@article{guzman_deresienski_munoz-perez_passingham_skehel_ulloa_regalado_lewbart_valle_2024, title={Health status and morphometrics of Galápagos magnificent frigatebirds (<i> Fregata</i> magnificens magnificens) determined by hematology, biochemistry, blood gas, and physical examination}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.18609}, abstractNote={The magnificent frigatebird ( Fregata magnificens; MFB) is a widely distributed seabird. It has breeding areas in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (extending along Central America up to Baja California) (Schreiber & Burger, 2001). The Fregata magnificens magnificens (MFB-Gal) subspecies is native to the Galápagos Islands. This is the first-time hematology and blood chemistry parameters have been published for the F. m. magnificens (MFB-Gal) from the Galápagos Islands. Analysis was run on blood samples drawn from n = 16 adult MFB-Gal captured by hand at their nests at North Seymour and Daphne Major Islands in the Galápagos Islands ( n = 10 MFB-Gal in June 2017 and n = 6 MFB-Gal in July 2022). There were ten female birds and six male birds in total. A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain near immediate field results for total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), ionized calcium (iCa), total protein (TP), anion gap and glucose. Blood lactate was measured using a portable Lactate Plus™ analyzer. Average heart rate, respiratory rate, body weight, body temperature, biochemistry and hematology parameters were comparable to healthy individuals of other Fregatidae of the same species (magnificent frigatebird subspecies from Brazil, Fregata magnificens , likely F. m. rothschildi ) or similar species (great frigatebird, Fregata minor , from the Galápagos Islands). There were some statistically significant differences between the males and females F. m. magnificens (MFB-Gal) in the Galápagos, including bill depth, bill width, wing length, weight, and chloride blood value. The reported results provide baseline data that can be used for comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos magnificent frigatebirds and other populations of magnificent frigatebirds.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Guzman, Kimberly E. and Deresienski, Diane and Munoz-Perez, Juan Pablo and Passingham, Ronald K. and Skehel, Alice and Ulloa, Catalina and Regalado, Cristina and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Valle, Carlos A.}, year={2024}, month={Dec} }
 @article{skehel_ulloa_deresienski_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_passingham_castaneda_lewbart_et al._2023, title={Health status of the red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) determined by hematology, biochemistry, blood gases, and physical examination}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.15713}, abstractNote={The red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus, is a species of seabird native to the Galápagos archipelago, and widely distributed across the neotropics. General health, blood chemistry, and haematology parameters have not been published for this species. Blood analyses were performed on samples drawn from 51 clinically healthy red-billed tropicbirds captured from their burrows at Islote Pitt on San Cristóbal Island in July, 2016 (21) and Daphne Major Island in June, 2017 (30). In the field, a point of care blood analyser (iSTAT) was used to obtain results for HCO3-, pH, pCO2, pO2, TCO2, iCa, Na, K, Cl, Hb, HCT, anion gap, creatinine, glucose and urea nitrogen. Additionally, a portable Lactate PlusTM analyser was used to measure blood lactate, and blood smears were also created in situ. The blood slides were used to estimate leukocyte counts and 100-cell differentials. Alongside these biochemistry and haematology parameters, average heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and scaled mass index (calculated from weight and a body measurement) were compared to determine the standard measurements for a healthy individual. The baseline data, and reference intervals reported in this paper are essential to detecting changes in the health of red-billed tropicbirds in the future.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Skehel, Alice and Ulloa, Catalina and Deresienski, Diane and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan Pablo and Garcia, Juan Augusto and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Passingham, Ronald K. and Castaneda, Jason Steve and Lewbart, Gregory A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{gaudette_ladouceur_troan_whitehurst_dombrowski_lewbart_linder_passingham_christian_schreeg_2023, title={Retrospective analysis of histologic lesions in captive arachnids}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/03009858231162948}, abstractNote={Invertebrates, including arachnids, are a common taxon in zoological collections. Invertebrate medicine and pathology are emerging subspecialties, but there is limited reference material or published resources describing histologic lesions in arachnids. Histopathology of 26 captive arachnids (20 spiders and 6 scorpions) from institutional collections was reviewed. Most animals were found dead with limited clinical signs. Tissues evaluated included body wall (cuticle and epidermis), skeletal muscle, book lungs, digestive tract (pharynx, esophagus, sucking stomach, midgut tube, midgut diverticula, and stercoral pocket), central and peripheral nervous system, heart, hemolymph vessels and sinuses, Malpighian tubules, coxal glands, and gonads. Inflammation was frequent (24/26, 92%), and seen in multiple organs (18/24, 75%) with the midgut diverticulum most commonly affected (14/24, 58%) followed by the book lungs (13/24 arachnids, 54%), and body wall (8/24 arachnids, 33%). Inflammation comprised hemocyte accumulation, hemocytic coagula, melanization, and nodulation. Infectious agents, including bacteria (11/26, 42%), fungi (10/26, 38%), and parasites (2/26, 8%), were seen within inflammatory aggregates. Coinfection with multiple infectious agents was common (6/24, 25%). No etiologic agent was identified in 7/24 (29%) cases with inflammatory lesions. Lesions suggestive of decreased nutritional status or increased metabolic rate included midgut diverticula atrophy in 11/26 (42%) animals and skeletal muscle atrophy in 6/26 (23%) animals. Atrophic lesions were seen in combination with infection (8/11, 73%), pregnancy (2/11, 18%), male sex (2/11, 18%), or without other lesions (1/11, 9%). Other suspected contributors to death included dysecdysis-associated trauma (2/26, 8%) and uterine intussusception (1/26, 4%). No animals had neoplasia.}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Gaudette, Chris and LaDouceur, Elise E. B. and Troan, Brigid V. and Whitehurst, Nathan and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Linder, Keith E. and Passingham, Kent and Christian, Larry S. and Schreeg, Megan E.