K+-ATPase in the gill of Atlantic salmon: regulation and localization in relation to changed ion-regulatory status}, volume={299}, ISSN={["1522-1490"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpregu.00015.2010}, abstractNote={The Na+-K+-ATPase is the primary electrogenic component driving transepithelial ion transport in the teleost gill; thus regulation of its level of activity is of critical importance for osmotic homeostasis. In the present study, we examined the dynamics of the gill-specific FXYD-11 protein, a putative regulatory subunit of the pump, in Atlantic salmon during seawater (SW) acclimation, smoltification, and treatment with cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin. Dual-labeling immunohistochemistry showed that branchial FXYD-11 is localized in Na+-K+-ATPase immunoreactive cells, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed a direct association between FXYD-11 and the Na+-K+-ATPase α-subunit. Transfer of freshwater (FW)-acclimated salmon to SW induced a parallel increase in total α-subunit and FXYD-11 protein expression. A similar concurrent increase was seen during smoltification in FW. In FW fish, cortisol induced an increase in both α-subunit and FXYD-11 abundance, and growth hormone further stimulated FXYD-11 levels. In SW fish, prolactin induced a decrease in FXYD-11 and α-subunit protein levels. In vitro cortisol (18 h, 10 μg/ml) stimulated FXYD-11, but not FXYD-9, mRNA levels in gills from FW and SW salmon. The data show that Na+-K+-ATPase expressed in branchial mitochondrion-rich cells is accompanied by FXYD-11, and that regulation of the two proteins is highly coordinated. The demonstrated association of FXYD-11 and α-subunit strengthens our hypothesis that FXYD-11 has a role in modulating the pump's kinetic properties. The presence of putative phosphorylation sites on the intracellular domain of FXYD-11 suggests the possibility that this protein also may transmit external signals that regulate Na+-K+-ATPase activity.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, Christian K. and Mahmmoud, Yasser A. and Borski, Russell J. and Madsen, Steffen S.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={R1212–R1223} }
 @article{duffy_picha_won_borski_mcelroy_conover_2010, title={Ontogenesis of Gonadal Aromatase Gene Expression in Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia) Populations With Genetic and Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination}, volume={313A}, ISSN={["2471-5646"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.612}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Duffy, Tara A. and Picha, Matthew E. and Won, Eugene T. and Borski, Russell J. and McElroy, Anne E. and Conover, David O.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={421–431} }
 @article{colburn_nardi_borski_berlinsky_2009, title={Induced meiotic gynogenesis and sex differentiation in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)}, volume={289}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.005}, abstractNote={Meiogynogenesis and temperature manipulation were used to produce XX male summer flounder broodstock for future production of monosex (all female) populations. Meiogynogens were produced by fertilizing eggs with UV-irradiated (70 mJ/cm2) black sea bass sperm and applying 6-minute pressure shocks (58,600 kPa), two min post-fertilization. From 4 females, 132,000 eggs were produced, of which 95.6 ± 1.8% were viable, 51.0 ± 13.0% fertilized, and 15.9 ± 8.3% hatched. Following metamorphosis, meiogynogens and controls were raised under a low temperature regime (12 °C gradually increased to 20 °C), 21, and 26 °C for up to 376 days post hatch (DPH). Female sex differentiation was greater in meiogynogens (62.5%) and control fingerlings (22.6%) raised under a low temperature regime compared to those raised at the higher rearing temperatures: 0% at 21 °C, and 0 and 3.9% at 26 °C in meiogynogens and controls, respectively. These results suggest that temperature, during the critical phase preceding gonadal development, influences sex differentiation in summer flounder.}, number={1-2}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Colburn, Heidi R. and Nardi, George C. and Borski, Russell J. and Berlinsky, David L.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={175–180} }
 @article{picha_strom_riley_walker_won_johnstone_borski_2009, title={Plasma ghrelin and growth hormone regulation in response to metabolic state in hybrid striped bass: Effects of feeding, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-I on in vivo and in vitro GH secretion}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.01.026}, abstractNote={The regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion by ghrelin during variable metabolic states is poorly understood. We examined plasma GH and ghrelin in hybrid striped bass (HSB) undergoing seasonally-based feeding and temperature manipulations. Fasting for 21 days (d) at 24 degrees C resulted in catabolism and up-regulation of plasma GH and ghrelin relative to fed controls. Continued fasting during cold-banking (14 degrees C, 90 d) resulted in a further 43-fold increase in ghrelin while GH remained elevated. A subsequent 19 day refeeding period at 24 degrees C elicited hyperphagic and compensatory growth responses, accompanied by declines in ghrelin and GH. We then tested the role of ghrelin in stimulating GH release in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injections of ghrelin resulted in dose-dependent increases in plasma GH after 6 hours (h). Ghrelin also increased GH release from HSB pituitaries during 6h incubations. Lastly, we assessed how metabolic state, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) affect in vitro pituitary GH release. Spontaneous GH release was 5.2-fold higher from pituitaries of fasted compared with fed animals. Ghrelin was equally effective in stimulating GH release from pituitaries of fed and starved animals, while it was ineffective in enhancing GH release from pituitaries of starved (21 d) then refed (4d) HSB. Incubation with IGF-I inhibited GH release regardless of metabolic state. These studies are the first to show that seasonally-based periods of feed deprivation and low temperature yield sustained increases in GH secretion that are likely mediated, at least partially, through elevated ghrelin, reduced IGF-I negative feedback and fasting-induced spontaneous GH release.}, number={3}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Picha, Matthew E. and Strom, Christina N. and Riley, Larry G. and Walker, Alicia A. and Won, Eugene T. and Johnstone, William M. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={365–372} }
 @misc{luckenbach_borski_daniels_godwin_2009, title={Sex determination in flatfishes: Mechanisms and environmental influences}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1096-3634"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.12.002}, abstractNote={Flounder of the genus Paralichthys exhibit a unique mode of sex determination where both low and high temperatures induce male-skewed sex ratios, while intermediate temperatures produce a 1:1 sex ratio. Male differentiation is thus easily induced in genetic females creating a combination of genetic (GSD) and environmental sex determination (ESD). Since male flounder become reproductively fit at substantially smaller body sizes than females, temperature or other environmental variables that elicit lower growth rates may also influence sex differentiation toward male development. This review covers our current knowledge of sex determination and differentiation in flatfishes including possible adaptive significance of ESD and involvement of factors such as aromatase (cyp19).}, number={3}, journal={SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY}, author={Luckenbach, J. Adam and Borski, Russell J. and Daniels, Harry V. and Godwin, John}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={256–263} }
 @article{uchida_moriyama_breves_fox_pierce_borski_hirano_grau_2009, title={cDNA cloning and isolation of somatolactin in Mozambique tilapia and effects of seawater acclimation, confinement stress, and fasting on its pituitary expression}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.11.031}, abstractNote={Somatolactin (SL) is a member of the growth hormone (GH)/prolactin (PRL) family of pituitary hormones, and is found in a variety of teleost species. Somatolactin is thought to be involved in a wide range of physiological actions, including reproduction, stress response, the regulation of Ca2+ and acid–base balance, growth, metabolism, and immune response. We report here on the cDNA structure of SL from the pituitary of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, and its gene expression in response to seawater acclimation, stress, and fasting. Tilapia SL cDNA (1573 bp long) encoded a prehormone of 230 amino acids. Sequence analysis of purified SL revealed that the prehormone is composed of a signal peptide of 23 amino acids and a mature protein of 207 amino acids, which has a possible N-glycosylation site at position 121 and seven Cys residues. Tilapia SL shows over 80% amino acid identity with SLα of advanced teleosts such as medaka and flounder, and around 50% identity with SLβ of carp and goldfish. Acclimation to seawater had no effect on pituitary expression of SL or on hepatic expression of the putative tilapia SL receptor (GHR1). By contrast, seawater acclimation resulted in significant increases in pituitary GH expression and in hepatic expression of tilapia GH receptor (GHR2). Confinement stress had no effect on pituitary expression of either SL or GH, or on hepatic expression of GHR1, whereas a significant increase was seen in GHR2 expression in the liver. Fasting for 4 weeks resulted in significant reductions in SL transcripts both in fresh water and seawater. It is highly likely that SL is involved in metabolic processes in tilapia along with the GH/IGF-I axis.}, number={2}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Uchida, Katsuhisa and Moriyama, Shunsuke and Breves, Jason P. and Fox, Bradley K. and Pierce, Andrew L. and Borski, Russell J. and Hirano, Tetsuya and Grau, E. Gordon}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={162–170} }
