@article{maxwell_gannon_cooper_2018, title={Nonionic Surfactant Affects Dislodgeable 2,4-D Foliar Residue from Turfgrass}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2018.47}, abstractNote={Abstract2,4-dimethylamine salt (2,4-D) is a synthetic auxin herbicide used extensively in turfgrass for selective broadleaf weed control. Previous research has shown that 2,4-D can dislodge from treated turf, notably in the presence of canopy moisture. Practitioners commonly apply 2,4-D in combination with various commercially available surfactants to increase efficacy. Field research was completed to evaluate the effect of surfactant inclusion and sample collection time within a day on dislodgeable 2,4-D residue from perennial ryegrass. Research was initiated May 24, 2016 in Raleigh, NC and repeated in time to quantify dislodgeable 2,4-D following application (2.1 kg ae ha–1) either alone or with a nonionic surfactant (0.5% vol/vol). Sample collection occurred 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 or 24 d after treatment (DAT) at AM [7:00 AM Eastern Standard Time (EST)] and PM (2:00 PM EST) sample timings within a day. 2,4-D applied with surfactant (0.4% to 25.4% of applied) reduced dislodgeable foliar residue compared to 2,4-D applied alone (0.5% to 31.2%) from 1 through 6 DAT, whereas dislodgeable 2,4-D was not detected at 12 and 24 DAT. Regardless of surfactant inclusion or absence, samples collected in the AM resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in dislodgeable 2,4-D compared to samples collected in the PM from 1 through 6 DAT, suggesting that 2,4-D dislodgeability may be influenced by conditions favoring canopy moisture development. This research will improve turfgrass management practices and research designed to minimize human 2,4-D exposure.}, number={5}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Maxwell, Patrick J. and Gannon, Travis W. and Cooper, Richard J.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={557–563} }
 @article{bruneau_peacock_cooper_erickson_2004, title={Cynodon spp. management programs for the upper transition zone in the Southeastern United States}, ISBN={["90-6605-306-2"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.661.75}, number={661}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE SPORTS FIELDS}, author={Bruneau, AH and Peacock, CH and Cooper, RJ and Erickson, EJ}, year={2004}, pages={551–557} }
 @article{peacock_lee_reynolds_gregg_cooper_bruneau_2004, title={Effects of salinity on six bermudagrass turf cultivars}, ISBN={["90-6605-306-2"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2004.661.24}, number={661}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE SPORTS FIELDS}, author={Peacock, CH and Lee, DJ and Reynolds, WC and Gregg, JP and Cooper, RJ and Bruneau, AH}, year={2004}, pages={193–197} }
 @article{fagerness_yelverton_cooper_2002, title={Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) establishment after preemergence herbicide applications}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0597:BCDLPA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Preemergence (PRE) herbicides may affect the ability to reestablish warm-season turfgrasses in winter-injured areas. Experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the effects of fall or spring applications of six PRE herbicides on the vegetative establishment of Tifway bermudagrass, and Meyer and El Toro zoysiagrass. PRE herbicides were applied at the recommended rates during the fall of 1995 and 1996 and at recommended or reduced rates during the spring of 1996 and 1997. Oxadiazon, benefin plus trifluralin, or oryzalin did not inhibit Tifway bermudagrass or zoysiagrass sprig establishment. Fall applications of prodiamine and dithiopyr at full rates suppressed Tifway bermudagrass establishment as much as 25%, but recovery was evident by the end of the growing season. Reduced spring rates of prodiamine diminished its suppressive effects on Tifway establishment. Zoysiagrass establishment was suppressed as much as 20% by full or reduced rates of prodiamine but was less affected by dithiopyr. Pendimethalin had lesser and briefer suppressive effects than prodiamine and dithiopyr had on either species. Results suggested that avoidance of or reduced rates of prodiamine or dithiopyr may be warranted in areas prone to winter injury. Nomenclature: Benefin; dithiopyr; oryzalin; oxadiazon; pendimethalin; prodiamine; trifluralin; bermudagrass, Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davey × C. dactylon (L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’; zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica L. ‘Meyer’, ‘El Toro’. Additional index words: Application timing, vegetative turfgrass establishment. Abbreviations: POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; WAE, weeks after establishment.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fagerness, MJ and Yelverton, FH and Cooper, RJ}, year={2002}, pages={597–602} }
