@article{clerkin_varkey_sudweeks_2023, title={Five Nonprofit Leadership Challenges A Proposed Typology of Common Issues that Nonprofit Leaders Face}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2157-0604"]}, DOI={10.18666/JNEL-2022-10802}, abstractNote={Nonprofit leaders face many challenges and would benefit from a typology that helps highlight the core issues organizations experience. The Nonprofit Studies Minor at North Carolina State University identified five nonprofit leadership challenges, through a combination of practitioner experience and academic research, that could serve as a typology. The challenges identified are earning the public trust; aligning mission, methods, and resources; capitalizing on issues associated with diversity; balancing individual interests and the common good; and moving beyond charity to systemic change. This research revisits the academic literature to assess whether these challenges encompass the research agenda of nonprofit and voluntary action academic studies. Using qualitative content analysis, we examined abstracts from three major nonprofit journals from 2005-2017. Results indicate that the five leadership challenges were present in the abstracts of all three journals. Chi-squared analysis showed statistically significant differences in the presence of leadership challenges based on journal, location of the study, and unit of analysis. Validating this typology strengthens the Institute’s efforts and inform research and practice throughout the field.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT EDUCATION AND LEADERSHIP}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Varkey, Sapna and Sudweeks, Jayce}, year={2023}, pages={31–58} }
 @article{cody_lawrence_prentice_clerkin_2022, title={Examining the relationship between board member selection criteria and board boundary spanning into internal, upward, and outward accountability environments}, ISSN={["1542-7854"]}, DOI={10.1002/nml.21511}, abstractNote={Abstract Previous literature establishes a contingency‐based framework of external conditions, internal organizational characteristics, and board attributes and composition that impact board effectiveness and calls for more industry‐specific nonprofit studies to build the field's knowledge of the factors that lead to nonprofit board effectiveness. In this manuscript, we use a national study of nonprofit charter school boards to answer this call. Controlling for internal organizational characteristics and external conditions, we examine how board member selection criteria is related to levels of board boundary spanning in inward, upward, and outward accountability environments. Selecting board members because of their knowledge of the organization, have membership in the group being served and for their willingness to give time is all associated with higher levels of inward, upward, and outward accountability activities. Alternatively, selecting board members because they are friends/acquaintances of current board members is associated with lower levels of activities across all three accountability environments. Our findings suggest that charter school boards may be recruiting board members who can relate to multiple stakeholder groups across accountability environments rather than selecting for members who operate in distinct accountability environments.}, journal={NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP}, author={Cody, Christopher A. and Lawrence, Kara L. and Prentice, Christopher R. and Clerkin, Richard M.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{varkey_lawrence_chelbi_stewart_clerkin_2022, title={Outcome Insights: Applying an NPG Lens to Examine a Capacity Building Initiative Among the Government and its Partner}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1532-4265"]}, DOI={10.1080/01900692.2022.2111579}, abstractNote={Providing services for a diverse population requires a shift in paradigms and mechanisms. New Public Governance (NPG) provides insights on the need for collaborative actions between organizations from all sectors. This study applies an NPG lens to investigate a state’s effort to enhance mental health and substance use recovery through building capacity in peer-support service providing organizations (SPOs). We used 37 participant interviews from a training program. Results show variations between intended and actual outcomes and highlight NPG as a relevant framework for capacity building and co-creation of public value in dynamic partnerships between the public sector and SPOs.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, author={Varkey, Sapna and Lawrence, Kara and Chelbi, Leila and Stewart, Amanda J. and Clerkin, Richard M.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{prentice_brudney_clerkin_brien_2020, title={At Your Service: Nonprofit Infrastructure Organizations and COVID-19}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1944-5679"]}, DOI={10.9707/1944-5660.1542}, abstractNote={The service areas of nonprofit infrastructure organizations can be divided into three categories: those that support the nonprofit sector as a whole, those that assist nonprofit organizations and their staffs, and those that devote their resources to the communities or region they serve This article presents a case study of one region in which all three types of organizations were asked to share their responses to nonprofits that sought help in dealing with the coronavirus pandemic The diversity of services and business models revealed in the sample illustrates the range of complementary resources that benefit service-delivery nonprofits and their communities}, number={4}, journal={FOUNDATION REVIEW}, author={Prentice, Christopher R. and Brudney, Jeffrey L. and Clerkin, Richard M. and Brien, Patrick C.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={50-+} }
 @article{paarlberg_nesbit_clerkin_christensen_2019, title={The Politics of Donations: Are Red Counties More Donative Than Blue Counties?}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1552-7395"]}, DOI={10.1177/0899764018804088}, abstractNote={This article integrates parallel literatures about the determinants of redistribution across place. Using regression-based path analysis, we explore how tax burden mediates the relationship between political conditions and charitable contributions. Our analysis indicates that counties with a higher proportion of people voting Republican report higher charitable contributions, and tax burden partially mediates this relationship. However, the effect of political ideology on charitable contributions is nonlinear. As the proportion voting Republican in non-Republican-dominated counties increases, the predicted levels of charitable giving actually decreases. In contrast, as the proportion voting Republican increases in Republican-dominated counties, charitable contributions increase. Higher levels of political competition decrease charitable giving, again with partial mediation by tax burden. We also find that the “crowding in” effect of lower tax burdens on charitable giving only partially compensates for the loss of public revenue. Ultimately, total levels of redistribution—both private and government—are higher in Democratic-leaning counties.}, number={2}, journal={NONPROFIT AND VOLUNTARY SECTOR QUARTERLY}, author={Paarlberg, Laurie E. and Nesbit, Rebecca and Clerkin, Richard M. and Christensen, Robert K.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={283–308} }
 @article{albrecht_varkey_colville_clerkin_2018, title={Perceptions of nonprofits and for-profit social enterprises: Current trends and future implications}, volume={8}, DOI={10.18666/jnel-2018-v8-i3-9134}, abstractNote={Nonprofits and for-profits use the term entrepreneurial to describe the mind-sets, be-haviors, and strategies they employ to achieve organizational goals. Relatively little analysis has been conducted about public perception of the differences between non-profit organizations (NPOs) and for-profit social enterprises (FPSEs) and how these perceptions influence the behavior of potential investors, donors, employees, and vol-unteers. This study explores how Gen Z respondents (those born in the early 1990s) perceive NPOs and FPSEs along multiple dimensions, including values, motivations, and organizational culture. Overall, Gen Z young people perceive NPOs and FPSEs as having distinct orientations to expressive roles (values and social welfare goals) and affiliative roles (inclusive community engagement), but perceive NPOs and FPSEs as more likely to have overlapping approaches to instrumental roles (getting the work done). Our results identify some perceptions that align with a priori assumptions, as well as views that indicate new ideas about the NPO and FPSE sectors. These results have implications for leaders of all types of organizations, but especially for leaders of FPSEs who may seek to assert their expressive and affiliative similarities with their nonprofit peers. Subscribe to JNEL}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership}, author={Albrecht, K. and Varkey, S. and Colville, K. and Clerkin, R.}, year={2018}, pages={254–276} }
 @article{lee_clerkin_2017, title={Exploring the Use of Outcome Measures in Human Service Nonprofits: Combining Agency, Institutional, and Organizational Capacity Perspectives}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1557-9271"]}, DOI={10.1080/15309576.2017.1295872}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Although nonprofits have invested substantial resources in measuring their outcomes, not all nonprofits make use of their outcome information. This study examines how nonprofits use outcome data and what factors are associated with its use. The study categorizes outcome information in three dimensions—professional/anticipatory use, compliance use, and negotiated use. Based on survey data from human service nonprofits (n = 259), the study investigates how risk aversion, institutional factors, and organizational capacity are related to the three dimensions of outcome information use. The findings indicate that compliance use is influenced by coercive pressure, and that professional/anticipatory use and negotiated use are associated with risk aversion, mimetic isomorphism, and political capacity. The study contributes to knowledge of how performance data are used by nonprofit organizations.}, number={3}, journal={PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Lee, Chongmyoung and Clerkin, Richard M.}, year={2017}, pages={601–624} }
 @article{walton_clerkin_christensen_paarlberg_nesbit_tschirhart_2017, title={Means, motive and opportunity: exploring board volunteering}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1758-6933"]}, DOI={10.1108/pr-01-2015-0012}, abstractNote={Purpose 
 
 
 
 
The purpose of this paper is to better understand the conditions associated with serving on boards by investigating the factors that distinguish older volunteers who serve on nonprofit boards from those who only volunteer programmatically. 
 
 
 
 
Design/methodology/approach 
 
 
 
 
Surveys of 354 residents of Southeastern North Carolina over age 50. Measures include education, wealth, retirement status, public service motivation (PSM), patterns of residential mobility, secular and religious organization meeting attendance, and volunteer activity in the past year. Data were analyzed using a Heckman probit selection model. 
 
 
 
 
Findings 
 
 
 
 
Respondents who have higher levels of education, are retired, or have lived in the community for longer periods are more likely to report board volunteering, but are not any more likely to volunteer programmatically. Those with higher levels of PSM are more likely to report general volunteering, but are not any more likely to volunteer on boards. Two measures reveal divergent findings based on type of volunteering: moving frequently in one’s lifetime and attending weekly religious services are associated with a greater likelihood of programmatic volunteering but a reduced likelihood of serving as a board member. 
 
 
 
 
Research limitations/implications 
 
 
 
 
Limitations include self-reported, cross-sectional data, and a geographically restricted American sample that is older, more educated, and more likely to own a second home than average. 
 
 
 
 
Practical implications 
 
 
 
 
In order to better address board member recruitment, nonprofits should consider extending opportunities through strategies targeting retired community newcomers. 
 
 
 
 
Originality/value 
 
 
 
 
This study contributes an analysis of PSM among nonprofit board members, and identifies factors that distinguish programmatic and board volunteers, in order to better understand the conditions associated with board service.}, number={1}, journal={PERSONNEL REVIEW}, author={Walton, Michael A. and Clerkin, Richard M. and Christensen, Robert K. and Paarlberg, Laurie E. and Nesbit, Rebecca and Tschirhart, Mary}, year={2017}, pages={115–135} }
 @article{clerkin_christensen_woo_2017, title={Testing Public Administration's Separation of Powers Theory: Exploratory Support from a Study of Public and Private Sector Jobs}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1557-9271"]}, DOI={10.1080/15309576.2017.1294086}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT David Rosenbloom’s separation of powers approach to understanding the complex value-driven work of public administrators is an oft-cited, conceptually powerful framework. This article is a first effort to empirically test his framework. It explores the extent to which Rosenbloom’s distinct and normative value sets (managerial, political, and legal) objectively reflect individuals’ perceptions of how public servants should perform their jobs and the role that public service motivation (PSM) may play in these evaluations. It finds that when comparing public sector and private sector jobs, individuals assign more similar levels of importance to the managerial, political, and legal values for public than private sector jobs, thus providing support for the importance of public administrators to integrate these three approaches in their work. Additionally, it finds that the higher an individual’s PSM, the more likely that a political or legal frame, rather than a managerial frame, will be the individual’s primary approach to management.}, number={3}, journal={PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Christensen, Robert K. and Woo, Harin}, year={2017}, pages={581–600} }
 @article{taylor_clerkin_ngaruiya_velez_2015, title={An Exploratory Study of Public Service Motivation and the Institutional-Occupational Model of the Military}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1556-0848"]}, DOI={10.1177/0095327x13489119}, abstractNote={This article empirically connects Moskos’ Institutional–Occupational model to the large body of cross-nationally validated research on public service motivation (PSM). We find that in our sample, the PSM construct is positively correlated with institutional motivations that reflect Moskos’ insights. We also find evidence that the four dimensions of PSM (Attraction to Public Participation, Commitment to Public Values, Self-sacrifice, and Compassion) may offer a more nuanced way to assess institutional motivations. Our research suggests that those interested in military recruitment/retention/performance and public administration scholars may have much to learn from each other. We call for further research in this area.}, number={1}, journal={ARMED FORCES & SOCIETY}, author={Taylor, Jami K. and Clerkin, Richard M. and Ngaruiya, Katherine M. and Velez, Anne-Lise Knox}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={142–162} }
 @article{nesbit_christensen_tschirhart_clerkin_paarlberg_2015, title={Philanthropic Mobility and the Influence of Duration of Donor Residency on Donation Choices}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1573-7888"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11266-013-9433-y}, number={1}, journal={VOLUNTAS}, author={Nesbit, Rebecca and Christensen, Robert and Tschirhart, Mary and Clerkin, Richard and Paarlberg, Laurie}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={267–287} }
 @article{clerkin_swiss_2014, title={Does Charging Nonprofit Volunteers Affect Their Satisfaction?}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1542-7854"]}, DOI={10.1002/nml.21106}, abstractNote={Nonprofits that offer volunteer experiences in foreign countries have long charged fees to their volunteers, but recently some other nonprofit organizations have begun to charge as well. Volunteer attitudes toward such fees have not previously been studied. Product marketing research has suggested that fees can sometimes improve participants’ evaluation of their experience, but public service motivation research seems to suggest that fees will diminish participants’ satisfaction. This study examines the attitudes toward fees of 4,400 volunteers who paid $310 to participate in a week-long project that built and repaired housing in Appalachia. Although a third of volunteers believed that the fee enhanced their appreciation of the program, an equal proportion disagreed. An even larger percentage of the volunteers believed the fee discouraged some volunteers. Concerns with fees were more common among youth volunteers than adult volunteers and among those who volunteered for altruistic rather than for career reasons. Most volunteers, even those critical of fees, were positive about their volunteer experience, but those who were least positive about the fees were also somewhat less positive about their experience. These results suggest that decisions about volunteer fees must balance the benefits of additional funds for enhanced client services against the likelihood of discouraging some potential volunteers, especially younger or more altruistic volunteers.}, number={4}, journal={NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT & LEADERSHIP}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Swiss, James E.}, year={2014}, pages={487–501} }
 @article{ngaruiya_velez_clerkin_taylor_2014, title={Public Service Motivation and Institutional-Occupational Motivations Among Undergraduate Students and ROTC Cadets}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1945-7421"]}, DOI={10.1177/0091026014530270}, abstractNote={Given the current fiscal climate, budgetary pressures may have important implications for recruitment and retention of military personnel. In response to this issue, we join two literatures to study motivational differences in undergraduate college students and Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets: Moskos’ Institutional and Occupational (I-O) enlistment motivation model and Kim et al.’s revised Public Service Motivation (PSM) scale. We survey ROTC cadets and undergraduates at a mid-size public university and find that PSM is higher for ROTC cadets than regular undergraduates. We also find that for ROTC cadets, the institutional motivators for enlistment correlate positively with the rational, normative, and affective dimensions of PSM. In addition, we find increases in the Occupational motivator and the compassion PSM dimension reduce the likelihood of being an ROTC cadet whereas the Institutional motivator and the self-sacrifice PSM dimension are positively related with being an ROTC cadet.}, number={4}, journal={PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT}, author={Ngaruiya, Katherine M. and Velez, Anne-Lise Knox and Clerkin, Richard M. and Taylor, Jami Kathleen}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={442–458} }
 @article{clerkin_paarlberg_christensen_nesbit_tschirhart_2013, title={Place, Time, and Philanthropy: Exploring Geographic Mobility and Philanthropic Engagement}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1540-6210"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02616.x}, abstractNote={America is a nation of movers, and this has implications for public and nonprofit managers who rely on donations and volunteers to increase the capacity of nonprofits and to strengthen local communities. This article explores the impact of time and place on philanthropic engagement, focusing on how three aspects of community—sense of belonging, social connections, and regional culture—are related to volunteering and giving to local organizations. The authors find that geographic mobility affects philanthropic engagement. Drawing on a survey of active older Americans, the authors find that three community factors —sense of community, social networks, and regional cultures— are related to one or both types of philanthropic behavior. The authors conclude by offering thoughts for future research and practice.}, number={1}, journal={PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Paarlberg, Laurie E. and Christensen, Robert K. and Nesbit, Rebecca A. and Tschirhart, Mary}, year={2013}, pages={97–106} }
 @article{clerkin_coggburn_2012, title={The Dimensions of Public Service Motivation and Sector Work Preferences}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0734-371X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864712898&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x11433880}, abstractNote={Public service motivation (PSM) is a needs-based approach to motivation. People may sate this need in different ways, including direct government service. This article investigates the relationship between individuals’ PSM and their work sector (pubic, nonprofit, or for-profit) preferences. It asks, “Does PSM affect an individual’s preference for the sector of the economy in which they would ideally be employed?” Our findings indicate that PSM, measured in dimensional form, is a moderate indicator of an individual’s sector preference: as PSM increases (particularly, the Self-Sacrifice dimension), the attractiveness of working in the public and nonprofit sector, relative to the for-profit sector, also increases. Focusing on a preservice sample of undergraduate students allows us to conclude that PSM is a need people have prior to entering the workplace, and it may indeed drive whether an individual works in the government, nonprofit, or for-profit sector.}, number={3}, journal={REVIEW OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={209–235} }
 @article{clerkin_paynter_taylor_2009, title={Public Service Motivation in Undergraduate Giving and Volunteering Decisions}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1552-3357"]}, DOI={10.1177/0275074008327512}, abstractNote={Most public service motivation (PSM) research compares government and business employees. This article fits into an emerging body of research that links PSM to volunteer activity. PSM is a needs-based approach to motivation. People may sate this need in ways other than direct government service. In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between PSM and charitable decisions. They surveyed undergraduate students at North Carolina State University using Perry’s PSM instrument and antecedent questions. To further investigate students’ motivations toward public service, they asked an additional series of questions focused on volunteering and donating choices. The authors find that students with higher levels of PSM are more likely to choose to engage in charitable activity. Individual characteristics such as family income, political identity, sex, religiosity, family socialization, and high school volunteering experiences are also significantly related to the choices students make about engaging in charitable activities.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Paynter, Sharon R. and Taylor, Jami Kathleen}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={675–698} }
 @article{clerkin_gronbjerg_2007, title={The capacities and challenges of faith-based human service organizations}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1540-6210"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00701.x}, abstractNote={This essay addresses four questions by comparing the management capacities and challenges of congregations, faith-based organizations, and secular organizations that provide human services: (1) What role, if any, do congregations and faith-based organizations currently play in the social service delivery system? (2) Are congregations interested in changing their role in the social service delivery system? (3) Compared to faith-based and secular organizations, do congregations have the capacity to adapt to new roles in the social service delivery system? Finally, (4) compared to faith-based and secular organizations, do congregations have similar service capacities and management challenges? The findings indicate that although more than half of congregations already provide some type of health or human services, they provide a narrower range of services, consider these services a lower priority, and seem to encounter more extensive management challenges than faith-based and secular organizations.}, number={1}, journal={PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Gronbjerg, Kirsten A.}, year={2007}, pages={115–126} }
 @article{paarlberg_nesbit_clerkin_christensen_2005, title={Charitable bingo in Indiana: Issues and implications}, volume={15}, ISSN={1048-6682 1542-7854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nml.81}, DOI={10.1002/nml.81}, abstractNote={Despite portrayals of gambling as a social vice, charitable gaming is big business in the United States and globally. While many nonprofit organizations sponsor charitable gaming events, such as bingo nights for their members and communities, to raise both friends and funds for their organizations, charitable gaming operations receive little attention from researchers. This article focuses on charitable bingo and contrasts bingo’s often folkloric background with the contemporary realities of charitable gaming. Our exploratory analysis offers reasons that bingo deserves study and calls researchers’ and practitioners’ attention to the scope and some of the implications of bingo operations. We focus on the characteristics of nonprofit organizations reporting bingo revenue in Indiana. Our findings suggest that while some nonprofits may be using bingo to raise much-needed funds or provide a social and recreational outlet for organization or community members, bingo is an uncertain financial pursuit for most organizations. We use a descriptive case study of bingo in Indiana to explore and illustrate the issues and questions raised in the article and to set up an agenda for future research on charitable bingo.}, number={4}, journal={Nonprofit Management and Leadership}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Paarlberg, Laurie and Nesbit, Becky and Clerkin, Richard and Christensen, Robert K.}, year={2005}, pages={433–448} }