 @article{turano_borski_daniels_2008, title={Effects of cyclic feeding on compensatory growth of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxitilis) foodfish and water quality in production ponds}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1355-557X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02023.x}, abstractNote={An 18-week study was conducted in 12, 0.1ha ponds to evaluate the impacts of cyclic feeding regimes on hybrid striped bass (HSB) food¢sh production and pond water quality. Approximately 840 HSB [mean weight (std.); 91.08 g (8.18)] were stocked into each pond (8400 ¢sh ha � 1 ;3 360 ¢sh acre � 1 ) and fed according to one of three feeding regimes. The three feeding regimes included a control (fed twice daily to apparent satiation), and cycles of 3 weeks feed deprivation followed by 3 or 6 weeks of feeding to apparent satiation (3/3 and 3/6 respectively). Compensatory growth (CG) was observed in both cyclic feeding treatments; however, the response was insuf¢cient for the ¢sh to completely regain lost weight. Final mean weight of control ¢sh (477.9 g) exceeded (Po0.05) that of ¢sh receiving the two cyclic treatments: 3/6 (404.7 g) and 3/3 (353.8 g). Speci¢c growth rate (SGR) of ¢sh in the 3/3 treatment increased during all three refeeding periods, and was signi¢cantly greater than controls during weeks 9^12 and weeks 15^18, which represent the refeeding phase of the second and third feeding cycles. Speci¢c growth rate for ¢sh in the 3/6 treatment was signi¢cantly higher than controls only during the ¢rst 3 weeks of the ¢rst feeding cycle. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were highly responsive measures that closely followed the metabolic state of ¢sh on the feeding cycle. Of the water quality variables measured, total phosphorus was 32% lower in ponds receiving cyclic feeding versus control ponds. Soluble reactive phosphorus was 41% and 24% lower in ponds oiered the 3/3 and 3/6 cyclic feeding treatments, respectively, although, signi¢cant diierences (Po0.10) were only observed between control and 3/3 treatment ponds. Overall, CG was observed in HSB food¢sh grown in ponds, although 3 weeks of feed deprivation was excessive and did not allow for complete growth compensation. Weight loss during feed deprivation was in£uenced by pond water temperatures. Early season feed deprivation did not cause as much weight loss as during the second cycle later in the season. Further studies on shorter deprivation periods applied during moderate to low water temperatures are needed to identify feeding regimes that minimize weight loss and result in a complete CG response.}, number={14}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Turano, Marc J. and Borski, Russell J. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1514–1523} }
 @article{picha_turano_beckman_borski_2008, title={Endocrine biomarkers of growth and applications to aquaculture: A minireview of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and IGF-Binding proteins as potential growth indicators in fish}, volume={70}, DOI={10.1577/AO7-038.1}, number={2}, journal={North American Journal of Aquaculture}, author={Picha, M. E. and Turano, M. J. and Beckman, B. R. and Borski, R. J.}, year={2008}, pages={196–211} }
 @article{tipsmark_strom_bailey_borski_2008, title={Leptin stimulates pituitary prolactin release through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway}, volume={196}, ISSN={["1479-6805"]}, DOI={10.1677/JOE-07-0540}, abstractNote={Leptin was initially identified as a regulator of appetite and weight control centers in the hypothalamus, but appears to be involved in a number of physiological processes. This study was carried out to examine the possible role of leptin in regulating prolactin (PRL) release using the teleost pituitary model system. This advantageous system allows isolation of a nearly pure population of lactotropes in their natural, in situ aggregated state. The rostral pars distalis were dissected from tilapia pituitaries and exposed to varying concentrations of leptin (0, 1, 10, 100 nM) for 1 h. Release of PRL was stimulated by leptin in a potent and concentration-dependent manner. A time-course experiment showed that the strongest response in PRL release with leptin occurs within the first hour (approximately sixfold), and stimulation was sustained after 16 h (approximately twofold). Many of the actions of leptin are mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) but nothing is known about the cellular mechanisms by which leptin might regulate PRL secretion in vertebrates. We therefore tested whether ERK1/2 might be involved in the leptin PRL response and found that the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, hindered leptin-induced PRL release. We further analyzed leptin response by quantifying tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 using western blots. One hour incubation with leptin induced a concentration-dependent increase in phosphorylated, and thus active, ERK1/2. Our data show that leptin is a powerful stimulator of in vitro PRL release and that its actions occur in part through stimulation of ERK1/2.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, Christian K. and Strom, Christina N. and Bailey, Sean T. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={275–281} }
 @article{tipsmark_luckenbach_madsen_kiilerich_borski_2008, title={Osmoregulation and expression of ion transport proteins and putative claudins in the gill of Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)}, volume={150}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.03.006}, abstractNote={The southern flounder is a euryhaline teleost that inhabits ocean, estuarine, and riverine environments. We investigated the osmoregulatory strategy of juvenile flounder by examining the time-course of homeostatic responses, hormone levels, and gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) cotransporter protein expression after salinity challenge. Transfer of freshwater (FW)-acclimated flounder to sea water (SW) induced an increase in plasma osmolality and cortisol and a decrease in muscle water content, plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and hepatic IGF-I mRNA, all returning to control levels after 4 days. Gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) cotransporter protein levels were elevated in response to SW after 4 days. Transfer of SW-acclimated flounder to FW reduced gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) cotransporter protein, increased plasma IGF-I, but did not alter hepatic IGF-I mRNA or plasma cortisol levels. Gill claudin-3 and claudin-4 immunoreactive proteins were elevated in FW versus SW acclimated flounder. The study demonstrates that successful acclimation of southern flounder to SW or FW occurs after an initial crisis period and that the salinity adaptation process is associated with changes in branchial expression of ion transport and putative tight junction claudin proteins known to regulate epithelial permeability in mammalian vertebrates.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, Christian K. and Luckenbach, J. Adam and Madsen, Steffen S. and Kiilerich, Pia and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={265–273} }
 @article{picha_turano_tipsmark_borski_2008, title={Regulation of endocrine and paracrine sources of Igfs and Gh receptor during compensatory growth in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilis)}, volume={199}, ISSN={["1479-6805"]}, DOI={10.1677/JOE-07-0649}, abstractNote={Compensatory growth (CG) is a period of growth acceleration that exceeds normal rates after animals are alleviated of certain growth-stunting conditions. In hybrid striped bass (HSB, Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis), 3 weeks of complete feed restriction results in a catabolic state that, when relieved, renders a subsequent phase of CG. The catabolic state was characterized by depressed levels of hepatic Type I and II GH receptor (ghr1, ghr2) and igf1 mRNA, along with considerable decreases in plasma Igf1. The state of catabolism also resulted in significant declines in hepatic igf2 mRNA and in circulating 40 kDa Igf-binding protein (Igfbp). Skeletal muscle expression of ghr2 mRNA was significantly increased. Upon realimentation, specific growth rates (SGRs) were significantly higher than sized-matched controls, indicating a period of CG. Hepatic ghr1, ghr2, igf1 and igf2 mRNA levels along with plasma Igf1 and 40 kDa Igfbp increased rapidly during realimentation. Plasma Igf1 and total hepatic igf2 mRNA were significantly correlated to SGR throughout the study. Skeletal muscle igf1 mRNA also increased tenfold during CG. These data suggest that endocrine and paracrine/autocrine components of the GH–Igf axis, namely igf1, igf2, and ghr1 and ghr2, may be involved in CG responses in HSB, with several of the gene expression variables exceeding normal levels during CG. We also demonstrate that normalization of hepatic mRNA as a function of total liver production, rather than as a fraction of total RNA, may be a more biologically appropriate method of quantifying hepatic gene expression when using real-time PCR.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Picha, Matthew E. and Turano, Marc J. and Tipsmark, Christian K. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={81–94} }
 @article{tipsmark_baltzegar_ozden_grubb_borski_2008, title={Salinity regulates claudin mRNA and protein expression in the teleost gill}, volume={294}, ISSN={["1522-1490"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpregu.00112.2007}, abstractNote={The teleost gill carries out NaCl uptake in freshwater (FW) and NaCl excretion in seawater (SW). This transformation with salinity requires close regulation of ion transporter capacity and epithelial permeability. This study investigates the regulation of tight-junctional claudins during salinity acclimation in fish. We identified claudin 3- and claudin 4-like immunoreactive proteins and examined their expression and that of select ion transporters by performing Western blot in tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus) gill during FW and SW acclimation. Transfer of FW tilapia to SW increased plasma osmolality, which was corrected after 4 days, coinciding with increased gill Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter expression. Gill claudin 3- and claudin 4-like proteins were reduced with exposure to SW. Transfer to FW increased both claudin-like proteins. Immunohistochemistry shows that claudin 3-like protein was localized deep in the FW gill filament, whereas staining was found apically in SW gill. Claudin 4-like proteins are localized predominantly in the filament outer epithelial layer, and staining appears more intense in the gill of FW versus SW fish. In addition, tilapia claudin 28a and 30 genes were characterized, and mRNA expression was found to increase during FW acclimation. These studies are the first to detect putative claudin proteins in teleosts and show their localization and regulation with salinity in gill epithelium. The data indicate that claudins may be important in permeability changes associated with salinity acclimation and possibly the formation of deeper tight junctions in FW gill. This may reduce ion permeability, which is a critical facet of FW osmoregulation.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, Christian K. and Baltzegar, David A. and Ozden, Ozkan and Grubb, Brenda J. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={R1004–R1014} }
 @article{turano_borski_daniels_2007, title={Compensatory growth of pond-reared hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis, fingerlings}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2007.00094.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Turano, Marc J. and Borski, Russell J. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={250–261} }
 @article{sondergaard madsen_norholm jensen_kolbaek tipsmark_kiilerich_borski_2007, title={Differential regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Na+ ,K+-ATPase in gills of striped bass, Morone saxatilis: effect of salinity and hormones}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1479-6805"]}, DOI={10.1677/JOE-06-0016}, abstractNote={Effects of salinity and hormones on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and α-subunit Na+,K+-ATPase (α-NKA) mRNA (analysed by semi-quantitative PCR) and protein expression (analysed by western blotting and immunocytochemistry) were investigated in gills of striped bass. Freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) transfer induced a disturbance in serum [Na+]. Gill CFTR protein, mRNA level and Na+,K+-ATPase activity were unaffected by SW transfer, whereas α-NKA mRNA increased after transfer. CFTR immunoreactivity was observed in large cells in FW and SW gill filaments at equal intensity. Cortisol decreased serum [Na+] in FW fish, but had no effect on gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, α-NKA and CFTR mRNA levels. Incubation of gill tissue with cortisol (24 h, >0.01 μg/ml) and epidermal growth factor (EGF 10 μg/ml) decreased CFTR mRNA levels relative to pre-incubation and control levels. CFTR expression was unaffected by IGF-I (10 μg/ml). α-NKA mRNA levels decreased by 50% after 24 h control incubation; it was slightly stimulated by cortisol and unaffected by IGF-I and EGF. In isolated gill cells, phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was stimulated by EGF but not affected by IGF-I. This study is the first to report a branchial EGF response and to demonstrate a functional ERK 1/2 pathway in the teleost gill. In conclusion, CFTR and Na+,K+-ATPase are differentially regulated by salinity and hormones in gills of striped bass, despite the putative involvement of both in salt excretion.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Sondergaard Madsen, Steffen and Norholm Jensen, Lars and Kolbaek Tipsmark, Christian and Kiilerich, Pia and Borski, Russell John}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={249–260} }
 @article{tipsmark_luckenbach_madsen_borski_2007, title={IGF-I and branchial IGF receptor expression and localization during salinity acclimation in striped bass}, volume={292}, ISSN={["1522-1490"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpregu.00915.2005}, abstractNote={The initial response of the IGF-I system and the expression and cellular localization of IGF type-I receptor (IGF-IR) were studied in the gill of a euryhaline teleost during salinity acclimation. Exposure of striped bass ( Morone saxatilis) to hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic challenges induced small, transitory (<24 h) deflections in hydromineral balance. Transfer from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) induced an initial decrease in plasma IGF-I levels after 24 h in both fed and fasted fish. There was an overall decrease in liver IGF-I mRNA levels after SW transfer, suggesting that decreased plasma levels may be due to a decline in hepatic IGF-I synthesis. No changes were observed in gill IGF-I mRNA, but SW transfer induced an increase in gill IGF-IR mRNA after 24 h. Transfer from SW to FW induced an increase in plasma IGF-I levels in fasted fish. In fed fish, no significant changes were observed in either plasma IGF-I, liver, or gill IGF-I mRNA, or gill IGF-IR mRNA levels. In a separate experiment, FW-acclimated fish were injected with saline or IGF-I prior to a 24-h SW challenge. Rapid regain of osmotic balance following SW transfer was hindered by IGF-I. Immunohistochemistry revealed for the first time in teleosts that IGF-IR and Na+-K+-ATPase are localized in putative chloride cells at the base of the lamellae, identifying these cells in the gill as a target for IGF-I and IGF-II. Overall the data suggest a hyperosmoregulatory role of IGF-I in this species.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, Christian Kolbaek and Luckenbach, John Adam and Madsen, Steffen Sondergaard and Borski, Russell John}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={R535–R543} }
 @article{luckenbach_murashige_daniels_godwin_borski_2007, title={Temperature affects insulin-like growth factor I and growth of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.024}, abstractNote={Temperature profoundly influences growth of heterothermic vertebrates. However, few studies have investigated the effects of temperature on growth and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in fishes. The aim of this study was to examine effects of temperature on growth and establish whether IGF-I may mediate growth at different temperatures in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. In two experiments, juvenile flounder were reared at 23 and 28 degrees C and growth was monitored for either 117 or 197 days. Growth was similar across treatments in both experiments until fish reached approximately 100 mm total length. Body size then diverged with fish at 23 degrees C ultimately growing 65-83% larger than those at 28 degrees C. Muscle IGF-I mRNA, plasma IGF-I, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were significantly higher in flounder at 23 degrees C, whereas hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance did not differ with treatment. Muscle IGF-I mRNA was correlated with HSI, while plasma IGF-I was correlated with body size, hepatic IGF-I mRNA, and HSI. These results demonstrate a strong effect of temperature on flounder growth and show that temperature-induced variation in growth is associated with differences in systemic IGF-I and local (i.e., muscle) IGF-I mRNA levels. The results also support the use of plasma IGF-I and HSI as indicators of flounder growth status.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Luckenbach, J. Adam and Murashige, Ryan and Daniels, Hany V. and Godwin, John and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={95–104} }
