@article{gainey_steen_engen_2005, title={Exercising options: An assessment of the use of alternative sanctions for drug offenders}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1745-9109"]}, DOI={10.1080/07418820500219219}, abstractNote={In this paper, we explore a relatively unexamined area of sentencing—the use of alternative sanctions. While researchers have discussed the potential uses and misuses of alternative sanctions, few have focused on who receives them and why. We argue that, while alternative sanctions have the potential to be useful tools, they also open “windows of discretion” that may disadvantage certain groups. We use quantitative and qualitative data from Washington State to explore how alternative sanctions are applied in cases involving felony drug offenders. The results of quantitative analyses are largely consistent with current theories of sentencing in that court officials rely heavily on indicators of danger and blameworthiness in determining when to apply alternative sanctions. Qualitative analyses, however, suggest that decisions about alternative sanctions are complex, and that court officials’ beliefs about the fairness and efficacy of sentencing options influence the extent to which they will use available alternatives. Implications for criminal justice theory, public policy, and future research are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={JUSTICE QUARTERLY}, author={Gainey, RR and Steen, S and Engen, RL}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={488–520} }
 @article{steen_engen_gainey_2005, title={Images of danger and culpability: Racial stereotyping, case processing, and criminal sentencing}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0011-1384"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00013.x}, abstractNote={In this paper we argue that the meaning of race in criminal justice decision making will vary depending on other offender and offense characteristics, and that differences in treatment within races may therefore be as large as differences between races. We find that, among adult drug offenders from Washington State, those white offenders who most closely resemble the stereotype of a dangerous drug offender receive significantly harsher treatment than other white offending groups, while among black offenders, it is the defendants who least resemble a dangerous drug offender who receive substantially different—in this case, less punitive—treatment than other black offenders. That is, the exceptions are made for the most serious and the least serious offenders. We discuss the implications of these findings.}, number={2}, journal={CRIMINOLOGY}, author={Steen, S and Engen, RL and Gainey, RR}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={435–468} }
 @article{engen_gainey_crutchfield_weis_2003, title={Discretion and disparity under sentencing guidelines: The role of departures and structured sentencing alternatives}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1745-9125"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00983.x}, abstractNote={This article examines the use of alternative sentencing provisions as mechanisms for departing from sentencing guidelines in Washington State and as structural sources of unwarranted sentencing disparity. The authors argue that these structural features of guidelines not only serve as “windows of discretion” through which disparities arise, but they also may encourage disparities by requiring consideration of substantive criteria that disadvantage certain offender groups. The analyses find that males and minority offenders are less likely to receive alternative sentences below the standard range, but that race‐ethnicity and gender have inconsistent effects on departures above the standard range. Theoretical implications of the study are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={CRIMINOLOGY}, author={Engen, RL and Gainey, RR and Crutchfield, RD and Weis, JG}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={99–130} }
 @article{engen_steen_bridges_2002, title={Racial Disparities in the Punishment of Youth: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment of the Literature}, volume={49}, number={2}, journal={Social Problems (Society for the Study of Social Problems)}, author={Engen, R. L. and Steen, S. and Bridges, G. S.}, year={2002}, pages={194–220} }
 @article{engen_gainey_2000, title={Conceptualizing legally relevant factors under guidelines: A reply to Ulmer}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0011-1384"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01421.x}, abstractNote={CriminologyVolume 38, Issue 4 p. 1245-1252 CONCEPTUALIZING LEGALLY RELEVANT FACTORS UNDER GUIDELINES: A REPLY TO ULMER RODNEY L. ENGEN, RODNEY L. ENGEN North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorRANDY R. GAINEY, RANDY R. GAINEY Old Dominion UniversitySearch for more papers by this author RODNEY L. ENGEN, RODNEY L. ENGEN North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorRANDY R. GAINEY, RANDY R. GAINEY Old Dominion UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01421.xCitations: 20 Rodney L. Engen is Assistant Professor of Sociology at North Carolina State University. His current research focuses on racial and ethnic disparities in sentencing, the role of social and organizational contexts in criminal justice processes, and the implementation of sentencing guidelines and reforms. Randy R. Gainey is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old Dominion University. His research focuses on racial and ethnic disparities in sentencing, the use and effectiveness of alternative sanctions, fear of crime, and life course perspectives on violence. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume38, Issue4November 2000Pages 1245-1252 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={CRIMINOLOGY}, author={Engen, RL and Gainey, RR}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1245–1252} }
 @article{engen_gainey_2000, title={Modeling the effects of legally relevant and extralegal factors under sentencing guidelines: The rules have changed}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0011-1384"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01419.x}, abstractNote={Studies of sentencing in jurisdictions with sentencing guidelines have generally failed to specify adequately the effects of offense seriousness and criminal history—the principal factors that, by law, should determine sentencing decisions. As a result, the explanatory power of those models is seriously limited, and regression coefficients representing both legal and extralegal factors may be biased. We present an alternative approach to specify more precisely the effects of legally relevant factors on sentencing outcomes and test the approach using felony sentencing data from Washington State. We find that controlling for the presumptive sentence substantially improves the fit and explanatory power of models predicting sentencing decisions, and that the estimated effects of extralegal factors, specifically sex and race, reduce considerably. The findings have both substantive and methodological implications.}, number={4}, journal={CRIMINOLOGY}, author={Engen, RL and Gainey, RR}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1207–1229} }
 @article{engen_steen_2000, title={The power to punish: Discretion and sentencing reform in the war on drugs}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0002-9602"]}, DOI={10.1086/210433}, abstractNote={This article addresses whether and how organizational processes and the exercise of discretion affect the relationship between sentencing reforms and sentencing outcomes. Organizational perspectives are drawn upon to develop competing hypotheses regarding courts' adaptations to and implementation of reforms under sentencing guidelines. To test these hypotheses, changes in the charging and sentencing of drug offenders in Washington State from 1986 to 1995 are examined following a series of sentencing reforms. The findings suggest that changes to the sentencing laws have resulted in adaptations by courtroom workgroups that are consistent with an organizational efficiency model of criminal justice.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY}, author={Engen, RL and Steen, S}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={1357–1395} }