 @article{liu_cooper_2002, title={Humic acid application does not improve salt tolerance of hydroponically grown creeping bentgrass}, volume={127}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Liu, C. H. and Cooper, R. J.}, year={2002}, pages={219–223} }
 @article{bruneau_bigelow_cooper_bowman_2001, title={Performance of creeping bentgrass cultivars maintained at two mowing heights and under two fungicide regimes in North Carolina}, volume={9}, journal={International Turfgrass Society Research Journal}, author={Bruneau, A. H. and Bigelow, C. A. and Cooper, R. J. and Bowman, D. C.}, year={2001}, pages={835} }
 @article{fagerness_yelverton_isgrigg_cooper_2000, title={Plant growth regulators and mowing height affect ball roll and quality of creeping bentgrass putting greens}, volume={35}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Fagerness, M. J. and Yelverton, F. H. and Isgrigg, J. and Cooper, R. J.}, year={2000}, pages={755–759} }
 @inbook{clark_roy_doherty_curtis_cooper_2000, title={Hazard evaluation and management of volatile and dislodgeable foliar pesticide residues following application to turfgrass}, volume={743}, DOI={10.1021/bk-2000-0743.ch017}, abstractNote={Volatilization can be a major route of pesticide loss following application to turfgrass. Consequently, a significant proportion of applied pesticides may be available for human exposure via volatile and dislodgeable foliar residues. Our research has established that there are volatile and dislodgeable residues available for golfer exposure following pesticide application to turfgrass and not all of these exposures can be deemed completely safe using the USEPA Hazard Quotient assessment. Of the 14 pesticides examined, 10 never resulted in an inhalation exposure situation that had a Hazard Quotient greater than 1.0. Five never resulted in a dermal exposure situation that resulted in a Hazard Quotient greater than 1.0 and after the first day following application, 9 had Hazard Quotients less that 1.0. Application of ethoprop, isazofos, diazinon and isofenphos, however, did result in Hazard Quotients greater than 1.0 over a period of 3 days post-application and hence the safety of exposure}, number={2000}, booktitle={Fate and management of turfgrass chemicals}, publisher={Washington, DC: American Chemical Society}, author={Clark, J. M. and Roy, G. R. and Doherty, J. J. and Curtis, A. S. and Cooper, R. J.}, editor={J. M. Clark and Kenna, M. P.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={294–312} }
 @article{liu_cooper_bowman_1998, title={Humic acid application affects photosynthesis, root development, and nutrient content of creeping bentgrass}, volume={33}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Liu, C. H. and Cooper, R. J. and Bowman, D. C.}, year={1998}, pages={1023–1025} }
 @article{cooper_liu_cooper_1998, title={Influence of humic substances on rooting and nutrient content of creeping bentgrass}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800060037x}, abstractNote={Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if application of humic substances to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) turf would improve root mass, root length, or nutrient uptake. A commercially mined granular humate, a commercial liquid humic acid (HA), and liquid HAs extracted from leonardite, peat, and soil were applied to creeping bentgrass growing in either sand or solution culture and maintained at a height of 6 mm. Foliar applications included monthly or biweekly applications of HAs at 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg HA L−1. In sand culture, humate incorporated to a depth of 10 cm stimulated a 45% increase in root mass at the 0‐ to 10‐cm depth and a 38% increase in root mass at the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth compared with the control. Incorporation of granular humate increased maximum root length 15% compared with non‐treated turf in sand culture. No foliar applied HA source consistently provided rooting superior to the control in either sand or solution culture. Nitrogen, Ca, Mg, and Fe uptake were relatively unaffected by humic substance application. The phosphorous concentration of plants in sand culture was increased 3 to 5% by incorporated humate and foliar application of soil, peat, or Leonardite‐derived HA. In solution culture, however, P uptake was unaffected by HA application. The lack of improved rooting or increased P uptake in solution culture supports the hypothesis that humic acids may have limited growth promoting effects on plants adequately supplied with nutrients.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Cooper, RJ and Liu, CH and Cooper, RJ}, year={1998}, pages={1639–1644} }