 @article{picha_silverstein_borski_2006, title={Discordant regulation of hepatic IGF-I mRNA and circulating IGF-I during compensatory growth in a teleost, the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis)}, volume={147}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.12.020}, abstractNote={Compensatory growth (CG) is a period of growth that exceeds normal rates after animals are alleviated of certain growth-stunting conditions. Little is known, however, about the endocrine control of CG in teleosts. So, our aim was to induce CG in juvenile hybrid striped bass (HSB, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) through manipulations in feeding regimen, and then determine whether changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and hepatic IGF-I gene expression accompany the CG response. A considerable catabolic state was induced in HSB fed a total of two times over 4 weeks (once each in the 2nd and 3rd week). Negative energy balance was evidenced through weight loss (−3.4% BW) and a significant drop in hepatosomatic index (HSI) from a value of 3.71 to 1.46. Upon realimentation, in which HSB were fed ad libitum 2×/day, a significant CG response was observed over a 4-week period. The CG response was characterized by an elevated specific growth rate, hyperphagia, restoration of the HSI and an improvement in feed conversion, all relative to controls that were fed ad libitum 2×/day throughout the experiment. Moreover, the CG response and catabolic state preceding it were marked by a discordant regulation in the expression of hepatic IGF-I mRNA and plasma IGF-I levels, the latter parameter paralleling changes in growth (r2 = 0.56, P < 001). The catabolic state was accompanied by an 82% increase in hepatic IGF-I mRNA while levels of plasma IGF-I were significantly depressed relative to controls. During the subsequent CG response, however, hepatic IGF-I mRNA decreased by 61% while plasma IGF-I increased by 86%. The underlying mechanisms for this inverse regulation of hepatic IGF-I mRNA and circulating IGF-I are uncertain, but may reflect alterations in hepatic IGF-I mRNA production, stability, and translation such that hepatic IGF-I mRNA is accumulated during periods of catabolism and then rapidly translated and released into circulation when conditions improve. These results suggest that CG can be induced in HSB following a sufficient catabolic state and that systemic IGF-I may be an important mediator of the accelerated growth rate characteristic of CG.}, number={2}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Picha, Matthew E. and Silverstein, Jeffrey T. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={196–205} }
 @article{morgan_murashige_woolridge_luckenbach_watanabe_borski_godwin_daniels_2006, title={Effective UV dose and pressure shock for induction of meiotic gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) using black sea bass (Centropristis striata) sperm}, volume={259}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.045}, abstractNote={Female southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) grow 2–3 times larger than males. Therefore, all-female production will maximize profit potential for the culture of this species. We have developed protocols to produce all-female southern flounder through induction of meiotic gynogenesis with heterologous sperm of black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Experiments were conducted to establish these practical methods using a total of 40 spawns from 32 broodstock. The first set of experiments determined the UV dose that genetically inactivated black sea bass sperm, yet retained adequate motility for activation of flounder eggs. Milt from several black sea bass was diluted 1:10 with Ringer's solution and UV irradiated with doses ranging from 0–130 J/cm2. Two criteria were utilized to evaluate the UV irradiation effects: percentage of motile sperm and duration of sperm activity. Motility and duration of activity generally decreased with increases in UV dosage. At UV doses greater than or equal to 90 J/cm2, motility was < 1.5%. Fertilization rates were significantly lower at the highest UV dose of 130 J/cm2 but were not different for the other treatments. Hatch rate was highest at 70 J/cm2. A second set of experiments examined appropriate pressure shock protocols for retention of the 2nd polar body in southern flounder eggs after activation with black sea bass sperm. A pressure shock of 8500 psi was initiated at varying times of 1, 2, and 3 min post-fertilization and maintained for 6 min. Eggs that were handled similarly, but not pressure shocked, served as negative controls. Pressure shock applied at either 1 or 2 min post-fertilization resulted in higher rates of hatch and survival. Using these methods, six separate spawns produced offspring that survived through and beyond metamorphosis. The average fertility (± SEM) was 70.9 + 12.8%. Of the fertilized eggs, percentage hatch varied with pressure shock initiation times and ranged from 1.48 + 0.52% (1 min) to 0.61 + 0.11% (3 min). Gynogenetic flounder were sex-reversed to males by high temperature and, upon reaching maturity, expressed motile sperm that resulted in successful fertilization of flounder eggs. These results indicate that the use of UV irradiated sperm from black sea bass for activation of flounder eggs and pressure shock for polar body retention is an effective method to produce gynogenetic offspring.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Morgan, Andrew J. and Murashige, Ryan and Woolridge, Christopher A. and Luckenbach, J. Adam and Watanabe, Wade O. and Borski, Russell J. and Godwin, John and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={290–299} }
 @article{cruz_brown_luckenbach_picha_bolivar_borski_2006, title={Insulin-like growth factor-I cDNA cloning, gene expression and potential use as a growth rate indicator in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus}, volume={251}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.039}, abstractNote={IGF-I is a mitogenic polypeptide that is an important regulator of growth in fish. The potential of IGF-I mRNA abundance as a rapid growth indicator in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was evaluated. Hepatic IGF-I cDNA was isolated and partially cloned. The partial sequence having 539 bases encodes for the signal peptide, mature protein and a portion of the E domain. The deduced 68 amino acid sequence for mature IGF-I showed 84–90% and 77–79% sequence identity with fish and mammalian counterparts, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence for domains B and A was most conserved (93–97%) relative to other fishes. A sensitive TaqMan real time qRT-PCR assay for O. niloticus was developed based on the mature IGF-I peptide for measures of hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels. Hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels were found to be significantly correlated with growth rate of fish reared under different feeding regimes and temperature conditions. Higher feed consumption and water temperature produced faster-growing fish and increased hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression. These findings suggest that hepatic-derived IGF-I plays a key role in controlling growth in O. niloticus and indicates that IGF-I mRNA quantification could prove useful for the rapid assessment of growth rate in this species.}, number={2-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Cruz, EMV and Brown, CL and Luckenbach, JA and Picha, ME and Bolivar, RB and Borski, RJ}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={585–595} }
 @article{luckenbach_early_rowe_borski_daniels_godwin_2005, title={Aromatase cytochrome P450: Cloning, intron variation, and ontogeny of gene expression in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)}, volume={303A}, ISSN={["2471-5646"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.a.198}, abstractNote={Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) is the enzyme complex responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens in vertebrates. Consequently, in some fishes its activity appears critical to ovarian differentiation. Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) is a commercially important flatfish in which females grow larger than males and sex determination is temperature sensitive. Through cloning of the P450arom gene in ovary and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we developed a biomarker for early female differentiation in southern flounder. The deduced amino acid sequence for southern flounder P450arom is similar to other teleosts. Comparison of P450arom intron sequences from fish of different populations revealed substantial inter-individual variation. Adult ovary and spleen exhibited high levels of P450arom mRNA, while P450arom mRNA was only weakly detected in testes. Brain, liver, intestine, kidney, gill, muscle, and heart showed little or no P450arom mRNA expression. Gonads of wild and hatchery-produced juvenile flounder of sizes spanning the period of sex differentiation initially exhibited low levels of P450arom mRNA followed by increases in some individuals and bifurcation into two clearly segregated groups (i.e., putative males and females) beginning at approximately 65 mm in total length. Gonadal histology confirmed predictions of sex based on P450arom expression in juvenile flounder, demonstrating that the patterns of P450arom expression observed relate to sex-specific differentiation. This research represents a unique approach to assessing sex differentiation in a natural population, and a powerful technique for better understanding mechanisms of flounder sex determination and rapidly defining conditions for controlling sex for aquaculture.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Early, LW and Rowe, AH and Borski, RJ and Daniels, HV and Godwin, J}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={643–656} }
 @article{tipsmark_weber_strom_grau_hirano_borski_2005, title={Involvement of phospholipase C and intracellular calcium signaling in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of prolactin release from lactotrophs of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1095-6840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.11.009}, abstractNote={Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a potent stimulator of prolactin (PRL) secretion in various vertebrates including the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. The mechanism by which GnRH regulates lactotroph cell function is poorly understood. Using the advantageous characteristics of the teleost pituitary gland from which a nearly pure population of PRL cells can be isolated, we examined whether GnRH might stimulate PRL release through an increase in phospholipase C (PLC), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and intracellular calcium (Ca(i)2+) signaling. Using Ca(i)2+ imaging and the calcium-sensitive dye fura-2, we found that chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) induced a rapid dose-dependent increase in Ca(i)2+ in dispersed tilapia lactotrophs. The Ca(i)2+ signal was abolished by U-73122, an inhibitor of PLC-dependent phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Correspondingly, cGnRH-II-induced tPRL188 secretion was inhibited by U-73122, suggesting that activation of PLC mediates cGnRH-II's stimulatory effect on PRL secretion. Pretreatment with 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8), an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, impeded the effect of cGnRH-II on Ca(i)2+. To further address the possible involvement of intracellular Ca2+ stores, IP3 concentrations in the tilapia rostral pars distalis (RPD containing 95-99% PRL cells) was determined by a radioreceptor assay. We found that GnRH-II induces a rapid (<5min) and sustained increase in IP3 concentration in the RPD. Secretion of tPRL(188) in response to cGnRH-II was suppressed by Ca2+ antagonists (TMB-8 and nifedipine). These data, along with our previous findings that show PRL release increases with a rise in Ca(i)2+, suggest that GnRH may elicit its PRL releasing effect by increasing Ca(i)2+. Furthermore, the rise in Ca(i)2+ may be derived from PLC/IP3-induced mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores along with influx through L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.}, number={1-2}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, CK and Weber, GM and Strom, CN and Grau, EG and Hirano, T and Borski, RJ}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={227–233} }
 @article{skalski_picha_gilliam_borski_2005, title={Variable intake, compensatory growth, and increased growth efficiency in fish: Models and mechanisms}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, DOI={10.1890/04-0896}, abstractNote={Resources fluctuate in space and time, and animals routinely experience temporally varying opportunities for resource intake, and variation in intake itself. We investigate consequences of such variation in intake on growth and growth efficiency (growth per unit intake) in juvenile hybrid striped bass. We observed, after statistically accounting for the effects of total consumption and initial body size, that individuals re- ceiving a low ration followed by a higher ration (the fluctuating ration) grew faster than individuals receiving a temporally constant ration (the normal ration). To interpret this increase in growth efficiency, we consider a set of alternative models representing different physiological hypotheses of the growth process. Using a simple growth model, an analytical result shows that the fluctuating ration as typically applied in experiments (a low ration followed by a high ration), independent of any change in physiology, increases growth efficiency relative to individuals on the normal ration. Growth efficiency increases because cumulative maintenance costs are lower for individuals that stay small initially and then grow rapidly in comparison to individuals that grow steadily. Further, a statistical analysis of alternative models inferred that fish receiving a variable ration show higher assimilation and/or conversion efficiencies of food and lower mass-specific maintenance costs. Our analysis suggests that the lower cumulative maintenance costs incurred over a time interval with low consumption followed by high consumption act in association with higher assim- ilation-conversion efficiencies, and lower overall mass-specific maintenance costs to in- crease growth efficiency in hybrid striped bass.}, number={6}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={Skalski, GT and Picha, ME and Gilliam, JF and Borski, RJ}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={1452–1462} }
 @article{hyde_seale_grau_borski_2004, title={Cortisol rapidly suppresses intracellular calcium and voltage-gated calcium channel activity in prolactin cells of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={286}, ISSN={["1522-1555"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpendo.00088.2003}, abstractNote={Cortisol was previously shown to rapidly (10-20 min) reduce the release of prolactin (PRL) from pituitary glands of tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus). This inhibition of PRL release by cortisol is accompanied by rapid reductions in45Ca2+and cAMP accumulation. Cortisol's early actions occur through a protein synthesis-independent pathway and are mimicked by a membrane-impermeable analog. The signaling pathway that mediates rapid, nongenomic membrane effects of glucocorticoids is poorly understood. Using the advantageous characteristics of the teleost pituitary gland from which a nearly pure population of PRL cells can be isolated and incubated in defined medium, we examined whether cortisol rapidly reduces intracellular free calcium ([Formula: see text]) and suppresses L-type voltage-gated ion channel activity in events that lead to reduced PRL release. Microspectrofluorometry, used in combination with the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura 2 revealed that cortisol reversibly reduces basal and hyposmotically induced [Formula: see text] within seconds ( P < 0.001) in dispersed pituitary cells. Somatostatin, a peptide known to inhibit PRL release through a membrane receptor-coupled mechanism, similarly reduces [Formula: see text]. Under depolarizing [K+], the L-type calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644, a factor known to delay the closing of L-type Ca2+channels, stimulates PRL release in a concentration-dependent fashion ( P < 0.01). Cortisol (and somatostatin) blocks BAY K 8644-induced PRL release ( P < 0.01; 30 min), well within the time course over which its actions occur, independent of protein synthesis and at the level of the plasma membrane. Results indicate that cortisol inhibits tilapia PRL release through rapid reductions in [Formula: see text] that likely involve an attenuation of Ca2+entry through L-type voltage-gated Ca2+channels. These results provide further evidence that glucocorticoids rapidly modulate hormone secretion via a membrane-associated mechanism similar to that observed with the fast effects of peptides and neurotransmitters.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM}, author={Hyde, GN and Seale, AP and Grau, EG and Borski, RJ}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={E626–E633} }