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gregory_hubbard_schlake_mejia_passingham_lewbart_harrison_2022, title={EVALUATION OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR INJURED TURTLES PRESENTING TO A WILDLIFE CLINIC}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0200}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine currently sees over 500 chelonian cases a year. Each turtle receives a thorough physical examination as the main evaluation of its health because further diagnostics are cost prohibitive in a donation-based facility. Thus, there is a need to further understand how a few economical diagnostics can evaluate the prognosis of chelonians. The objectives were to evaluate lactate, PCV, total solids, glucose, temperature, and HR as prognostic indicators in multiple chelonian species and to determine how the change in lactate concentrations over a 24 h period affects prognosis. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), river cooters (Pseudemys concinna), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were evaluated because of prevalence of presentation to the TRT, differences in habitat, and differences in physiology. Hyperlactatemia, an increased lactate over 24 h when the initial lactate concentration was greater than 5 mM/L, and anemia were determined to be significant prognostic indicators of mortality for all turtles, and hypoglycemia was a significant prognostic indicator of mortality for male turtles (P < 0.05).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Hubbard, Cassidy and Schlake, Emily and Mejia, Daniel and Passingham, Kent R. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={209–213} }
 @article{valle_ulloa_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_skehel_deresienski_passingham_lewbart_2020, title={Baseline haematology, biochemistry, blood gas values and health status of the Galapagos swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/coaa064}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The swallow-tailed gull, Creagrus furcatus, is a seabird endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. In general health, blood chemistry and haematology, parameters have not been published for this species. Blood analyses were run on samples drawn from 58 clinically healthy swallow-tailed gulls captured at Islote Pitt on San Cristóbal Island in July 2016 (28) and South Plaza Island in June 2017 (30). A point of care blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used in the field to obtain results for HCO3−, pH, pCO2, pO2, TCO2, anion gap, chloride, creatinine, glucose, haematocrit, haemoglobin, ionized calcium, potassium, sodium and urea nitrogen. A portable Lactate Plus™ analyzer was used to measure lactate. The baseline data reported is valuable for comparisons amongst different populations in the archipelago and to detect changes in health status of Galápagos swallow-tailed gulls.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Valle, Carlos A. and Ulloa, Catalina and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan-Pablo and Garcia, Juan and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Skehel, Alice and Deresienski, Diane and Passingham, Ronald K. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{tucker_gerlach_curtean_passingham_murphy_lewbart_2020, title={Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2052-6113"]}, DOI={10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396}, abstractNote={BackgroundCopper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die‐off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system.MethodsPhysical and postmortem examinations suggested that heavy metal toxicity was the likely cause of morbidity and mortality. This was supported by a heavy metal screening of the owners’ pond. Additional experiments were performed to determine if the IonGen produced toxic levels of copper and zinc.ResultsThe tank containing the IonGen had higher concentrations of copper and zinc, and copper levels exceeded those associated with toxicity in both hard and soft water.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that ion generators might not be safe for fish, and copper should only be used as an algicide if concentrations are closely monitored.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD OPEN}, author={Tucker, Emily and Gerlach, Jamie and Curtean, Azais and Passingham, Kent and Murphy, Lisa and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{stranahan_alpi_passingham_kosmerick_lewbart_2016, title={Descriptive Epidemiology for Turtles Admitted to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1944-687X"]}, DOI={10.3996/072015-jfwm-056}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team has been treating and releasing wild turtles since 1996 and has compiled a collection of almost 4,000 medical records, now available for consultation by researchers via the North Carolina State University Libraries Special Collections Research Center. Data available for each case include county where turtle was discovered, patient identification number, admission date, species, sex and reproductive status, physical examination findings, clinical diagnosis, last case-entry date, length of stay, and final disposition. Additional data in the records include a day-by-day description of treatment and husbandry performed for each turtle. This report summarizes 2,613 turtle cases examined between 1996 and 2012 by the Turtle Rescue Team, including 12 native species of turtle from 63 North Carolina counties. The sex distribution of those of known sex were evenly distributed. The most common presenting condition was vehicular trauma while garden equipment and fish-equipment–related trauma, pet surrender, and other human-induced injury represented an additional 154 cases. Animal attacks and trauma due to unknown causes were also represented. Other conditions diagnosed on presentation included infection, aural abscessation, nutritional disorder, neurologic disorder, buoyancy disorder, prolapse, and other. A small number of turtles were not diagnosed or were healthy. Ultimate disposition data were available for 2,318 turtles, of which 1,227 were released to the wild. The epidemiological data presented here are similar to information collected in Illinois, Tennessee, and Virginia. Medical records from wildlife hospitals and primary care facilities represent an important opportunity to gain valuable insight into the epidemiology of human interaction with native wildlife species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Stranahan, Lauren and Alpi, Kristine M. and Passingham, Ronald Kent and Kosmerick, Todd J. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={520–525} }