@article{charles_edwards_ravishankar_calero_henry_rech_saravitz_you_ade_o'connor_et al._2023, title={Emergent molecular traits of lettuce and tomato grown under wavelength-selective solar cells}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2023.1087707}, abstractNote={The integration of semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) in greenhouses offers new agrivoltaic opportunities to meet the growing demands for sustainable food production. The tailored absorption/transmission spectra of ST-OSCs impacts the power generated as well as crop growth, development and responses to the biotic and abiotic environments. To characterize crop responses to ST-OSCs, we grew lettuce and tomato, traditional greenhouse crops, under three ST-OSC filters that create different light spectra. Lettuce yield and early tomato development are not negatively affected by the modified light environment. Our genomic analysis reveals that lettuce production exhibits beneficial traits involving nutrient content and nitrogen utilization while select ST-OSCs impact regulation of flowering initiation in tomato. These results suggest that ST-OSCs integrated into greenhouses are not only a promising technology for energy-neutral, sustainable and climate-change protected crop production, but can deliver benefits beyond energy considerations.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Charles, Melodi and Edwards, Brianne and Ravishankar, Eshwar and Calero, John and Henry, Reece and Rech, Jeromy and Saravitz, Carole and You, Wei and Ade, Harald and O'Connor, Brendan and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} } @article{henry_balar_ade_2023, title={In-Situ Ellipsometry for the Determination of Thermal Transitions and Relaxations in Organic Photovoltaic Materials}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1520-5002"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00714}, abstractNote={Characterization of thermodynamic transitions and kinetic processes in optoelectronic materials is critical for understanding the optimized processing conditions and final device structural stability. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is traditionally used to determine melting, crystallization, and glass transition temperatures as well as additional transitions, such as polymorphic solid–solid transitions. These transition temperatures are utilized to understand the general structure–property relations of materials and can be used to inform processing protocols in device fabrication in order to facilitate the formation of preferable microstructures for optimized electronic properties. However, traditional DSC experiments are limited to bulk-like samples and cannot characterize device relevant, controlled thin film geometries. Here we demonstrate that ellipsometry is at least as capable as traditional DSC experiments to determine relevant thermal transitions through a direct comparison using a range of optoelectronic and benchmarking materials. In addition, ellipsometry measurement protocols can uncover kinetic characteristics and possible additional transitions that are not observed in traditional DSC. Furthermore, ellipsometry observes density changes associated with free volume and molecular packing and associated hysteresis during temperature sweeps directly, an avenue of inquiry underutilized to date. We anticipate that ellipsometry protocols will allow for a more widely used, powerful complement to DSC characterization.}, number={18}, journal={CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS}, author={Henry, Reece and Balar, Nrup and Ade, Harald}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={7406–7421} } @article{singh_kim_henry_ade_mitzi_2023, title={Study of Glass Formation and Crystallization Kinetics in a 2D Metal Halide Perovskite Using Ultrafast Calorimetry}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1520-5126"]}, DOI={10.1021/jacs.3c06342}, abstractNote={While crystalline 2D metal halide perovskites (MHPs) represent a well-celebrated semiconductor class, supporting applications in the fields of photovoltaics, emitters, and sensors, the recent discovery of glass formation in an MHP opens many new opportunities associated with reversible glass-crystalline switching, with each state offering distinct optoelectronic properties. However, the previously reported [S-(-)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium]2PbBr4 perovskite is a strong glass former with sluggish glass-crystal transformation time scales, pointing to a need for glassy MHPs with a broader range of compositions and crystallization kinetics. Herein we report glass formation for low-melting-temperature 1-MeHa2PbI4 (1-MeHa = 1-methyl-hexylammonium) using ultrafast calorimetry, thereby extending the range of MHP glass formation across a broader range of organic (fused ring to branched aliphatic) and halide (bromide to iodide) compositions. The importance of a slight loss of organic and hydrogen iodide components from the MHP in stabilizing the glassy state is elucidated. Furthermore, the underlying kinetics of glass-crystal transformation, including activation energies, crystal growth rate, Angell plot, and fragility index, is studied using a combination of kinetic, thermodynamic, and rheological modeling techniques. An inferred fast crystal growth rate of 0.21 m/s for 1-MeHa2PbI4 shows promise toward suitability in extended application spaces, for example, in metamaterials, nonvolatile memory, and optical and neuromorphic computing devices.}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Singh, Akash and Kim, Yongshin and Henry, Reece and Ade, Harald and Mitzi, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} } @article{ravishankar_charles_xiong_henry_swift_rech_calero_cho_booth_kim_et al._2021, title={Balancing crop production and energy harvesting in organic solar-powered greenhouses}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2666-3864"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100381}, abstractNote={Adding semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) to a greenhouse structure enables simultaneous plant cultivation and electricity generation, thereby reducing the greenhouse energy demand. However, there is a need to establish the impact of such systems on plant growth and indoor climate and to optimize system tradeoffs. In this work, we consider plant growth under OSCs and system-relevant design. We evaluate the growth of red leaf lettuce under ST-OSC filters and compare the impact of three different OSC active layers that have unique transmittance. We find no significant differences in the fresh weight and chlorophyll content of the lettuce grown under these OSC filters. In addition, OSCs provide an opportunity for further light and thermal management of the greenhouse through device design and optical coatings. The OSCs can thus affect plant growth, power generation, and thermal load of the greenhouse, and this design trade space is reviewed and exemplified.