@article{sall_feng_2019, title={Dual-target hazard perception: Could identifying one hazard hinder a driver's capacity to find a second?}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1879-2057"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2019.06.016}, abstractNote={Low-level cognitive processes like visual search are crucial for hazard detection. In dual-target searches, subsequent search misses (SSMs) are known to occur when the identification of one target impedes detection of another that is concurrently presented. Despite the high likelihood of concurrent hazards in busy driving environments, SSMs have not been empirically investigated in driving. In three studies, participants were asked to identify safety-related target(s) in simulated traffic scenes that contained zero, one, or two target(s) of low or high perceptual saliency. These targets were defined as objects or events that would have prevented safe travel in the direction indicated by an arrow preceding the traffic scene. Findings from the pilot study (n = 20) and Experiment 1 (n = 29) demonstrated that detecting one target hindered drivers’ abilities to find a second from the same scene. In Experiment 2 (n = 30), explicit instructions regarding the level of risk were manipulated. It was found that search times were affected by the instructions, though SSMs persisted. Implications of SSMs in understanding the causes of some crashes are discussed, as well as future directions to improve ecological and criterion validity and to explore the roles of expertise and cognitive capabilities in multi-hazard detection.}, journal={ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION}, author={Sall, Robert J. and Feng, Jing}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={213–224} }
 @article{feng_sanchez_sall_lyons_nam_2019, title={Emotional expressions facilitate human-human trust when using automation in high-risk situations}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1532-7876"]}, DOI={10.1080/08995605.2019.1630227}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study investigated the utility of emotional expression for human decision aids, when human aids conflict with an automated decision support system (DSS). The increasing presence of automation in society has resulted in critical, and often life threatening, situations when information from human and automated sources disagree. It has been known that reliance on human aids decrease during high-risk situations, while reliance on automated aids increase. However, it is also possible that human decision aids gain credibility from users when they embody the charismatic and emotionally expressive gesticulations seen in successful organizational leaders. The present study tested how a human agent's expressiveness when providing information would influence participants' behavioral reliance. Using the program Convoy Leader, participants (n=56) engaged in three decision-making scenarios where risk was manipulated as a within-subject factor and emotional expression as a between-subject factor. Emotional susceptibility, perceived risk, and trust for human as well as automated aids were measured. Overall trust was higher for the automated tool than human decision aid, and that pattern was amplified in conditions without an emotionally expressive human aid. Reliance was greater for emotionally expressive human aids, than stoic human aids, particularly during high risk conditions. The findings suggest that emotional expression of a human aid significantly impacts both reliance and trust of a decision aid, especially at higher risk levels. Emotionally expressive human agents should be utilized in decision conflicts where the automated system has certainly failed.}, number={4}, journal={MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Feng, Jing and Sanchez, Joseph and Sall, Robert and Lyons, Joseph B. and Nam, Chang S.}, year={2019}, pages={292–305} }