 @article{tipsmark_madsen_borski_2004, title={Effect of salinity on expression of branchial ion transporters in striped bass (Morone saxatilis)}, volume={301A}, ISSN={["0022-104X"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.a.119}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}, author={Tipsmark, CK and Madsen, SS and Borski, RJ}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={979–991} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_beasley_sullivan_borski_2004, title={Induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) with homologous and heterologous sperm}, volume={237}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.005}, abstractNote={Effective methods for induction of diploid gynogenesis in North American flounder of the genus Paralichthys are needed to initiate monosex culture, which will allow growers to take advantage of the more rapid growth and larger size attained by females. To test methods for inducing diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) using homologous sperm, four treatments, named for their expected outcome, were employed: haploid, diploid, triploid, and gynogenetic diploid. Diploid gynogenesis was induced by activating egg development with UV-irradiated flounder sperm (70 J/cm2) for 3–4 min in seawater, and then subjecting the eggs to cold shock in 0–2 °C seawater for 45–50 min. Cold shock was used to prevent extrusion of the second polar body. Control treatments omitted one or more of these steps to separately assess the effectiveness of UV irradiation and cold shock. Larvae were observed for physical abnormalities and then histologically processed for ploidy determination. Haploid larvae exhibited abnormal external morphology while diploid, gynogenetic diploid, and triploid larvae showed normal morphologies. Cross-sectional areas of erythrocyte nuclei were measured for larvae in each treatment group and significant differences were found. Nuclear areas for treatment groups corresponded to predicted ploidy (triploid>diploid>haploid) and did not differ between normal diploid controls and gynogenetic diploids. These results suggest that the procedures of sperm irradiation and egg cold shock successfully generated gynogenetic diploids. Due to the low volumes of semen produced by male flounder, and to eliminate any potential genetic contribution by homologous sperm, activation of flounder eggs with heterologous sperm was also investigated. Induction of diploid gynogenesis was successful when flounder eggs were fertilized with irradiated (50 J/cm2) sperm from striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), and then cold shocked. This work provides procedures for induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder using homologous and heterologous sperm, and validates a method for verification of ploidy in larval fish.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Godwin, J and Daniels, HV and Beasley, JM and Sullivan, CV and Borski, RJ}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={499–516} }
 @article{godwin_luckenbach_borski_2003, title={Ecology meets endocrinology: environmental sex determination in fishes}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1525-142X"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03007.x}, abstractNote={Van Valen (1973) characterized evolution as the control of development by ecology. Sex determination in fishes provides some clear examples of this “control” in operation. Teleost fishes show a remarkable variety of sex determination and differentiation patterns. These range from systems in which sex is determined by sex chromosomes, as in birds and mammals, to simultaneous hermaphrodites that alternate spawning as a female and male on a second to second basis. This extraordinary flexibility may result from a combined lack of developmental constraint on reproductive structures in many lineages and selection for sexual lability in the face of environmental unpredictability. This review addresses environmental influences on sex determination and differentiation in fishes. There is a variety of documented environmental influences on sex determination (ESD) in fishes. We focus here on two classes of examples where the key environmental cues are of clear ecological relevance, the effects appear especially likely to be important as a normal part of the life history, and where there is evidence suggesting the sexual patterns observed represent adaptations that increase individual fitness. These classes are sex determination that is controlled by social interactions (behavioral sex determination [BSD]) (Crews 1993) and temperaturedependent sex determination (TSD). Sex determination controlled by social influences can occur before or after sexual maturation but appears to maximize the expected reproductive success of individuals in both cases. Here we first address BSD and then TSD in fishes. For each pattern of sex determination, we discuss selection pressures that appear to favor these patterns, examples of each, and what is known regarding the underlying physiological mechanisms. For more comprehensive and general reviews of patterns and mechanisms of sex determination in fishes, the reader is referred to several excellent reviews (Nakamura et al. 1998; Baroiller et al. 1999; Baroiller and D’Cotta 2001; Piferrer 2001). The major focus in studies of physiological mediation of teleost sex determination is what is referred to by endocrinologists as the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (Fig. 1). This axis consists primarily of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropins produced in and released from the pituitary gland (GtH I and GtH II), and the gonad as the major site of steroid biosynthesis with its steroid metabolizing enzymes, steroid hormone receptors, and a variety of other proteins that mediate steroid hormone action. One steroid biosynthetic enzyme that has been a particularly fruitful focus in correlative and manipulative studies of vertebrate sex determination is cytochrome P-450 aromatase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens (primarily testosterone to estradiol-17 ). Aromatase expression correlates with female determination in a variety of vertebrates, and aromatasespecific antagonists can block female development in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds (Elbrecht and Smith 1992; Lance and Bogart 1992; Crews et al. 1994; Wennstrom and Crews 1995; Kitano et al. 1999; D’Cotta et al. 2001). Estradiol-17 plays a central role in female reproductive physiology in fishes, whereas the androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) is crucial to gamete maturation and the expression of secondary sexual characteristics in males (Borg 1994; Brantley et al. 1993). Importantly, testosterone levels often do not differ between male and female fishes or are higher in females (Borg 1994). Because of the central role of aromatase in the biosynthesis of estrogens, it will be a focus in consideration of mechanisms by which environmental information leads to sex determination responses. More generally, our understanding of vertebrate sexual function indicates the HPG axis plays the key role in transducing environmental information into gonadal determination, differentiation, and maturation events. A general theme of this review is where and how this transduction may occur in the HPG axis.}, number={1}, journal={EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT}, author={Godwin, J and Luckenbach, JA and Borski, RJ}, year={2003}, pages={40–49} }
 @article{borski_hodson_2003, title={Fish research and the institutional animal care and use committee}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1930-6180"]}, DOI={10.1093/ilar.44.4.286}, abstractNote={Fish represent the most diverse group of animals in the vertebrate phylum. The more than 25,000 species are characterized by an array of anatomical, biochemical, physiological, and behavioral repertoires. For this reason, it is difficult to develop a comprehensive guideline on the care and use of fishes. Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) meet the challenge of ensuring adequate fish welfare using guidelines (Animal Welfare Act [AWA] and Public Health Service [PHS] Policy and their guides) derived mainly from the care and use of mammalian species, which may not be optimal for regulating fish research, teaching, or extension activities. Discussion focuses on various issues that often confront IACUCs in meeting regulatory requirements while assuring proper fish welfare. Issues include questions concerning animal tracking and inventory, utilization of fisheries bycatch, facility inspections in remote locations, and euthanasia. Common sense solutions appropriate for field and laboratory fish activities are suggested, which should help investigators, IACUCs, and regulatory agencies meet PHS and AWA objectives.}, number={4}, journal={ILAR JOURNAL}, author={Borski, RJ and Hodson, RG}, year={2003}, pages={286–294} }
 @article{dean_whitlow_borski_2003, title={Glucocorticoid receptor upregulation during seawater adaptation in a euryhaline teleost, the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)}, volume={132}, ISSN={["0016-6480"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00053-4}, abstractNote={Cortisol is an important seawater (SW) osmoregulatory hormone in the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), a highly euryhaline cichlid able to live in environments ranging from fresh water (FW) to salinities well in excess of full-strength seawater. Previous studies indicate that cortisol may promote SW adaptation by increasing gill chloride cell differentiation, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and subsequent excretion of excess salt following seawater acclimation. Despite cortisol's widely accepted role as a SW-adapting hormone, cortisol receptor regulation during SW acclimation is not well understood. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) might be regulated in a manner consistent with cortisol's actions in SW adaptation. Saturation radioligand binding assays were conducted on gill cytoplasm preparations from fish sampled 4 and 24h and 4 and 14 days after transfer from FW to 2/3 SW or FW (control). Affinity (K(d)) of the gill GR remained constant over the timecourse, while numbers of receptors (B(max)) in SW fish were significantly elevated compared with controls at 24h and 4 days after transfer. Plasma osmolality was higher in fish transferred to SW for 24h, 4 days, and 14 days compared with those animals moved to FW. Plasma cortisol levels and hepatic cortisol binding remained constant between SW and FW fish throughout the timecourse of the salinity challenge. These studies indicate that seawater acclimation is accompanied by a specific upregulation of intracellular GR numbers in gill tissue. The lack of increase in circulating cortisol following SW adaptation may reflect enhancement of clearance of the steroid. It appears that an increase in cortisol receptors, which is closely associated with the rise in blood osmotic pressure that accompanies SW exposure, is an important component of cortisol's ability to promote SW adaptation in the tilapia.}, number={1}, journal={GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Dean, DB and Whitlow, ZW and Borski, RJ}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={112–118} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_borski_2003, title={Gonadal differentiation and effects of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)}, volume={216}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00407-6}, abstractNote={Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) support valuable North American fisheries and show great promise for aquaculture. Because females grow faster and reach larger adult sizes than males, monosex culture of females is desirable for commercial operations. A detailed understanding of sexual development and its timing is critical to control sex and optimize culture. Structural and cellular sex-distinguishing markers were identified histologically, and then used to describe ovarian development in female and testicular development in male flounder. In presumptive ovaries of southern flounder, development of an ovarian cavity first occurs in fish ranging from 75 to 100 mm total length (TL). This is considerably delayed relative to that observed in the Japanese congener, Paralichthys olivaceus, where an ovarian cavity is seen in fish as small as 40 mm TL. The smallest southern flounder that possessed primary oocytes in the early perinucleolus stage was 115 mm TL. In presumptive testes, the formation of seminiferous tubules first occurs in fish of approximately 100 mm TL. Spermatogonia remained quiescent until most fish were over 100 mm TL. Overall, gonads from southern flounder greater than 120 mm TL commonly possess gonial cells undergoing meiosis, clearly differentiating sex. The effect of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder was addressed in a separate experiment. Juvenile southern flounder were grown at 18, 23, or 28°C for 245 days. High and low temperatures induced phenotypic sex reversal in juvenile southern flounder, producing a higher proportion of males (96% males at high temperature, P<0.001, 78% males at low temperature, P<0.01). Raising southern flounder at the midrange temperature held sex ratios close to 1:1. Sex ratios from these trials suggest that southern flounder possess a temperature-sensitive mechanism of sex determination similar to that shown for P. olivaceus, but possibly shifted towards warmer temperatures. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in southern flounder is distinguishable in most fish by 100–120 mm TL and that sex determination is sensitive to temperature. This information is critical to the development of strategies to maximize the number of faster-growing females for commercial flounder culture.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Godwin, J and Daniels, HV and Borski, RJ}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={315–327} }
 @article{fruchtman_mcvey_borski_2002, title={Characterization of pituitary IGF-I receptors: modulation of prolactin and growth hormone}, volume={283}, ISSN={["1522-1490"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpregu.00511.2001}, abstractNote={There have been no studies in any vertebrate that have localized insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors in prolactin (PRL) cells or that have correlated pituitary binding to the potency of IGF-I in regulating both PRL and growth hormone (GH) secretion. We show that IGF-I binds with high affinity and specificity to the pituitary gland of hybrid striped bass ( Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops). IGF-I and IGF-II were equipotent in inhibiting saturable125I-IGF-I binding, whereas insulin was ineffective. IGF-I binds with similar affinity to the rostral pars distalis (>95% PRL cells) as the whole pituitary gland and immunohistochemistry colocalizes IGF-I receptors and PRL in this same region. Des(1–3)IGF-I, a truncated analog of IGF-I that binds with high affinity to IGF-I receptors but weakly to IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs), showed a similar inhibition of saturable125I-IGF-I binding, but it was more potent than IGF-I in stimulating PRL and inhibiting GH release. These results are the first to localize IGF-I receptors to PRL cells, correlate IGF-I binding to its efficacy in regulating GH and PRL secretion, as well as demonstrate that IGFBPs may play a significant role in modulating the disparate actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH secretion.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Fruchtman, S and McVey, DC and Borski, RJ}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={R468–R476} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_borski_2002, title={Optimization of North American flounder culture: a controlled breeding scheme.}, volume={33}, number={1}, journal={World Aquaculture}, author={Luckenbach, J. A. and Godwin, J. and Daniels, H. V. and Borski, R. J.}, year={2002}, pages={40–4569} }
 @article{borski_hyde_fruchtman_2002, title={Signal transduction mechanisms mediating rapid, nongenomic effects of cortisol on prolactin release}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0039-128X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0039-128X(01)00197-0}, abstractNote={While the mechanisms governing genomically mediated glucocorticoid actions are becoming increasingly understood, relatively little is known with regard to the cell signaling pathways that transduce rapid glucocorticoid actions. Studies of the cultured tilapia rostral pars distalis (RPD), a naturally segregated region of the fish pituitary gland that contains a 95–99% pure population of prolactin (PRL) cells and is easily dissected and maintained in a completely defined, serum-free media, indicate that physiological concentrations of cortisol rapidly inhibit PRL release. The attenuative action of cortisol on PRL release occurs within 10–20 min, is insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and mimicked by its membrane impermeable analog, cortisol-21 hemisuccinate-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cortisol and somatostatin, a peptide known to work through membrane receptors to inhibit PRL release, rapidly and reversibly reduces intracellular free Ca2+ (Cai2+), and inhibits 45Ca2+ influx and BAYK-8644 induced PRL release. Preliminary investigations show cortisol, but not somatostatin, suppresses phospholipase C (PLC) activity in PRL cell membrane preparations. In addition, cortisol and somatostatin reduce intracellular cAMP and membrane adenylyl cyclase activity. These findings indicate that the acute inhibitory effects of cortisol on PRL release occur through a nongenomic mechanism involving interactions with the plasma membrane and inhibition of both the Ca2+ and cAMP signal transduction pathways. Cortisol may reduce Cai2+ by inhibiting influx through L-type voltage-gated channels and possibly release through a PLC/inositol triphosphate sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pool. In addition, it is also likely the steroid inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity in events leading to reduced cAMP production and the subsequent release of PRL.}, number={6}, journal={STEROIDS}, author={Borski, RJ and Hyde, GN and Fruchtman, S}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={539–548} }
 @article{borski_hyde_fruchtman_tsai_2001, title={Cortisol suppresses prolactin release through a non-genomic mechanism involving interactions with the plasma membrane}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1096-4959"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00358-X}, abstractNote={In the classical theory of steroid hormone action, steroids diffuse through the membrane and alter transcription of specific genes resulting in synthesis of proteins important for modulating cell function. Most often, steroids work solely through the genome to exert their physiological actions in a process that normally takes hours or days to occur. In tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), cortisol inhibits prolactin (PRL) release within 10-20 min in vitro. This action is accompanied by similarly rapid reductions in cellular Ca(2+) and cAMP levels, second messengers known to transduce the membrane effects of peptide hormones. We further examined whether cortisol might inhibit PRL release through a non-genomic, membrane-associated mechanism using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and a membrane impermeant form of cortisol, cortisol-21 hemisuccinate BSA (HEF/BSA). Cycloheximide (2 and 10 microg/ml) was ineffective in overcoming PRL release induced by hyposmotic medium or that inhibited by cortisol over 4 h static incubations. These dosages reduced protein synthesis as measured by amino acid incorporation in pituitaries by 75 and 99%, respectively. During 4-h incubation, HEF/BSA and HEF significantly reduced PRL release in a dose-dependent fashion. These studies suggest that cortisol inhibits PRL release through a plasma membrane-associated, protein-synthesis independent (non-genomic) pathway.}, number={2-3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Borski, RJ and Hyde, GN and Fruchtman, S and Tsai, WS}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={533–541} }
 @article{fruchtman_gift_howes_borski_2001, title={Insulin-like growth factor-I augments prolactin and inhibits growth hormone release through distinct as well as overlapping cellular signaling pathways}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1879-1107"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00315-3}, abstractNote={We recently discovered a new role for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as a specific and direct stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release in addition to its recognized function as an inhibitor of growth hormone (GH) release and synthesis. Little is known of the mechanisms that transduce the actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH release in vertebrates. The present study was undertaken to determine the cellular pathways that mediate the disparate actions of IGF-I on PRL and GH release in hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops). When regulating cellular function, IGF-I may activate two primary pathways, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The specific MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, blocked IGF-I-evoked PRL release as well as GH release inhibition over an 18–20-h incubation. LY294002, a specific PI 3-K inhibitor, overcame IGF-I's inhibition of GH release but was ineffective in blocking PRL release stimulated by IGF-I. These studies suggest IGF-I disparately alters PRL and GH by activating distinct as well as overlapping signaling pathways central for mediating actions of growth factors on secretory activity as well as cell proliferation. These results further support a role for IGF-I as a physiological regulator of PRL and GH.}, number={2-3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Fruchtman, S and Gift, B and Howes, B and Borski, R}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={237–242} }
 @article{borski_tsai_demott-friberg_barkan_2000, title={Induction of growth hormone (GH) mRNA by pulsatile GH-releasing hormone in rats is pattern specific}, volume={278}, ISSN={["0193-1849"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5.e885}, abstractNote={ Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a main inducer of growth hormone (GH) pulses in most species studied to date. There is no information regarding the pattern of GHRH secretion as a regulator of GH gene expression. We investigated the roles of the parameters of exogenous GHRH administration (frequency, amplitude, and total amount) upon induction of pituitary GH mRNA, GH content, and somatic growth in the female rat. Continuous GHRH infusions were ineffective in altering GH mRNA levels, GH stores, or weight gain. Changing GHRH pulse amplitude between 4, 8, and 16 μg/kg at a constant frequency (Q3.0 h) was only moderately effective in augmenting GH mRNA levels, whereas the 8 μg/kg and 16 μg/kg dosages stimulated weight gain by as much as 60%. When given at a 1.5-h frequency, GHRH doubled the amount of GH mRNA, elevated pituitary GH stores, and stimulated body weight gain. In the rat model, pulsatile but not continuous GHRH administration is effective in inducing pituitary GH mRNA and GH content as well as somatic growth. These studies suggest that the greater growth rate, pituitary mRNA levels, and GH stores seen in male compared with female rats are likely mediated, in part, by the endogenous episodic GHRH secretory pattern present in males. }, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM}, author={Borski, RJ and Tsai, W and Demott-Friberg, R and Barkan, AL}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={E885–E891} }
 @article{fruchtman_jackson_borski_2000, title={Insulin-like growth factor I disparately regulates prolactin and growth hormone synthesis and secretion: Studies using the teleost pituitary model}, volume={141}, ISSN={["1945-7170"]}, DOI={10.1210/en.141.8.2886}, abstractNote={Although insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)’s inhibition of GH release is well documented, little is known of its control of GH synthesis at the posttranscriptional level. The manner by which IGF-I alters PRL synthesis and secretion is also unclear. This study was undertaken to examine the role IGF-I plays in regulating in vitro PRL and GH synthesis and release using the teleost pituitary model system. This model allows for isolation of nearly homogenous populations of distinct pituitary cell types that can be cultured in a completely defined, hormone-free medium. Tissues containing PRL cells and those consisting of GH cells were dissected from pituitaries of hybrid striped bass and exposed to varying concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin for 18–20 h. Exposure to graded doses of IGF-I markedly stimulated fractional, total, and newly synthesized PRL release in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50 for fractional release, 35 ng/ml or 4.6 nm; P < 0.0001). IGF-II and insulin also increased PRL release, but only at 10-fold higher concentrations than the lowest effective IGF-I dose. The total PRL content in the incubations and PRL synthesis, as measured by [35S]methionine incorporation, were not altered by IGF-I. By contrast, IGF-I potently reduced GH release (ED50, 29 ng/ml or 3.8 nm; P < 0.0001) and synthesis. Both 100 and 1000 ng/ml IGF-I decreased newly synthesized GH and total GH content (P < 0.001). Insulin and IGF-II mimicked IGF’s action in attenuating GH release, but only at 10- to 11-fold higher concentrations. Taken together, these findings clearly indicate that IGF-I disparately regulates PRL and GH synthesis and secretion. We show that the effects of IGF-I on pituitary hormone release occur in a variety of species, suggesting that its actions are well conserved. The inhibition of GH release and synthesis by IGF-I probably reflects a negative feedback loop for maintaining tight control over GH cell function. These findings further indicate that IGF-I is a potent and specific secretagogue of PRL release in vertebrates.}, number={8}, journal={ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={Fruchtman, S and Jackson, L and Borski, R}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={2886–2894} }
 @misc{borski_2000, title={Nongenomic membrane actions of glucocorticoids in vertebrates}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1043-2760"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00325-8}, abstractNote={For decades, it was widely assumed that glucocorticoids (GCs) work solely through changes in gene expression to exert their physiological actions, a process that normally takes several hours to occur. However, recent evidence indicates that GCs might also act at the membrane through specific receptors to exert multiple rapid effects on various tissues and cells. GCs modulate hormone secretion, neuronal excitability, behavior, cell morphology, carbohydrate metabolism and other processes within seconds or minutes. These early actions occur independent of the genome and are transduced by the same biochemical effector pathways responsible for mediating rapid responses to neurotransmitters. The biological significance of most rapid GC effects are not well understood, but many might be related to the important functions that this hormone plays in modulating stress responses.}, number={10}, journal={TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM}, author={Borski, RJ}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={427–436} }
 @inproceedings{daniels_borski_1998, title={Effects of low salinity on growth and survival of Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) larvae and juveniles}, number={1998 Nov.}, booktitle={Nutrition and technical development of aquaculture: Proceedings of the twenty-seventh U.S.-Japan Aquaculture Symposium, Durham, New Hampshire, U.S.A., Nov. 1998}, author={Daniels, H.V. and Borski, R.J.}, year={1998}, pages={187–192} }