}, number={3}, journal={CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ravishankar, Eshwar and Charles, Melodi and Xiong, Yuan and Henry, Reece and Swift, Jennifer and Rech, Jeromy and Calero, John and Cho, Sam and Booth, Ronald E. and Kim, Taesoo and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} } @article{szymanski_henry_stuard_vongsaysy_courtel_vellutini_bertrand_ade_chambon_wantz_2020, title={Balanced Charge Transport Optimizes Industry-Relevant Ternary Polymer Solar Cells}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2367-198X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000538}, DOI={10.1002/solr.202000538}, abstractNote={Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells based on a novel combination of materials are fabricated using industry‐compliant conditions for large area manufacturing. The relatively low‐cost polymer PTQ10 is paired with the nonfullerene acceptor 4TIC‐4F. Devices are processed using a nonhalogenated solvent to comply with industrial usage in absence of any thermal treatment to minimize the energy footprint of the fabrication. No solvent additive is used. Adding the well‐known and low‐cost fullerene derivative PC61BM acceptor to this binary blend to form a ternary blend, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved from 8.4% to 9.9% due to increased fill factor (FF) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) while simultaneously improving the stability. The introduction of PC61BM is able to balance the hole–electron mobility in the ternary blends, which is favourable for high FF. This charge transport behavior is correlated with the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology deduced from grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface energy analysis. In addition, the industrial figure of merit (i‐FOM) of this ternary blend is found to increase drastically upon addition of PC61BM due to an increased performance–stability–cost balance.}, number={11}, journal={SOLAR RRL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Szymanski, Robin and Henry, Reece and Stuard, Samuel and Vongsaysy, Uyxing and Courtel, Stephanie and Vellutini, Luc and Bertrand, Melanie and Ade, Harald and Chambon, Sylvain and Wantz, Guillaume}, year={2020}, month={Nov} } @article{islam_liu_boyd_zhong_nahid_henry_taussig_ko_nguyen_myers_et al._2020, title={Enhanced mid-wavelength infrared refractive index of organically modified chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC) polymer nanocomposites with thermomechanical stability}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1873-1252"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110197}, DOI={10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110197}, abstractNote={Abstract Organically modified chalcogenide (ORMOCHALC) polymers have proven to be alternatives to the conventional inorganic materials for mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR, λ = 3–5 μm) optical components. While the refractive index of ORMOCHALC can be reinforced by the content of chalcogenides such as sulfur (S) and selenium (Se), the increased portion of the S or Se deteriorate the thermomechanical stabilities. As a remedy, this study utilizes ZnS nanoparticles to reinforce both optical and thermomechanical properties of the sulfur-based ORMOCHALC polymer, poly(S-random-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene). The refractive index n and extinction coefficient k of the nanocomposites were characterized by Infrared Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (IR-VASE). The results show a significant increment in the refractive index of Δn = 6.58% at the wavelength of 4 μm by adding 20 wt% ZnS (or 7.29 vol%) in the ORMOCHALC polymer. The low extinction coefficient of the nanocomposites (}, journal={OPTICAL MATERIALS}, author={Islam, Md Didarul and Liu, Sipan and Boyd, Darryl A. and Zhong, Yaxu and Nahid, Masrur Morshed and Henry, Reece and Taussig, Laine and Ko, Yeongun and Nguyen, Vinh Q. and Myers, Jason D. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} } @article{ye_xiong_chen_zhang_fei_henry_heeney_o’connor_you_ade_et al._2019, title={Sequential Deposition of Organic Films with Eco-Compatible Solvents Improves Performance and Enables Over 12%-Efficiency Nonfullerene Solar Cells}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808153}, DOI={10.1002/adma.201808153}, abstractNote={AbstractCasting of a donor:acceptor bulk‐heterojunction structure from a single ink has been the predominant fabrication method of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Despite the success of such bulk heterojunctions, the task ofcontrolling the microstructure in a single casting process has been arduous and alternative approaches are desired. To achieve OPVs with a desirable microstructure, a facile and eco‐compatible sequential deposition approach is demonstrated for polymer/small‐molecule pairs. Using a nominally amorphous polymer as the model material, the profound influence of casting solvent is shown on the molecular ordering of the film, and thus the device performance and mesoscale morphology of sequentially deposited OPVs can be tuned. Static and in situ X‐ray scattering indicate that applying (R)‐(+)‐limonene is able to greatly promote the molecular order of weakly crystalline polymers and form the largest domain spacing exclusively, which correlates well with the best efficiency of 12.5% in sequentially deposited devices. The sequentially cast device generally outperforms its control device based on traditional single‐ink bulk‐heterojunction structure. More crucially, a simple polymer:solvent interaction parameter χ is positively correlated with domain spacing in these sequentially deposited devices. These findings shed light on innovative approaches to rationally create environmentally friendly and highly efficient electronics.}, number={17}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ye, Long and Xiong, Yuan and Chen, Zheng and Zhang, Qianqian and Fei, Zhuping and Henry, Reece and Heeney, Martin and O’Connor, Brendan T. and You, Wei and Ade, Harald and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }