@article{lustgarten_redding_labens_morgan_davis_seiler_2014, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METACARPAL TENDONS IN HORSES WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF TENDON INJURY}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12104}, abstractNote={Tendon and ligament injuries are common causes of impaired performance in equine athletes. Gray-scale ultrasonography is the current standard method for diagnosing and monitoring these injuries, however this modality only provides morphologic information. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that allows detection and measurement of tissue strain, and may provide valuable mechanical information about equine tendon and ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, reproducibility, and repeatability of elastography; and to describe elastographic characteristics of metacarpal tendons in sound horses. Nineteen legs for 17 clinically sound horses without evidence of musculoskeletal pathology were included. Elastographic images of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the branches of the suspensory ligament (tendon of the interosseous muscle) were described quantitatively and qualitatively. There was no statistically significant difference between operators (P = 0.86) nor within operators (P = 0.93). For qualitative assessments, reproducibility (0.46) was moderate and repeatability (0.78) was good. Similar to human Achilles tendons, equine tendons were classified as predominantly hard using elastography. There was no statistically significant difference in stiffness of the flexor tendons (P = 0.96). No significant difference in stiffness was found with altered leg position during standing (P = 0.84) and while nonweight bearing (P = 0.61). The flexor tendons were softer when imaged in longitudinal versus transverse planes (P < 0.01) however, the suspensory branches were not (P = 0.67). Findings supported future clinical application of elastography as a noninvasive "stall-side" imaging modality for evaluation of the tendons and ligaments of the distal forelimb in horses.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Morgan, Michel and Davis, Weston and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={92–101} }
 @article{labens_redding_desai_orde_mansmann_blikslager_2013, title={Validation of a photogrammetric technique for computing equine hoof volume}, volume={197}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884983213&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.005}, abstractNote={Assessment of equine foot conformation is often based on linear and angular measurements performed on lateral digital photographs. However, quantification of external foot conformation requires more comprehensive assessments to capture the shape of the entire foot. Volumetric measurements of the hoof capsule represent a summary measure quantifying foot shape. The aim of this study was to develop a method for computation of virtual foot models from digital foot images allowing precise and accurate volumetric measurements. This photogrammetric technique was then assessed for the characterization of foot volume changes associated with foot trimming. Using the technique, three different photographers imaged feet from 18 cadavers at different time points and one analyst processed their images to generate virtual computer models. Volumetric measurements were obtained from these models to determine their precision in the context of ‘Photographer’, ‘Time’ and the effect of ‘Trimming’. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging was used to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric method. Pre-trim photogrammetric measurements showed excellent precision and accuracy and the results did not depend on the person acquiring the images. The accuracy of post-trim photogrammetric measurements deteriorated in comparison with the average differences measured by CT imaging (19 cm3). Precise volumetric measurements were obtained using the photogrammetric method, but average differences in foot volume after trimming as measured by CT imaging are likely too small to be detected with confidence.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Labens, R. and Redding, W. R. and Desai, K. K. and Orde, K. Vom and Mansmann, R. A. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={625–630} }
 @article{labens_redding_2012, title={MR imaging of the equine distal tarsus - too much information?}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0957-7734"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00350.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 24, Issue 5 p. 242-246 MR imaging of the equine distal tarsus - too much information? R. Labens, R. Labens Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author R. Labens, R. Labens Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorW. R. Redding, W. R. Redding Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: 12 December 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00350.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Biggi, M., Zani, D., De Zani, D. and Di Giancamillo, M. (2012) Magnetic resonance imaging findings of bone marrow lesions in the equine distal tarsus. Equine vet. Educ. 24, 236-241. Blankenbaker, D.G., De Smet, A.A., Vanderby, R., McCabe, R. and Koplin, S.A. (2008) MRI of acute bone bruises: timing of the appearance of findings in a swine model. Am. J. Roentgenol. 190, W1-W7. Byam-Cook, K.L. and Singer, E.R. (2009) Is there a relationship between clinical presentation, diagnostic and radiographic findings and outcome in horses with osteoarthritis of the small tarsal joints? Equine vet. J. 41, 118-123. d'Anjou, M.A., Troncy, E., Moreau, M., Abram, F., Raynauld, J.P., Martel-Pelletier, J. and Pelletier, J.P. (2008) Temporal assessment of bone marrow lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in a canine model of knee osteoarthritis: impact of sequence selection. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 16, 1307-1311. Dyson, S.J. (2003) Radiography and radiology. In: Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse, Eds: M.W. Ross and S.J. Dyson, Saunders, St. Louis. pp 153-166. Gaebler, C., Kukla, C., Breitenseher, M., Trattnig, S., Mittlboeck, M. and Vecsei, V. (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging of occult scaphoid fractures. J. Trauma-Injury Infect. Crit. Care 41, 73-76. Holowinski, M., Judy, C., Saveraid, T. and Maranda, L. (2010) Resolution of lesions on stir images is associated with improved lameness status in horses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 51, 479-484. Labens, R., Innocent, G.T. and Voute, L.C. (2007a) Reliability of a quantitative rating scale for assessment of horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 48, 204-211. Labens, R., Mellor, D.J. and Voute, L.C. (2007b) Retrospective study of the effect of intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints in 51 horses. Vet. Rec. 161, 611-616. Laverty, S., Stover, S.M., Belanger, D., O'Brien, T.R., Pool, R.R., Pascoe, J.R., Tayler, K. and Harrington, T. (1991) Radiographic, high detail radiographic, microangiographic and histological findings of the distal portion of the tarsus in weanling, young and adult horses. Equine vet. J. 23, 413-421. Martig, S., Boisclair, J., Konar, M., Spreng, D. and Lang, J. (2007) MRI characteristics and histology of bone marrow lesions in dogs with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 48, 105-112. McNally, E.G., Goodman, R. and Burge, P. (2000) The role of MRI in the assessment of scaphoid fracture healing: a pilot study. Eur. Radiol. 10, 1926-1928. Mink, J.H. and Deutsch, A.L. (1989) Occult cartilage and bone injuries of the knee - detection, classification, and assessment with Mr Imaging. Radiol. 170, 823-829. Murphey, E.D., Schneider, R.K., Adams, S.B., Santschi, E.M., Stick, J.A. and Ruggles, A.J. (2000) Long-term outcome of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone treated conservatively: 25 cases (1976-1993). J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 216, 1949-1954. Olive, J., Mair, T.S. and Charles, B. (2009) Use of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose middle phalanx bone marrow lesions in horses. Equine vet. Educ. 21, 116-123. Olive, J., d'Anjou, M.A., Alexander, K., Laverty, S. and Theoret, C. (2010) Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and radiography for assessment of noncartilaginous changes in equine metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 51, 267-279. Roemer, F.W., Frobell, R., Hunter, D.J., Crema, M.D., Fischer, W., Bohndorf, K. and Guermazi, A. (2009) MRI-detected subchondral bone marrow signal alterations of the knee joint: terminology, imaging appearance, relevance and radiological differential diagnosis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 17, 1115-1131. Zanetti, M., Bruder, E., Romero, J. and Hodler, J. (2000) Bone marrow edema pattern in osteoarthritic knees: correlation between MR imaging and histologic findings. Radiol. 215, 835-840. Citing Literature Volume24, Issue5May 2012Pages 242-246 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Labens, R. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={242–246} }
 @article{labens_blikslager_2012, title={Precision of a photogrammetric method to perform 3D wound measurements compared to standard 2D photographic techniques in the horse}, volume={45}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00538.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00538.x}, abstractNote={REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
Methods of 3D wound imaging in man play an important role in monitoring of healing and determination of the prognosis. Standard photographic assessments in equine wound management consist of 2D analyses, which provide little quantitative information on the wound bed.


HYPOTHESES
3D imaging of equine wounds is feasible using principles of stereophotogrammetry. 3D measurements differ significantly and are more precise than results with standard 2D assessments.


METHODS
Repeated specialised photographic imaging of 4 clinical wounds left to heal by second intention was performed. The intraoperator variability in measurements due to imaging and 3D processing was compared to that of a standard 2D technique using descriptive statistics and multivariate repeated measures ANOVA.


RESULTS
Using a custom made imaging system, 3D analyses were successfully performed. Area and circumference measurements were significantly different between imaging modalities. The intraoperator variability of 3D measurements was up to 2.8 times less than that of 2D results. On average, the maximum discrepancy between repeated measurements was 5.8% of the mean for 3D and 17.3% of the mean for 2D assessments.


CONCLUSIONS
The intraoperator repeatability of 3D wound measurements based on principles of stereophotogrammetry is significantly increased compared to that of a standard 2D photographic technique indicating it may be a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool.


POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
The equine granulation bed plays an important role in equine wound healing. When compared to 2D analyses 3D monitoring of the equine wound bed allows superior quantitative characterisation, contributing to clinical and experimental investigations by offering potential new parameters.}, number={1}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Labens, R. and Blikslager, A.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={41–46} }
 @article{labens_redding_2012, title={The dilemma of whether to inject the navicular bursa}, volume={171}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.e8379}, abstractNote={PALMAR foot pain represents an important condition in horses, frequently requiring a broad therapeutic approach, as summarised in a paper by Manfredi and others (2012) on p 643 of this issue of Veterinary Record . Management options range from supportive treatments, in the form of corrective trimming and remedial shoeing, to systemic and local administration of anti-inflammatories, tiludronate, extracorporeal shock wave therapy or, in the most refractory cases, palmar digital neurectomies (Rijkenhuizen 2006). The key to successful long-term management is knowledge of the exact nature of the condition; palmar foot pain is a clinical sign and not a diagnosis. Often defined by the response of the palmar digital nerves (PDN) to analgesia, many different conditions may fall into this category such that this blocking pattern would more aptly be regarded as an indicator of foot pain instead (Schumacher and others 2004, Dyson and others 2005, Murray and others 2006). To name only a few conditions, horses with lameness due to solar bruises, osteoarthritis/synovitis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy, navicular bone disease or navicular bursitis typically improve greatly when this nerve block is applied, while a partial response might be achieved in horses with collateral ligament desmitis of the DIP joint and more extensive DDF tendon injuries. Advanced diagnostics (with the gold standard being MRI) are …}, number={25}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Labens, R. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={641-+} }
 @article{labens_schramme_robertson_thrall_redding_2010, title={CLINICAL, MAGNETIC RESONANCE, AND SONOGRAPHIC IMAGING FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH PROXIMAL PLANTAR METATARSAL PAIN}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01614.x}, abstractNote={Sonography is commonly used for diagnosis of desmopathy of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament in horses. However, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been stated to be superior for detecting disease and localizing lesions. In this retrospective study of 39 horses or 46 hind limbs with lameness due to proximal plantar metatarsal pain, the clinical and diagnostic findings are discussed and sonography and MR imaging compared for examination of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament. With MR imaging interpreted as the clinical gold standard, desmopathy of the proximal part of the suspensory ligament was diagnosed in 21 hind limbs, proximal plantar metatarsal pain of unknown cause in 12, an osseous injury at the origin of the suspensory ligament in four and a condition unrelated to the suspensory ligament in nine. Based on these findings, sonography had a sensitivity of 0.77 and 0.66 and specificity of 0.33 and 0.31 for diagnosing proximal suspensory desmopathy and for accurately localizing lesions, respectively. MR imaging changes consistent with proximal suspensory desmopathy were signal hyperintensities and an increase in cross-sectional area compared with the contralateral limb. Anesthesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve is not specific neither for proximal suspensory desmopathy, as conditions unrelated to the suspensory ligament were diagnosed, nor for diagnosis of proximal plantar metatarsal pain, as conditions outside the proximal plantar metatarsal region were also diagnosed.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Labens, Raphael and Schramme, Michael C. and Robertson, Ian D. and Thrall, Donald E. and Redding, W. Rich}, year={2010}, pages={11–18} }
 @article{schramme_kerekes_hunter_labens_2010, title={MR IMAGING FEATURES OF SURGICALLY INDUCED CORE LESIONS IN THE EQUINE SUPERFICIAL DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01660.x}, abstractNote={Tendon injuries are common in athletic humans and horses. Ultrasonography is the diagnostic method of choice in horses with tendon injuries but there is increasing application of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to monitor and follow-up tendon healing. A core lesion was created in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of each forelimb of four horses. One of the four horses was euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after creation of the lesion. MR examinations of the SDFT were performed immediately post mortem in a 1.5 T Siemens Symphony magnet and compared with histologic findings. Measurements from the MR images were also compared to ultrasonographic measurements available from the same lesions. Tendon lesions appeared as well-circumscribed hyperintensities in the core of the SDFT on all pulse sequences. Lesions were most conspicuous on fat-suppressed fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences and least conspicuous on T2 transverse dual turbo spin echo (T2 TSE) sequences. The signal-difference-to-noise ratio decreased with the age of the lesion in all sequences in this study. Twelve-week-old lesions were not visible on T2 TSE images but in all other sequences the lesion remained hyperintense. The lesion volume and maximum cross-sectional area of core lesions were significantly smaller in T2 TSE images than in other MR sequences. The lesion volume and maximum cross-sectional area of core lesions were significantly larger in proton density, T1, and FLASH sequences and significantly smaller in T2 sequences than when measured from ultrasonographic images. Through comparison between sequences, MR imaging may be able to provide information on various stages of tendon healing.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Schramme, Michael and Kerekes, Zoltan and Hunter, Stuart and Labens, Raphael}, year={2010}, pages={280–287} }
 @article{labens_innocent_voute_2007, title={Reliability of a quantitative rating scale for assessment of horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00230.x}, abstractNote={Various radiographic rating scales have been described for use in horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis but little information is available on their reliability. The aim of this study was to develop a radiographic rating scale based on the results of an expert consultation process (the Delphi process), and to test the reliability of the radiographic rating scale. Seven radiographic features were identified as important indicators of distal tarsal osteoarthritis and these were then incorporated in the radiographic rating scale, which used a 100-mm-long visual analog scale. On two occasions nine equine veterinarians applied the radiographic rating scale, and a verbal descriptive rating scale, to three sets of tarsal radiographs, each comprising four standard radiographic views. Reliability was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and by calculating the 95% agreement limits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify significant interactions between the ratings of different assessors made from different views and at each assessment. Rating of distal tarsal osteoarthritis was different for the nine assessors. The most precise second ratings were between 16 mm higher and 18 mm lower than the first. Significant variables were "joint," "assessor," and "assessment" (univariable ANOVA); and "joint and assessor" and "assessor and assessment" (multivariable ANOVA). The radiographic rating scale developed for interpretation of distal tarsal osteoarthritis was less reliable than a verbal descriptive rating scale.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Labens, Raphael and Innocent, Giles T. and Voute, Lance C.}, year={2007}, pages={204–211} }
 @article{labens_mellor_voute_2007, title={Retrospective study of the effect of intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints in 51 horses}, volume={161}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.161.18.611}, abstractNote={Osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints, affecting the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints, is a common cause of hindlimb lameness in horses. This paper describes the outcome of the intra-articular treatment of 51 horses with the condition with either methylprednisolone acetate (mpa) or triamcinolone acetonide (tr), either with or without hyaluronic acid (ha). The outcome was assessed in terms of the changes in the horses' grade of lameness. Follow-up information was obtained from the owners by means of a telephone questionnaire. Horses treated once with mpa or tr, either with or without ha, improved after a median of 56 days (P<0·0001), and there was no significant difference between mpa and tr. There was no significant further improvement in the horses treated twice. In the horses in which there was a diffuse increase in the uptake of a radiopharmaceutical by the distal tarsal joints, identified by scintigraphy, the lameness tended to improve (P=0·032), whereas in the horses in which the uptake was focal, it did not. At telephone follow-up 13 of 34 horses were reported to have had a positive outcome, but the outcome in the other 21 was reported to have been negative.}, number={18}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Labens, R. and Mellor, D. J. and Voute, L. C.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={611-+} }
 @article{labens_busoni_peters_serteyn_2005, title={Ultrasonographic and radiographic diagnosis of patellar fragmentation secondary to bilateral medial patellar ligament desmotomy in a Warmblood gelding}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00370.x}, abstractNote={Equine Veterinary EducationVolume 17, Issue 4 p. 201-206 Ultrasonographic and radiographic diagnosis of patellar fragmentation secondary to bilateral medial patellar ligament desmotomy in a Warmblood gelding R. Labens, Corresponding Author R. Labens Department of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, Belgium Weipers Centre for Equine Welfare, Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKDepartment of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorV. Busoni, V. Busoni Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Liège, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bat. 41, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorF. Peters, F. Peters Department of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorD. Serteyn, D. Serteyn Department of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author R. Labens, Corresponding Author R. Labens Department of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, Belgium Weipers Centre for Equine Welfare, Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKDepartment of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorV. Busoni, V. Busoni Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Liège, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bat. 41, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorF. Peters, F. Peters Department of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorD. Serteyn, D. Serteyn Department of Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Large Animal Surgical Pathology, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 January 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00370.xCitations: 7 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Caudron, I., Miesen, M., Grülke, S., Vanschepdael, P., Leroy, P. and Serteyn, D. (1997) Radiographic assessment of the effects of a full rolling motion shoe during asymmetrical bearing. Equine vet. J., Suppl 23, 20–22. Google Scholar Dabareiner, R.M., Sullins, K.E. and White, N.A. (1993) Progression of femoropatellar osteochondrosis in nine young horses. Vet. Surg 22, 515–523. 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1993.tb00430.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Foland, J.W., McIlwraith, C.W. and Trotter, G.W. (1992) Arthroscopic surgery for osteochondritis dissecans of the femoropatellar joint of the horse. Equine vet. J 24, 419–423. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02870.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gibson, K.T., McIlwraith, C.W., Park, R.D. and Norrdin, R.W. (1989) Production of patellar lesions by medial patellar desmotomy in normal horses. Vet. Surg 18, 466–471. 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1990.tb01128.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jeffcott, L.B. (1991) Osteochondrosis in the horse — searching for the key to pathogenesis. Equine vet. J 23, 331–338. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03733.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McIlwraith, C.W. (1990) Osteochondral fragmentation of the distal aspect of the patella in horses. Equine vet. J 22, 157–163. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04236.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McIlwraith, C.W. (1993) Osteochondritis dissecans of the femoropatellar joint Proc. Am. Ass. equine Practnrs. 39, 73–77. Google Scholar McIlwraith, C.W. (1996) Clinical aspects of osteochondritis dissecans In: Joint Disease in the Horse, Ed: G.W. Trotter, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. pp 362–383. Google Scholar Müller-Kirchenbauer, D., Fürst, A., Geissbühler, U., Kaegi, B. and Auer. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume17, Issue4August 2005Pages 201-206 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Labens, R. and Busoni, V. and Peters, F. and Serteyn, D.}, year={2005}, pages={201–205} }